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BMC Infectious Diseases, 12.05.2022
Tilføjet 12.05.2022
Abstract
Background
The geographic distribution of the hepatitis B virus (HBV) and the hepatitis D virus (HDV) genotypes is uneven. We reconstructed the temporal evolution of HBV and HDV in Yakutia, one of the regions of Russia most affected by HBV and HDV, in an attempt to understand the possible mechanisms that led to unusual for Russia pattern of viral genotypes and to identify current distribution trends.
Methods
HBV and HDV genotypes were determined in sera collected in 2018–2019 in Yakutia from randomly selected 140 patients with HBV monoinfection and 59 patients with HBV/HDV. Total 86 HBV and 88 HDV genomic sequences isolated in Yakutia between 1997 and 2019 were subjected to phylodynamic and philogeographic Bayesian analysis using BEAST v1.10.4 software package. Bayesian SkyGrid reconstruction and Birth–Death Skyline analysis were applied to estimate HBV and HDV population dynamics.
Results
Currently, HBV-A and HDV-D genotypes are prevalent in Yakutia, in both monoinfected and HDV-coinfected patients. Bayesian analysis has shown that the high prevalence of HBV-A in Yakutia, which is not typical for Russia, initially emerged after the genotype was introduced from Eastern Europe in the fifteenth century (around 600 (95% HPD: 50–715) years ago). The acute hepatitis B epidemics in the 1990s in Yakutia were largely associated with this particular genotype, as indicated by temporal changes in HBV-A population dynamics. HBV-D had a longer history in Yakutia and demonstrated stable population dynamics, indicating ongoing viral circulation despite vaccination. No correlation between HBV and HDV genotypes was observed for coinfected patients in Yakutia (r = − 0.016069332). HDV-2b circulates in Russia in Yakutia only and resulted from a single wave of introduction from Central Asia 135 years ago (95% HPD: 60–350 years), while HDV-1 strains resulted from multiple introductions from Europe, the Middle East, Central Asia, and different parts of Russia starting 180 years ago (95% HPD: 150–210 years) and continuing to the present day. The population dynamics of HDV-1 and HDV-2 show no signs of decline despite 20 years of HBV vaccination. The Birth–Death Skyline analysis showed an increase in the viral population in recent years for both HDV genotypes, indicating ongoing HDV epidemics.
Conclusions
Taken together, these data call for strict control of HBV vaccination quality and coverage, and implementation of HBV and HDV screening programs in Yakutia.
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BMC Infectious Diseases, 12.05.2022
Tilføjet 12.05.2022
Abstract
Background
Since 2006, Nepal has experienced frequent Dengue fever (DF) outbreaks. Up to now, there have been no knowledge, attitude and practice (KAP) studies carried out on DF in Nepal that have included qualitative in-depth and quantitative data. Thus, we aimed to explore and compare the KAP of people residing in the lowland (< 1500 m) and highland (> 1500 m) areas of Nepal.
Methods
A cross-sectional mixed-method study was conducted in six districts of central Nepal in September–October 2018 including both quantitative (660 household surveys) and qualitative data (12 focus group discussions and 27 in-depth interviews). The KAP assessment was executed using a scoring system and defined as high or low based on 80% cut-off point. Logistic regression was used to investigate the associated factors, in quantitative analysis. The deductive followed by inductive approach was adopted to identify the themes in the qualitative data.
Results
The study revealed that both the awareness about DF and prevention measures were low. Among the surveyed participants, 40.6% had previously heard about DF with a significantly higher number in the lowland areas. Similarly, IDI and FGD participants from the lowland areas were aware about DF, and it’s associated symptoms, hence they were adopting better preventive practices against DF. The findings of both the qualitative and quantitative data indicate that people residing in the lowland areas had better knowledge on DF compared to people in highland areas. All IDI participants perceived a higher chance of increasing future dengue outbreaks due to increasing temperature and the mobility of infected people from endemic to non-endemic areas. The most quoted sources of information were the television (71.8%) and radio (51.5%). Overall, only 2.3% of the HHS participants obtained high knowledge scores, 74.1% obtained high attitude scores and 21.2% obtained high preventive practice scores on DF. Among the socio-demographic variables, the area of residence, educational level, age, monthly income, SES and occupation were independent predictors of knowledge level, while the education level of the participants was an independent predictor of the attitude level.
Conclusions
Our study found a very low level of knowledge and insufficient preventive practices. This highlights an urgent need for extensive dengue prevention programs in both highland and lowland communities of Nepal.
