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BMC Infectious Diseases, 16.01.2022
Tilføjet 16.01.2022
Abstract
Background
Many studies examined the spread of SARS-CoV-2 within populations using seroprevalence. Healthcare workers are a high-risk population due to patient contact, and studies are needed to examine seroprevalence of SARS-CoV-2 antibodies among healthcare workers. Our study investigates the seroprevalence of anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies among staff at primary healthcare institutions in Prishtina, and factors associated with seroprevalence.
Methods
We carried out a cross-sectional survey including SARS-CoV-2 serological testing and questionnaires with primary healthcare workers from primary healthcare facilities in the Prishtina, the capital city of Kosovo. We calculated prevalence of anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies, and of self-reported positive PCR test among primary healthcare workers, as well as crude and adjusted ORs for explanatory factors.
Results
Eighty-three of the healthcare workers (17.47%) tested positive for SARS-CoV-2 antibodies IgG or IgM, while 231 (48.63%) either had antibodies or a previous positive PCR test. Odds of seropositivity were affected by male gender (OR 2.08, 95% CI 1.20, 3.61), and infected family members (OR 3.61, 95% CI 2.25, 5.79) of healthcare workers. Higher education, being part of larger families and having infected family members gave higher odds of positive PCR test and seropositivity. Other healthcare workers had lower odds of positive PCR test and seropositivity than physicians.
Conclusion
Over 17% of healthcare workers were seropositive for SARS-CoV-2 antibodies and close to half of them were either seropositive or PCR self-reported positive test. Several factors are associated with decreased and increased odds for such outcomes. These findings should be explored further and addressed to Kosovo policy makers, and assist them to intensify vaccination efforts, and maintain control measures until we achieve herd immunity.
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Infection, 16.01.2022
Tilføjet 16.01.2022
Abstract
Background
In the Greater Mekong Subregion of Southeast Asia, Plasmodium vivax malaria is endemic and causes significant morbidity. In this study, the efficacy of chloroquine for treating uncomplicated P. vivax malaria at the eastern and western borders of Myanmar was investigated.
Methods
A total of 197 participants with microscopically confirmed P. vivax infection were enrolled from three townships of the southeastern (Thanbyuzayat and Kawthoung) and western (Kyauktaw) borders of Myanmar. Patients were treated with chloroquine according to the national malaria treatment guidelines and followed for 28 days.
Results
Among the 197 enrollments, 172 completed the 28-day follow-up. Twelve recurrent P. vivax infections, all occurring in the third and fourth week, were detected, resulting in an overall cumulative rate of recurrence of 4.7% [95% confidence interval (CI) 1.5–7.8]. The incidence rate of recurrence varied among the three sites. In Thanbyuzayat township, no patients had recurrent parasitemia between days 7 and 28. In contrast, Kyauktaw township had a day 28 cumulative incidence rate of recurrence of 7.2% (95% CI 0.6–13.9%) compared to 6.9% (95% CI 0.6–13.2) in Kawthoung township.
Conclusion
While this study confirmed the relatively high clinical efficacy of chloroquine for treating P. vivax in Myanmar with modest rates of recurrent infections within 28 days of the treatment, it also revealed considerable geographical heterogeneity of chloroquine efficacy, which warrants continuous surveillance efforts.
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Malaria Journal, 15.01.2022
Tilføjet 16.01.2022
Abstract
Background
The evolution of malaria infection has necessitated the development of highly sensitive diagnostic assays, as well as the use of dried blood spots (DBS) as a potential source of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) yield for polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assays. This study identified the different Plasmodium species in malaria-positive patients, and the anti-malarial drug resistance profile for Plasmodium falciparum using DBS samples collected from patients attending Kisoro Hospital in Kisoro district, Southwestern Uganda.
Methods
The blood samples were prospectively collected from patients diagnosed with malaria to make DBS, which were then used to extract DNA for real-time PCR and high-resolution melting (HRM) analysis. Plasmodium species were identified by comparing the control and test samples using HRM-PCR derivative curves. Plasmodium falciparum chloroquine (CQ) resistance transporter (pfcrt) and kelch13 to screen the samples for anti-malarial resistance markers. The HRM-PCR derivative curve was used to present a summary distribution of the different Plasmodium species as well as the anti-malarial drug profile.
Results
Of the 152 participants sampled, 98 (64.5%) were females. The average age of the participants was 34.9 years (range: 2 months–81 years). There were 134 samples that showed PCR amplification, confirming the species as Plasmodium. Plasmodium falciparum (N = 122), Plasmodium malariae (N = 6), Plasmodium ovale (N = 4), and Plasmodium vivax (N = 2) were the various Plasmodium species and their proportions. The results showed that 87 (71.3%) of the samples were sensitive strains/wild type (CVMNK), 4 (3.3%) were resistant haplotypes (SVMNT), and 31 (25.4%) were resistant haplotypes (CVIET). Kelch13 C580Y mutation was not detected.
Conclusion
The community served by Kisoro hospital has a high Plasmodium species burden, according to this study. Plasmodium falciparum was the dominant species, and it has shown that resistance to chloroquine is decreasing in the region. Based on this, molecular identification of Plasmodium species is critical for better clinical management. Besides, DBS is an appropriate medium for DNA preservation and storage for future epidemiological studies.
