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Erin M. Harberts, Daniel Grubaugh, Daniel C. Akuma, Sunny Shin, Robert K. Ernst, Igor E. Brodsky aDepartment of Microbial Pathogenesis, University of Maryland, School of Dentistry, Baltimore, Maryland, USA bDepartment of Pathobiology, University of Pennsylvaniagrid.25879.31 School of Veterinary Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA cDepartment of Microbiology, University of Pennsylvaniagrid.25879.31 Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA, Andreas J. Bäumler
Infection and Immunity, 14.07.2022
Tilføjet 14.07.2022
Jasmine Alexander-Floyd, Antonia R. Bass, Erin M. Harberts, Daniel Grubaugh, Joseph D. Buxbaum, Igor E. Brodsky, Robert K. Ernst, Sunny Shin aDepartment of Microbiology, University of Pennsylvaniagrid.25879.31 Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA bDepartment of Microbial Pathogenesis, University of Maryland, School of Dentistry, Baltimore, Maryland, USA cDepartment of Pathobiology, University of Pennsylvaniagrid.25879.31 School of Veterinary Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA dDepartment of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA eDepartment of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA fDepartment of Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA, Andreas J. Bäumler
Infection and Immunity, 14.07.2022
Tilføjet 14.07.2022
Brenna Ellison, Melissa Ocepek, Maria Kalaitzandonakes
PLoS One Infectious Diseases, 14.07.2022
Tilføjet 14.07.2022
by Brenna Ellison, Melissa Ocepek, Maria Kalaitzandonakes
The COVID-19 pandemic upended how many Americans acquire foods. In this paper, we analyze eight food acquisition activities at different points in the pandemic, which allows us to evaluate how food acquisition changed as case rates changed and vaccine rollouts occurred. We collected data from three nationally representative online samples in September 2020, December 2020, and March 2021. We evaluate changes across time and across demographics using a multivariate probit model. Across time, we find that in-person grocery shopping remained extremely common (over 90%) throughout the pandemic. Food acquisition activities with less in-person contact (e.g., ordering from a meal kit service, online grocery shopping) peaked in December 2020, likely due to the surge in cases during that period. Ordering take-out from a restaurant remained common throughout the pandemic, but indoor dining increased significantly in March 2021 when vaccines were becoming more widely available. Food acquisition activities also varied across consumer groups, particularly indoor and outdoor restaurant dining. Overall our results offer evidence that in-person grocery shopping is a staple food acquisition activity that is unlikely to be changed; however, there is a segment of consumers who complement their in-person grocery shopping with online grocery shopping options. Further, relative to grocery stores, restaurants may be more vulnerable to surges in COVID-19 case rates. We conclude with implications for grocery retailers and restaurants as they continue to navigate operational challenges associated with the COVID-19 pandemic.
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedKiran Singh, Sita Cogan, Stefan Elekes, Dearbhla M. Murphy, Sinead Cummins, Rory Curran, Zaneta Najda, Margaret R. Dunne, Gráinne Jameson, Siobhan Gargan, Seamus Martin, Aideen Long, Derek G. Doherty
PLoS One Infectious Diseases, 14.07.2022
Tilføjet 14.07.2022
by Kiran Singh, Sita Cogan, Stefan Elekes, Dearbhla M. Murphy, Sinead Cummins, Rory Curran, Zaneta Najda, Margaret R. Dunne, Gráinne Jameson, Siobhan Gargan, Seamus Martin, Aideen Long, Derek G. Doherty
γδ T cells are thought to contribute to immunity against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), but the mechanisms by which they are activated by the virus are unknown. Using flow cytometry, we investigated if the two most abundant viral structural proteins, spike and nucleocapsid, can activate human γδ T cell subsets, directly or in the presence of dendritic cells (DC). Both proteins failed to induce interferon-γ production by Vδ1 or Vδ2 T cells within fresh mononuclear cells or lines of expanded γδ T cells generated from healthy donors, but the same proteins stimulated CD3+ cells from COVID-19 patients. The nucleocapsid protein stimulated interleukin-12 production by DC and downstream interferon-γ production by co-cultured Vδ1 and Vδ2 T cells, but protease digestion and use of an alternative nucleocapsid preparation indicated that this activity was due to contaminating non-protein material. Thus, SARS-CoV-2 spike and nucleocapsid proteins do not have stimulatory activity for DC or γδ T cells. We propose that γδ T cell activation in COVID-19 patients is mediated by immune recognition of viral RNA or other structural proteins by γδ T cells, or by other immune cells, such as DC, that produce γδ T cell-stimulatory ligands or cytokines.
