47 ud af 47 tidsskrifter valgt, søgeord (COVID-19, SARS-CoV-2, novel coronavirus, nCoV, 2019-nCoV) valgt, emner højest 30 dage gamle, sorteret efter nyeste først.
252 emner vises.
1
Tapered chiral nanoparticles as broad-spectrum thermally stable antivirals for SARS-CoV-2 variants
Rui GaoXinxin XuPrashant KumarYe LiuHongyu ZhangXiao GuoMaozhong SunFelippe Mariano ColombariAndré F. de MouraChanglong HaoJessica MaEmine Sumeyra Turali EmreMinjeong ChaLiguang XuHua KuangNicholas A. KotovChuanlai XuaInternational Joint Research Laboratory for Biointerface and Biodetection, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, People’s Republic of ChinabState Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, People’s Republic of ChinacDepartment of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109dDepartment of Chemical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109eBiointerfaces Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109fInstitute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Kunming, Yunnan 650000, People’s Republic of ChinagBrazilian Biorenewables National Laboratory, Brazilian Center for Research in Energy and Materials, Campinas, São Paulo 13083-100, BrazilhDepartment of Chemistry, Federal University of São Carlos, São Carlos, São Paulo 13565-905, BraziliNSF Center for Complex Particles and Particle Systems (COMPASS), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 28.03.2024
Tilføjet 28.03.2024
2
Elucidating the behavior of the SARS-CoV-2 virus surface at vapor–liquid interfaces using molecular dynamics simulation
Florian FleckensteinSimon StephanHans HasseaLaboratory of Engineering Thermodynamics, Rheinland-Pfälzische Technische Universität Kaiserslautern-Landau (RPTU), Kaiserslautern 67663, Germany
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 28.03.2024
Tilføjet 28.03.2024
3
Human monoclonal antibody F61 nasal spray effectively protected high-risk populations from SARS-CoV-2 variants during the COVID-19 pandemic from late 2022 to early 2023 in China
Ying LiuJiayou ZhangWen LiuYongbing PanShunan RuanXuanxuan NianWei ChenLina SunQiangling YinXin YueQingliang LiFang GuiCong WuShuzhen WangYunkai YangZhaofei JingFeiguang LongZejun WangZeyu ZhangChaolin HuangKai DuanMifang LiangXiaoming Yanga Wuhan Jinyintan Hospital, Tongji Medical College of Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, People’s Republic of Chinab Hubei Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Wuhan, People’s Republic of Chinac Hubei Public Health Clinical Center, Wuhan, People’s Republic of Chinad Wuhan Research Center for Communicable Disease Diagnosis and Treatment, Wuhan, People’s Republic of Chinae National Engineering Technology Research Center for Combined Vaccines, Wuhan, People’s Republic of Chinaf Wuhan Institute of Biological Products Co. Ltd., Wuhan, People’s Republic of Chinag National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese CDC, Beijing, People’s Republic of Chinah Hubei Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Wuhan, People’s Republic of Chinai China National Biotec Group Company Limited, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
Emerg Microbes Infect, 28.03.2024
Tilføjet 28.03.2024
4
Comparative diagnostic utility of SARS-CoV-2 rapid antigen and molecular testing in a community setting
Journal of Infectious Diseases, 28.03.2024
Tilføjet 28.03.2024
Abstract Background SARS-CoV-2 antigen-detection rapid diagnostic tests (Ag-RDTs) have become widely utilized but longitudinal characterization of their community-based performance remains incompletely understood.Methods This prospective longitudinal study at a large public university in Seattle, WA utilized remote enrollment, online surveys, and self-collected nasal swab specimens to evaluate Ag-RDT performance against real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (rRT-PCR) in the context of SARS-CoV-2 Omicron. Ag-RDT sensitivity and specificity within 1 day of rRT-PCR were evaluated by symptom status throughout the illness episode and Orf1b cycle threshold (Ct).Results From February to December 2022, 5,757 participants reported 17,572 Ag-RDT results and completed 12,674 rRT-PCR tests, of which 995 (7.9%) were rRT-PCR-positive. Overall sensitivity and specificity were 53.0% (95% CI: 49.6–56.4%) and 98.8% (98.5–99.0%), respectively. Sensitivity was comparatively higher for Ag-RDTs used 1 day after rRT-PCR (69.0%), 4 to 7 days post-symptom onset (70.1%), and Orf1b Ct ≤20 (82.7%). Serial Ag-RDT sensitivity increased with repeat testing ≥2 (68.5%) and ≥4 (75.8%) days after an initial Ag-RDT-negative result.Conclusion Ag-RDT performance varied by clinical characteristics and temporal testing patterns. Our findings support recommendations for serial testing following an initial Ag-RDT-negative result, especially among recently symptomatic persons or those at high-risk for SARS-CoV-2 infection.
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5
Collateral effects of COVID-19 countermeasures on hepatitis E incidence pattern: a case study of china based on time series models
BMC Infectious Diseases, 28.03.2024
Tilføjet 28.03.2024
Abstract Background There are abundant studies on COVID-19 but few on its impact on hepatitis E. We aimed to assess the effect of the COVID-19 countermeasures on the pattern of hepatitis E incidence and explore the application of time series models in analyzing this pattern. Methods Our pivotal idea was to fit a pre-COVID-19 model with data from before the COVID-19 outbreak and use the deviation between forecast values and actual values to reflect the effect of COVID-19 countermeasures. We analyzed the pattern of hepatitis E incidence in China from 2013 to 2018. We evaluated the fitting and forecasting capability of 3 methods before the COVID-19 outbreak. Furthermore, we employed these methods to construct pre-COVID-19 incidence models and compare post-COVID-19 forecasts with reality. Results Before the COVID-19 outbreak, the Chinese hepatitis E incidence pattern was overall stationary and seasonal, with a peak in March, a trough in October, and higher levels in winter and spring than in summer and autumn, annually. Nevertheless, post-COVID-19 forecasts from pre-COVID-19 models were extremely different from reality in sectional periods but congruous in others. Conclusions Since the COVID-19 pandemic, the Chinese hepatitis E incidence pattern has altered substantially, and the incidence has greatly decreased. The effect of the COVID-19 countermeasures on the pattern of hepatitis E incidence was temporary. The incidence of hepatitis E was anticipated to gradually revert to its pre-COVID-19 pattern.