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BMC Infectious Diseases, 15.01.2022
Tilføjet 16.01.2022
Abstract
Background
Previous reports have described hypogonadism associated with virus infection such as hantavirus, human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) or severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-COV-2). However, to our best knowledge there has been no case report of secondary hypogonadism following hand, foot, and mouth disease (HFMD).
Case presentation
A previously healthy 28-year-old man with no history of major physical and psychological trauma, presented with bilateral gynecomastia and erectile dysfunction 2 weeks after HFMD. Laboratory testament showed the level of gonadotropin hormones declined. Imaging examination demonstrated no major abnormal change in pituitary or reproductive system. The diagnosis of hypogonadism was established. Then the patient was ordered to maintain mental health outward of hospital without drug intervention. One month after presentation, his gonadotropin hormone level and sexual desire had recovered, while bilateral gynecomastia and erectile dysfunction symptoms disappeared.
Conclusions
Physicians should notice the possibility for hypogonadism in adult patients with a recent history of HFMD.
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BMC Infectious Diseases, 15.01.2022
Tilføjet 16.01.2022
Abstract
Background
Early start of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) in perinatally HIV-1 infected children is the optimal strategy to prevent immunological and clinical deterioration. To date, according to EMA, only 35% of antiretroviral drugs are licenced in children < 2 years of age and 60% in those aged 2–12 years, due to the lack of adequate paediatric clinical studies on pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics and drug safety in children.
Methods
An observational retrospective study investigating the rate and the outcomes of off-label prescription of HAART was conducted on 225 perinatally HIV-1 infected children enrolled in the Italian Register for HIV Infection in Children and followed-up from 2001 to 2018.
Results
22.2% (50/225) of included children were receiving an off-label HAART regimen at last check. Only 26% (13/50) of off-label children had an undetectable viral load (VL) before the commencing of the regimen and the 52.0% (26/50) had a CD4 + T lymphocyte percentage > 25%. At last check, during the off label regimen, the 80% (40/50) of patients had an undetectable VL, and 90% (45/50) of them displayed CD4 + T lymphocyte percentage > 25%. The most widely used off-label drugs were: dolutegravir/abacavir/lamivudine (16%; 8/50), emtricitbine/tenofovir disoproxil (22%; 11/50), lopinavir/ritonavir (20%; 10/50) and elvitegravir/cobicistat/emtricitabine/ tenofovir alafenamide (10%; 10/50). At logistic regression analysis, detectable VL before starting the current HAART regimen was a risk factor for receiving an off-label therapy (OR: 2.41; 95% CI 1.13–5.19; p = 0.024). Moreover, children < 2 years of age were at increased risk for receiving off-label HAART with respect to older children (OR: 3.24; 95% CI 1063–7.3; p = 0.001). Even if our safety data regarding off-label regimens where poor, no adverse event was reported.
Conclusion
The prescription of an off-label HAART regimen in perinatally HIV-1 infected children was common, in particular in children with detectable VL despite previous HAART and in younger children, especially those receiving their first regimen. Our data suggest similar proportions of virological and immunological successes at last check among children receiving off-label or on-label HAART. Larger studies are needed to better clarify efficacy and safety of off-label HAART regimens in children, in order to allow the enlargement of on-label prescription in children.
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Elham Davtalab Esmaeili, Ali Fakhari, Behrouz Naghili, Farzad Khodamoradi, Hosein Azizi
Journal of Medical Virology, 15.01.2022
Tilføjet 16.01.2022
Emerging Infectious Diseases, 14.01.2022
Tilføjet 15.01.2022
Emerging Infectious Diseases, 14.01.2022
Tilføjet 15.01.2022
Emerging Infectious Diseases, 14.01.2022
Tilføjet 15.01.2022
Hileman, Corrilynn O.; Bowman, Emily R.; Gabriel, Janelle; Kettelhut, Aaren; Labbato, Danielle; Smith, Cheryl; Avery, Ann; Parran, Theodore; Funderburg, Nicholas; McComsey, Grace A.
Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes, 7.01.2022
Tilføjet 15.01.2022
Background:
Altered gut integrity is central to HIV-related immune activation. Opioids may promote similar changes in gut permeability and/or increase systemic inflammation potentially augmenting processes already occurring in people with HIV (PWH).
Setting:
Urban hospital systems in Cleveland, Ohio and surrounding communities.
Methods:
This is prospectively-enrolled, cross-sectional study including people with and without HIV using heroin, and people with and without HIV who have never used heroin matched by age, sex and CD4+ count (PWH only) to compare markers of gut integrity, microbial translocation, systemic inflammation, and immune activation.
Results:
100 participants enrolled. Active heroin use was associated with higher lipopolysaccharide binding protein (LBP), beta-D-glucan (BDG), high sensitivity C-reactive protein (hsCRP), soluble tumor necrosis factor-α receptors-I and –II, soluble CD163, inflammatory monocytes, and activated CD4+ lymphocytes in adjusted models. HIV status tended to modify the effect between heroin use and LBP, BDG, hsCRP, patrolling monocytes, and activated CD4+ lymphocytes (p<0.15 for interactions); however, not as expected. The effect of heroin on these markers (except patrolling monocytes) was greatest among those without HIV rather than those with HIV.
Conclusions:
Heroin use is associated with heightened microbial translocation, systemic inflammation, and immune activation. Concurrent HIV infection in virologically-suppressed individuals does not appear to substantially worsen effects heroin has on these markers.
