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BMC Infectious Diseases, 14.03.2022
Tilføjet 14.03.2022
Abstract
Background
For many people public transport is the only mode of travel, and it can be challenging to keep the necessary distances in such a restricted space. The exact role of public transportation and risk of SARS-CoV-2 transmission is not known.
Methods
Participants (n = 121,374) were untested adult Norwegian residents recruited through social media who in the spring of 2020 completed a baseline questionnaire on demographics and the use of public transport. Incident cases (n = 1069) had a positive SARS-CoV-2 polymerase chain reaction test registered at the Norwegian Messaging System for Infectious Diseases by January 27, 2021. We investigated the association between the use of public transport and SARS-CoV-2 using logistic regression. Odds ratios (ORs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) adjusted for age, calendar time, gender, municipality, smoking, income level, fitness and underlying medical conditions were estimated. Frequency of the use of public transport was reported for 2 week-periods.
Results
Before lockdown, those who tested positive on SARS-CoV-2 were more likely to have used public transport 1–3 times (OR = 1.28, CI 1.09–1.51), 4–10 times (OR = 1.49, CI 1.26–1.77) and ≥ 11 times (OR = 1.50, CI 1.27–1.78, p for trend < 0.0001) than those who had not tested positive.
Conclusion
The use of public transport was positively associated with contracting SARS-CoV-2 both before and after lockdown.
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BMC Infectious Diseases, 14.03.2022
Tilføjet 14.03.2022
Abstract
Background
Forecasting new cases, hospitalizations, and disease-induced deaths is an important part of infectious disease surveillance and helps guide health officials in implementing effective countermeasures. For disease surveillance in the US, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) combine more than 65 individual forecasts of these numbers in an ensemble forecast at national and state levels. A similar initiative has been launched by the European CDC (ECDC) in the second half of 2021.
Methods
We collected data on CDC and ECDC ensemble forecasts of COVID-19 fatalities, and we compare them with easily interpretable “Euler” forecasts serving as a model-free benchmark that is only based on the local rate of change of the incidence curve. The term “Euler method” is motivated by the eponymous numerical integration scheme that calculates the value of a function at a future time step based on the current rate of change.
Results
Our results show that simple and easily interpretable “Euler” forecasts can compete favorably with both CDC and ECDC ensemble forecasts on short-term forecasting horizons of 1 week. However, ensemble forecasts better perform on longer forecasting horizons.
Conclusions
Using the current rate of change in incidences as estimates of future incidence changes is useful for epidemic forecasting on short time horizons. An advantage of the proposed method over other forecasting approaches is that it can be implemented with a very limited amount of work and without relying on additional data (e.g., data on human mobility and contact patterns) and high-performance computing systems.
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BMC Infectious Diseases, 14.03.2022
Tilføjet 14.03.2022
Abstract
Background
A substantial body of evidence has recently emphasized the risks associated with antibiotic resistance (ABR) in conflicts in the Middle East. War-related, and more specifically weapon-related wounds can be an important breeding ground for multidrug resistant (MDR) organisms. However, the majority of available evidence comes from the military literature focused on risks and patterns of ABR in infections from combat-related injuries among military personnel. The overall aim of this study is to contribute to the scarce existing evidence on the burden of ABR among patients, including civilians with war-related wounds in the Middle East, in order to help inform the revision of empirical antibiotic prophylaxis and treatment protocols adopted in these settings. The primary objectives of this study are to: 1) describe the microbiology and the corresponding resistance profiles of the clinically relevant bacteria most commonly isolated from skin, soft tissue and bone biopsies in patients admitted to the WTTC; and 2) describe the association of the identified bacteria and corresponding resistance profiles with sociodemographic and specimen characteristics.
Methods
We retrospectively evaluated the antibiograms of all consecutive, non-duplicate isolates from samples taken from patients admitted to the ICRC WTTC between 2016 and 2019, limited to skin and soft tissue samples and bone biopsies. We collected data on socio-demographic characteristics from patient files and data on specimens from the WHONET database. We ran univariate and multivariable logistic regression models to test the association between bacterial and resistance profiles with sociodemographic and specimen characteristics.
Results
Patients who were admitted with war-related trauma to the ICRC reconstructive surgical project in Tripoli, Lebanon, from 2016 to 2019, presented with high proportion of MDR in the samples taken from skin and soft tissues and bones, particularly Enterobacterales (44.6%), MRSA (44.6%) and P. aeruginosa (7.6%). The multivariable analysis shows that the odds of MDR isolates were higher in Iraqi patients (compared to Syrian patients) and in Enterobacterales isolates (compared to S. aureus isolates).
Conclusions
Our findings stress the importance of regularly screening patients who present with complex war-related injuries for colonization with MDR bacteria, and of ensuring an antibiotic-sensitivity testing-guided antimicrobial therapeutic approach.
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BMC Infectious Diseases, 14.03.2022
Tilføjet 14.03.2022
Abstract
Background
Racial/ethnic minorities are at higher risk for severe COVID-19. This may be related to social determinants that lead to chronic inflammatory states. The aims of the study were to determine if there are racial/ethnic disparities with inflammatory markers and association of methylprednisolone to in hospital survival.
Methods
This was a secondary analysis of a retrospective cohort study of patients ≥ 18 years of age and admitted for severe COVID-19 pneumonia between March and June 2020 in 13 Hospitals in New Jersey, United States. Patients who received other formulation of corticosteroids were not included. Area under the receiver operating characteristics curves were performed to test for discriminatory ability of each inflammatory makers. Univariate and multivariate Cox regression assessed the association of variables to in hospital survival.