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BMC Infectious Diseases, 12.05.2022
Tilføjet 12.05.2022
BMC Infectious Diseases, 11.05.2022
Tilføjet 12.05.2022
Abstract
Background
Concerns that athletes may be at a higher risk for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) transmission has led to reduced participation in sports during the COVID-19 pandemic. We aimed to assess COVID-19 incidence and transmission during the spring 2021 high school and college water polo seasons across the United States.
Methods
This prospective observational study enrolled 1825 water polo athletes from 54 high schools and 36 colleges. Surveys were sent to coaches throughout the season, and survey data were collected and analyzed.
Results
We identified 17 COVID-19 cases among 1223 high school water polo athletes (1.4%) and 66 cases among 602 college athletes (11.0%). Of these cases, contact tracing suggested that three were water polo–associated in high school, and none were water polo–associated in college. Quarantine data suggest low transmission during water polo play as only three out of 232 (1.3%) high school athletes quarantined for a water polo–related exposure developed COVID-19. In college, none of the 54 athletes quarantined for exposure with an infected opponent contracted COVID-19. However, in both high school and college, despite the physical condition of water polo athletes, both high school (47%) and college athletes (21%) had prolonged return to play after contracting COVID-19, indicating the danger of COVID-19, even to athletes.
Conclusions
While COVID-19 spread can occur during water polo play, few instances of spread occurred during the spring 2021 season, and transmission rates appear similar to those in other settings, such as school environments.
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BMC Infectious Diseases, 11.05.2022
Tilføjet 12.05.2022
Abstract
Background
Monocytes play an important role in inflammation, and monocytosis and monocyte activation are features of chronic inflammation. We aimed to investigate if HIV status was associated with monocyte count and monocyte activation and to assess the relationship between monocyte count and monocyte activation markers and HIV-related factors.
Methods
Persons living with HIV (PLWH) with measured monocyte count and sCD14 and sCD163 were included from the Copenhagen Comorbidity in HIV infection (COCOMO) study and matched 1:5 on sex and age with uninfected controls. In addition, 74 uninfected individuals from COCOMO with measured sCD14 and sCD163 were included. Identical protocols and equipment were used to determine monocyte counts and monocyte activation in PLWH and uninfected controls. Linear regression adjusted for age, sex, smoking and waist-to-hip-ratio was used to analyze the association between possible risk factors and monocyte outcomes.
Results
We included 871 PLWH and 4355 uninfected controls. PLWH had − 0.021 [− 0.031 − 0.011] × 109/L) lower monocyte count than uninfected controls, and in adjusted analyses HIV status was independently associated with − 0.035 [− 0.045, − 0.025] × 109/L lower monocyte count. In contrast, PLWH had higher sCD163 and sCD14 concentrations than uninfected controls. After adjustment, HIV-status was associated with higher sCD14 and sCD163 concentrations (588 [325, 851] ng/ml, and 194 [57, 330] ng/ml, respectively).
Conclusion
PLWH had lower monocyte counts than controls, but the absolute difference was small, and any clinical impact is likely limited. In contrast, concentrations of monocyte activation markers, previously implicated as drivers of non-AIDS comorbidity, were higher in PLWH than in controls.
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BMC Infectious Diseases, 11.05.2022
Tilføjet 12.05.2022
Abstract
Background
In sub-Saharan Africa, data on virologic outcomes of young people living with HIV (YLWH) enrolled on antiretroviral therapy (ART) remains scarce. In this study, we describe the prevalence of HIV virological non-suppression (VNS) and its associated factors among YLWH aged 18–24 years from the Kenyan coast.
Methods
Data were analyzed for 384 YLWH who participated in a larger cross-sectional study conducted between November 2018 and September 2019 in two counties at the Kenyan coast (Kilifi and Mombasa). Descriptive statistics were used to summarize sample characteristics and logistic regression was used for statistical modeling of factors associated with VNS. In this study, VNS was defined as plasma viral load ≥ 1000 copies/mL.
Results
Among these YLWH with a mean age of 20.7 years (SD = 2.2); 55.5% females, the overall prevalence of VNS was 32.0% (95% Confidence interval (95% CI): 27.5, 36.9%). In the multivariable logistic regression analysis, being from a largely rural setting (adjusted Odds Ratio (aOR) 1.73, 95% CI 1.10, 2.71; p = 0.02), underweight (aOR 1.87, 95% CI 1.16, 3.01; p = 0.01) and low self-reported ART adherence (aOR 2.83, 95% CI 1.34, 6.00; p = 0.01) were significantly associated with higher odds of VNS in YLWH.