Corresponding author and requests for reprints: Corrilynn O. Hileman MD, MS, Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Disease, MetroHealth Medical Center and Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine; 2500 MetroHealth Drive, Cleveland, Ohio, USA, 44109; Phone: 1-216-778-2103; Fax: 1-216-778-3019; Email: cxh152@case.edu
Conflicts of interest and source of funding: COH has served as consultant for Theratechnologies and Gilead and has received research grant support from Gilead. NF has served as consultant for Gilead. GAM has served as consultant for Gilead, Merck, Theratechnologies, Jannsen, GSK/ViiV, and has received research grants from Roche, Genentech, Vanda, Astellas, Tetraphase, Gilead, Merck, and ViiV. All other authors have no conflicts. This study is funded by the National Institutes of Drug Abuse R01DA044576 to COH and GAM and the Clinical and Translational Science Collaborative of Cleveland (UL1TR002548) from the National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences component of the NIH and NIH roadmap for Medical Research. Its contents are solely the responsibility of the authors and do not necessarily represent the official views of the NIH.
This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-Non Commercial-No Derivatives License 4.0 (CCBY-NC-ND), where it is permissible to download and share the work provided it is properly cited. The work cannot be changed in any way or used commercially without permission from the journal.
Copyright © 2022 Wolters Kluwer Health, Inc. All rights reserved.
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedTordoff, Diana M.; Zangeneh, Sahar; Khosropour, Christine M.; Glick, Sara N.; McClelland, R. Scott; Dimitrov, Dobromir; Reisner, Sari; Duerr, Ann
Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes, 7.01.2022
Tilføjet 15.01.2022
Background:
Transgender and non-binary (TNB) populations are disproportionately impacted by HIV and few local health departments or HIV surveillance systems collect/report data on TNB identities. Our objective was to estimate the prevalence of HIV testing among TNB adults by US county and state, with a focus on the Ending the HIV Epidemic (EHE) geographies.
Methods:
We applied a Bayesian hierarchical spatial small area estimation model to data from the 2015 US Transgender Survey (USTS), a large national cross-sectional internet-based survey. We estimated the county- and state-level proportion of TNB adults who ever tested or tested for HIV in the last year by gender identity, race/ethnicity, and age.
Results:
Our analysis included 26,100 TNB participants with valid zip codes who resided in 1,688 counties (54% of all 3,141 counties that cover 92% of the US population). The median county-level proportion of TNB adults who ever tested for HIV was 44% (range 10-80%) and who tested in the last year was 17% (range 4-44%). Within most counties, testing was highest among transgender women, Black respondents, and people age ≥25. HIV testing was lowest among non-binary people and young adults age
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedLuu, Brandon R.; Nance, Robin M.; Delaney, Joseph A. C.; Ruderman, Stephanie A.; Heckbert, Susan R.; Budoff, Matthew J.; Mathews, William C.; Moore, Richard D.; Feinstein, Matthew J.; Burkholder, Greer A.; Eron, Joseph J.; Mugavero, Michael J.; Saag, Michael S.; Kitahata, Mari M.; Crane, Heidi M.; Whitney, Bridget M.
Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes, 7.01.2022
Tilføjet 15.01.2022
Background:
Insomnia is common among people with HIV (PWH) and may be associated with increased risk of myocardial infarction (MI). This study examines the association between insomnia and MI by MI type among PWH.
Setting:
Longitudinal cohort study of PWH at five Centers for AIDS Research Network of Integrated Clinical Systems (CNICS) sites.
Methods:
Clinical data and patient-reported measures and outcomes (PROs) from PWH in care between 2005-2018 were utilized in this study. Insomnia, measured at baseline, was defined as having difficulty falling or staying asleep with bothersome symptoms. CNICS centrally adjudicates MIs using expert reviewers, with distinction between type 1 (T1MI) and type 2 MIs (T2MI). Associations between insomnia and first incident MI by MI type were measured using separate Cox proportional hazard models adjusted for age, sex, race/ethnicity, traditional cardiovascular disease risk factors (hypertension, dyslipidemia, poor kidney function, diabetes, smoking), HIV markers (antiretroviral therapy, viral suppression, CD4 cell count), and stimulant use (cocaine/crack, methamphetamine).
Results:
Among 12,448 PWH, 48% reported insomnia. Over a median of 4.4 years of follow-up, 158 T1MIs and 109 T2MIs were identified; approximately half of T2MIs were attributed to sepsis or stimulant use. After adjustment for potential confounders, we found no association between insomnia and T1MI (HR=1.05, 95%CI:0.76-1.45) and a 65% increased risk of T2MI among PWH reporting insomnia compared to PWH without insomnia (HR=1.65, 95%CI:1.11-2.45).
Conclusions:
PWH reporting insomnia are at an increased risk of T2MI, but not T1MI, compared to PWH without insomnia, highlighting the importance of distinguishing MI types among PWH.
Corresponding author: Bridget M. Whitney (E-mail: bmw05@uw.edu; Phone: 206-897-1923; Fax: 206-744-3693; Mailing address: University of Washington, Center for AIDS Research, 325 Ninth Avenue, Box 359931, Seattle, WA 98104)
Previous presentation: Aspects of these findings were presented at the Annual Conference on Retroviruses and Opportunistic Infections (CROI) in Boston, Massachusetts in March 2020. Title: Insomnia and Risk of Incident Myocardial Infarction Among People Living with HIV.