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedKomei Iwai, Tetsuji Azuma, Takatoshi Yonenaga, Kazutoshi Watanabe, Akihiro Obora, Fumiko Deguchi, Takao Kojima, Takaaki Tomofuji
PLoS One Infectious Diseases, 14.07.2022
Tilføjet 14.07.2022
by Komei Iwai, Tetsuji Azuma, Takatoshi Yonenaga, Kazutoshi Watanabe, Akihiro Obora, Fumiko Deguchi, Takao Kojima, Takaaki Tomofuji
Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) is widely known as a cause of gastric disorders. Presence of H. pylori in dental pulp has been reported. Dental caries may influence the presence or absence of systemic H. pylori infection by serving as a source of H. pylori. In this cross-sectional study, we examined whether H. pylori infection in blood were associated with dental caries in Japanese adults. The participants were 752 individuals (513 males and 239 females, mean age 53.8 years) who underwent both H. pylori testing (H. pylori antibody test and pepsinogen test) and dental checkups at the Asahi University Hospital Human Health Center between April 2018 and March 2019. Those diagnosed as positive for H. pylori antibody test or positive for serum pepsinogen test as H. pylori test in the human health checkup were judged as those with H. pylori infection in the blood. In our study, 83 participants (11%) were determined to be infected with H. pylori in the blood. The proportion of those with decayed teeth was higher in participants with H. pylori infection in blood than in those without H. pylori infection in blood (p< 0.001). The logistic analysis showed that presence of H. pylori infection in blood was positively associated with those with decayed teeth (OR, 5.656; 95% CI, 3.374 to 9.479) after adjusting for age, gender, gastric disease, regular dental checkups, antibiotic medication history, and decayed teeth. Furthermore, the proportion of H. pylori infection in blood increased according to number of decayed teeth (p< 0.001). The results indicate that H. pylori infection in blood were associated with decayed teeth. Untreated dental caries may have an impact on systemic H. pylori infection.
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedMaria Hernandez-Garcia, Monica Girona-Alarcon, Sara Bobillo-Perez, Mireia Urrea-Ayala, Anna Sole-Ribalta, Mònica Balaguer, Francisco-José Cambra, Iolanda Jordan
PLoS One Infectious Diseases, 14.07.2022
Tilføjet 14.07.2022
by Maria Hernandez-Garcia, Monica Girona-Alarcon, Sara Bobillo-Perez, Mireia Urrea-Ayala, Anna Sole-Ribalta, Mònica Balaguer, Francisco-José Cambra, Iolanda Jordan
Background Around 12–20% of patients with community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) require critical care. Ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP) is the second cause of nosocomial infection in Paediatric Intensive Care Units (PICU). As far as we know, there are no studies comparing both types of pneumonia in children, thus it remains unclear if there are differences between them in terms of severity and outcomes. Objective The aim was to compare clinical and microbiological characteristics and outcomes of patients with severe CAP and VAP. Methods A retrospective descriptive study, including patients diagnosed of VAP and CAP, with a positive respiratory culture and under mechanical ventilation, admitted to the PICU from 2015 to 2019. Results 238 patients were included; 163 (68.4%) with CAP, and 75 (31.5%) with VAP. Patients with VAP needed longer mechanical ventilation (14 vs. 7 days, p
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedDavid Kahoun, Pavla Fojtíková, František Vácha, Marie Čížková, Roman Vodička, Eva Nováková, Václav Hypša
PLoS One Infectious Diseases, 14.07.2022
Tilføjet 14.07.2022
by David Kahoun, Pavla Fojtíková, František Vácha, Marie Čížková, Roman Vodička, Eva Nováková, Václav Hypša
Obligate symbiotic bacteria associated with the insects feeding exclusively on vertebrate blood are supposed to complement B vitamins presumably lacking in their diet. Recent genomic analyses revealed considerable differences in biosynthetic capacities across different symbionts, suggesting that levels of B vitamins may vary across different vertebrate hosts. However, a rigorous determination of B vitamins content in blood of various vertebrates has not yet been approached. A reliable analytical method focused on B vitamin complex in blood can provide valuable informative background and understanding of general principles of insect symbiosis. In this work, a chromatographic separation of eight B vitamins (thiamine, riboflavin, niacin, pantothenic acid, pyridoxine, biotin, folic acid, and cyanocobalamine), four B vitamin derivatives (niacinamide, pyridoxal-5-phosphate, 4-pyridoxic acid, and tetrahydrofolic acid), and 3 stable isotope labelled internal standards was developed. Detection was carried out using dual-pressure linear ion trap mass spectrometer in FullScan MS/MS and SIM mode. Except for vitamin B9 (tetrahydrofolic acid), the instrument quantitation limits of all analytes were ranging from 0.42 to 5.0 μg/L, correlation coefficients from 0.9997 to 1.0000, and QC coefficients from 0.53 to 3.2%. Optimization of whole blood sample preparation step was focused especially on evaluation of two types of protein-precipitation agents: trichloroacetic acid and zinc sulphate in methanol. The best results were obtained for zinc sulphate in methanol, but only nine analytes were successfully validated. Accuracy of the procedure using this protein-precipitating agent was ranging from 89 to 120%, precision from 0.5 to 13%, and process efficiency from 65 to 108%. The content of B vitamins in whole blood samples from human and various vertebrates is presented as an application example of this newly developed method.