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6
The symptoms and interval of Omicron SARS-CoV-2 reinfection among healthcare workers in a hospital of Southern China: a cross-sectional study
BMC Infectious Diseases, 28.03.2024
Tilføjet 28.03.2024
Abstract Background The prevalence and distinction between first Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection and reinfection with the Omicron variant among healthcare workers (HCWs) remain unclear. Methods A cross-sectional study was conducted at a hospital in Southern China. The study included 262 HCWs who were infected with SARS-CoV-2 between April and June 2023, with 101 cases of first infection and 161 ones of reinfection. Student’s t-test, Analysis of Variance (ANOVA), and Mann-Whitney U tests were used based on the distribution of quantitative variables. Pearson’s chi-square and Fisher’s exact tests were used based on the expected frequencies of categorical variables. Results The reinfection rate among HCWs was 11.5% (161/1406). The majority of the infected HCWs were female (212/262, 80.9%, first infection vs. reinfection: 76.2% vs. 83.9%). The nursing staff, had the highest percentage of SARS-CoV-2 infection (42.0%), especially of its reinfection (47.8%). Out of the 262 infected individuals, 257 had received SARS-CoV-2 vaccination, primarily inactivated vaccines (243/257, 91.1%). The first infection group, which received four doses (24, 23.8%), was significantly higher than that in the reinfection group (6, 3.7%) (P
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7
Correction: Menstrual cycle changes: A cross-sectional study of Saudi females following SARS-CoV-2 infection
Youssef A. S. Abdel-Moneim, Hussam Y. Alghamdi, Abdulaziz M. Alrashed, Amjad M. Jawhari, Suhaib M. M. Bukhari, Nirmeen M. M. Bukhari, Ahmed S. Abdel-Moneim
PLoS One Infectious Diseases, 28.03.2024
Tilføjet 28.03.2024
by Youssef A. S. Abdel-Moneim, Hussam Y. Alghamdi, Abdulaziz M. Alrashed, Amjad M. Jawhari, Suhaib M. M. Bukhari, Nirmeen M. M. Bukhari, Ahmed S. Abdel-Moneim
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8
Keeping university open did not increase the risk of SARS-CoV-2 acquisition: A test negative case-control study among students
Erika Renzi, Valentina Baccolini, Antonio Covelli, Leonardo Maria Siena, Antonio Sciurti, Giuseppe Migliara, Azzurra Massimi, Carolina Marzuillo, Corrado De Vito, Leandro Casini, Antonio Angeloni, Ombretta Turriziani, Guido Antonelli, Fabrizio D’Alba, Antonella Polimeni, Collaborating Group, Paolo Villari
PLoS One Infectious Diseases, 28.03.2024
Tilføjet 28.03.2024
by Erika Renzi, Valentina Baccolini, Antonio Covelli, Leonardo Maria Siena, Antonio Sciurti, Giuseppe Migliara, Azzurra Massimi, Carolina Marzuillo, Corrado De Vito, Leandro Casini, Antonio Angeloni, Ombretta Turriziani, Guido Antonelli, Fabrizio D’Alba, Antonella Polimeni, Collaborating Group , Paolo Villari Background During the SARS-CoV-2 testing program offered through the RT-PCR test by Sapienza University of Rome, we conducted a test-negative case-control study to identify risk factors for acquiring SARS-CoV-2 infection among university students. Methods Each SARS-CoV-2-positive case detected was matched to two controls randomly selected from students who tested negative on the same day. 122 positive students and 244 negative students were enrolled in the study. Multivariable conditional logistic regression models were built. Adjusted odds ratios (aORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated. A second model was limited to students who had attended campus. Results Out of 8223 tests for SARS-CoV-2, 173 students tested positive (2.1%), of whom 122 (71.5%) were included in the case-control study. In the first analysis, being a non-Italian student (aOR: 8.93, 95% CI: 2.71–29.41), having received only the primary vaccination course (aOR: 2.94, 95% CI: 1.24–6.96) compared to the booster dose, known exposure to a COVID-19 case or someone with signs/symptoms suggestive of COVID-19 (aOR: 6.51, 95% CI: 3.48–12.18), and visiting discos (aOR: 4.07, 95% CI: 1.52–10.90) in the two weeks before testing increased the likelihood of SARS-CoV-2 infection. Conversely, students attending in-person lectures on campus seemed less likely to become infected (aOR: 0.34, 95% CI: 0.15–0.77). No association was found with other variables. The results of the second model were comparable to the first analysis. Conclusions This study indicates that if universities adopt strict prevention measures, it is safe for students to attend, even in the case of an infectious disease epidemic.
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9
Mothers’ perspectives of the barriers and facilitators to reducing young children’s screen time during COVID-19: A reddit content analysis
Leann Blake, Patricia Tucker, Leigh M. Vanderloo
PLoS One Infectious Diseases, 28.03.2024
Tilføjet 28.03.2024
by Leann Blake, Patricia Tucker, Leigh M. Vanderloo Screen time for children under 5 is associated with various health risks. Amidst the COVID-19 pandemic, screen use among young children increased significantly. Mothers were more likely than fathers to be the primary caregivers and disproportionally assumed the responsibility of monitoring their children’s screen time. Several studies have examined children’s screen use throughout the pandemic; however, few have addressed mothers’ experiences. Therefore, the current study aimed to investigate mothers’ perceptions regarding the barriers and facilitators faced when trying to reduce their child’s pandemic screen time, as expressed on Reddit (a social media platform for anonymous discussion and information sharing). Two subreddit forums targeted toward mothers, \'mommit\' and \'beyondthebump,\' with 646,000 and 554,000 users, respectively, were examined. Posts were collected using related search terms and screened for inclusion by three independent researchers. Inductive thematic content analysis was leveraged to identify themes. In total, 582 posts were reviewed from March 14th, 2020, to August 31st, 2022. Qualitative analysis yielded 5 themes; 6 barriers and 2 facilitators were derived from themes and/or subthemes, where applicable. Results suggest that mothers faced barriers when trying to reduce their child’s screen time, including their competing work and in-home obligations, using screens to occupy their child during travel, child screen use with other caregivers, offering their child screen time while they needed rest, pandemic changes in routine, and using screens to encourage their child to engage in necessary behaviours. However, facilitating factors, including advice received from other mothers on how to reduce their child’s screen time and the sharing of non-screen alternatives supported mothers in lowering their children’s screen time. These results are important for future interventions, which may utilize the conclusions of this study to address what mothers perceive to be helping or hindering them, thus empowering mothers to successfully limit their children’s screen time.
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10
Association of anti-diabetic drugs and covid-19 outcomes in patients with diabetes mellitus type 2 and chronic kidney disease: Nationwide registry analysis
Jelena Dimnjaković, Tamara Buble, Pero Ivanko, Tamara Poljičanin, Sandra Karanović Štambuk, Hana Brborović, Ognjen Brborović
PLoS One Infectious Diseases, 28.03.2024
Tilføjet 28.03.2024
by Jelena Dimnjaković, Tamara Buble, Pero Ivanko, Tamara Poljičanin, Sandra Karanović Štambuk, Hana Brborović, Ognjen Brborović Introduction Patients with diabetes mellitus type 2 and chronic kidney disease (T2DM-CKD) have a 5 times higher risk of developing severe SARS-CoV-2 infection than those without these 2 diseases. The goal of this study is to provide information on T2DM-CKD and COVID-19 outcomes, with an emphasis on the association with anti-diabetic medications. Methodology Study is designed as a retrospective cohort analysis covering the years 2020 and 2021. Data from the National Diabetes Registry (CroDiab) were linked to hospital data, primary healthcare data, Causes of Death Registry data, the SARS-CoV-2 vaccination database, and the SARS-CoV-2 test results database. Study outcomes were cumulative incidence of SARS-CoV-2 positivity, COVID-19 hospitalizations, and COVID-19 deaths. For outcome predictors, logistic regression models were developed. Results Of 231 796 patients with diabetes mellitus type 2 in the database, 7 539 were T2DM-CKD (3.25%). The 2-year cumulative incidences of all three studies’ outcomes were higher in T2DM-CKD than in diabetes patients without CKD (positivity 18.1% vs. 14.4%; hospitalization 9.7% vs. 4.2%; death 3.3% vs. 1.1%, all p
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11
Toward trustworthy COVID-19 interventions: Building vaccine trust through community-university partnerships
Laura A. Bray, Lori L. Jervis, Amanda E. Janitz, Laura Ross, Gloria Tallbull, Timothy M. VanWagoner, the CATCH-UP Vaccines Team
PLoS One Infectious Diseases, 28.03.2024
Tilføjet 28.03.2024
by Laura A. Bray, Lori L. Jervis, Amanda E. Janitz, Laura Ross, Gloria Tallbull, Timothy M. VanWagoner, the CATCH-UP Vaccines Team Prior research identifies trust as critical to increase vaccine acceptance and uptake. However, few intervention studies have sought to develop or test strategies for bolstering vaccine-related trust. To address this gap, this exploratory study identifies features of COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy interventions that can promote or undermine trust across three interconnected domains: institutional, interpersonal, and product (the vaccine itself). We draw on focus groups (N = 27 participants) with community and university partners involved with hosting COVID-19 testing and vaccine events in underserved Oklahoma communities. Focus groups explored participants’ experiences serving community health needs and elicited feedback on proposed vaccine hesitancy interventions. Proposed interventions included two technology-based strategies (text message reminders and tablet-based testimonials and education) and one dialogue-based strategy (anti-body test interpretation). We find that community partners perceived local universities as trustworthy institutions because of their association with popular sports programs, academic credentials, and proximity, creating opportunities to address vaccine-related distrust through community-university partnerships. The most promising intervention strategies for building interpersonal trust included engaging in one-on-one dialogue and using autonomy enhancing approaches. Finally, interventions that successfully encouraged vaccine trust did so by incorporating personalized health information about individuals’ potential level of protection and susceptibility to the COVID-19 virus. These findings can inform future public health efforts to create trustworthy vaccine hesitancy interventions.