Conflicts of interest and source of funding: The authors report no potential conflicts of interest, including relevant financial interests, activities, relationships, and affiliations. This work was supported by several grants from the National Institutes of Health (CNICS NIAID grant R24 AI067039, CNICS MI supplement NIAID R24S AI067039, University of Washington Center for AIDS Research NIAID grant P30 AI027757, Third Coast Center for AIDS Research NIAID grant P30 AI117943, Johns Hopkins University Center for AIDS Research Administrative Core grant P30 AI094189, NHLBI grant R01 HL126538, NHLBI grant K01 HL137557, NIA grant R56 AG057262, and NIDA grant U01 DA036935). The work was also supported by a grant from the American Heart Association (16FTF31200010).
Copyright © 2022 Wolters Kluwer Health, Inc. All rights reserved.
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedMayer, Kenneth H.; Gelman, Marcy; Holmes, Jonathan; Kraft, Jessica; Melbourne, Kathleen; Mimiaga, Matthew J.
Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes, 7.01.2022
Tilføjet 15.01.2022
Abstract:
Background:
Antiretroviral post-exposure prophylaxis (PEP) is recommended to prevent HIV infection after a high risk exposure, but current regimens have presented challenges in tolerability, regimen completion, and potential drug-drug interactions. Because co-formulatedbictegravir, emtricitabine, and tenofovir alafenamide (BIC/FTC/TAF) is effective for HIV treatment, it was evaluated for use for PEP.
Setting:
Boston community health center.
Methods:
Individuals accessing PEP were enrolled in an open label study of co-formulated BIC/FTC/TAF, taken as one pill daily for 28 days. Pearson's chi-squared and Fisher's exact tests were used to assess if BIC/FTC/TAF differed with respect to side effects and regimen completion rates compared to historical PEP regimens.
Results:
Between August, 2018 and March, 2020, 52 individuals enrolled in the study. Most identified as cisgender gay (67.3%) or bisexual (11.5%) men, but 7.7% identified as cisgender heterosexual men and 3.8% cisgender heterosexual women. The most common regimen side effects were nausea or vomiting (15.4%), fatigue (9.6%), and diarrhea/loose stools (7.7%), which were less common than historical controls using other PEP regimens, including those containing other integrase strand transfer inhibitors. Only 1 participant discontinued the regimen because of fatigue, and all other side effects were self-limited. Almost all participants (90.4%) completed the indicated regimen, which was a higher completion rate compared to earlier PEP regimens, and none became HIV-positive.
Conclusions:
BIC/FTC/TAF co-formulated as a single daily pill was found to be safe, well-tolerated, and highly acceptable when used for PEP, and compared more favorably than historical PEP regimens used at an urban health center.
Corresponding Author: Kenneth H. Mayer, MD, The Fenway Institute, Fenway Health, 1340 Boylston St, 10th Floor, Boston, MA 02215, USA, Office: (617) 927-6087, Fax: (617) 267-0764 kmayer@fenwayhealth.org
The authors report no conflicts of interest related to this work.
Copyright © 2022 Wolters Kluwer Health, Inc. All rights reserved.
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedKrüger A, Keppel M, Sharma V, et al.
FEMS Microbiology Reviews, 13.01.2022
Tilføjet 15.01.2022
AbstractHeme is a versatile molecule that is vital for nearly all cellular life by serving as prosthetic group for various enzymes or as nutritional iron source for diverse microbial species. However, elevated levels of heme molecule are toxic to cells. The complexity of this stimulus has shaped the evolution of diverse heme sensor systems, which are involved in heme-dependent transcriptional regulation in eukaryotes and prokaryotes. The functions of these systems are manifold – ranging from the specific control of heme detoxification or uptake systems to the global integration of heme and iron homeostasis. This review focuses on heme sensor systems, regulating heme homeostasis by transient heme protein interaction. We provide an overview of known heme-binding motifs in prokaryotic and eukaryotic transcription factors. Besides the central ligands, the surrounding amino acid environment was shown to play a pivotal role in heme binding. The diversity of heme-regulatory systems therefore illustrates that prediction based on pure sequence information is hardly possible and requires careful experimental validation. Comprehensive understanding of heme-regulated processes is not only important for our understanding of cellular physiology, but also provides a basis for the development of novel antibacterial drugs and metabolic engineering strategies.