Results
Propensity matched sample (n = 759) between no methylprednisolone (n = 380) and methylprednisolone (n = 379) had 338 Whites, 102 Blacks, 61 Asian/Indians, and 251 non-Black non-White Hispanics. Compared to CRP, area under receiving operating characteristic curve for d-dimer in Hispanics (0.742) was statistically different (DeLong Test P = 0.0041). Multivariate cox regression showed that different variables in Blacks [age ≥ 60 years (HR = 3.71, P = 0.0281), mechanical ventilation (HR = 5.07, P = 0.0281) and creatinine ≥ 1.5 mg/dL (HR = 3.61, P = 0.0007)], Whites [cancer (HR = 1.68, P = 0.0213), qSOFA score of 1 (HR = 1.81, P = 0.0213), qSOFA score of 2 (HR = 5.16, P < 0.0001), qSOFA score of 3 (HR = 11.81, P < 0.0001) and creatinine ≥ 1.5 mg/dL (HR = 2.16, P = 0.0006)], Hispanics [hypertension (HR = 2.52, P = 0.0007), cancer (HR = 2.99, P = 0.0244 and D-dimer ≥ 2 mcg/mL (HR = 2.22, P = 0.0077)], and Asian/Indians [
chronic kidney disease (HR = 6.36, P = 0.0031) and CRP > 20 mg/L (HR = 5.02, P = 0.0032)] were statistically significant for mortality. Low dose and high dose methylprednisolone were significantly associated with prolonged survival in Whites [low dose (HR = 0.37, P < 0.0001) and high dose (HR = 0.48, P < 0.0183)] and Asian/Indians [low dose (HR = 0.13, P = 0.0101) and high dose (HR = 0.15, P = 0.01)]. However, high dose was not associated with improved survival compared to low dose. Methylprednisolone was not associated with prolonged survival in Blacks and Hispanics.
Conclusion
Racial/Ethnic disparities with inflammatory markers preclude the use of one marker as a predictor of survival. Methylprednisolone is associated with prolonged survival in Asian/Indians and Whites.
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BMC Infectious Diseases, 14.03.2022
Tilføjet 14.03.2022
Abstract
Background
Rv3737 is the sole homologue of multifunctional transporter ThrE in Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb). In this study, we aimed to investigate whether this transporter participates in vitro and in vivo survival of Mtb.
Methods
To characterize the role of Rv3737, we constructed and characterized a Mtb H37RvΔRv3737. This strain was evaluated for altered growth rate and macrophage survival using a cell model of infection. In addition, the comparative analysis was conducted to determine the association between Rv3737 mRNA expression and disease severity in active pulmonary TB patients.
Results
The H37RvΔRv3737 strain exhibited significantly slow growth rate compared to H37Rv-WT strain in standard culture medium. Additionally, the survival rate of H37Rv-WT strain in macrophages was 2 folds higher than that of H37RvΔRv3737 at 72 h. A significantly higher level of TNF-α and IL-6 mRNA expression was observed in macrophages infected with H37RvΔRv3737 as compared to H37Rv-WT. Of note, Rv3737 expression was significantly increased in clinical Mtb isolates than H37Rv-WT. The relative expression level of Rv3737 was positively correlated with lung cavity number of TB patients. Similarly, the higher Rv3737 mRNA level resulted in lower C(t) value by Xpert MTB/RIF assay, demonstrating that a positive correlation between Rv3737 expression and bacterial load in TB patients.
Conclusions
Our data takes the lead in demonstrate that the threonine transporter Rv3737 is required for in vitro growth and survival of bacteria inside macrophages. In addition, the expression level of Rv3737 may be associated with bacterial load and disease severity in pulmonary tuberculosis patients.
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Lisa Derosa, Laurence Zitvogel
Nature, 14.03.2022
Tilføjet 14.03.2022
Nature Medicine, Published online: 14 March 2022; doi:10.1038/s41591-022-01723-4Patients with kidney cancer who took probiotic supplements of Clostridium butyricum had improved response to immunotherapy, according to a randomized phase 1 study.
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedBranwen Nia Owen, Munir Winkel, Craig Bonnington, Anthony Nuwa, Jane Achan, Jimmy Opigo, James K. Tibenderana, Emilie Pothin
Nature, 14.03.2022
Tilføjet 14.03.2022
Nature Medicine, Published online: 14 March 2022; doi:10.1038/s41591-022-01756-9Dynamical malaria modeling as a tool for bold policy-making
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedNature, 14.03.2022
Tilføjet 14.03.2022
Nature Medicine, Published online: 14 March 2022; doi:10.1038/s41591-022-01719-0The developmental state of KMT2A-rearranged infant B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (B-ALL) was identified by comparison of bulk and single-cell leukemia transcriptomes with those of a human fetal bone marrow reference. Unlike standard-risk childhood B-ALL, this aggressive leukemia was characterized by early lymphocyte precursor (ELP) differentiation. Moreover, in contrast to healthy ELPs, KMT2A-rearranged infant B-ALL cells had both myeloid and lymphoid features and expressed potentially targetable novel combinations of antigens.