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12
Accelerating therapeutics development during a pandemic: population pharmacokinetics of the long-acting antibody combination AZD7442 (tixagevimab/cilgavimab) in the prophylaxis and treatment of COVID-19
Lindsay E. CleggOleg StepanovHenning SchmidtWeifeng TangHuixia ZhangChris WebberTaylor S. CohenMark T. EsserMats Någård1Clinical Pharmacology and Quantitative Pharmacology, Clinical Pharmacology & Safety Sciences, R&D, AstraZeneca, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA2Clinical Pharmacology and Quantitative Pharmacology, Clinical Pharmacology & Safety Sciences, R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, United Kingdom3IntiQuan GmBH, Basel, Switzerland4Clinical Development, Vaccines and Immune Therapies, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, United Kingdom5Vaccines & Immune Therapies, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA, Miguel Angel Martinez
Antimicrobial Agents And Chemotherapy, 27.03.2024
Tilføjet 27.03.2024
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Intradermal delivery of the third dose of the mRNA-1273 SARS-CoV-2 vaccine: safety and immunogenicity of a fractional booster dose
Geert V.T. Roozen, Manon L.M. Prins, Corine Prins, Jacqueline J. Janse, Heidi L.M. de Gruyter, Cilia R. Pothast, Wesley Huisman, Jan Pieter R. Koopman, Olivia A.C. Lamers, Marjan Kuijer, Sebenzile K. Myeni, Rob S. van Binnendijk, Gerco den Hartog, Mirjam H.M. Heemskerk, Simon P. Jochems, Mariet C.W. Feltkamp, Marjolein Kikkert, Frits R. Rosendaal, Meta Roestenberg, Leo G. Visser, Anna H.E. Roukens
Clinical Microbiology and Infection, 27.03.2024
Tilføjet 27.03.2024
The aim of this study was to assess safety and immunogenicity of a dose-sparing fractional intradermal (ID) booster strategy with the mRNA-1273 COVID-19 vaccine.
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14
“Stuck in pandemic uncertainty: A review of the persistent Effects of COVID-19 infection in immune deficient people”
Bevin Manuelpillai, Mackenzie Zendt, Emma Chang-Rabley, Emily E. Ricotta
Clinical Microbiology and Infection, 27.03.2024
Tilføjet 27.03.2024
Immune-deficient/disordered people (IDP) are underrepresented in COVID-19 studies. Specifically, there is limited research on post-SARS-CoV-2 infection outcomes, including viral persistence and long-term sequelae in these populations.
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15
[Editorial] Ending tuberculosis: ways forward
The Lancet Respiratory Medicine
Lancet Respiratory Medicine, 27.03.2024
Tilføjet 27.03.2024
Around 25 000 people die from tuberculosis every week, despite the disease being curable. Progress in reducing tuberculosis morbidity and mortality is hindered by inadequate access to testing and treatment, with at least 40% of those infected remaining undiagnosed. Our 2022 Series, highlighted the huge scale of the problem, exacerbated by COVID-19, and outlined priorities for rapid restoration of tuberculosis services. In a 2023 Editorial, we discussed the need for substantial investment in vaccines and research to improve health-care services in LMICs.
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16
[News] US CDC plans to relax COVID-19 isolation guidelines
Bryant Furlow
Lancet Respiratory Medicine, 27.03.2024
Tilføjet 27.03.2024
The US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) plans to relax COVID-19 isolation guidelines, no longer recommending that Americans stay home for at least 5 days after testing positive, reported the Washington Post.
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17
The impact of food insecurity on mental health among older adults residing in low- and middle-income countries: A systematic review
Cornelius Osei-Owusu, Satveer Dhillon, Isaac Luginaah
PLoS One Infectious Diseases, 27.03.2024
Tilføjet 27.03.2024
by Cornelius Osei-Owusu, Satveer Dhillon, Isaac Luginaah Over the past few years, food insecurity has been increasing globally due to the COVID-19 pandemic, climate change, economic downturns and conflict and a number of other intersecting factors. Older adults residing in low- and middle-income countries are more vulnerable to food insecurity. While the impacts of food insecurity on physical health outcomes have been thoroughly researched, the effect on mental health outcomes remains under-researched, especially among older adults. Hence, this systematic review aims to investigate existing literature to assess how food insecurity impacts the mental health of older persons residing in LMICs. A systematic search of six databases and Google for studies was conducted. The search was limited to studies written in English and published between 2000 to the present. We identified 725 studies, out of which 40 studies were selected for a full-text review and 12 studies were included for a final analysis. The significant finding in all the included studies was that food insecurity is associated with the worsening mental health of older adults. We also found a complex interplay of factors such as gender, age, rural/urban and health conditions associated with the aggravation of several mental health outcomes. The findings of this study illuminate the need for improved food programs to improve food security and, consequently, mental health among older adults.
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18
Household Transmission Dynamics of Asymptomatic SARS-CoV-2–Infected Children: A Multinational, Controlled Case-Ascertained Prospective Study
Clinical Infectious Diseases, 26.03.2024
Tilføjet 26.03.2024
Abstract Background Asymptomatic SARS-CoV-2 infection in children is highly prevalent but its acute and chronic implications have been minimally described.Methods In this controlled case-ascertained household transmission study, we recruited asymptomatic children
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19
Policies for type 2 diabetes and non-communicable disease management during the COVID-19 pandemic in Kenya and Tanzania: a desk review and views of decision-makers
Mohamed, S. F., Kisia, L., Mashiashi, I., Mair, F., Wisdom, J. P., Bunn, C., Gray, C., Kibe, P. M., Sanya, R. E., Karugu, C. H., Mtenga, S. M., Binyaruka, P., Asiki, G.
BMJ Open, 26.03.2024
Tilføjet 26.03.2024
BackgroundThe COVID-19 pandemic caused disruptions in care that adversely affected the management of non-communicable diseases (NCDs) globally. Countries have responded in various ways to support people with NCDs during the pandemic. This study aimed to identify policy gaps, if any, in the management of NCDs, particularly diabetes, during COVID-19 in Kenya and Tanzania to inform recommendations for priority actions for NCD management during any future similar crises. MethodsWe undertook a desk review of pre-existing and newly developed national frameworks, policy models and guidelines for addressing NCDs including type 2 diabetes. This was followed by 13 key informant interviews with stakeholders involved in NCD decision-making: six in Kenya and seven in Tanzania. Thematic analysis was used to analyse the documents. ResultsSeventeen guidance documents were identified (Kenya=10; Tanzania=7). These included pre-existing and/or updated policies/strategic plans, guidelines, a letter, a policy brief and a report. Neither country had comprehensive policies/guidelines to ensure continuity of NCD care before the COVID-19 pandemic. However, efforts were made to update pre-existing documents and several more were developed during the pandemic to guide NCD care. Some measures were put in place during the COVID-19 period to ensure continuity of care for patients with NCDs such as longer supply of medicines. Inadequate attention was given to monitoring and evaluation and implementation issues. ConclusionKenya and Tanzania developed and updated some policies/guidelines to include continuity of care in emergencies. However, there were gaps in the documents and between policy/guideline documents and practice. Health systems need to establish disaster preparedness plans that integrate attention to NCD care to enable them to better handle severe disruptions caused by emergencies such as pandemics. Such guidance needs to include contingency planning to enable adequate resources for NCD care and must also address evaluation of implementation effectiveness.
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20
Community health workers for health systems resilience during COVID-19: protocol for qualitative evidence synthesis
Adsul, N., Tyagi, J., Bhaumik, S.
BMJ Open, 26.03.2024
Tilføjet 26.03.2024
IntroductionCOVID-19 exposed the fragility of health systems, where even the most basic health services in high-income and low-income and middle-income nations could not withstand the health systems shock due to the pandemic. Community health workers (CHWs) can contribute to improving the resilience of health systems, specifically to withstand shocks and emergencies and to avoid disruptions of routine service delivery. We aim to explore and understand the ‘individual’ and ‘systems-level’ resilience factors that shaped the involvement of CHWs in the COVID-19 response. Methods and analysisWe will search five electronic databases (PubMed, Cochrane Library, EMBASE, CINAHL and SciELO (Spanish)) and conduct citation screening to identify studies on CHWs’ response during the COVID-19 pandemic. Two review authors will independently screen the studies for inclusion and to extract data. The software Rayyan will be used to assist in screening the relevant literature. A thematic analysis approach will be followed to analyse and synthesise the qualitative evidence. The quality of the included studies will be critically assessed using the Critical Skills Appraisal Programme Tool. We will use the GRADE CERQual(Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development, and Evaluations - Confidence in the Evidence from Reviews of Qualitative Research) approach to assess certainty in the synthesised findings of the qualitative evidence. Ethics and disseminationThis study will be conducted on published evidence, with no living participants; thus, no ethical approval is required. The final review will be submitted and published in a peer-reviewed journal. We will also develop a policy brief to communicate the review findings to the stakeholders.