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedMichaela Barnikel, Annabel Helga Sophie Alig, Sofia Anton, Lukas Arenz, Henriette Bendz, Alessia Fraccaroli, Jeremias Götschke, Marlies Vornhülz, Philipp Plohmann, Tobias Weiglein, Hans Joachim Stemmler, Stephanie-Susanne Stecher
PLoS One Infectious Diseases, 14.07.2022
Tilføjet 14.07.2022
by Michaela Barnikel, Annabel Helga Sophie Alig, Sofia Anton, Lukas Arenz, Henriette Bendz, Alessia Fraccaroli, Jeremias Götschke, Marlies Vornhülz, Philipp Plohmann, Tobias Weiglein, Hans Joachim Stemmler, Stephanie-Susanne Stecher
Objectives Point-of-care lung ultrasound (LU) is an established tool in the first assessment of patients with coronavirus disease (COVID-19). To assess the progression or regression of respiratory failure in critically ill patients with COVID-19 on Intensive Care Unit (ICU) by using LU. Materials and methods We analyzed all patients admitted to Internal Intensive Care Unit, Ludwig-Maximilians-University (LMU) of Munich, from March 2020 to December 2020 suffering lung failure caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV2). LU was performed according to a standardized protocol at baseline and at follow up every other day for the first 15 days using a lung ultrasound score (LUSS). Ventilation data were collected simultaneously. Results Our study included 42 patients. At admission to ICU, 19 of them (45%) were mechanically ventilated. Of the non-invasive ventilated ones (n = 23, 55%), eleven patients required invasive ventilation over the course. While LUS did not differ at admission to ICU between the invasive ventilated ones (at baseline or during ICU stay) compared to the non-invasive ventilated ones (12±4 vs 11±2 points, p = 0.2497), LUS was significantly lower at d7 for those, who had no need for invasive ventilation over the course (13±5 vs 7±4 points, p = 0.0046). Median time of invasive ventilation counted 18 days; the 90-day mortality was 24% (n = 10) in our cohort. In case of increasing LUS between day 1 (d1) and day 7 (d7), 92% (n = 12/13) required invasive ventilation, while it was 57% (n = 10/17) in case of decreasing LUS. At d7 we found significant correlation between LU and FiO2 (Pearson 0.591; p = 0.033), p/F ratio (Pearson -0.723; p = 0.005), PEEP (Pearson 0.495; p = 0.043), pplat (Pearson 0.617; p = 0.008) and compliance (Pearson -0.572; p = 0.016). Conclusion LUS can be a useful tool in monitoring of progression and regression of respiratory failure and in indicating intubation in patients with COVID-19 in the ICU.