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedMelody Smith, Anqi Dai, Guido Ghilardi, Kimberly V. Amelsberg, Sean M. Devlin, Raymone Pajarillo, John B. Slingerland, Silvia Beghi, Pamela S. Herrera, Paul Giardina, Annelie Clurman, Emmanuel Dwomoh, Gabriel Armijo, Antonio L. C. Gomes, Eric R. Littmann, Jonas Schluter, Emily Fontana, Ying Taur, Jae H. Park, Maria Lia Palomba, Elizabeth Halton, Josel Ruiz, Tania Jain, Martina Pennisi, Aishat Olaide Afuye, Miguel-Angel Perales, Craig W. Freyer, Alfred Garfall, Shannon Gier, Sunita Nasta, Daniel Landsburg, James Gerson, Jakub Svoboda, Justin Cross, Elise A. Chong, Sergio Giralt, Saar I. Gill, Isabelle Riviere, David L. Porter, Stephen J. Schuster, Michel Sadelain, Noelle Frey, Renier J. Brentjens, Carl H. June, Eric G. Pamer, Jonathan U. Peled, Andrea Facciabene, Marcel R. M. van den Brink, Marco Ruella
Nature, 14.03.2022
Tilføjet 14.03.2022
Nature Medicine, Published online: 14 March 2022; doi:10.1038/s41591-022-01702-9In an analysis of adult patients with hematologic malignancies who received anti-CD19 chimeric antigen receptor T cell therapy, baseline gut microbiome composition was correlated with clinical response and treatment with broad-spectrum antibiotics in the four weeks prior to infusion was associated with worse survival and increased neurotoxicity.
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedSa Xiao, Baibaswata Nayak, Arthur Samuel, Anandan Paldurai, Mallikarjuna Kanabagattebasavarajappa, Teguh Y. Prajitno, Eny E. Bharoto, Peter L. Collins, Siba K. Samal
PLoS One Infectious Diseases, 14.03.2022
Tilføjet 14.03.2022
by Sa Xiao, Baibaswata Nayak, Arthur Samuel, Anandan Paldurai, Mallikarjuna Kanabagattebasavarajappa, Teguh Y. Prajitno, Eny E. Bharoto, Peter L. Collins, Siba K. Samal
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedPavel Matušinsky, Božena Sedláková, Dominik Bleša
PLoS One Infectious Diseases, 14.03.2022
Tilføjet 14.03.2022
by Pavel Matušinsky, Božena Sedláková, Dominik Bleša
Brachypodium distachyon is a useful model organism for studying interaction of cereals with phytopathogenic fungi. The present study tested the possibility of a compatible interaction of B. distachyon with the endophytic fungus Microdochium bolleyi originated from wheat roots. There was evaluated the effect of this endophytic fungus on the intensity of the attack by pathogen Fusarium culmorum in B. distachyon and wheat, and also changes in expression of genes (in B. distachyon: BdChitinase1, BdPR1-5, BdLOX3, BdPAL, BdEIN3, and BdAOS; and in wheat: TaB2H2(chitinase), TaPR1.1, TaLOX, TaPAL, TaEIN2, and TaAOS) involved in defence against pathogens. Using light microscopy and newly developed specific primers was found to be root colonization of B. distachyon by the endophyte M. bolleyi. B. distachyon plants, as well as wheat inoculated with M. bolleyi showed significantly weaker symptoms on leaves from infection by fungus F. culmorum than did plants without the endophyte. Expression of genes BdPR1-5, BdChitinase1, and BdLOX3 in B. distachyon and of TaPR1.1 and TaB2H2 in wheat was upregulated after infection with F. culmorum. M. bolleyi-mediated resistance in B. distachyon was independent of the expression of the most tested genes. Taken together, the results of the present study show that B. distachyon can be used as a model host system for endophytic fungus M. bolleyi.
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedMiwa Sekine, Makino Watanabe, Shuko Nojiri, Tsutomu Suzuki, Yuji Nishizaki, Yuichi Tomiki, Takao Okada
PLoS One Infectious Diseases, 14.03.2022
Tilføjet 14.03.2022
by Miwa Sekine, Makino Watanabe, Shuko Nojiri, Tsutomu Suzuki, Yuji Nishizaki, Yuichi Tomiki, Takao Okada
The COVID-19 pandemic forced many educational institutions to turn to electronic learning to allow education to continue under the stay-at-home orders/requests that were commonly instituted in early 2020. In this cross-sectional study, we evaluated the effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on medical education in terms of students’ attitudes toward online classes and their online accessibility; additionally, we examined the impacts of any disruption caused by the pandemic on achievement test performance based on the test results. The participants were 674 students (412 in pre-clinical, 262 in clinical) at Juntendo University Faculty of Medicine; descriptive analysis was used to examine the respondents’ characteristics and responses. The majority of respondents (54.2%) preferred asynchronous classes. Mann–Whitney U tests revealed that while pre-clinical students preferred asynchronous classes significantly more than clinical students (39.6%, p < .001), students who preferred face-to-face classes had significantly higher total achievement test scores (U = 1082, p = .021, r = .22). To examine the impacts of pandemic-induced changes in learning, we conducted Kruskal–Wallis tests and found that the 2020 and 2021 scores were significantly higher than those over the last three years. These results suggest that while medical students may have experienced challenges adapting to electronic learning, the impact of this means of study on their performance on achievement tests was relatively low. Our study found that if possible, face-to-face classes are preferable in an electronic learning environment. However, the benefit of asynchronous classes, such as those that allow multiple viewings, should continue to be recognized even after the pandemic.