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21
Effect of community-based newborn care implementation strategies on access to and effective coverage of possible serious bacterial infection (PSBI) treatment for sick young infants during COVID-19 pandemic
Gizachew Tadele Tiruneh, Nebreed Fesseha, Dessalew Emaway, Wuleta Betemariam, Tsinuel Girma Nigatu, Hema Magge, Lisa Ruth Hirschhorn
PLoS One Infectious Diseases, 26.03.2024
Tilføjet 26.03.2024
by Gizachew Tadele Tiruneh, Nebreed Fesseha, Dessalew Emaway, Wuleta Betemariam, Tsinuel Girma Nigatu, Hema Magge, Lisa Ruth Hirschhorn Background In Ethiopia, neonatal mortality is persistently high. The country has been implementing community-based treatment of possible serious bacterial infection (PSBI) in young infants when referral to a hospital is not feasible since 2012. However, access to and quality of PSBI services remained low and were worsened by COVID-19. From November 2020 to June 2022, we conducted implementation research to mitigate the impact of COVID-19 and improve PSBI management implementation uptake and delivery in two woredas in Ethiopia. Methods In April-May 2021, guided by implementation research frameworks, we conducted formative research to understand the PSBI management implementation challenges, including those due to the COVID-19 pandemic. Through a participatory process engaging stakeholders, we designed adaptive implementation strategies to bridge identified gaps using mechanism mapping to achieve implementation outcomes. Strategies included training and coaching, supportive supervision and mentorship, technical support units, improved supply of essential commodities, and community awareness creation about PSBI and COVID-19. We conducted cross-sectional household surveys in the two woredas before (April 2021) and after the implementation of strategies (June 2022) to measure changes in targeted outcomes. Results We interviewed 4,262 and 4,082 women who gave live birth 2–14 months before data collection and identified 374 and 264 PSBI cases in April 2021 and June 2022, respectively. The prevalence of PSBI significantly decreased (p-value = 0.018) from 8.7% in April 2021 to 6.4% while the mothers’ care-seeking behavior from medical care for their sick newborns increased significantly from 56% to 91% (p-value
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22
Evolution of COVID-19 infection in Punjab; trends during five waves of infection in the province of Punjab
BMC Infectious Diseases, 25.03.2024
Tilføjet 25.03.2024
Abstract Background Pakistan witnessed five waves of COVID-19 infections during the pandemic. Punjab, the largest province of Pakistan, remained the epicentre due to a high infection rate. Administrative data for five waves of the pandemic was analyzed to determine the rate of infections and the significance of pharmacological and non-pharmacological interventions on the severity and duration of infection. Methodology COVID-19 data from March 2020 to May 2023 was obtained from the Provincial Public Health Reference Laboratory (PPHRL), Punjab AIDS Control Program, Lahore. The data included samples from index cases, contacts, and recovered patients. A total of 36,252,48 cases were screened for COVID-19, and 90,923 (2.50%) were detected positive by RT-PCR, accounting for 5.69% of the cases reported positive throughout the country. Results Among the positive cases, 50.86% (n = 46,244) cases were new cases (registered for the first time), 40.41% (n = 36751) were the contact cases traced from the newly identified cases and 8.62% (n = 7842) repeated cases. The positivity rates among index cases were reported to be 2.37%, 2.34%, 4.61%, 2.09%, and 1.19%, respectively, for the five respective COVID-19 pandemic waves. Distribution by gender indicated that 64% of males and 35% of females were infected during the pandemic. The age factor demonstrated the most susceptibility to infection in women aged 19-29 years, whereas most males between the ages of 29-39 had an infection. Susceptibility to COVID-19 infection was observed to be equally likely between males and females; however, clinical outcomes indicated that infections in males were more severe and often resulted in fatalities as compared to those in females. This trend was also reflected in the viral titer as measured by the Ct values, where 40% of males had Ct values < 25 (an indicator of high viral titers) compared to 30% of females with Ct values < 25. Conclusion Overall, our data indicated that infection rates remained stable throughout the pandemic except for 3rd wave, which showed a higher incidence of infection rate of 4%. Additionally, data showed a positive impact of masking, social distancing, and immunization, as indicated by the shorter window of high infection rates.
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23
Regional variation of COVID-19 admissions, acute kidney injury and mortality in England - a national observational study using administrative data
BMC Infectious Diseases, 24.03.2024
Tilføjet 24.03.2024
Abstract Background This study explores regional variations in COVID-19 hospitalization rates, in-hospital mortality, and acute kidney injury (AKI) in England. We investigated the influence of population demographic characteristics, viral strain changes, and therapeutic advances on clinical outcomes. Methods Using hospital episode statistics, we conducted a retrospective cohort study with 749,844 admissions in 337,029 adult patients with laboratory-confirmed COVID-19 infection (March 1, 2020, to March 31, 2021). Multivariable logistic regression identified factors predicting AKI and mortality in COVID-19 hospitalized patients. Results London had the highest number of COVID-19 admissions (131,338, 18%), followed by the North-west region (122,683, 16%). The North-west had the highest population incidence of COVID-19 hospital admissions (21,167 per million population, pmp), while the South-west had the lowest (9,292 admissions pmp). Patients in London were relatively younger (67.0 ± 17.7 years) than those in the East of England (72.2 ± 16.8 years). The shortest length of stay was in the North-east (12.2 ± 14.9 days), while the longest was in the North-west (15.2 ± 17.9 days). All eight regions had higher odds of death compared to London, ranging from OR 1.04 (95% CI 1.00, 1.07) in the South-west to OR 1.24 (95% CI 1.21, 1.28) in the North-west. Older age, Asian ethnicity, emergency admission, transfers from other hospitals, AKI presence, ITU admission, social deprivation, and comorbidity were associated with higher odds of death. AKI incidence was 30.3%, and all regions had lower odds of developing AKI compared to London. Increasing age, mixed and black ethnicity, emergency admission, transfers from other providers, ITU care, and different levels of comorbidity were associated with higher odds of developing AKI. Conclusions London exhibited higher hospital admission numbers and AKI incidence, but lower odds of death compared to other regions in England. Trial registration Registered on National Library of Medicine website (www.clinicaltrials.gov) with registration number NCT04579562 on 8/10/2020.
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24
Epidemiology of Escherichia coli bloodstream infection antimicrobial resistance trends across South West England during the first two years of the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic response
J. Stanley, B. Sullivan, A.W. Dowsey, K. Jones, C.R. Beck
Clinical Microbiology and Infection, 23.03.2024
Tilføjet 23.03.2024
Between 2016-19, the proportion of Escherichia coli bloodstream infection (BSI) with resistance to at least one antibiotic increased nationally. Public health interventions implemented in response to the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic changed population contact patterns and healthcare systems, with consequent effects on epidemiological trends of numerous pathogens. We investigated the impact of COVID-19 restrictions on epidemiological trends of E. coli BSI antimicrobial resistance (AMR) across South West England.
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25
Lyme borreliosis and medical wandering: what do patients think about multidisciplinary management? A qualitative study in the context of scientific and social controversy
BMC Infectious Diseases, 23.03.2024
Tilføjet 23.03.2024
Abstract Introduction To answer to patients’ medical wandering, often due to “unexplained symptoms” of “unexplained diseases” and to misinformation, multidisciplinary care centers for suspected Lyme borreliosis (LB), such as the 5 Tick-Borne Diseases (TBDs) Reference Centers (TBD-RC), were created a few years ago in France, the Netherlands and Denmark. Our study consisted of a comprehensive analysis of the satisfaction of the patients managed at a TBD-RC for suspected LB in the context of scientific and social controversy. Methods We included all adults who were admitted to one of the TBD-RC from 2017 to 2020. A telephone satisfaction survey was conducted 12 months after their first consultation. It consisted of 5 domains, including 2 free-text items: “What points did you enjoy?” and “What would you like us to change or to improve?”. In the current study, the 2 free-items were analyzed with a qualitative method called reflexive thematic analysis within a semantic and latent approach. Results The answer rate was 61.3% (349/569) and 97 distinctive codes from the 2-free-text items were identified and classified into five themes: (1) multidisciplinarity makes it possible to set up quality time dedicated to patients; (2) multidisciplinarity enables seamless carepaths despite the public hospital crisis compounded by the COVID-19 pandemic; (3) multidisciplinarity is defined as trust in the team’s competences; (4) an ambivalent opinion and uncertainty are barriers to acceptance of the diagnosis, reflecting the strong influence of the controversy around LB; and (5) a lack of adapted communication about TBDs, their management, and ongoing research is present. Conclusion The multidisciplinary management for suspected LB seemed an answer to medical wandering for the majority of patients and helped avoid misinformation, enabling better patient-centered shared information and satisfaction, despite the context of controversy.