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedPriya Duggal, Tristan Penson, Hannah N. Manley, Candelaria Vergara, Rebecca M. Munday, Dylan Duchen, Elizabeth A. Linton, Amber Zurn, Jeanne C. Keruly, Shruti H. Mehta, David L. Thomas
Journal of Medical Virology, 15.01.2022
Tilføjet 15.01.2022
Abdurrahman Simsek, Muhammed Ali Kizmaz, Eren Cagan, Fatma Dombaz, Gulcin Tezcan, Ali Asan, H. Ibrahim Demir, S. Haldun Bal, Digdem Yoyen Ermis, Aslı Gorek Dilektaslı, Esra Kazak, E. Halis Akalin, H. Barbaros Oral, Ferah Budak
Journal of Medical Virology, 15.01.2022
Tilføjet 15.01.2022
Tao Li, Zhimin Cui, Yunfei Jia, Ziteng Liang, Jianhui Nie, Li Zhang, Meng Wang, Qianqian Li,, Jiajing Wu, Nan Xu, Shuo Liu, Xueli Li, Yimeng An, Pu Han, Mengyi Zhang, Yuhua Li, Xiaowang Qu, Qihui Wang, Weijin Huang, Youchun Wang
Journal of Medical Virology, 15.01.2022
Tilføjet 15.01.2022
Shao‐Huan Lan, Hong‐Zin Lee, Chien‐Ming Chao, Shen‐Peng Chang, Li‐Chin Lu, Chih‐Cheng Lai
Journal of Medical Virology, 15.01.2022
Tilføjet 15.01.2022
Md. Azahar Ali, Chunshan Hu, Fei Zhang, Sanjida Jahan, Bin Yuan, Mohammad S. Saleh, S.‐J. Gao, Rahul Panat
Journal of Medical Virology, 15.01.2022
Tilføjet 15.01.2022
Ary Serpa Neto, Giovanni Landoni, Marlies Ostermann, Nuttha Lumlertgul, Lui Forni, Lucas Alvarez‐Belon, Tony Trapani, Patricia V Alliegro, Kai Zacharowski, Carolin Wiedenbeck, Daniel Backer, Rinaldo Bellomo
Journal of Medical Virology, 14.01.2022
Tilføjet 15.01.2022
Monika Schmoll
Trends in Microbiology, 14.01.2022
Tilføjet 15.01.2022
The filamentous fungus Trichoderma reesei (teleomorph: Hypocrea jecorina) grows on rotting plant material in its natural habitat. It is among the most prolific producers of plant cell-wall-degrading enzymes and is frequently used in industry for production of those and other performance proteins. A complete telomere-to-telomere genome sequence is now available (34 Mb, 10 877 genes, 7 chromosomes). Sexual reproduction of the haploid T. reesei in the laboratory was achieved only about a decade ago and requires pheromones, but also other chemical signals.
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedLaura K. Meredith, Malak M. Tfaily
Trends in Microbiology, 14.01.2022
Tilføjet 15.01.2022
Among the diverse metabolites produced by microbial communities, some are volatile. Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) are vigorously cycled by microbes as metabolic substrates and products and as signaling molecules. Yet, current microbial metabolomic studies predominantly focus on nonvolatile metabolites and overlook VOCs, which therefore represent a missing component of the metabolome. Advances in VOC detection now allow simultaneous observation of the numerous VOCs constituting the ‘volatilome’ of microbial systems.
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedStephen J. Rogerson
Trends in Parasitology, 14.01.2022
Tilføjet 15.01.2022
Relative resistance of Plasmodium falciparum parasites to artesunate (AS) has been ascribed to mutations in the Kelch 13 gene. Lee et al. describe another potential contributor to resistance: the induction of increased rosetting by trophozoite-infected erythrocytes following short exposures to AS. Dissecting this phenomenon may lead to new insights into AS resistance.
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedMaureen N. Cowan, Ish Sethi, Tajie H. Harris
Trends in Parasitology, 14.01.2022
Tilføjet 15.01.2022
Microglia, the resident immune cells of the central nervous system (CNS), are poised to respond to neuropathology. Microglia play multiple roles in maintaining homeostasis and promoting inflammation in numerous disease states. The study of microglial innate immune programs has largely focused on exploring neurodegenerative disease states with the use of genetic targeting approaches. Our understanding of how microglia participate in immune responses against pathogens is just beginning to take shape.
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedBMC Infectious Diseases, 15.01.2022
Tilføjet 15.01.2022
Abstract
Background
Granulomatous amoebic encephalitis (GAE) is a rare central nervous system infection caused by the Balamuthia mandrillaris or Acanthamoeba species. Diagnosis is challenging because of the non-specific clinical presentation, cerebrospinal fluid analysis, and radiological features. There is no effective treatment for GAE to date.
Case presentation
A 54-year-old male was admitted to hospital after experiencing acute onset of numbness and weakness on his left limb. Due to the initial consideration of intracranial tumor, surgical removal of the right parietal lesion was performed. However, the patient had a headache accompanied by diplopia, difficulty walking and a new lesion was found in the left occipital-parietal lobe two weeks after the first operation. High-throughput next-generation sequencing (NGS) detected the presence of high copy reads of the B. mandrillaris genome sequence in the patient’s blood, cerebral spinal fluid (CSF), and brain tissue. Pathological investigation of the brain tissue showed granulomatous changes and amoebic trophozoite scattered around blood vessels under high magnification. The patient was re-operated due to developing progressive confusion caused by subfalcine herniation of the left cerebral hemisphere. The lesions of the right parietal lobe were obviously decreasing in size after the first surgery, and the lesions of the left occipital lobe and the sunfalcine herniation didn’t ameliorate two months after the second surgery. The patient was transferred to local hospital for continuous treatment with sulfamethoxazole and azithromycin. After five months of the second surgery, the patient showed good recovery with mild headache.
Conclusions
This is the first report of a patient with B. mandrillaris encephalitis initially confirmed by NGS and have experienced two excisions, responding favorably to the combination of surgeries and medications. Early surgical resection of intracranial lesions combined with drug treatment may offer the chance of a cure.
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BMC Infectious Diseases, 15.01.2022
Tilføjet 15.01.2022
Abstract
Background
This study is a baseline survey to assess the knowledge, attitude and practices with regards to the anthrax disease among the communities before demonstrating a One Health approach for elimination of human anthrax in an endemic district of Odisha. A total of 2670 respondents from 112 villages of 14 blocks were interviewed for the study using a structured questionnaire by multi-stage sampling method. Descriptive statistics were reported and logistic regression was performed to estimate the relationship between the variables and knowledge of anthrax.