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedAnthony S. Bonavia, Zissis C. Chroneos, Victor Ruiz-Velasco, Charles H. Lang
PLoS One Infectious Diseases, 14.03.2022
Tilføjet 14.03.2022
by Anthony S. Bonavia, Zissis C. Chroneos, Victor Ruiz-Velasco, Charles H. Lang
Introduction Because of the strong correlation between the blood concentration of circulating resistin and the illness severity of septic patients, resistin has been proposed as a mediator of sepsis pathophysiology. In vitro data indicate that human resistin directly impairs neutrophil migration and intracellular bacterial killing, although the significance of these findings in vivo remain unclear. Objective The objectives of the present study were: (1) to validate the expression of human resistin in a clinically relevant, murine model of surgical sepsis, (2) to assess how sepsis-induced changes in resistin correlate with markers of infection and organ dysfunction, and (3) to investigate whether the expression of human resistin alters immune function or disease outcomes in vivo. Methods 107 male, C57BL/6 mice transgenic for the human resistin gene and its promoter elements (Retn+/−/−, or Retn+) were generated on a Retn−/− (mouse resistin knockout, or Rko) background. Outcomes were compared between age-matched transgenic and knockout mice. Acute sepsis was defined as the initial 24 h following cecal ligation and puncture (CLP). Physiologic and laboratory parameters correlating to the human Sequential Organ Failure Assessment (SOFA) Score were measured in mice, and innate immune cell number/function in the blood and peritoneal cavity were assessed. Results CLP significantly increased circulating levels of human resistin. The severity of sepsis-induced leukopenia was comparable between Retn+ and Rko mice. Resistin was associated with increased production of neutrophil reactive oxygen species, a decrease in circulating neutrophils at 6 h and an increase in peritoneal Ly6Chi monocytes at 6 h and 24 h post-sepsis. However, intraperitoneal bacterial growth, organ dysfunction and mouse survival did not differ with resistin production in septic mice. Significance Ex vivo resistin-induced impairment of neutrophil function do not appear to translate to increased sepsis severity or poorer outcomes in vivo following CLP.
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedAleksander Grzelak
PLoS One Infectious Diseases, 14.03.2022
Tilføjet 14.03.2022
by Aleksander Grzelak
The objective of this paper is to identify the relationship between farm income and assets within the European Union (EU) in the context of economic and environmental sustainable development. The scientific context is connected to economic theory (the recognition of the nature of such a relationship, as well as the determination of whether sustainable development acts as a stimulant or destimulant under these conditions). The Farm Accounting Data Network system was employed in the article. The econometric models were estimated by panel data based on the reported results of the farms operations in EU member states for the period of 2004–2018. Accordingly, the relationship between income and assets is positive and statistically significant, but not very clear in the group of surveyed farms. Moreover, economic sustainability was found to positively influences the relationship between income and assets. In contrast, the relationship between incomes and assets was weakened. The situation is brought about by the intrinsic growth in the value of the land, as well as by the growing importance of non-productive assets. Thus, farmers in EU countries are becoming wealthier in terms of the value of their assets but, this is not reflected directly in their income. The reason is the growing importance of environmental and social functions in the agriculture the European Union. Greater skills in asset management at farm level are, therefore, required to mitigate the situation.
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedChristine Vatovec, John Hanley
PLoS One Infectious Diseases, 14.03.2022
Tilføjet 14.03.2022
by Christine Vatovec, John Hanley
The objective of this research was to examine residents’ awareness, attitudes, and compliance with COVID-19 public health guidelines in Vermont, which emerged as an early leader in national pandemic response. Our methods included conducting an online survey of adult Vermont residents between January and April 2021. We analyzed demographics associated with awareness and compliance, and identified features associated with non-compliance. Our results show that of the 2,208 adult Vermont residents who completed the survey, 90% were extremely aware of the state’s COVID-19 guidelines, and 95% reported knowing exactly what to do to follow recommended actions. Political affiliation emerged as a primary factor related to attitudes and compliance. Self-identified Republicans were less likely to agree that public health measures keep people safe or help businesses stay open, and were less likely to follow masking, quarantine, social distancing, and vaccine guidance than Independents, Progressives, and Democrats. The large differences in COVID-19 infection and death rates across the country, and recent shift toward a 'pandemic of the unvaccinated,' underscore the need for identifying public health strategies that work in some areas in order to adapt and apply them to areas that have struggled with controlling the virus. Consistent with national surveys, our results show that resistance to public health guidance is a partisan challenge even in states with high compliance. Identifying populations that are less supportive or hesitant to follow guidelines while understanding factors that motivate compliance can help inform strategies for developing targeted programs to encourage collective action on pandemic response. Developing communication strategies that reach people who do not believe COVID-19 guidelines keep them safe is necessary to reach universal compliance.
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedSoumya Palliyil, Mark Mawer, Sami A. Alawfi, Lily Fogg, Tyng H. Tan, Giuseppe Buda De Cesare, Louise A. Walker, Donna M. MacCallum, Andrew J. Porter, Carol A. Munro aScottish Biologics Facility, Institute of Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, Medical Sciences and Nutrition, University of Aberdeengrid.7107.1, Aberdeen, United Kingdom bAberdeen Fungal Group, Institute of Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, Medical Sciences and Nutrition, University of Aberdeengrid.7107.1, Aberdeen, United Kingdom
Antimicrobial Agents And Chemotherapy, 14.03.2022
Tilføjet 14.03.2022
Eix E, Johnson C, Wartman K, et al.
Journal of Infectious Diseases, 10.03.2022
Tilføjet 14.03.2022
AbstractCandida auris proliferates and persists on the skin of patients, often leading to healthcare-associated infections with high mortality. Here, we describe two clinically relevant skin models and show that C. auris grows similarly on human and porcine skin. Additionally, we demonstrate that other Candida spp., including those with phylogenetic similarity to C. auris, do not display high growth in the skin microenvironment. These studies highlight the utility of two ex vivo models of C. auris colonization that allow reproducible differentiation among Candida spp., which should be a useful tool for comparison of C. auris clinical isolates and genetically mutated strains.
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedVuong N, Cheung K, Periaswamy B, et al.