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26
Correction: Physical activity and mental health experiences of people living with long term conditions during COVID-19 pandemic: A qualitative study
Leire Ambrosio, Jacqui Morris, Danielle Lambrick, James Faulkner, Eric Compton, Mari Carmen Portillo
PLoS One Infectious Diseases, 22.03.2024
Tilføjet 22.03.2024
by Leire Ambrosio, Jacqui Morris, Danielle Lambrick, James Faulkner, Eric Compton, Mari Carmen Portillo
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27
The effect of COVID-19 on malaria cases in Zambia: a mixed effect multilevel analysis
Malaria Journal, 22.03.2024
Tilføjet 22.03.2024
Abstract Background The burden of Malaria in Zambia remains a challenge, with the entire population at risk of contracting this infectious disease. Despite concerted efforts by African countries, including Zambia, to implement malaria policies and strategies aimed at reducing case incidence, the region faces significant hurdles, especially with emerging pandemics such as COVID-19. The efforts to control malaria were impacted by the constraints imposed to curb its transmission during the COVID-19 pandemic. The aim of the study was to assess the effect of the COVID-19 pandemic on malaria cases in Zambia and the factors associated by comparing the COVID-19 period and the pre-COVID-19 era. Methods This was a cross-sectional panel study in which routinely collected programmatic data on malaria was used. The data were extracted from the Health Management Information System (HMIS) for the period January 2018 to January 2022. The period 2018 to 2022 was selected purely due to the availability of data and to avoid the problem of extrapolating too far away from the period of interest of the study. A summary of descriptive statistics was performed in which the number of cases were stratified by province, age group, and malaria cases. The association of these variables with the COVID-19 era was checked using the Wilcoxon rank-sum test and Kruskal‒Wallis test as applicable. In establishing the factors associated with the number of malaria cases, a mixed-effect multilevel model using the Poisson random intercept and random slope of the COVID-19 panel. The model was employed to deal with the possible correlation of the number of cases in the non-COVID-19 panel and the expected correlation of the number of cases in the COVID-19 panel. Results A total of 18,216 records were extracted from HMIS from January 2018 to January 2022. Stratifying this by the COVID-19 period/era, it was established that 8,852 malaria cases were recorded in the non-COVID-19 period, whereas 9,364 cases were recorded in the COVID-19 era. Most of the people with malaria were above the age of 15 years. Furthermore, the study found a significant increase in the relative incidence of the COVID-19 panel period compared to the non-COVID-19 panel period of 1.32, 95% CI (1.18, 1.48, p
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28
Assessing the current epidemiological status of SARS-CoV-2 and its potential evolution
Infection, 22.03.2024
Tilføjet 22.03.2024
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Safety and Immunogenicity of the mRNA-1273 COVID-19 Vaccine in Solid Organ Transplant Recipients
Journal of Infectious Diseases, 22.03.2024
Tilføjet 22.03.2024
Abstract Background Immunosuppressed individuals, including solid organ transplant recipients (SOTRs), are at high risk for severe COVID-19.Methods This open-label, phase 3b trial evaluated mRNA-1273 in 137 adult kidney and 77 liver SOTRs and 20 immunocompetent participants. In Part A, SOTRs received three 100-µg doses of mRNA-1273; immunocompetent participants received 2 doses. In Part B, an additional 100-µg dose was offered ≥4 months post-primary series. Here, we report interim trial results.Results mRNA-1273 was well-tolerated in SOTRs. Four serious adverse events were considered vaccine-related by the investigator in 3 SOTRs with pre-existing comorbidities. No vaccine-related biopsy-proven organ rejection events or deaths were reported. mRNA-1273 elicited modest neutralizing antibody (nAb) responses after dose 2 and improved responses after dose 3 in SOTRs. Post-dose 3 responses among liver SOTRs were comparable to post-dose 2 responses in immunocompetent participants. Post-additional dose responses were increased in SOTRs regardless of the primary series vaccination. In liver SOTRs, post-additional dose responses were ∼3-fold higher versus post-dose 2 but were lower than immunocompetent participant responses. Most kidney SOTRs received multiple immunosuppressants and had reduced antibody responses versus liver SOTRs.Conclusions mRNA-1273 (100 µg) was well-tolerated and dose 3 and the additional dose improved antibody responses among SOTRs.
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30
Interplay of inflammatory markers and anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies in COVID-19 mortality: a prospective cohort study
Sylvia Mink, Heinz Drexel, Andreas Leiherer, Matthias Frick, Patrick Reimann, Christoph H. Saely, Peter Fraunberger
International Journal of Infectious Diseases, 22.03.2024
Tilføjet 22.03.2024
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How does the SARS-CoV-2 reinfection rate change over time? The global evidence from systematic review and meta-analysis
BMC Infectious Diseases, 22.03.2024
Tilføjet 22.03.2024
Abstract Background There is a significant increase in the number of SARS-CoV-2 reinfection reports in various countries. However, the trend of reinfection rate over time is not clear. Methods We searched PubMed, Web of Science, Medline, Embase, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, China National Knowledge Infrastructure, and Wanfang for cohort studies, case-control studies, and cross-sectional studies up to March 16, 2023, to conduct a meta-analysis of global SARS-CoV-2 reinfection rate. Subgroup analyses were performed for age, country, study type, and study population, and time-varying reinfection rates of SARS-CoV-2 were estimated using meta-regression. The risk of bias was assessed using the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale and the Joanna Briggs Institute critical appraisal tool. Result A total of 55 studies involving 111,846 cases of SARS-CoV-2 reinfection were included. The pooled SARS-CoV-2 reinfection rate was 0.94% (95% CI: 0.65 -1.35%). In the subgroup analyses, there were statistically significant differences in the pooled reinfection rates by reinfection variant, and study type (P
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32
Characteristics of infections with ancestral, Beta and Delta variants of SARS-CoV-2 in the PHIRST-C community cohort study, South Africa, 2020-2021
BMC Infectious Diseases, 22.03.2024
Tilføjet 22.03.2024
Abstract Background Data on the characteristics of individuals with mild and asymptomatic infections with different SARS-CoV-2 variants are limited. We therefore compared the characteristics of individuals infected with ancestral, Beta and Delta SARS-CoV-2 variants in South Africa. Methods We conducted a prospective cohort study in a rural and an urban site during July 2020-August 2021. Mid-turbinate nasal swabs were collected twice-weekly from household members irrespective of symptoms and tested for SARS-CoV-2 using real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (rRT-PCR). Differences in demographic and clinical characteristics, shedding and cycle threshold (Ct) value of infection episodes by variant were evaluated using multinomial regression. Overall and age-specific incidence rates of infection were compared by variant. Results We included 1200 individuals from 222 households and 648 rRT-PCR-confirmed infection episodes (66, 10% ancestral, 260, 40% Beta, 322, 50% Delta). Symptomatic proportion was similar for ancestral (7, 11%), Beta (44, 17%), and Delta (46, 14%) infections (p=0.4). After accounting for previous infection, peak incidence shifted to younger age groups in successive waves (40-59 years ancestral, 19-39 years Beta, 13-18 years Delta). On multivariable analysis, compared to ancestral, Beta infection was more common in individuals aged 5-12 years (vs 19-39)(adjusted odds ratio (aOR) 2.6, 95% confidence interval (CI)1.1-6.6) and PCR cycle threshold (Ct) value 35)(aOR 3.2, 95%CI 1.3-7.9), while Delta was more common in individuals aged
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33
[Editorial] EU elections: a moment for pan-European health
The Lancet
Lancet, 22.03.2024
Tilføjet 22.03.2024
The past 5 years in Europe have been characterised by crisis. Long-standing Euroscepticism culminated in the UK\'s exit of the EU in 2020. Europe was unprepared for the COVID-19 pandemic, which pushed even the best health systems to their limits, resulting in the deaths of more than 1·1 million people in the European Union (EU). In 2022, peace in Europe ended abruptly with the Russian invasion of Ukraine. The war has so far killed more than 10 000 Ukrainian civilians, destroyed cities, and sparked mass migration, as well as precipitated an energy crisis across Europe.