Conclusions
In this study, high levels of VNS were observed among YLWH and this was significantly associated with rural residency, nutritional and ART adherence problems. ART adherence counselling and nutritional support and education should be intensified in this setting targeting YLWH residing mostly in rural areas. Given the high frequency of VNS, there is need to closely monitor viral load and profile HIV drug resistance patterns in youths from the Kenyan coast with confirmed virologic failure. The latter will help understand whether drug resistance also contributes to poor viral suppression in addition to, or exclusive of suboptimal ART adherence.
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Zhiwei Xie, Kai Deng, Yang Xia, Chunlan Zhang, Min Xu, Feng Li, Jinfeng Liu, Yuanping Zhou, Xiaoping Chen, Xuefu Chen, Qin Yan, Jing Huang, Wenli Chen, Shuduo Wu, Honglian Bai, Jianping Li, Yujuan Guan
Journal of Medical Virology, 12.05.2022
Tilføjet 12.05.2022
Gervillien Arnold Malonga, Sidi Dienta, Fatoumata Tata Traore, Zalihatou Maiga, Alhassane Ba, Ousmane Faye, Elodie Chicaud, Stéphane Marot, Vincent Calvez, Anne‐Geneviève Marcelin, Aude Jary, Almoustapha Issiaka Maiga
Journal of Medical Virology, 12.05.2022
Tilføjet 12.05.2022
Maxime Inghels, Ros Kane, Priya Lall, David Nelson, Agnes Nanyonjo, Zahid Asghar, Derek Ward, Tracy McCranor, Tony Kavanagh, Todd Hogue, Jaspreet Phull, Frank Tanser
International Journal of Infectious Diseases, 11.05.2022
Tilføjet 12.05.2022
The reason why Black and South Asian healthcare workers are at a higher risk of SARS-CoV-2 infection remain unclear. We aim to quantify risk of SARS-CoV-2 infection among ethnic minority healthcare staff and elucidate pathways of infection.
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedSorana Segal-Maurer, Edwin DeJesus, Hans-Jurgen Stellbrink, Antonella Castagna, Gary J. Richmond, Gary I. Sinclair, Krittaecho Siripassorn, Peter J. Ruane, Mezgebe Berhe, Hui Wang, Nicolas A. Margot, Hadas Dvory-Sobol, Robert H. Hyland, Diana M. Brainard, Martin S. Rhee, Jared M. Baeten, Jean-Michel Molina
New England Journal of Medicine, 11.05.2022
Tilføjet 12.05.2022
New England Journal of Medicine, Volume 386, Issue 19, Page 1793-1803, May 2022.
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedJeanne Marrazzo
New England Journal of Medicine, 11.05.2022
Tilføjet 12.05.2022
New England Journal of Medicine, Volume 386, Issue 19, Page 1848-1849, May 2022.
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedC. Buddy Creech, Evan Anderson, Vladimir Berthaud, Inci Yildirim, Andrew M. Atz, Ivan Melendez Baez, Daniel Finkelstein, Paul Pickrell, Judith Kirstein, Clifford Yut, Ronald Blair, Robert A. Clifford, Michael Dunn, James D. Campbell, David C. Montefiori, Joanne E. Tomassini, Xiaoping Zhao, Weiping Deng, Honghong Zhou, Daniela Ramirez Schrempp, Kelly Hautzinger, Bethany Girard, Karen Slobod, Roderick McPhee, Rolando Pajon, Rituparna Das, Jacqueline M. Miller, Sabine Schnyder Ghamloush
New England Journal of Medicine, 11.05.2022
Tilføjet 12.05.2022
Claudia Coleine, Manuel Delgado-Baquerizo
Trends in Microbiology, 11.05.2022
Tilføjet 12.05.2022
The possibility of life elsewhere in the universe has fascinated humankind for ages. To the best of our knowledge, life, as we know it, is limited to planet Earth; yet current investigation suggests that life might be more common than previously thought. In this review, we explore extreme terrestrial analogue environments in the search for some notable examples of extreme organisms, including overlooked microbial groups such as viruses, fungi, and protists, associated with limits of life on Earth.