Journal of Infectious Diseases, 10.03.2022
Tilføjet 14.03.2022
AbstractBackgroundSevere dengue, characterized by shock and organ dysfunction is driven by an excessive host immune response. We investigated the role of hyperinflammation in dengue pathogenesis.MethodsPatients recruited into an observational study were divided into three plasma leak severity grades. Hyperinflammatory biomarkers were measured at 4 time-points. Frequencies, activation and cytotoxic potential of NK cells were analysed by flow cytometry. RNA was extracted from sorted CD56+ NK cells and libraries prepared using SMART-Seq and sequenced using HiSeq3000 (Illumina).Results69 patients were included (grade 0: 42, grade 1: 19, grade 2: 8 patients). Patients with grade 2 leakage had higher biomarkers than grade 0, including higher peak ferritin levels (83.3% vs 45.2%) and H scores (median 148.5 vs 105.5). NK cells from grade 2 patients exhibited decreased expression of perforin and granzyme B and activation markers. RNA sequencing revealed three SNPs in NK cell functional genes associated with more severe leakage; NK cell lectin-like receptor K1 gene (KLRK1) and PRF1 gene.ConclusionsFeatures of hyperinflammation are associated with dengue severity, including higher biomarkers, impaired NK cell function and polymorphisms in genes NK cell cytolyitc function genes (KLRK1 and PRF-1). Trials of immunomodulatory therapy in these patients is now warranted.
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedAssawakosri S, Kanokudom S, Suntronwong N, et al.
Journal of Infectious Diseases, 10.03.2022
Tilføjet 14.03.2022
AbstractBackgroundThe use of an inactivated severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) vaccine (CoronaVac) against SARS-CoV-2 is implemented worldwide. However, waning immunity and breakthrough infections have been observed. Therefore, we hypothesized that the heterologous booster might improve the protection against the delta and omicron variants.MethodsA total of 224 individuals who completed the two-dose CoronaVac for six months were included. We studied reactogenicity and immunogenicity following a heterologous booster with the inactivated vaccine (BBIBP), the viral vector vaccine (AZD1222), and the mRNA vaccine (both BNT162B2 and mRNA-1273). We also determined immunogenicity at 3- and 6-months boosting intervals.ResultsThe solicited adverse events (AEs) were mild to moderate and well-tolerated. Total RBD immunoglobulin (Ig), anti-RBD IgG, focus reduction neutralization test (FRNT50) against delta and omicron variants, and T-cell response were highest in the mRNA-1273 group followed by the BNT162b2, AZD1222 and BBIBP groups, respectively. We also witnessed a higher total Ig anti-RBD in the long-interval than in the short-interval groups.ConclusionsAll four booster vaccines significantly increased binding and neutralizing antibody (NAbs) in individuals immunized with two doses of CoronaVac. The present evidence may benefit vaccine strategies to thwart variants of concern, including the omicron variant.
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedMichels K, Solomon A, Scindia Y, et al.
Journal of Infectious Diseases, 10.03.2022
Tilføjet 14.03.2022
AbstractBackgroundDepriving microbes of iron is critical to host defense. Hemeproteins, the largest source of iron within vertebrates, are abundant in infected tissues in aspergillosis due to hemorrhage, but Aspergillus species have been thought to lack heme import mechanisms. We hypothesized that heme provides iron to Aspergillus during invasive pneumonia, thereby worsening the outcomes of the infection.MethodsWe assessed the effect of heme on fungal phenotype in various in vitro conditions and in a neutropenic mouse model of invasive pulmonary aspergillosis.ResultsIn mice with neutropenic invasive aspergillosis, we found a progressive and compartmentalized increase in lung heme iron. Fungal cells cultured under low iron conditions took up heme, resulting in increased fungal iron content, resolution of iron starvation, increased conidiation, and enhanced resistance to oxidative stress. Intra-pulmonary administration of heme to mice with neutropenic invasive aspergillosis resulted in markedly increased lung fungal burden, lung injury, and mortality, whereas administration of heme analogs or heme with killed Aspergillus did not. Finally, infection caused by fungal germlings cultured in the presence of heme resulted in a more severe infection.ConclusionInvasive aspergillosis induces local hemolysis in infected tissues, thereby supplying heme iron to the fungus, leading to lethal infection.
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedCastanha P, Tuttle D, Kitsios G, et al.
Journal of Infectious Diseases, 10.03.2022
Tilføjet 14.03.2022
AbstractBackgroundExcessive complement activation has been implicated in the pathogenesis of COVID-19, but the mechanisms leading to this response remain unclear.MethodsWe measured plasma levels of key complement markers, SARS-CoV-2 RNA and antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 and common cold coronaviruses (CCC) in hospitalized patients with COVID-19 of moderate (n=18) and critical severity (n=37), and healthy control subjects (n=10).ResultsWe confirmed that complement activation is systemically increased in COVID-19 patients and is associated with a worse disease outcome. We showed that plasma levels of C1q and circulating immune complexes (CIC) were markedly increased in severe COVID-19 patients and correlated with higher IgG titers, greater complement activation and higher disease severity score. Additional analyses showed that the classical pathway was the main arm responsible for augmented complement activation in severe patients. In addition, we demonstrated that a rapid IgG response to SARS-CoV-2 and an anamnestic IgG response to the nucleoprotein of the CCC were strongly correlated with CIC levels, complement activation, and disease severity.ConclusionsThese findings indicate that early, non-neutralizing IgG responses may play a key role in complement overactivation in severe COVID-19. Our work underscores the urgent need to develop therapeutic strategies to modify complement overactivation in COVID-19 patients.
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedTaha M, Deghmane A.
Journal of Infectious Diseases, 10.03.2022
Tilføjet 14.03.2022
Potts C, Rodriguez-Rivera L, Retchless A, et al.