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[Therapeutics] mRNA-based therapeutics: looking beyond COVID-19 vaccines
Hamideh Parhiz, Elena N Atochina-Vasserman, Drew Weissman
Lancet, 22.03.2024
Tilføjet 22.03.2024
Recent advances in mRNA technology and its delivery have enabled mRNA-based therapeutics to enter a new era in medicine. The rapid, potent, and transient nature of mRNA-encoded proteins, without the need to enter the nucleus or the risk of genomic integration, makes them desirable tools for treatment of a range of diseases, from infectious diseases to cancer and monogenic disorders. The rapid pace and ease of mass-scale manufacturability of mRNA-based therapeutics supported the global response to the COVID-19 pandemic.
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35
Joint analysis of vaccination effectiveness and antiviral drug effectiveness for COVID-19: a causal inference approach
Yue Yat Harrison Cheung, Eric Ho Yin Lau, Guosheng Yin, Yun Lin, Jialiang Jiang, Benjamin John Cowling, Kwok Fai Lam
International Journal of Infectious Diseases, 21.03.2024
Tilføjet 21.03.2024
As of July 26th, 2023, the novel coronavirus, known as severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS‑CoV‑2), has caused more than 768 million confirmed infection cases of COVID-19, resulting in over 6.9 million associated fatalities globally [1]. Over the course of the long battle with the COVID-19 pandemic, vaccinations [2-3] and oral antivirals [4-5] have been developed to contain the spread of the disease and reduce the risk of developing severe conditions. Although randomized controlled trials (RCTs) are the “gold standard” [6] of identifying the causal effects of COVID-19 vaccinations and oral antivirals, they have the limitations of short observational periods [7], and sometimes, limited sample sizes [8].
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36
Effects of osteopathic manipulative treatment on maternal-fetal hemodynamics in third trimester pregnant women: A prospective study
Maria Luisa Arruda Correia, Fernando Maia Peixoto Filho, Saint Clair Gomes Júnior, Guilherme Ramires de Jesus
PLoS One Infectious Diseases, 21.03.2024
Tilføjet 21.03.2024
by Maria Luisa Arruda Correia, Fernando Maia Peixoto Filho, Saint Clair Gomes Júnior, Guilherme Ramires de Jesus Objective To evaluate the maternal-fetal hemodynamic effects after osteopathic manipulative treatment by measuring vital signs and Doppler velocimetry in third-trimester pregnant women. Materials and methods This is a prospective study with pregnant women undergoing outpatient follow-up and hospitalized in a ward at Instituto Fernandes Figueira/Fiocruz, between August 2021 to August 2022, during the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic. This study was registered in REBEC under Register Number RBR-9q7kvg and approved by the ethics committee under number 32216620.0.0000.5269. The study population was composed of 51 pregnant women between 28 and 40 weeks of gestation, over 18 years of age, allocated in a single group. Pregnancies with multiple fetuses, malformations, premature rupture of the membrane, and active labor were excluded. The procedures evaluated maternal-fetal hemodynamics using three consecutive measures of ultrasound examination with Doppler velocimetry, and three maternal vital signs measured by an electronic blood pressure monitor. Results Most vital signs changed after osteopathic treatment. However, only the systolic blood pressure (109.92 ±14.42 to 110.71±12.8, p = 0.033), diastolic blood pressure (79.8±11.54 to 77.57±9.44, p = 0.018) and heart rate (87.59±11.93 to 81.12±10.26, p = 0.000) in the sitting position, systolic blood pressure (110.75±13.26 to 108.59±13.07; p = 0.034) in the supine, and heart rate (83.22±11.29 to 80.39±11.0; p = 0.013) in left lateral decubitus reached statistical significance. The oximetry measures (98.55±0.64 to 98.67±0.68; p = 0.098) stayed stable during all three positions.All artery values remained stable after treatment, and no statistically significant difference was recorded in the artery results. Conclusion Responses to osteopathic treatment in women in the third trimester of pregnancy did not affect uteroplacental and fetoplacental circulation. However, some maternal vital signs had statistically significant results, with a decrease in diastolic blood pressure and heart rate, and an increase in systolic blood pressure in the sitting position, a decrease of heart rate in the left lateral decubitus position, and systolic blood pressure in the supine position. All the results observed were maintained in the normal parameters. The study responses attest to the safety of using the osteopathic manipulative treatment for the fetus and for pregnant women with comorbidities.
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The impact of COVID-19 on young people’s mental health, wellbeing and routine from a European perspective: A co-produced qualitative systematic review
Lindsay H. Dewa, Lily Roberts, Elizabeth Choong, Caroline Crandell, Ola Demkowicz, Emma Ashworth, Catia Branquinho, Steph Scott
PLoS One Infectious Diseases, 21.03.2024
Tilføjet 21.03.2024
by Lindsay H. Dewa, Lily Roberts, Elizabeth Choong, Caroline Crandell, Ola Demkowicz, Emma Ashworth, Catia Branquinho, Steph Scott Background The impact of the Covid-19 pandemic on young people’s (YP) mental health has been mixed. Systematic reviews to date have focused predominantly on quantitative studies and lacked involvement from YP with lived experience of mental health difficulties. Therefore, our primary aim was to conduct a qualitative systematic review to examine the perceived impact of the Covid-19 pandemic on YP’s (aged 10–24) mental health and wellbeing across Europe. Methods and findings We searched MEDLINE, PsycINFO, Embase, Web of Science, MEDRXIV, OSF preprints, Google, and voluntary sector websites for studies published from 1st January 2020 to 15th November 2022. European studies were included if they reported qualitative data that could be extracted on YP’s (aged 10–24) own perspectives of their experiences of Covid-19 and related disruptions to their mental health and wellbeing. Screening, data extraction and appraisal was conducted independently in duplicate by researchers and YP with lived experience of mental health difficulties (co-researchers). Confidence was assessed using the Confidence in the Evidence from Reviews of Qualitative Research (CERQual) approach. We co-produced an adapted narrative thematic synthesis with co-researchers. This study is registered with PROSPERO, CRD42021251578. We found 82 publications and included 77 unique studies in our narrative synthesis. Most studies were from the UK (n = 50; 65%); and generated data during the first Covid-19 wave (March-May 2020; n = 33; 43%). Across the 79,491 participants, views, and experiences of YP minoritised by ethnicity and sexual orientation, and from marginalised or vulnerable YP were limited. Five synthesised themes were identified: negative impact of pandemic information and restrictions on wellbeing; education and learning on wellbeing; social connection to prevent loneliness and disconnection; emotional, lifestyle and behavioural changes; and mental health support. YP’s mental health and wellbeing across Europe were reported to have fluctuated during the pandemic. Challenges were similar but coping strategies to manage the impact of these challenges on mental health varied across person, study, and country. Short-term impacts were related to the consequences of changing restrictions on social connection, day-to-day lifestyle, and education set-up. However, YP identified potential issues in these areas going forward, and therefore stressed the importance of ongoing long-term support in education, learning and mental health post-Covid-19. Conclusions Our findings map onto the complex picture seen from quantitative systematic reviews regarding the impact of Covid-19 on YP’s mental health. The comparatively little qualitative data found in our review means there is an urgent need for more high-quality qualitative research outside of the UK and/or about the experiences of minoritised groups to ensure all voices are heard and everyone is getting the support they need following the pandemic. YP’s voices need to be prioritised in decision-making processes on education, self-care strategies, and mental health and wellbeing, to drive impactful, meaningful policy changes in anticipation of a future systemic crisis.
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38
Assessing the current epidemiological status of SARS-CoV-2 and its potential evolution
Infection, 20.03.2024
Tilføjet 20.03.2024
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Health-related quality of life after 12 months post discharge in patients hospitalised with COVID-19-related severe acute respiratory infection (SARI): a prospective analysis of SF-36 data and correlation with retrospective admission data on age, disease severity, and frailty
Wright, G., Senthil, K., Zadeh-Kochek, A., Au, J. H.-s., Zhang, J., Huang, J., Saripalli, R., Khan, M., Ghauri, O., Kim, S., Mohammed, Z., Alves, C., Koduri, G.