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedAndreas Suhrbier
Lancet Infectious Diseases, 12.05.2022
Tilføjet 12.05.2022
In The Lancet Infectious Diseases, Emily E Coates and colleagues1 describe a phase 1 human trial of a trivalent vaccine of western, eastern, and Venezuelan equine encephalitis (WEVEE) comprising a 1:1:1 mixture of virus-like particles (VLPs) generated in HEK293 cells. The VLPs comprised the self-assembled structural proteins of western equine encephalitis virus (WEEV), eastern equine encephalitis virus (EEEV), and Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus (VEEV). The results show among other findings that at 24 weeks after two intramuscular vaccinations of 60 μg total dose of alum-adjuvanted vaccine given 8 weeks apart, five (100%) of five volunteers developed neutralising antibody titres to all three viruses that at a dilution of at least one in ten reduced virus plaques by 80% (as measured with the plaque reduction neutralisation test).
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedEmily E Coates, Srilatha Edupuganti, Grace L Chen, Myra Happe, Larisa Strom, Alicia Widge, Maria Burgos Florez, Josephine H Cox, Ingelise Gordon, Sarah Plummer, Abidemi Ola, Galina Yamshchikov, Charla Andrews, Sharon Curate-Ingram, Patricia Morgan, Shashi Nagar, Matthew H Collins, Amy Bray, Thuy Nguyen, Judy Stein, Christopher L Case, Florence Kaltovich, Diane Wycuff, C Jason Liang, Kevin Carlton, Sandra Vazquez, John R Mascola, Julie E Ledgerwood, VRC 313 Study Team
Lancet Infectious Diseases, 12.05.2022
Tilføjet 12.05.2022
The favourable safety profile and neutralising antibody responses, along with pressing public health need, support further evaluation of the WEVEE VLP vaccine in advanced-phase clinical trials.
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedEmerging Infectious Diseases, 11.05.2022
Tilføjet 12.05.2022
Emerging Infectious Diseases, 11.05.2022
Tilføjet 12.05.2022
Emerging Infectious Diseases, 11.05.2022
Tilføjet 12.05.2022
Emerging Infectious Diseases, 29.04.2022
Tilføjet 12.05.2022
Frieder Fuchs, Alexander Maximilian Aldejohann, Ada Marie Hoffmann, Grit Walther, Oliver Kurzai, Axel G. Hamprecht aInstitute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Hygiene, University of Cologne, Medical faculty and University Hospital of Cologne, Cologne, Germany bDepartment of Microbiology and Hospital Hygiene, Bundeswehr Central Hospital Koblenz, Koblenz, Germany cInstitute for Hygiene and Microbiology, University Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany dNational Reference Center for Invasive Fungal Infections (NRZMyk), Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology, Hans Knöll Institute, Jena, Germany eInstitute for Medical Microbiology and Virology, University of Oldenburg, Oldenburg, Germany
Antimicrobial Agents And Chemotherapy, 11.05.2022
Tilføjet 11.05.2022
Adeline Supandy, Heer H. Mehta, Truc T. Tran, William R. Miller, Rutan Zhang, Libin Xu, Cesar A. Arias, Yousif Shamoo aDepartment of Biosciences, Rice Universitygrid.21940.3e, Houston, Texas, USA bCenter for Infectious Diseases Research, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, Texas, USA cDivision of Infectious Diseases, Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, Texas, USA dDepartment of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Washingtongrid.34477.33, Seattle, Washington, USA
Antimicrobial Agents And Chemotherapy, 11.05.2022
Tilføjet 11.05.2022
Kim Sui Wan, Peter Seah Keng Tok, Kishwen Kanna Yoga Ratnam, Nuraini Aziz, Marzuki Isahak, Rafdzah Ahmad Zaki, Nik Daliana Nik Farid, Noran Naqiah Hairi, Victor Chee Wai Hoe, Sanjay Rampal, Chiu-Wan Ng, Mohd Fauzy Samsudin, Vinura Venugopal, Mohammad Asyraf, Narisa Hatun Damanhuri, Sanpagavalli Doraimuthu, Catherine Thamarai Arumugam, Thaneswaran Marthammuthu, Fathhullah Azmie Nawawi, Faiz Baharudin, Diane Woei Quan Chong, Vivek Jason Jayaraj, Venna Magarita, Sasheela Ponnampalavanar, Nazirah Hasnan, Adeeba Kamarulzaman, Mas Ayu Said
PLoS One Infectious Diseases, 11.05.2022
Tilføjet 11.05.2022
by Kim Sui Wan, Peter Seah Keng Tok, Kishwen Kanna Yoga Ratnam, Nuraini Aziz, Marzuki Isahak, Rafdzah Ahmad Zaki, Nik Daliana Nik Farid, Noran Naqiah Hairi, Victor Chee Wai Hoe, Sanjay Rampal, Chiu-Wan Ng, Mohd Fauzy Samsudin, Vinura Venugopal, Mohammad Asyraf, Narisa Hatun Damanhuri, Sanpagavalli Doraimuthu, Catherine Thamarai Arumugam, Thaneswaran Marthammuthu, Fathhullah Azmie Nawawi, Faiz Baharudin, Diane Woei Quan Chong, Vivek Jason Jayaraj, Venna Magarita, Sasheela Ponnampalavanar, Nazirah Hasnan, Adeeba Kamarulzaman, Mas Ayu Said