Journal of Infectious Diseases, 10.03.2022
Tilføjet 14.03.2022
AbstractBackgroundHistorically, antimicrobial resistance has been rare in US invasive meningococcal disease cases.MethodsMeningococcal isolates (n=695) were collected through population-based surveillance, 2012–2016, and national surveillance, 2015–2016. Antimicrobial susceptibility was assessed by broth microdilution. Resistance mechanisms were characterized using whole genome sequencing.ResultsAll isolates were susceptible to six antibiotics (cefotaxime, ceftriaxone, meropenem, rifampin, minocycline, and azithromycin). Approximately 25% were penicillin- or ampicillin-intermediate; among these, 79% contained mosaic penA gene mutations. Less than 1% of isolates were penicillin-, ampicillin-, ciprofloxacin-, or levofloxacin-resistant.ConclusionPenicillin- and ampicillin-intermediate isolates were common, but resistance to clinically relevant antibiotics remained rare.
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedDi Giacomo S, Toussaint F, Ledesma-García L, et al.
FEMS Microbiology Reviews, 7.03.2022
Tilføjet 14.03.2022
AbstractNowadays, the growing human population exacerbates the need for sustainable resources. Inspiration and achievements in nutrient production or human/animal health might emanate from microorganisms and their adaptive strategies. Here, we exemplify the benefits of lactic acid bacteria (LAB) for numerous biotechnological applications and showcase their natural transformability as a fast and robust method to hereditarily influence their phenotype/traits in fundamental and applied research contexts. We described the biogenesis of the transformation machinery and we analyzed the genome of hundreds of LAB strains exploitable for human needs to predict their transformation capabilities. Finally, we provide a stepwise rational path to stimulate and optimize natural transformation with standard and synthetic biology techniques. A comprehensive understanding of the molecular mechanisms driving natural transformation will facilitate and accelerate the improvement of bacteria with properties that serve broad societal interests.
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedGallagher K, Leick M, Larson R, et al.
Clinical Infectious Diseases, 12.03.2022
Tilføjet 14.03.2022
AbstractCOVID-19 breakthrough cases among vaccinated individuals demonstrate the value of measuring long-term immunity to SARS-CoV-2 and its variants. We demonstrate that anti-spike T-cell responses and IgG antibody levels are maintained but decrease over time and are lower in the BNT162b2- versus mRNA-1273-vaccinated individuals. T-cell responses to the variants are relatively unaffected.
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedAby E, Vaughn B, Enns E, et al.
Clinical Infectious Diseases, 11.03.2022
Tilføjet 14.03.2022
AbstractBackgroundBoth the American College of Gastroenterology and the Infectious Disease Society of America (IDSA) / Society of Healthcare Epidemiology of American 2021 Clostridioides difficile infection (CDI) guidelines recommend fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) for persons with multiple recurrent CDI. Emerging data suggest that FMT may have high cure rates when used for first recurrent CDI. The aim of this study was to assess the cost-effectiveness of FMT for first recurrent CDI.MethodsWe developed a Markov model to simulate a cohort of patients presenting with initial CDI infection. The model estimated the costs, effectiveness, and cost-effectiveness of different CDI treatment regimens recommended in the 2021 IDSA guidelines, with the additional option of FMT for first recurrent CDI. The model includes stratification by the severity of initial infection, estimates of cure, recurrence, and mortality. Data sources were taken from IDSA guidelines and published literature on treatment outcomes. Outcome measures were quality-adjusted life years (QALYs), costs, and incremental cost-effectiveness ratios (ICERs).ResultsWhen FMT is available for first recurrent CDI, the optimal cost-effective treatment strategy is fidaxomicin for initial non-severe CDI, Vancomycin for initial severe CDI, and FMT for first and subsequent recurrent CDI, with an ICER of $27,135/QALY. In probabilistic sensitivity analysis at a $100,000 cost-effectiveness threshold, FMT for first and subsequent CDI recurrence was cost-effective 90% of the time given parameter uncertainty.ConclusionsFMT is a cost-effective strategy for first recurrent CDI. Prospective evaluation of FMT for first recurrent CDI is warranted to determine the efficacy and risk of recurrence.
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedKarampatsas K, Davies H, Mynarek M, et al.
Clinical Infectious Diseases, 11.03.2022
Tilføjet 14.03.2022
AbstractBackgroundGroup B streptococcal (GBS) infection remains one of the most significant causes of late-onset sepsis and meningitis (LOGBS) among young infants. However, transmission routes and risk factors for LOGBS are not yet fully understood.MethodsWe conducted systematic reviews on clinical risk factors previously reported in the literature (prematurity, low birth weight [<2500 g], antenatal colonization, multiple-gestation pregnancy, maternal age <20 years, male infant sex, intrapartum fever, prolonged rupture of membranes) and meta-analyses to determine pooled estimates of risk.ResultsWe included 27 articles, reporting 5315 cases. Prematurity (odds ratio 5.66; 95% confidence interval [4.43-7.22]), low birth weight (6.73; [4.68-9.67]), maternal colonization (2.67; [2.07-3.45]), and multiple-gestation pregnancies (8.01; [5.19-12.38]) were associated with an increased risk of LOGBS.ConclusionsPrematurity/low birth weight and maternal colonization are major risk factors for LOGBS. Future GBS vaccine studies should try to establish the optimal time for vaccination during pregnancy to protect preterm infants.
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedShivasabesan G, Logan B, Brennan X, et al.
Clinical Infectious Diseases, 11.03.2022
Tilføjet 14.03.2022
AbstractWe present the first published case of successfully treated disseminated Aspergillus lentulus infection in a solid organ transplant recipient with invasive pulmonary disease, endophthalmitis, and a cerebral abscess. This case highlights important challenges associated with treating Aspergillus lentulus, particularly regarding antifungal resistance and toxicities associated with long-term antifungal therapy.
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedIzurieta P, AbdelGhany M, Paynter J, et al.