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedKrina Mehta, Tingjie Guo, Robert S. Wallis, Piet H. van der Graaf, J. G. Coen van Hasselt aLeiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Leiden Universitygrid.5132.5, Leiden, The Netherlands bThe Aurum Institute, Johannesburg, South Africa cCertara, Canterbury, United Kingdom
Antimicrobial Agents And Chemotherapy, 14.07.2022
Tilføjet 14.07.2022
Mohammad H. Alshaer, Brooke Barlow, Nicole Maranchick, Miriam Moser, Leon Gramss, Heinz Burgmann, Valentin Al Jalali, Michael Wölfl-Duchek, Walter Jäger, Stefan Poschner, Walter Plöchl, Andrea Reinprecht, Karl Rössler, Andreas Gruber, Markus Zeitlinger, Charles A. Peloquin, Arthur Hosmann aInfectious Disease Pharmacokinetics Lab, Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Floridagrid.15276.37, Gainesville, Florida, USA bDepartment of Pharmacotherapy and Translational Research, College of Pharmacy, University of Floridagrid.15276.37, Gainesville, Florida, USA cDepartment of Pharmacy, UF Health Shands Hospital, Gainesville, Florida, USA dDepartment of Neurosurgery, Medical University of Viennagrid.10420.37, Vienna, Austria eDepartment of Internal Medicine I, Division of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, Medical University of Viennagrid.10420.37, Vienna, Austria fDepartment of Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University of Viennagrid.10420.37, Vienna, Austria gDepartment of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Viennagrid.10420.37, Vienna, Austria hDepartment of Anesthesia, General Intensive Care Medicine and Pain Management, Medical University of Viennagrid.10420.37, Vienna, Austria iDepartment of Neurosurgery, Johannes Kepler University, Linz, Austria
Antimicrobial Agents And Chemotherapy, 14.07.2022
Tilføjet 14.07.2022
Andrea Brizzi, Charles Whittaker, Luciana M. S. Servo, Iwona Hawryluk, Carlos A. Prete Jr, William M. de Souza, Renato S. Aguiar, Leonardo J. T. Araujo, Leonardo S. Bastos, Alexandra Blenkinsop, Lewis F. Buss, Darlan Candido, Marcia C. Castro, Silvia F. Costa, Julio Croda, Andreza Aruska de Souza Santos, Christopher Dye, Seth Flaxman, Paula L. C. Fonseca, Victor E. V. Geddes, Bernardo Gutierrez, Philippe Lemey, Anna S. Levin, Thomas Mellan, Diego M. Bonfim, Xenia Miscouridou, Swapnil Mishra, Mélodie Monod, Filipe R. R. Moreira, Bruce Nelson, Rafael H. M. Pereira, Otavio Ranzani, Ricardo P. Schnekenberg, Elizaveta Semenova, Raphael Sonabend, Renan P. Souza, Xiaoyue Xi, Ester C. Sabino, Nuno R. Faria, Samir Bhatt, Oliver Ratmann
Nature, 14.07.2022
Tilføjet 14.07.2022
Nature Medicine, Published online: 14 July 2022; doi:10.1038/s41591-022-01939-4Author Correction: Spatial and temporal fluctuations in COVID-19 fatality rates in Brazilian hospitals
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedBMC Infectious Diseases, 14.07.2022
Tilføjet 14.07.2022
Abstract
Background
Campylobacter rectus is a gram-negative rod, and Parvimonas micra is a gram-positive coccus, both of which are oral anaerobes that cause chronic periodontitis. Chronic periodontitis can cause bacteremia and systemic diseases, including osteomyelitis. Hematogenous osteomyelitis caused by anaerobic bacteria is uncommon, and to date, there have been no reports of mixed bacteremia with C. rectus and P. micra. Here, we report the first case of osteomyelitis of the femur caused by anaerobic bacteria with mixed bacteremia of C. rectus and P. micra caused by chronic periodontitis.
Case presentation
A 75-year-old man with chronic periodontitis, hyperuricemia, and benign prostatic hyperplasia was admitted to the hospital with a fracture of the left femur. The patient had left thigh pain for 4 weeks prior to admission. Left femoral intramedullary nail fixation was performed, and a large amount of abscess and necrotic tissue was found intraoperatively. The cultures of abscess specimens were identified as P. micra, Fusobacterium nucleatum, and C. rectus. C. rectus and P. micra were also isolated from blood cultures. C. rectus was identified by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry and 16 S ribosomal RNA sequencing. Sulbactam-ampicillin was administered for approximately 1 month, after which it was replaced by oral clavulanic acid-amoxicillin for long-term suppressive treatment.
Conclusions
Only five cases of bloodstream infection with C. rectus have been reported, and this is the first report of mixed bacteremia with P. micra. Clinicians should consider that chronic periodontitis caused by rare oral anaerobic bacteria can cause systemic infections, such as osteomyelitis.
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BMC Infectious Diseases, 14.07.2022
Tilføjet 14.07.2022
Abstract
Background
A high baseline hepatitis B virus (HBV) load has always been listed as an exclusion criterion for programmed cell death-1 (PD-1) inhibitor-associated therapy in clinical trials, as the interaction between HBV load and anti-PD-1/PD-L1 therapy with anti HBV therapy remains controversial.
Methods
We retrospectively enrolled 70 unresectable HCC patients who were seropositive for HBsAg and accepted tenofovir alafenamide fumarate (TAF) therapy before anti-PD-1 in combination with an antiangiogenic treatment. Patients were divided into a low HBV DNA group (≤ 2000 IU/ml) and a high HBV DNA group (> 2000 IU/ml) according to the baseline HBV DNA levels. Tumour response and progression-free survival (PFS) were compared, and univariate and multivariate Cox analyses were performed to identify potential risk factors for PFS. The incidences of HBV reactivation and HBV-associated hepatitis were also recorded.