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedSuying Lu, David Duplat, Paula Benitez-Bolivar, Cielo León, Stephany D. Villota, Eliana Veloz-Villavicencio, Valentina Arévalo, Katariina Jaenes, Yuxiu Guo, Seray Cicek, Lucas Robinson, Philippos Peidis, Joel D. Pearson, Jim Woodgett, Tony Mazzulli, Patricio Ponce, Silvia Restrepo, John M. González, Adriana Bernal, Marcela Guevara-Suarez, Keith Pardee, Varsovia E. Cevallos, Camila González, Rod Bremner
PLoS One Infectious Diseases, 11.05.2022
Tilføjet 11.05.2022
by Suying Lu, David Duplat, Paula Benitez-Bolivar, Cielo León, Stephany D. Villota, Eliana Veloz-Villavicencio, Valentina Arévalo, Katariina Jaenes, Yuxiu Guo, Seray Cicek, Lucas Robinson, Philippos Peidis, Joel D. Pearson, Jim Woodgett, Tony Mazzulli, Patricio Ponce, Silvia Restrepo, John M. González, Adriana Bernal, Marcela Guevara-Suarez, Keith Pardee, Varsovia E. Cevallos, Camila González, Rod Bremner
Continued waves, new variants, and limited vaccine deployment mean that SARS-CoV-2 tests remain vital to constrain the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. Affordable, point-of-care (PoC) tests allow rapid screening in non-medical settings. Reverse-transcription loop-mediated isothermal amplification (RT-LAMP) is an appealing approach. A crucial step is to optimize testing in low/medium resource settings. Here, we optimized RT-LAMP for SARS-CoV-2 and human β-actin, and tested clinical samples in multiple countries. “TTTT” linker primers did not improve performance, and while guanidine hydrochloride, betaine and/or Igepal-CA-630 enhanced detection of synthetic RNA, only the latter two improved direct assays on nasopharygeal samples. With extracted clinical RNA, a 20 min RT-LAMP assay was essentially as sensitive as RT-PCR. With raw Canadian nasopharygeal samples, sensitivity was 100% (95% CI: 67.6% - 100%) for those with RT-qPCR Ct values ≤ 25, and 80% (95% CI: 58.4% - 91.9%) for those with 25 < Ct ≤ 27.2. Highly infectious, high titer cases were also detected in Colombian and Ecuadorian labs. We further demonstrate the utility of replacing thermocyclers with a portable PoC device (FluoroPLUM). These combined PoC molecular and hardware tools may help to limit community transmission of SARS-CoV-2.
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedMichelle Seer, Charlotte Kampsen, Tim Becker, Sebastian Hobert, Sven Anders, Tobias Raupach
PLoS One Infectious Diseases, 11.05.2022
Tilføjet 11.05.2022
by Michelle Seer, Charlotte Kampsen, Tim Becker, Sebastian Hobert, Sven Anders, Tobias Raupach
Background The coronavirus pandemic has led to increased use of digital teaching formats in medical education. A number of studies have assessed student satisfaction with these resources. However, there is a lack of studies investigating changes in student performance following the switch from contact to virtual teaching. Specifically, there are no studies linking student use of digital resources to learning outcome and examining predictors of failure. Methods Student performance before (winter term 2019/20: contact teaching) and during (summer term 2020: no contact teaching) the pandemic was compared prospectively in a cohort of 162 medical students enrolled in the clinical phase of a five-year undergraduate curriculum. Use of and performance in various digital resources (case-based teaching in a modified flipped classroom approach; formative key feature examinations of clinical reasoning; daily multiple choice quizzes) was recorded in summer 2020. Student scores in summative examinations were compared to examination scores in the previous term. Associations between student characteristics, resource use and summative examination results were used to identify predictors of performance. Results Not all students made complete use of the digital learning resources provided. Timely completion of tasks was associated with superior performance compared to delayed completion. Female students scored significantly fewer points in formative key feature examinations and digital quizzes. Overall, higher rankings within the student cohort (according to summative exams) in winter term 2019/20 as well as male gender predicted summative exam performance in summer 2020. Scores achieved in the first formative key feature examination predicted summative end-of-module exam scores. Conclusions The association between timely completion of tasks as well as early performance in a module and summative exams might help to identify students at risk and offering help early on. The unexpected gender difference requires further study to determine whether the shift to a digital-only curriculum disadvantages female students.