Clinical Infectious Diseases, 11.03.2022
Tilføjet 14.03.2022
Effie E. Bastounis, Prathima Radhakrishnan, Christopher K. Prinz, Julie A. Theriot aInterfaculty Institute of Microbiology & Infection Medicine, Cluster of Excellence CMFI, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Baden-Württemberg, Germany bDepartment of Biology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA cHoward Hughes Medical Institute, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA dBiophysics Program, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
Microbiology and Molecular Biology Reviews, 14.03.2022
Tilføjet 14.03.2022
M, J., Ganeshkumar, P., Kaur, P., Masanam Sriramulu, H., Sakthivel, M., Rubeshkumar, P., Raju, M., Murugesan, L., Ganapathi, R., Srinivasan, M., Sukumar, A., Ilangovan, K., Reddy, M., Shanmugam, D., Govindasamy, P., Murhekar, M.
BMJ Open, 14.03.2022
Tilføjet 14.03.2022
Objectives
To describe the public health strategies and their effect in controlling the COVID-19 pandemic from March to October 2020 in Chennai, India.
Setting
Chennai, a densely populated metropolitan city in Southern India, was one of the five cities which contributed to more than half of the COVID-19 cases in India from March to May 2020. A comprehensive community-centric public health strategy was implemented for controlling COVID-19, including surveillance, testing, contact tracing, isolation and quarantine. In addition, there were different levels of restrictions between March and October 2020.
Participants
We collected the deidentified line list of all the 192 450 COVID-19 cases reported from 17 March to 31 October 2020 in Chennai and their contacts for the analysis. We defined a COVID-19 case based on the real-time reverse transcriptase-PCR (RT-PCR) positive test conducted in one of the government-approved labs.
Outcome measures
The primary outcomes of interest were incidence of COVID-19 per million population, case fatality ratio (CFR), deaths per million, and the effective reproduction number (Rt). We also analysed the surveillance, testing, contact tracing and isolation indicators.
Results
Of the 192 450 RT-PCR confirmed COVID-19 cases reported in Chennai from 17 March to 31 October 2020, 114 889 (60%) were males. The highest incidence was 41 064 per million population among those 61–80 years. The incidence peaked during June 2020 at 5239 per million and declined to 3627 per million in October 2020. The city reported 3543 deaths, with a case fatality ratio of 1.8%. In March, Rt was 4.2, dropped below one in July and remained so until October, even with the relaxation of restrictions.
Conclusion
The combination of public health strategies might have contributed to controlling the COVID-19 epidemic in a large, densely populated city in India. We recommend continuing the test-trace-isolate strategy and appropriate restrictions to prevent resurgence.
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Pelkonen, T., Roine, I., Kallio, M., Jahnukainen, K., Peltola, H.
BMJ Open, 14.03.2022
Tilføjet 14.03.2022
Objectives
To describe the prevalence and severity of anaemia and to examine its associations with outcome in children with bacterial meningitis (BM).
Design
Secondary analysis of descriptive data from five randomised BM treatment trials.
Setting
Hospitals in Finland, Latin America and Angola.
Participants
Consecutive children from 2 months to 15 years of age admitted with BM and who had haemoglobin (Hb) measured on admission.
Outcome measures
Prevalence and degree of anaemia using the WHO criteria, and their associations with recovery with sequelae or death.
Results
The median Hb was 11.8 g/dL in Finland (N=341), 9.2 g/dL in Latin America (N=597) and 7.6 g/dL in Angola (N=1085). Of the children, 79% had anaemia, which was severe in 29%, moderate in 58% and mild in 13% of cases. Besides study area, having anaemia was independently associated with age <1 year, treatment delay >3 days, weight-for-age z-score <–3 and other than meningococcal aetiology. Irrespective of the study area, anaemia correlated with the markers of disease severity. In children with severe to moderate anaemia (vs mild or no anaemia), the risk ratio for death was 3.38 and for death or severe sequelae was 3.07.
Conclusion
Anaemia, mostly moderate, was common in children with BM, especially in Angola, in underweight children, among those with treatment delay, and in pneumococcal meningitis. Poor outcome was associated with anaemia in all three continents.
Trial registration number
The registration numbers of Angolan trials were ISRCTN62824827 and NCT01540838.
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Chan, S.-Y., Lai, Y.-J., Ko, M.-C., Chen, Y.-Y., Tsai, Y.-F., Hsu, L.-F., Ku, P.-W., Chen, L.-J., Chuang, P.-H., Chen, C.-C., Yen, Y.-F.
BMJ Open, 14.03.2022
Tilføjet 14.03.2022
Objective
Hospice care could improve the quality of life among advanced HIV patients during end-of-life (EOL) treatment. However, providing hospice care services for people living with HIV (PLWH) is challenging due to HIV-related stigma. This nationwide cohort study aims to determine the utilisation of hospice care services among PLWH and HIV-negative individuals during EOL treatment.
Design
A retrospective cohort study.
Setting
From 2000 to 2018, we identified adult PLWH from the Taiwan centres for disease control HIV Surveillance System. Individuals who had positive HIV-1 western blots were regarded as HIV-infected. Age-matched and sex-matched controls without HIV infection were selected from the Taiwan National Health Insurance Research Database for comparison. All PLWH and controls were followed until death or 31 December 2018.
Participants
32 647 PLWH and 326 470 HIV-negative controls were analysed.
Primary outcome measures
Utilisation of hospice care services during the last year of life among PLWH and HIV-negative individuals.
Results
A total of 20 413 subjects died during the 3 434 699 person-years of follow-up. Of the deceased patients, 2139 (10.5%) utilised hospice care services during their last year of life, including 328 (5.76%) PLWH and 1811 (12.30%) controls. Adjusting for demographics and comorbidities, PLWH were less likely to receive hospice care services during the last year of life, compared with HIV-negative individuals (adjusted OR: 0.66; 95% CI: 0.57 to 0.75).