Result
Out of 2670 participants in the study, 76.25% were male and about half were illiterate. Most of the respondents (54.19%) were involved in agriculture as an occupation. 71% of the respondents had livestock in their houses and farming was the main purpose for keeping the livestock. Only one-fifth of the respondents (20.26%) knew about anthrax and a majority of them have come across the disease during community outbreaks. Almost 25.9% of livestock owners had knowledge about vaccination against anthrax disease although 83.4% of the livestock owners disposed the animal carcass by burial method.
Conclusion
The study findings indicated that the community members had poor knowledge of cause, symptoms, transmission and prevention of anthrax disease which may be improved by a One Health approach.
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Li Y, Wang X, Cong B, et al.
Journal of Infectious Diseases, 14.01.2022
Tilføjet 15.01.2022
AbstractNon-pharmaceutical interventions (NPIs) were widely introduced to combat the COVID-19 pandemic. These interventions also likely led to substantially reduced activity of respiratory syncytial virus (RSV). From late 2020, some countries observed out-of-season RSV epidemics. Here, we analyzed the role of NPIs, population mobility, climate, and SARS-CoV-2 circulation in RSV rebound through a time-to-event analysis across 18 countries. Full (re)-opening of schools was associated with an increased risk for RSV rebound (HR = 23.29 [95% CI: 1.09–495.84]); every 5°C increase in temperature was associated with a decreased risk (HR = 0.63 [0.40–0.99]). There was an increasing trend in the risk for RSV rebound over time, highlighting the role of increased population susceptibility. No other factors were found statistically significant. Further analysis suggests increasing population susceptibility and full (re)-opening of schools could both override the counter-effect of high temperatures, which explains the out-of-season RSV epidemics during the COVID-19 pandemic.
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedOlson S, Newhams M, Halasa N, et al.
Clinical Infectious Diseases, 13.01.2022
Tilføjet 15.01.2022
AbstractBackgroundPredominance of 2 antigenically drifted influenza viruses during the 2019–2020 season offered an opportunity to assess vaccine effectiveness against life-threatening pediatric influenza disease from vaccine-mismatched viruses in the United States.MethodsWe enrolled children aged <18 years admitted to the intensive care unit with acute respiratory infection across 17 hospitals. Respiratory specimens were tested using reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction for influenza viruses and sequenced. Using a test-negative design, we estimated vaccine effectiveness comparing odds of vaccination in test-positive case patients vs test-negative controls, stratifying by age, virus type, and severity. Life-threating influenza included death or invasive mechanical ventilation, vasopressors, cardiopulmonary resuscitation, dialysis, or extracorporeal membrane oxygenation.ResultsWe enrolled 159 critically ill influenza case-patients (70% ≤8 years; 51% A/H1N1pdm09 and 25% B-Victoria viruses) and 132 controls (69% were aged ≤8 years). Among 56 sequenced A/H1N1pdm09 viruses, 29 (52%) were vaccine-mismatched (A/H1N1pdm09/5A+156K) and 23 (41%) were vaccine-matched (A/H1N1pdm09/5A+187A,189E). Among sequenced B-lineage viruses, majority (30 of 31) were vaccine-mismatched. Effectiveness against critical influenza was 63% (95% confidence interval [CI], 38% to 78%) and similar by age. Effectiveness was 75% (95% CI, 49% to 88%) against life-threatening influenza vs 57% (95% CI, 24% to 76%) against non-life-threating influenza. Effectiveness was 78% (95% CI, 41% to 92%) against matched A(H1N1)pdm09 viruses, 47% (95% CI, –21% to 77%) against mismatched A(H1N1)pdm09 viruses, and 75% (95% CI, 37% to 90%) against mismatched B-Victoria viruses.ConclusionsDuring a season when vaccine-mismatched influenza viruses predominated, vaccination was associated with a reduced risk of critical and life-threatening influenza illness in children.
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedKitabi E, Bensman T, Earp J, et al.
Clinical Infectious Diseases, 12.01.2022
Tilføjet 15.01.2022
White N, Watson J, Simpson J.
Clinical Infectious Diseases, 12.01.2022
Tilføjet 15.01.2022
Warren B, Nelson A, Barrett A, et al.
Clinical Infectious Diseases, 12.01.2022
Tilføjet 15.01.2022
AbstractWe assessed environmental contamination of inpatient rooms housing COVID-19 patients in a dedicated COVID-19 unit. Contamination with SARS-CoV-2 was found on 5.5% (19/347) of surfaces via RT-PCR and 0.3% (1/347) of surfaces via cell culture. Environmental contamination is uncommon in hospitals rooms; RNA presence is not a specific indicator of infectious virus.
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedOlivia Wetsch, Miranda Strasburg, Jessica McQuigg, Michelle D. Boone
PLoS One Infectious Diseases, 14.01.2022
Tilføjet 14.01.2022
by Olivia Wetsch, Miranda Strasburg, Jessica McQuigg, Michelle D. Boone
Emerging infectious diseases are increasing globally and are an additional challenge to species dealing with native parasites and pathogens. Therefore, understanding the combined effects of infectious agents on hosts is important for species’ conservation and population management. Amphibians are hosts to many parasites and pathogens, including endemic trematode flatworms (e.g., Echinostoma spp.) and the novel pathogenic amphibian chytrid fungus (Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis [Bd]). Our study examined how exposure to trematodes during larval development influenced the consequences of Bd pathogen exposure through critical life events. We found that prior exposure to trematode parasites negatively impacted metamorphosis but did not influence the effect of Bd infection on terrestrial growth and survival. Bd infection alone, however, resulted in significant mortality during overwintering—an annual occurrence for most temperate amphibians. The results of our study indicated overwintering mortality from Bd could provide an explanation for enigmatic declines and highlights the importance of examining the long-term consequences of novel parasite exposure.