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedAquino Albino Nhantumbo, Charlotte Elizabeth Comé, Plácida Iliany Maholela, Alcides Moniz Munguambe, Paulino da Costa, Mariana Mott, Gabriella Rosa Cunha, Lúcia Chambal, Cícero Dias, Vlademir Vicente Cantarelli, Eduardo Samo Gudo
PLoS One Infectious Diseases, 11.05.2022
Tilføjet 11.05.2022
by Aquino Albino Nhantumbo, Charlotte Elizabeth Comé, Plácida Iliany Maholela, Alcides Moniz Munguambe, Paulino da Costa, Mariana Mott, Gabriella Rosa Cunha, Lúcia Chambal, Cícero Dias, Vlademir Vicente Cantarelli, Eduardo Samo Gudo
Background Meningitis remains an important cause of morbi-mortality in adults in sub-Saharan Africa. Data on the etiological investigation of meningitis in adults in Mozambique is limited and most studies were conducted in southern Mozambique. Identification of the etiology of meningitis in adults are crucial to guide prevention and treatments strategies. In this study, we determine the burden of fungal and bacterial meningitis among adults at the three largest hospitals in Mozambique. Method We performed analysis of data from the routine sentinel surveillance system for meningitis in Mozambique from January 2016 to December 2017. Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) samples were collected from eligible adults (≥18 years old) who met World Health Organization (WHO) case definition criteria for Meningitis. All samples were tested by cryptococcal antigen (CrAg) lateral flow assay (LFA), culture and triplex real-time polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) assay and all patients were tested for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) using the national algorithm for HIV testing. Results Retrospective analysis of 1501 CSF samples from adults clinically suspected of meningitis revealed that 10.5% (158/1501) were positive for bacterial and fungal meningitis. Of these 158 confirmed cases, the proportion of Cryptococcal meningitis and pneumococcal meningitis was38.6% (95% CI: 31.0% to 46.7%) and 36.7% (95% CI: 29.2% to 44.7%), respectively. The other bacterial agents of meningitis identified include Neisseria meningitidis (8.9%; 14/158), Escherichia coli (6.3%; 10/158), Haemophilus influenzae (5.1%; 8/158) and S. aureus (4.4%; 7/158), which represent (24.7%; 39/158) of the total confirmed cases. Conclusion Altogether, our findings show a high burden of Cryptococcal meningitis among adults in Mozambique, especially in people living with HIV, followed by pneumococcal meningitis. Our findings suggest that rollout of CrAg Lateral Flow Assay in the health system in Mozambique for early detection of cryptococcus neoformans is necessary to improve overall patient care.
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedSandra Leibold, Amrutha Bagivalu Lakshminarasimha, Felix Gremse, Matthias Hammerschmidt, Maximilian Michel
PLoS One Infectious Diseases, 11.05.2022
Tilføjet 11.05.2022
by Sandra Leibold, Amrutha Bagivalu Lakshminarasimha, Felix Gremse, Matthias Hammerschmidt, Maximilian Michel
Obesity and metabolic syndrome are of increasing global concern. In order to understand the basic biology and etiology of obesity, research has turned to animals across the vertebrate spectrum including zebrafish. Here, we carefully characterize zebrafish in a long-term obesogenic environment as well as zebrafish that went through early lifetime caloric restriction. We found that long-term obesity in zebrafish leads to metabolic endpoints comparable to mammals including increased adiposity, weight, hepatic steatosis and hepatic lesions but not signs of glucose dysregulation or differences in metabolic rate or mitochondrial function. Malnutrition in early life has been linked to an increased likelihood to develop and an exacerbation of metabolic syndrome, however fish that were calorically restricted from five days after fertilization until three to nine months of age did not show signs of an exacerbated phenotype. In contrast, the groups that were shifted later in life from caloric restriction to the obesogenic environment did not completely catch up to the long-term obesity group by the end of our experiment. This dataset provides insight into a slowly exacerbating time-course of obesity phenotypes.