Conclusions
PLWH had significantly lower utilisation of hospice care services during the last year of life. Our results suggest that future hospice care programmes should particularly target PLWH to increase the optimal utilisation of hospice care services during EOL treatment.
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Schietzel, S., Bally, L., Cereghetti, G., Faller, N., Moor, M. B., Vogt, B., Rintelen, F., Trelle, S., Fuster, D.
BMJ Open, 14.03.2022
Tilføjet 14.03.2022
Introduction
Kidney stones are a global healthcare problem. Given high recurrence rates and the morbidity associated with symptomatic stone disease, effective medical prophylaxis is clearly an unmet need. Explanatory analyses of randomised controlled trials with sodium/glucose cotransporter isoform 2 inhibitors indicated a 30%–50% reduced rate of stone events in patients with diabetes. Underlying mechanisms remain unclear. We aim to determine the effect of empagliflozin on urinary supersaturations in non-diabetic kidney stone formers to evaluate their therapeutic potential for recurrence prevention. We will provide first clinical trial evidence on whether urinary supersaturations are affected by empagliflozin in kidney stone formers.
Methods and analysis
The SWEETSTONE trial is a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, cross-over, exploratory study to assess the impact of empagliflozin on urinary supersaturations of calcium oxalate, calcium phosphate and uric acid in kidney stone formers. We plan to include 46 non-diabetic adults (18–74 years) with ≥1 past kidney stone event and stone composition with ≥80% of calcium or ≥80% of uric acid. Patients with secondary causes of kidney stones or chronic kidney disease will be excluded. Eligible individuals will be randomised in equal proportions to receive either a 14-day treatment with 25 mg empagliflozin followed after the 2–6 weeks wash out period by a 14-day treatment with a matching placebo or the reverse procedure. Secondary outcomes will include electrolyte concentrations, renal function, mineral metabolism and glycaemic parameters, urinary volume and safety.
Results will be presented as effect measures (95% CIs) with p values and hypothesis testing for primary outcomes (significance level 0.02).
Ethics and dissemination
The SWEETSTONE trial was approved by the Swiss ethics committee and Swissmedic. First results are expected in the fourth quarter of 2022.
Trial registration number
NCT04911660; Pre-results.
Læs mere Tjek på PubMed
BMJ Open, 14.03.2022
Tilføjet 14.03.2022
Prajitha KC, Rahul A, Chintha S, et al. Strategies and challenges in Kerala’s response to the initial phase of COVID-19 pandemic: a qualitative descriptive study. BMJ Open 2021;11:e051410. doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2021-051410 This article was previously published with an error. The competing interests statement has been updated to: Author TSNA is a member of the state expert committee group, a scientific group that helps the state to assimilate available scientific evidence on COVID-19 and provide evidence-based opinions on prevention and control of the COVID-19 pandemic. Author ARK is a member of the state expert committee group, state rapid response team with a role to assess and formulate responses to infectious diseases of public health importance, and state medical board providing evidence-based opinions on patient management to the institutional level medical boards during the pandemic. Author SV is joint secretary to the Government of Kerala in the department of Health and Family Welfare....
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedMitra M. Elgrail, Edwin Chen, Marla G. Shaffer, Vatsala Srinivasa, Marissa P. Griffith, Mustapha M. Mustapha, Ryan K. Shields, Daria Van Tyne, Matthew J. Culyba aDepartment of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Pittsburghgrid.21925.3d School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA bCenter for Evolutionary Biology and Medicine, University of Pittsburghgrid.21925.3d School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA, Victor J. Torres
Infection and Immunity, 14.03.2022
Tilføjet 14.03.2022
Nanyan Jiang, Meiping Ye, Jingmin Yan, Chunjie Liao, Mengya Shang, Guixuan Wang, Ruirui Peng, Juan Wu, Tengfei Qi, Liyan Ni, Zhifang Guan, Wei Zhao, Pingyu Zhou
International Journal of Infectious Diseases, 14.03.2022
Tilføjet 14.03.2022
Peter V. Markov, Aris Katzourakis, Nikolaos I. Stilianakis
Nat Rev Microbiol, 14.03.2022
Tilføjet 14.03.2022
Nature Reviews Microbiology, Published online: 14 March 2022; doi:10.1038/s41579-022-00722-zThe comparatively milder infections with the Omicron variant and higher levels of population immunity have raised hopes for a weakening of the pandemic. We argue that the lower severity of Omicron is a coincidence and that ongoing rapid antigenic evolution is likely to produce new variants that may escape immunity and be more severe.
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedBrendan O'Kelly, Louise Vidal, Gordana Avramovic, John Broughan, Stephen Peter Connolly, Aoife G Cotter, Walter Cullen, Shannon Glaspy, Tina McHugh, James Woo, John S Lambert
International Journal of Infectious Diseases, 14.03.2022
Tilføjet 14.03.2022
Florin Elec, Jesper Magnusson, Alina Elec, Adriana Muntean, Oana Antal, Tudor Moisoiu, Cristina Cismaru, Mihaela Lupse, Mihai Oltean
International Journal of Infectious Diseases, 14.03.2022
Tilføjet 14.03.2022
: The aim of the study is to evaluate the impact of remdesivir on overall mortality, ICU mortality and renal functional outcome in hospitalized Covid 19 kidney transplant patients.
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedFrancine Ntoumi, Eskild Petersen, Peter Mwaba, Eleni Aklillu, Sayoki Mfinanga, Dorothy Yeboah-Manu, Markus Maeurer, Alimuddin Zumla
International Journal of Infectious Diseases, 14.03.2022
Tilføjet 14.03.2022