Results
48 patients were assigned to the low group and the remaining 22 patients were assigned to the high group. The objective response rates (ORRs), disease control rates (DCRs), and PFS between the two groups showed no significant difference (P = 0.761, 0.552, and 0.784, respectively). The results of Cox analyses revealed that there was no relationship between baseline HBV load and PFS. Additionally, HBV reactivation occurred in only 2 patients (2.9%), and no patient experienced HBV-related hepatic impairment when given a continuous TAF treatment.
Conclusions
Baseline HBV loads do not affect the prognosis of HCC patients receiving anti-PD-1 in combination with an antiangiogenic therapy, while PD-1 inhibitors do not aggravate HBV reactivation and hepatic impairment in patients simultaneously subjected to TAF prophylaxis.
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BMC Infectious Diseases, 13.07.2022
Tilføjet 14.07.2022
Abstract
Background
Growing prevalence of multidrug-resistant/Rifampicin-resistant tuberculosis (MDR/RR-TB; resistance to Isoniazid and Rifampicin/Isolated resistance to Rifampicin) is putting in jeopardy the WHO End TB strategy. This study aimed to identify factors contributing to the high prevalence of MDR/RR-TB in Khabarovsk krai region of Russia.
Methods
A cross-sectional retrospective study was conducted, analyzing clinical, demographic, and drug susceptibility testing data on 1440 patients. As a source of raw data, the national electronic TB surveillance system was used. Anonymous data was collected on every patient diagnosed with TB in all healthcare facilities of the region from January 2018 to December 2019. Only patients with proven excretion of m. tuberculosis were included in the study. Factors associated with MDR/RR-TB were identified through logistic regression analysis, in conjunction with in-depth interviews with eight patients, five healthcare managers and five doctors.
Findings
2661 patients were identified with TB, 1440 were incorporated in the study based on inclusion criteria. Of these, 618 (42.9%) were identified with MDR/RR-TB. Patients with a history of imprisonment were 16.53 times (95% CI 5.37 to 50.88,) more likely to have MDR/RR-TB, whereas re-treatment patients were 2.82 times (95% CI 2.16 to 3.66) more likely to have MDR/RR-TB. Other influencing factors included presence of disability (AOR is 2.32, 95% CI 1.38 to 3.89), cavitary disease (AOR is 1.76, 95% CI 1.37 to 2.25), and retirement status (AOR 0.65, 95% CI 0.43 to 0.98, p = 0.042). Poor patient knowledge and understanding of the disease, progressive weariness of prolonged TB treatment, and inability hospitalize infectious patients without their consent were perceived by the interviewees as major influencing factors.
Conclusions
Incarceration and treatment history, regardless of outcome, were identified as major factors influencing MDR/RR-TB prevalence. It is essential for the TB care system to eliminate legal loopholes, which deprive doctors of means to enforce quarantine procedures and epidemiological surveillance on infected patients, former and current inmates. Increasing people’s awareness of TB, early detection and appropriate treatment of patients with TB are needed for successfully combating MDR/RR-TB.
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Infection, 13.07.2022
Tilføjet 14.07.2022
Abstract
Introduction
Post-COVID syndrome is increasingly recognized as a new clinical entity after SARS-CoV-2 infection. Patients living in rural areas may have to travel long with subjectively great effort to be examined using all necessary interdisciplinary tools. This problem could be addressed with mobile outpatient clinics.
Methods
In this prospective observational study, we investigated physical fitness, fatigue, depression, cognitive dysfunction, and dyspnea in patients with post-COVID syndrome in a mobile interdisciplinary post-COVID outpatient clinic. Upon referral from their primary care physician, patients were offered an appointment at a mobile post-COVID outpatient clinic close to their home.
Results
We studied 125 patients (female, n = 79; 63.2%) in our mobile unit. All patients reported symptoms lasting for more than 12 weeks after acute infection. 88.3% and 64.1% of patients reported significant impairment in physical and mental quality of life. Patients reported a median of three symptoms. The most frequently reported symptoms were fatigue (86.4%), cognitive dysfunction (85.6%), and dyspnea (37.6%). 56.0% of patients performed at < 2.5th percentile at the 1 min sit-to-stand test compared to age- and sex-matched healthy controls, and 25 patients (20.0%) exhibited a drop in oxygen saturation. A questionnaire given to each patient regarding the mobile unit revealed a very high level of patient satisfaction.