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedShelley N. Facente, Rachel Grinstein, Roberta Bruhn, Zhanna Kaidarova, Erin Wilson, Jennifer Hecht, Katie Burk, Eduard Grebe, Meghan D. Morris
PLoS One Infectious Diseases, 11.05.2022
Tilføjet 11.05.2022
by Shelley N. Facente, Rachel Grinstein, Roberta Bruhn, Zhanna Kaidarova, Erin Wilson, Jennifer Hecht, Katie Burk, Eduard Grebe, Meghan D. Morris
Background In 2017, San Francisco’s initiative to locally eliminate hepatitis C virus (HCV) as a public health threat, End Hep C SF, generated an estimate of city-wide HCV prevalence in 2015, but only incorporated limited information about population HCV treatment. Using additional data and updated methods, we aimed to update the 2015 estimate to 2019 and provide a more accurate estimate of the number of people with untreated, active HCV infection overall and in key subgroups–people who inject drugs (PWID), men who have sex with men (MSM), and low socioeconomic status transgender women (low SES TW). Methods Our estimates are based on triangulation of data from blood bank testing records, cross-sectional and longitudinal observational studies, and published literature. We calculated subpopulation estimates based on biological sex, age and/or HCV risk group. When multiple sources of data were available for subpopulation estimates, we calculated an average using inverse variance weighting. Plausible ranges (PRs) were conservatively estimated to convey uncertainty. Results The total number of people estimated to have anti-HCV antibodies in San Francisco in 2019 was 22,585 (PR:12,014–44,152), with a citywide seroprevalence of 2.6% (PR:1.4%–5.0%)–similar to the 2015 estimate of 21,758 (PR:10,274–42,067). Of all people with evidence of past or present infection, an estimated 11,582 (PR:4,864–35,094) still had untreated, active HCV infection, representing 51.3% (PR:40.5%–79.5%) of all people with anti-HCV antibodies, and 1.3% (PR:0.6%–4.0%) of all San Franciscans. PWID comprised an estimated 2.8% of the total population of San Francisco, yet 73.1% of people with anti-HCV antibodies and 90.4% (n = 10,468, PR:4,690–17,628) of untreated, active HCV infections were among PWID. MSM comprised 7.8% of the total population, yet 11.7% of people with anti-HCV antibodies and 1.0% (n = 119, PR:0–423) of those with untreated active infections. Low SES TW comprised an estimated 0.1% of the total population, yet 1.4% of people with HCV antibodies and 1.6% (n = 183, PR:130–252) of people with untreated active infections. Conclusions Despite the above-average number (2.6%) of people with anti-HCV antibodies, we estimate that only 1.3% (PR:0.6%–4.0%) of all San Francisco residents have untreated, active HCV infection–likely a reflection of San Francisco’s robust efforts to diagnose infection among high-risk groups and initiate curative treatment with as many people as possible. While plausible ranges of infections are wide, these findings indicate that while the overall number of people with anti-HCV antibodies may have increased slightly, the number of people with active HCV infection may have decreased slightly since 2015. This estimate improves upon the 2015 calculations by directly estimating the impact of curative treatment citywide and in subgroups. However, more research is needed to better understand the burden of HCV disease among other subgroups at high risk, such as Blacks/African Americans, people with a history of injection drug use (but not injecting drugs in the last 12 months), people who are currently or formerly incarcerated, and people who are currently or formerly unhoused.
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedOluwatosin Olu-Abiodun, Olumide Abiodun, Ngozi Okafor
PLoS One Infectious Diseases, 11.05.2022
Tilføjet 11.05.2022
by Oluwatosin Olu-Abiodun, Olumide Abiodun, Ngozi Okafor
Vaccine acceptance among a large population of people can determine the successful control of the COVID-19 pandemic. We aimed to assess the COVID-19 vaccine acceptance rate and to identify the predicting factors to the non-acceptance of the vaccine in Nigeria up to date. In line with this, PubMed, Web of Science, Cochrane Library, and Embase databases were searched for relevant articles between January 2020 and November 2021 in this rapid review. Ten articles with 9,287 individuals met the inclusion criteria and formed the basis for the final COVID-19 acceptance estimates. A total of ten peer-reviewed articles were reviewed. The vaccine acceptance rate ranged from 20.0% to 58.2% among adults across the six geopolitical zones of the country. Non-acceptance of the vaccine was found to be a result of propaganda, adverse effect concerns, and conspiracy theories. National, community, and individual-level interventions need to be developed to improve the COVID-19 vaccine acceptance rate in the country. Greater efforts could be put in place to address the issues of concern leading to the unwillingness of the people to receive the COVID-19 vaccine. Also, as the pandemic is unfolding, emerging evidence needs to be synthesized and updated.