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedAurelie Kennedy Nelson, Tali Cassidy, Laura Trivino Duran, Vivian Cox, Catherine J. Wedderburn, Janet Giddy, Pauline Pieters, Mark F. Cotton, Tabitha Mutseyekwa, Bulelwa Rorwana, Beryl Sibanda, Jonathan Bernheimer, Nopinky Matise, Petros Isaakidis, Jean Maritz
PLoS One Infectious Diseases, 14.01.2022
Tilføjet 14.01.2022
by Aurelie Kennedy Nelson, Tali Cassidy, Laura Trivino Duran, Vivian Cox, Catherine J. Wedderburn, Janet Giddy, Pauline Pieters, Mark F. Cotton, Tabitha Mutseyekwa, Bulelwa Rorwana, Beryl Sibanda, Jonathan Bernheimer, Nopinky Matise, Petros Isaakidis, Jean Maritz
Background Despite the reduction of HIV mother-to-child transmission, there are concerns regarding transmission rate in the breastfeeding period. We describe the routine uptake of 6 or 10 (6/10) weeks, 9 months and 18 months testing, with and without tracing, in a cohort of infants who received HIV PCR testing at birth (birth PCR) (with and without point of care (POC) testing) in a peri-urban primary health care setting in Khayelitsha, South Africa. Methods In this cohort study conducted between November 2014 and February 2018, HIV-positive mothers and their HIV-exposed babies were recruited at birth and all babies were tested with birth PCR. Results of routine 6/10 weeks PCR, 9 months and 18 months testing were followed up by a patient tracer. We compared testing at 6/10 weeks with a subgroup from historical cohort who was not tested with birth PCR. Results We found that the uptake of 6/10 weeks testing was 77%, compared to 82% with tracing. When including all infants in the cascade and comparing to a historical cohort without birth testing, we found that infants who tested a birth were 22% more likely to have a 6/10 weeks test compared to those not tested at birth. There was no significant difference between the uptake of 6/10 weeks testing after birth PCR POC versus birth PCR testing without POC. Uptake of 9 months and 18 months testing was 39% and 24% respectively. With intense tracing efforts, uptake increased to 45% and 34% respectively. Conclusion Uptake of HIV testing for HIV-exposed uninfected infants in the first 18 months of life shows good completion of the 6/10 weeks PCR but suboptimal uptake of HIV testing at 9 months and 18 months, despite tracing efforts. Birth PCR testing did not negatively affect uptake of the 6/10 weeks HIV test compared to no birth PCR testing.
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedSophie Weber, Philipp M. Grande, Lars M. Blank, Holger Klose
PLoS One Infectious Diseases, 14.01.2022
Tilføjet 14.01.2022
by Sophie Weber, Philipp M. Grande, Lars M. Blank, Holger Klose
With their ability of CO2 fixation using sunlight as an energy source, algae and especially microalgae are moving into the focus for the production of proteins and other valuable compounds. However, the valorization of algal biomass depends on the effective disruption of the recalcitrant microalgal cell wall. Especially cell walls of Chlorella species proved to be very robust. The wall structures that are responsible for this robustness have been studied less so far. Here, we evaluate different common methods to break up the algal cell wall effectively and measure the success by protein and carbohydrate release. Subsequently, we investigate algal cell wall features playing a role in the wall’s recalcitrance towards disruption. Using different mechanical and chemical technologies, alkali catalyzed hydrolysis of the Chlorella vulgaris cells proved to be especially effective in solubilizing up to 56 wt% protein and 14 wt% carbohydrates of the total biomass. The stepwise degradation of C. vulgaris cell walls using a series of chemicals with increasingly strong conditions revealed that each fraction released different ratios of proteins and carbohydrates. A detailed analysis of the monosaccharide composition of the cell wall extracted in each step identified possible factors for the robustness of the cell wall. In particular, the presence of chitin or chitin-like polymers was indicated by glucosamine found in strong alkali extracts. The presence of highly ordered starch or cellulose was indicated by glucose detected in strong acidic extracts. Our results might help to tailor more specific efforts to disrupt Chlorella cell walls and help to valorize microalgae biomass.
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedKahui Lim, Matthew Rolston, Samantha Barnum, Cara Wademan, Harold Leverenz
PLoS One Infectious Diseases, 14.01.2022
Tilføjet 14.01.2022
by Kahui Lim, Matthew Rolston, Samantha Barnum, Cara Wademan, Harold Leverenz
In this study, we examined the total bacterial community associated with ureolytic biomineralization from urine drainage systems. Biomineral samples were obtained from 11 California Department of Transportation public restrooms fitted with waterless, low-flow, or conventional urinals in 2019. Following high throughput 16S rRNA Illumina sequences processed using the DADA2 pipeline, the microbial diversity assessment of 169 biomineral and urine samples resulted in 3,869 reference sequences aggregated as 598 operational taxonomic units (OTUs). Using PERMANOVA testing, we found strong, significant differences between biomineral samples grouped by intrasystem sampling location and urinal type. Biomineral microbial community profiles and alpha diversities differed significantly when controlling for sampling season. Observational statistics revealed that biomineral samples obtained from waterless urinals contained the largest ureC/16S gene copy ratios and were the least diverse urinal type in terms of Shannon indices. Waterless urinal biomineral samples were largely dominated by the Bacilli class (86.1%) compared to low-flow (41.3%) and conventional samples (20.5%), and had the fewest genera that account for less than 2.5% relative abundance per OTU. Our findings are useful for future microbial ecology studies of urine source-separation technologies, as we have established a comparative basis using a large sample size and study area.