Conclusion
There is an increasing need for high-quality and locally available care for patients with post-COVID syndrome. A mobile post-COVID outpatient clinic is a new concept that may be particularly suitable for use in rural regions. Patients’ satisfaction following visits in such units is very high.
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Chang, K. T., Snead, M. C., Serrano Rodriguez, R. A., Bish, C., Shapiro-Mendoza, C. K., Ellington, S. R.
BMJ Open, 14.07.2022
Tilføjet 14.07.2022
Objectives
Zika virus (ZIKV) can be sexually transmitted, and ZIKV infection during pregnancy can cause birth defects. Contraception is a medical countermeasure to reduce unintended pregnancy and ZIKV-associated birth defects. We estimated the prevalence of condom use and associated factors among women at risk for unintended pregnancy in Puerto Rico during the 2016 ZIKV outbreak.
Design
Secondary analysis of a cross-sectional, population-based, cell-phone survey.
Setting and participants
Women, 18–49 years, living in Puerto Rico during July–November 2016. We limited our analytical sample (n=1840) to women at risk for unintended pregnancy, defined as those who were sexually active with a man in the last 3 months and did not report menopause, hysterectomy, current pregnancy or desiring pregnancy.
Outcome measures
We estimated the weighted prevalence of any condom use among women at risk for unintended pregnancy. We calculated crude and adjusted prevalence ratios (aPRs) to examine the association between condom use and ZIKV-related factors, stratified by use of more effective versus less effective or no contraception.
Results
Overall, 32.7% (95% CI: 30.2% to 35.1%) of women reported any condom use in the last 3 months. Among women using more effective contraception, condom use was higher for women who received ZIKV counselling (aPR: 1.61, 95% CI: 1.15 to 2.25) and those worried about having a child with a ZIKV-associated birth defect (aPR: 1.47, 95% CI: 1.03 to 2.10). Among women using less effective or no contraception, condom use was associated with being worried (aPR: 1.20, 95% CI: 1.01 to 1.43) compared with those not worried about ZIKV infection or with a previous known infection.
Conclusions
During the 2016 ZIKV outbreak, one in three women at risk for unintended pregnancy reported any condom use. Counselling to promote consistent and correct condom use may address concerns regarding ZIKV among women of reproductive age, which may differ by use of effective contraception.
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Mary C. Ottolini, Randheer Shailam, Amita Sharma, Ivy A. Rosales
New England Journal of Medicine, 13.07.2022
Tilføjet 14.07.2022
New England Journal of Medicine, Volume 387, Issue 2, Page 168-176, July 2022.
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedEric J. Rubin, Lindsey R. Baden, Peter Marks, Stephen Morrissey
New England Journal of Medicine, 13.07.2022
Tilføjet 14.07.2022
Saul J. Karpen
New England Journal of Medicine, 13.07.2022
Tilføjet 14.07.2022
L. Helena Gutierrez Sanchez, Henry Shiau, Julia M. Baker, Stephanie Saaybi, Markus Buchfellner, William Britt, Veronica Sanchez, Jennifer L. Potter, L. Amanda Ingram, David Kelly, Xiaoyan Lu, Stephanie Ayers-Millsap, Wesley G. Willeford, Negar Rassaei, Julu Bhatnagar, Hannah Bullock, Sarah Reagan-Steiner, Ali Martin, Michael E. Rogers, Anna M. Banc-Husu, Sanjiv Harpavat, Daniel H. Leung, Elizabeth A. Moulton, Daryl M. Lamson, Kirsten St. George, Aron J. Hall, Umesh Parashar, Adam MacNeil, Jacqueline E. Tate, Hannah L. Kirking
New England Journal of Medicine, 13.07.2022
Tilføjet 14.07.2022
Chayarani Kelgeri, Michael Couper, Girish L. Gupte, Alexandra Brant, Mitul Patel, Lauren Johansen, Joseph Valamparampil, Evelyn Ong, Hermien Hartog, M.T.P.R. Perera, Darius Mirza, Indra van Mourik, Khalid Sharif, Jane Hartley
New England Journal of Medicine, 13.07.2022
Tilføjet 14.07.2022
Daniel Pan, Caroline M. Williams, Jonathan Decker, Eve Fletcher, Shirley Sze, Sara Assadi, Richard Haigh, Baber Saleem, Joshua Nazareth, Natalie J. Garton, Manish Pareek, Michael R. Barer
Clinical Microbiology and Infection, 14.07.2022
Tilføjet 14.07.2022
No studies have examined longitudinal patterns of naturally exhaled SARS-CoV-2 RNA viral load (VL) during acute infection. We report this using facemask sampling (FMS) and assessed the relationship between emitted RNA VL and household transmission.