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedLior Fuchs, Ori Galante, Yaniv Almog, Roy R. Dayan, Alexander Smoliakov, Yuval Ullman, David Shamia, Ran Ben David Ohayon, Evgeny Golbets, Khaled El Haj, Jonathan Taylor, Itai Weissberg, Victor Novack, Leonid Barski, Eli Rosenberg, Eyal Gohar, Muhammad Abo Abed, Iftach Sagy
PLoS One Infectious Diseases, 11.05.2022
Tilføjet 11.05.2022
by Lior Fuchs, Ori Galante, Yaniv Almog, Roy R. Dayan, Alexander Smoliakov, Yuval Ullman, David Shamia, Ran Ben David Ohayon, Evgeny Golbets, Khaled El Haj, Jonathan Taylor, Itai Weissberg, Victor Novack, Leonid Barski, Eli Rosenberg, Eyal Gohar, Muhammad Abo Abed, Iftach Sagy
Background In COVID-19 patients, lung ultrasound is superior to chest radiograph and has good agreement with computerized tomography to diagnose lung pathologies. Most lung ultrasound protocols published to date are complex and time-consuming. We describe a new illustrative Point-of-care ultrasound Lung Injury Score (PLIS) to help guide the care of patients with COVID-19 and assess if the PLIS would be able to predict COVID-19 patients’ clinical course. Methods This retrospective study describing the novel PLIS was conducted in a large tertiary-level hospital. COVID-19 patients were included if they required any form of respiratory support and had at least one PLIS study during hospitalization. Data collected included PLIS on admission, demographics, Sequential Organ Failure Assessment (SOFA) scores, and patient outcomes. The primary outcome was the need for intensive care unit (ICU) admission. Results A total of 109 patients and 293 PLIS studies were included in our analysis. The mean age was 60.9, and overall mortality was 18.3%. Median PLIS score was 5.0 (3.0–6.0) vs. 2.0 (1.0–3.0) in ICU and non-ICU patients respectively (p<0.001). Total PLIS scores were directly associated with SOFA scores (inter-class correlation 0.63, p<0.001), and multivariate analysis showed that every increase in one PLIS point was associated with a higher risk for ICU admission (O.R 2.09, 95% C.I 1.59–2.75) and in-hospital mortality (O.R 1.54, 95% C.I 1.10–2.16). Conclusions The PLIS for COVID-19 patients is simple and associated with SOFA score, ICU admission, and in-hospital mortality. Further studies are needed to demonstrate whether the PLIS can improve outcomes and become an integral part of the management of COVID-19 patients.
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedAdam D. Kenney, Stephanie L. Aron, Clara Gilbert, Naresh Kumar, Peng Chen, Adrian Eddy, Lizhi Zhang, Ashley Zani, Nahara Vargas-Maldonado, Samuel Speaks, Jeffrey Kawahara, Parker J. Denz, Lisa Dorn, Federica Accornero, Jianjie Ma, Hua Zhu, Murugesan V. S. Rajaram, Chuanxi Cai, Ryan A. Langlois, Jacob S. Yount
Science Advances, 11.05.2022
Tilføjet 11.05.2022
Science Advances, <a href='https://www.science.org/toc/sciadv/8/19'>Volume 8, Issue 19</a>, May 2022.
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedCheng Gao, Qingfu Wang, Junyan Li, Cheryl H. T. Kwong, Jianwen Wei, Beibei Xie, Siyu Lu, Simon M. Y. Lee, Ruibing Wang
Science Advances, 11.05.2022
Tilføjet 11.05.2022
Science Advances, <a href='https://www.science.org/toc/sciadv/8/19'>Volume 8, Issue 19</a>, May 2022.
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedKyle J. Kinney, Sharon S. Tang, Xiao-Jun Wu, Phuong M. Tran, Nikhila S. Bharadwaj, Katherine N. Gibson-Corley, Ana N. Forsythe, Katarina Kulhankova, Jenny E. Gumperz, Wilmara Salgado-Pabón
Science Advances, 11.05.2022
Tilføjet 11.05.2022
Science Advances, <a href='https://www.science.org/toc/sciadv/8/19'>Volume 8, Issue 19</a>, May 2022.
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedSelene Rebecca BONCOMPAGNI, Maria MICIELI, Tiziana DI MAGGIO, Antonia MANTELLA, Anna Liz VILLAGRÁN, Tatiana Briggesth MIRANDA, Carmen REVOLLO, Veronica POMA, Herlan GAMBOA, Michele SPINICCI, Marianne STROHMEYER, Alessandro BARTOLONI, Gian Maria ROSSOLINI, Lucia PALLECCHI
International Journal of Infectious Diseases, 11.05.2022
Tilføjet 11.05.2022