BMJ Open, 20.03.2024
Tilføjet 20.03.2024
Long-term outcome and ‘health-related quality of life’ (HRQoL) following hospitalisation for COVID-19-related severe acute respiratory infection (SARI) is limited. ObjectiveTo assess the impact of HRQoL in patients hospitalised with COVID-19-related SARI at 1 year post discharge, focusing on the potential impact of age, frailty, and disease severity. MethodRoutinely collected outcome data on 1207 patients admitted with confirmed COVID-19 related SARI across all three secondary care sites in our NHS trust over 3 months were assessed in this retrospective cohort study. Of those surviving 1 year, we prospectively collected 36-item short form (SF-36) HRQoL questionnaires, comparing three age groups (
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40
Temporal trends of ambulance time intervals for suspected stroke/transient ischaemic attack (TIA) before and during the COVID-19 pandemic in Ireland: a quasi-experimental study
Burton, E., Quinn, R., Crosbie-Staunton, K., Deasy, C., Masterson, S., O'Donnell, C., Merwick, A., Willis, D., Kearney, P. M., Mc Carthy, V. J. C., Buckley, C. M.
BMJ Open, 20.03.2024
Tilføjet 20.03.2024
ObjectivesTime is a fundamental component of acute stroke and transient ischaemic attack (TIA) care, thus minimising prehospital delays is a crucial part of the stroke chain of survival. COVID-19 restrictions were introduced in Ireland in response to the pandemic, which resulted in major societal changes. However, current research on the effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on prehospital care for stroke/TIA is limited to early COVID-19 waves. Thus, we aimed to investigate the effect of the COVID-19 pandemic on ambulance time intervals and suspected stroke/TIA call volume for adults with suspected stroke and TIA in Ireland, from 2018 to 2021. DesignWe conducted a secondary data analysis with a quasi-experimental design. SettingWe used data from the National Ambulance Service in Ireland. We defined the COVID-19 period as ‘1 March 2020–31 December 2021’ and the pre-COVID-19 period ‘1 January 2018–29 February 2020’. Primary and secondary outcome measuresWe compared five ambulance time intervals: ‘allocation performance’, ‘mobilisation performance’, ‘response time’, ‘on scene time’ and ‘conveyance time’ between the two periods using descriptive and regression analyses. We also compared call volume for suspected stroke/TIA between the pre-COVID-19 and COVID-19 periods using interrupted time series analysis. ParticipantsWe included all suspected stroke/TIA cases ≥18 years who called the National Ambulance Service from 2018 to 2021. Results40 004 cases were included: 19 826 in the pre-COVID-19 period and 19 731 in the COVID-19 period. All ambulance time intervals increased during the pandemic period compared with pre-COVID-19 (p
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41
SCALE-UP II: protocol for a pragmatic randomised trial examining population health management interventions to increase the uptake of at-home COVID-19 testing in community health centres
Del Fiol, G., Orleans, B., Kuzmenko, T. V., Chipman, J., Greene, T., Martinez, A., Wirth, J., Meads, R., Kaphingst, K. K., Gibson, B., Kawamoto, K., King, A. J., Siaperas, T., Hughes, S., Pruhs, A., Pariera Dinkins, C., Lam, C. Y., Pierce, J. H., Benson, R., Borsato, E. P., Cornia, R., Stevens, L., Bradshaw, R. L., Schlechter, C. R., Wetter, D. W.
BMJ Open, 20.03.2024
Tilføjet 20.03.2024
IntroductionSCALE-UP II aims to investigate the effectiveness of population health management interventions using text messaging (TM), chatbots and patient navigation (PN) in increasing the uptake of at-home COVID-19 testing among patients in historically marginalised communities, specifically, those receiving care at community health centres (CHCs). Methods and analysisThe trial is a multisite, randomised pragmatic clinical trial. Eligible patients are >18 years old with a primary care visit in the last 3 years at one of the participating CHCs. Demographic data will be obtained from CHC electronic health records. Patients will be randomised to one of two factorial designs based on smartphone ownership. Patients who self-report replying to a text message that they have a smartphone will be randomised in a 2x2x2 factorial fashion to receive (1) chatbot or TM; (2) PN (yes or no); and (3) repeated offers to interact with the interventions every 10 or 30 days. Participants who do not self-report as having a smartphone will be randomised in a 2x2 factorial fashion to receive (1) TM with or without PN; and (2) repeated offers every 10 or 30 days. The interventions will be sent in English or Spanish, with an option to request at-home COVID-19 test kits. The primary outcome is the proportion of participants using at-home COVID-19 tests during a 90-day follow-up. The study will evaluate the main effects and interactions among interventions, implementation outcomes and predictors and moderators of study outcomes. Statistical analyses will include logistic regression, stratified subgroup analyses and adjustment for stratification factors. Ethics and disseminationThe protocol was approved by the University of Utah Institutional Review Board. On completion, study data will be made available in compliance with National Institutes of Health data sharing policies. Results will be disseminated through study partners and peer-reviewed publications. Trial registration numberClinicalTrials.gov: NCT05533918 and NCT05533359.
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Unsupervised identification of significant lineages of SARS-CoV-2 through scalable machine learning methods
Roberto CahuantziKatrina A. LythgoeIan HallLorenzo PellisThomas HouseaDepartment of Mathematics, The University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, United KingdombUnited Kingdom Health Security Agency, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7LF, United KingdomcDepartment of Biology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3SZ, United KingdomdBig Data Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7LF, United KingdomePandemic Sciences Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7LF, United Kingdom
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 20.03.2024
Tilføjet 20.03.2024
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Evolution of the data and methods in real-world COVID-19 vaccine effectiveness studies on mortality: a scoping review protocol
Stehlik, P., Dowsett, C., Camacho, X., Falster, M. O., Lim, R., Nasreen, S., Pratt, N. L., Pearson, S.-A., Henry, D.
BMJ Open, 20.03.2024
Tilføjet 20.03.2024
BackgroundEarly evidence on COVID-19 vaccine efficacy came from randomised trials. Many important questions subsequently about vaccine effectiveness (VE) have been addressed using real-world studies (RWS) and have informed most vaccination policies globally. As the questions about VE have evolved during the pandemic so have data, study design, and analytical choices. This scoping review aims to characterise this evolution and provide insights for future pandemic planning—specifically, what kinds of questions are asked at different stages of a pandemic, and what data infrastructure and methods are used? Methods and analysisWe will identify relevant studies in the Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health VIEW-hub database, which curates both published and preprint VE RWS identified from PubMed, Embase, Scopus, Web of Science, the WHO COVID Database, MMWR, Eurosurveillance, medRxiv, bioRxiv, SSRN, Europe PMC, Research Square, Knowledge Hub, and Google. We will include RWS of COVID-19 VE that reported COVID-19-specific or all-cause mortality (coded as ‘death’ in the ‘effectiveness studies’ data set). Information on study characteristics; study context; data sources; design and analytic methods that address confounding will be extracted by single reviewer and checked for accuracy and discussed in a small group setting by methodological and analytic experts. A timeline mapping approach will be used to capture the evolution of this body of literature. By describing the evolution of RWS of VE through the COVID-19 pandemic, we will help identify options for VE studies and inform policy makers on the minimal data and analytic infrastructure needed to support rapid RWS of VE in future pandemics and of healthcare strategies more broadly. Ethics and disseminationAs data is in the public domain, ethical approval is not required. Findings of this study will be disseminated through peer-reviewed publications, conference presentations, and working-papers to policy makers. Registrationhttps://doi.org/10.17605/OSF.IO/ZHDKR
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[Articles] Interim safety and immunogenicity of COVID-19 omicron BA.1 variant-containing vaccine in children in the USA: an open-label non-randomised phase 3 trial
Avika Dixit, Richard Bennett, Kashif Ali, Carl Griffin, Robert A Clifford, Mark Turner, Rosanne Poston, Kelly Hautzinger, Anne Yeakey, Bethany Girard, Wen Zhou, Weiping Deng, Honghong Zhou, Sabine Schnyder Ghamloush, Barbara J Kuter, Karen Slobod, Jacqueline M Miller, Frances Priddy, Rituparna Das, ROVER Study Investigators
Lancet Infectious Diseases, 20.03.2024
Tilføjet 20.03.2024
mRNA-1273.214 was immunogenic against BA.1 and D614G in children aged 6 months to 5 years, with a comparable safety profile to mRNA-1273, when given as a two-dose primary series or a booster dose. These results are aligned with the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention recommendations for the use of variant-containing vaccines for continued protection against the emerging variants of SARS-CoV-2.