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedEllis, J., Harvey, D., Defres, S., Chandna, A., MacLachlan, E., Solomon, T., Heyderman, R. S., McGill, F., on behalf of the National Audit of Meningitis Management (NAMM) group, Chue, Moran, Gokani, Thompson, Ajdukiewicz, Ward, Barrett, Edwards, Usher, McLeod, Singh, Htwe, Rogers, Duane, Wiselka, Wong, Vink, Poyner, Crane, Lloyd, Chisholm, Kustos, McEwen, Sutton, Jones, Tilley, Estee Torok, Ramsay, Ivan, York, Ansett, Varadarajan, Eshiwe, Fife, Harris, Jayesinghe, Sekhon, Cruise, Larkin, Kanabar, Mutengesa, Ling, Green, Williams, Stevens, Griffith, Bulteel, Milne, Sarma, Wilson, Shone, Urquhart, Eldirdiri, Muir, White, Aberdein, Simpson, Mar, Bowen, Tan, Zin thein, Aziz, Cadwgan, Davies, White, Weston, Zeb, Houston, Fordham, Evans, Wootton, Turner, Willingham, Johnson, Wickramasinghe, Horsley, Trainor, Gaillemin, Rosser, Norton, Crossingham, Cheung, Duxbury, Deshpande, Bellhouse, Khalsa, Brezovjakova, McLean, Tanmay, Davies, Dawidziuk, Allen, Saman, Kelly, Adler, Ejere, Shah, Soo, Beadles, Sturgeon, Cameron, Ben Tomlinson, McGoldrick, McDowell, Miller, Graham, Molosiwa, Hunter, Owen, Kennedy, Robinson, Cross, Perry, Inpadhas, Khan, Selvam, Bateman, Wong, Wu, Pasztor, Patel, Karunakaran, Soliman, Paraiso, McLeod, Htwe, Smith, Blanshard, Reddy, Shahi, Chesterfield, Schroeder, Woodhouse, Coebergh, Levee, Muldoon, Oregan, Teoh, Subbarao, Tiberi, Bell, Lambourne, McGuire, Serafino, Goodman, Bhide, Sagoo, Melzer, Krutikov, Balakrishnan, Hopkins, Jones, Patel, Faris, Calver, Singh, Sanghvi, Eltayeb, Haris
BMJ Open, 14.07.2022
Tilføjet 14.07.2022
Objectives
To assess practice in the care of adults with suspected community-acquired bacterial meningitis in the UK and Ireland.
Design
Retrospective cohort study.
Setting
64 UK and Irish hospitals.
Participants
1471 adults with community-acquired meningitis of any aetiology in 2017.
Results
None of the audit standards, from the 2016 UK Joint Specialists Societies guideline on diagnosis and management of meningitis, were met in all cases. With respect to 20 of 30 assessed standards, clinical management provided for patients was in line with recommendations in less than 50% of cases. 45% of patients had blood cultures taken within an hour of admission, 0.5% had a lumbar puncture within 1 hour, 26% within 8 hours. 28% had bacterial molecular diagnostic tests on cerebrospinal fluid. Median time to first dose of antibiotics was 3.2 hours (IQR 1.3–9.2). 80% received empirical parenteral cephalosporins. 55% ≥60 years and 31% of immunocompromised patients received anti-Listeria antibiotics. 21% received steroids. Of the 1471 patients, 20% had confirmed bacterial meningitis. Among those with bacterial meningitis, pneumococcal aetiology, admission to intensive care and initial Glasgow Coma Scale Score less than 14 were associated with in-hospital mortality (adjusted OR (aOR) 2.08, 95% CI 0.96 to 4.48; aOR 4.28, 95% CI 1.81 to 10.1; aOR 2.90, 95% CI 1.26 to 6.71, respectively). Dexamethasone therapy was weakly associated with a reduction in mortality in both those with proven bacterial meningitis (aOR 0.57, 95% CI 0.28 to 1.17) and with pneumococcal meningitis (aOR 0.47, 95% CI 0.20 to 1.10).
Conclusion
This study demonstrates that clinical care for patients with meningitis in the UK is not in line with current evidence-based national guidelines. Diagnostics and therapeutics should be targeted for quality improvement strategies. Work should be done to improve the impact of guidelines, understand why they are not followed and, once published, ensure they translate into changed practice.