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedXi Guo, Abhineet Gupta, Anand Sampat, Chengwei Zhai
PLoS One Infectious Diseases, 14.01.2022
Tilføjet 14.01.2022
by Xi Guo, Abhineet Gupta, Anand Sampat, Chengwei Zhai
The COVID-19 pandemic has drastically shifted the way people work. While many businesses can operate remotely, a large number of jobs can only be performed on-site. Moreover as businesses create plans for bringing workers back on-site, they are in need of tools to assess the risk of COVID-19 for their employees in the workplaces. This study aims to fill the gap in risk modeling of COVID-19 outbreaks in facilities like offices and warehouses. We propose a simulation-based stochastic contact network model to assess the cumulative incidence in workplaces. First-generation cases are introduced as a Bernoulli random variable using the local daily new case rate as the success rate. Contact networks are established through randomly sampled daily contacts for each of the first-generation cases and successful transmissions are established based on a randomized secondary attack rate (SAR). Modification factors are provided for SAR based on changes in airflow, speaking volume, and speaking activity within a facility. Control measures such as mask wearing are incorporated through modifications in SAR. We validated the model by comparing the distribution of cumulative incidence in model simulations against real-world outbreaks in workplaces and nursing homes. The comparisons support the model’s validity for estimating cumulative incidences for short forecasting periods of up to 15 days. We believe that the current study presents an effective tool for providing short-term forecasts of COVID-19 cases for workplaces and for quantifying the effectiveness of various control measures. The open source model code is made available at github.com/abhineetgupta/covid-workplace-risk.
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedChristian Karagiannidis, Corinna Hentschker, Michael Westhoff, Steffen Weber-Carstens, Uwe Janssens, Stefan Kluge, Michael Pfeifer, Claudia Spies, Tobias Welte, Rolf Rossaint, Carina Mostert, Wolfram Windisch
PLoS One Infectious Diseases, 14.01.2022
Tilføjet 14.01.2022
by Christian Karagiannidis, Corinna Hentschker, Michael Westhoff, Steffen Weber-Carstens, Uwe Janssens, Stefan Kluge, Michael Pfeifer, Claudia Spies, Tobias Welte, Rolf Rossaint, Carina Mostert, Wolfram Windisch
Background The role of non-invasive ventilation (NIV) in severe COVID-19 remains a matter of debate. Therefore, the utilization and outcome of NIV in COVID-19 in an unbiased cohort was determined. Aim The aim was to provide a detailed account of hospitalized COVID-19 patients requiring non-invasive ventilation during their hospital stay. Furthermore, differences of patients treated with NIV between the first and second wave are explored. Methods Confirmed COVID-19 cases of claims data of the Local Health Care Funds with non-invasive and/or invasive mechanical ventilation (MV) in the spring and autumn pandemic period in 2020 were comparable analysed. Results Nationwide cohort of 17.023 cases (median/IQR age 71/61–80 years, 64% male) 7235 (42.5%) patients primarily received IMV without NIV, 4469 (26.3%) patients received NIV without subsequent intubation, and 3472 (20.4%) patients had NIV failure (NIV-F), defined by subsequent endotracheal intubation. The proportion of patients who received invasive MV decreased from 75% to 37% during the second period. Accordingly, the proportion of patients with NIV exclusively increased from 9% to 30%, and those failing NIV increased from 9% to 23%. Median length of hospital stay decreased from 26 to 21 days, and duration of MV decreased from 11.9 to 7.3 days. The NIV failure rate decreased from 49% to 43%. Overall mortality increased from 51% versus 54%. Mortality was 44% with NIV-only, 54% with IMV and 66% with NIV-F with mortality rates steadily increasing from 62% in early NIV-F (day 1) to 72% in late NIV-F (>4 days). Conclusions Utilization of NIV rapidly increased during the autumn period, which was associated with a reduced duration of MV, but not with overall mortality. High NIV-F rates are associated with increased mortality, particularly in late NIV-F.
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedCarol Bruce, Maeve E. Gearing, Jill DeMatteis, Kerry Levin, Timothy Mulcahy, Jocelyn Newsome, Jonathan Wivagg
PLoS One Infectious Diseases, 14.01.2022
Tilføjet 14.01.2022
by Carol Bruce, Maeve E. Gearing, Jill DeMatteis, Kerry Levin, Timothy Mulcahy, Jocelyn Newsome, Jonathan Wivagg
In May 2020, Westat, in partnership with Stanford University School of Medicine, conducted a nationally-representative household survey of American attitudes and behaviors regarding COVID-19. In this article, we examine what the Coronavirus Attitudes and Behaviors Survey tells us about the impact of COVID-19 on financial status and how this impact varies by demographic characteristics, the presence of health risk factors, and financial status (including employment factors). The survey reveals significant inequality in financial impact, as those who were most financially vulnerable prior to the pandemic found themselves under greater financial strain, while those who were more financially secure have experienced a neutral or even positive impact of the pandemic on household finances. These findings have important implications for public policy as policymakers seek to target aid to those who need it most.
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