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How does collectivism help deal with perceived vaccine artificiality? The case of COVID-19 vaccination intent in European young adults
Wojciech Trzebiński, Jerzy Trzebiński
PLoS One Infectious Diseases, 20.03.2024
Tilføjet 20.03.2024
by Wojciech Trzebiński, Jerzy Trzebiński Vaccine \'unnaturalness\' (artificiality) is one of the major anti-vaccine arguments raised in public debate. Therefore, health communication should rebut unnaturalness arguments and be cautious when emphasizing human intervention (e.g., advanced vaccine technology), which may entail perceiving vaccines as artificial. Understanding how the relationship between perceived vaccine artificiality and vaccination intent differs across social groups can help enforce the above health communication efforts by focusing them on specific audiences. The objective of the current paper is to assess the moderating role of a particular socio-cultural factor—vertical collectivism (reflecting the orientation on social hierarchy)—in the relationship between perceived vaccine artificiality and vaccination intent. It is proposed that vertical collectivism diminishes the negative effect of perceived vaccine artificiality. Two studies with European young adults measured COVID-19 vaccination intent and vertical collectivism. Study 1 (N = 418) was correlational, measuring perceived vaccine artificiality. The data were analyzed with a moderation model. Study 2 (N = 203) was experimental, manipulating perceived vaccine artificiality by human-intervention appeal (i.e., emphasizing human intervention in vaccine development and operation). The data were analyzed with moderation and moderated mediation models. Study 1 demonstrated that the effect of perceived vaccine artificiality on vaccination intent was less negative when the level of vertical collectivism was higher. In Study 2, with higher levels of vertical collectivism, the effect of human-intervention appeal on vaccination intent was less negative, and the indirect effect through perceived vaccine artificiality turned even positive. Those results contribute to the fields of perceived naturalness/artificiality, vaccination behavior, health communication, and cultural dimensions theory, providing empirical evidence that the negative effect of perceived vaccine artificiality on vaccination intent is diminished by vertical collectivism, as proposed. Health practitioners are guided on how to consider different levels of collectivism of their audiences while referring to vaccine artificiality in their communication. Specifically, it is suggested that rebutting \'unnaturalness\' anti-vaccine arguments should be focused on people low in vertical collectivism, and messages featuring human intervention (e.g., a vaccine’s technological advancement) should be targeted at people high in vertical collectivism.
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46
Prevalence and dynamics of contraceptive use by type during the COVID-19 pandemic: Evidence from Western Iran
Serajeddin Mahmoudiani
PLoS One Infectious Diseases, 20.03.2024
Tilføjet 20.03.2024
by Serajeddin Mahmoudiani Contraception represents a deliberate choice made by individuals, both men and women, to regulate their desired number of children. The primary objective of this study was to examine the prevalence and predictors of contraceptive use, while also exploring the shifts in contraception methods following the COVID-19 pandemic. This study employed a quantitative approach with a survey technique. The survey was conducted in Kermanshah, one of Iran’s metropolises located in the western part of the country. The sampling methodology employed in this study involved a combination of multi-stage classification and systematic random methods. The survey took place between July and August 2022. The target population for the survey included women between the ages of 15 and 49. A total of 600 women from this population were selected and included in the survey sample. The sample was described using frequency tables, as well as central and dispersion indices (mean and standard deviation). Additionally, multivariate analysis was conducted through the application of logistic regression. Findings pointed out that approximately 65% of the women in the sample utilized contraception methods. Among these methods, the condom and oral pill were found to be the most prevalent choices. Moreover, the findings indicated that an increase in the number of both living and ideal children was associated with a decreased likelihood of contraceptive use. Following the occurrence of the COVID-19 pandemic, there was an observed increase in the utilization of traditional and natural methods of contraception. This shift highlights the importance of considering a broader range of contraceptive options and not solely focusing on restricting contraception services. In the midst of the coronavirus outbreak, women turned to traditional contraceptives, which may increase the risk of unintended pregnancies and subsequent miscarriages. Therefore, providing in-person services to women at their place of residence is necessary during epidemics.
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47
Protocol for a community-based digital storytelling pilot intervention to reduce Hispanic parents’ vaccine hesitancy to immunize their children against COVID-19
Alexis Koskan, Linda Larkey, Michael Todd, Sunny Wonsun Kim
PLoS One Infectious Diseases, 20.03.2024
Tilføjet 20.03.2024
by Alexis Koskan, Linda Larkey, Michael Todd, Sunny Wonsun Kim COVID-19 vaccines, currently available to children over six months old, are a powerful method of reducing the risk of COVID-19-related hospitalizations and death. However, vaccination rates among Hispanic children remain suboptimal, primarily due to parental vaccine hesitancy. Health communication researchers have suggested using culturally aligned storytelling to reduce vaccine hesitancy; however, few studies have evaluated this approach for Hispanic parents of unvaccinated children. Working with community health workers, we will engage Hispanic parents who were previously hesitant to vaccinate their child(ren) against COVID-19 but currently support vaccination. We will ask them to share their stories of conversion in COVID-19 vaccine perspectives to help other parents overcome their mistrust of COVID-19 vaccines. We will then assess the feasibility and acceptability of a web-based pilot digital storytelling intervention based on these conversion stories vs. an information-only control among 80 parents and/or legal guardians of children who are not up-to-date with COVID-19 vaccines. We will also examine pre- to post-intervention changes in vaccine perceptions, hesitancy, intentions, and uptake of children’s COVID-19 vaccination at two months post-intervention. If our pilot study demonstrates feasibility and acceptability while reducing COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy and increasing vaccine uptake, we will conduct a full-scale randomized controlled trial to examine the effectiveness of the DST intervention to reduce vaccine hesitancy.
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48
How COVID-19 affects voting for incumbents: Evidence from local elections in France
Davide Morisi, Héloïse Cloléry, Guillaume Kon Kam King, Max Schaub
PLoS One Infectious Diseases, 20.03.2024
Tilføjet 20.03.2024
by Davide Morisi, Héloïse Cloléry, Guillaume Kon Kam King, Max Schaub How do voters react to an ongoing natural threat? Do voters sanction or reward incumbents even when incumbents cannot be held accountable because an unforeseeable natural disaster is unfolding? We address this question by investigating voters’ reactions to the early spread of COVID-19 in the 2020 French municipal elections. Using a novel, fine-grained measure of the circulation of the virus based on excess-mortality data, we find that support for incumbents increased in areas that were particularly hard hit by the virus. Incumbents from both left and right gained votes in areas more strongly affected by COVID-19. We provide suggestive evidence for two mechanisms that can explain our findings: an emotional channel related to feelings of fear and anxiety, and a prospective-voting channel, related to the ability of incumbents to act more swiftly against the diffusion of the virus than challengers.
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49
Natural and hybrid immunity after SARS-CoV-2 infection in children and adolescents
Infection, 20.03.2024
Tilføjet 20.03.2024
Abstract Purpose In contrast to adults, immune protection against SARS-CoV-2 in children and adolescents with natural or hybrid immunity is still poorly understood. The aim of this study was to analyze different immune compartments in different age groups and whether humoral immune reactions correlate with a cellular immune response. Methods 72 children and adolescents with a preceding SARS-CoV-2 infection were recruited. 37 were vaccinated with an RNA vaccine (BNT162b2). Humoral immunity was analyzed 3–26 months (median 10 months) after infection by measuring Spike protein (S), nucleocapsid (NCP), and neutralizing antibodies (nAB). Cellular immunity was analyzed using a SARS-CoV-2-specific interferon-γ release assay (IGRA). Results All children and adolescents had S antibodies; titers were higher in those with hybrid immunity (14,900 BAU/ml vs. 2118 BAU/ml). NCP antibodies were detectable in > 90%. Neutralizing antibodies (nAB) were more frequently detected (90%) with higher titers (1914 RLU) in adolescents with hybrid immunity than in children with natural immunity (62.5%, 476 RLU). Children with natural immunity were less likely to have reactive IGRAs (43.8%) than adolescents with hybrid immunity (85%). The amount of interferon-γ released by T cells was comparable in natural and hybrid immunity. Conclusion Spike antibodies are the most reliable markers to monitor an immune reaction against SARS-CoV-2. High antibody titers of spike antibodies and nAB correlated with cellular immunity, a phenomenon found only in adolescents with hybrid immunity. Hybrid immunity is associated with markedly higher antibody titers and a higher probability of a cellular immune response than a natural immunity.
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50
Postmarketing Vaccine Safety Assessments
Journal of the American Medical Association, 19.03.2024
Tilføjet 19.03.2024
After the initial randomized clinical trials and emergency use authorization of the COVID-19 vaccines by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) during the COVID-19 pandemic, the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) and the FDA undertook extensive postmarketing vaccine safety surveillance activities in the US, with close monitoring by an independent safety committee. Analysis of surveillance data identified several important adverse events associated with receipt of the COVID-19 vaccines.
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