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Maddalena Peghin, Maria De Martino, Alvisa Palese, Elena Graziano, Miriam Isola, Carlo Tascini
Clinical Microbiology and Infection, 13.07.2022
Tilføjet 14.07.2022
We thank Drs Pathum Sookaromdee and Viroj Wiwanitkit for their thoughtful remarks on our study on the role of vaccination and humoral response in post-COVID-19 syndrome after one year. Their letter raises important issues, and we appreciate the opportunity to address these. Based on our data, the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) vaccination should be recommended for patients with a history of previous COVID-19 infection, regardless of age and severity of acute disease, because hybrid immunity may not worsen sequalae and may reduce their risk of reinfection to avoid a vicious immune circle.
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedMulugeta W/mariam Beyen, Gizachew Abdissa Bulto, Eshetu Ejeta Chaka, Bikila Tefera Debelo, Ephrem Yohannes Roga, Negash Wakgari, Kababa Temesgen Danusa, Daniel Belema Fekene
PLoS One Infectious Diseases, 13.07.2022
Tilføjet 13.07.2022
by Mulugeta W/mariam Beyen, Gizachew Abdissa Bulto, Eshetu Ejeta Chaka, Bikila Tefera Debelo, Ephrem Yohannes Roga, Negash Wakgari, Kababa Temesgen Danusa, Daniel Belema Fekene
Background The Human Papillomavirus (HPV) vaccine has offered a great promise to reduce the cervical cancer burden; its utilization (uptake) however has been lagging. However, the levels and factors associated with the uptake of the vaccine have not been well investigated, especially in the local context. Objective To assess the uptake of human papillomavirus vaccination and its associated factors among adolescent school girls in ambo town, Oromia, Ethiopia, 2020. Methods An institution-based cross-sectional quantitative study design supplemented with the qualitative inquiry was employed to assess Human Papillomavirus vaccination uptake and its associated factors among 422 adolescent school girls in Ambo town, central Ethiopia from December 1–30, 2020. The collected data were coded, entered, and cleaned by using Epi info 7.2.3 and exported to SPSS version 25 for analysis. Descriptive statistics were used to compute summary statistics and proportions. Both bivariate and multivariable logistic regression was employed to identify factors associated with HPV vaccine uptake. Adjusted odds ratio and 95% confidence interval were used for the strength and directions of association. A P-value of < 0.05 was used to declare statistical significance. Qualitative findings have been analyzed with manual thematic analysis. Result The proportion of HPV vaccination uptake among school girls in this study was 44.4%. Hearing about HPV vaccine [AOR = 2.50, 95%CI: (1.045–5.959)], availability of awareness creation [AOR = 2.53, 95%CI: (1.507–4.258)], and favorable attitude [AOR = 2.049, 95%CI: (1.153–3.64)] were the key identified factors associated with vaccination uptake. In addition, poor perception, fear of side effects, and misunderstanding were among the major factors identified by qualitative findings. Conclusion There was low uptake of HPV vaccination among the school Adolescents in the study area. Availability of awareness creation programs, favorable attitude towards HPV vaccine, and hearing about HPV vaccine was significantly associated with the uptake of the HPV vaccination. Therefore, awareness creation and behavior change education are mandatory to scale up the vaccination.
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedDenghui Wang, Yaxin Zhang, Meiling Xu, Xiaoling Sun, Xiulin Cui, Xiuran Wang, Dongbo Liu
PLoS One Infectious Diseases, 13.07.2022
Tilføjet 13.07.2022
by Denghui Wang, Yaxin Zhang, Meiling Xu, Xiaoling Sun, Xiulin Cui, Xiuran Wang, Dongbo Liu
Background The diabetes mellitus prevalence is rapidly increasing in most parts of the world and has become a vital health problem. Probiotic and herbal foods are valuable in the treatment of diabetes. Methods and performance In this study, Bacillus licheniformis (BL) and Astragalus membranaceus extract (AE) were given with food to InR[E19]/TM2 Drosophila melanogaster, and the blood glucose, antioxidation activity and intestinal microbiota were investigated. The obtained results showed that BA (BL and AE combination) supplementation markedly decreased the blood glucose concentration compared with the standard diet control group, accompanied by significantly increased enzymatic activities of catalase (CAT), decreased MDA levels and prolonged lifespan of InR[E19]/TM2 D. melanogaster. The treatments with BL, AE and BA also ameliorated intestinal microbiota equilibrium by increasing the population of Lactobacillus and significantly decreasing the abundance of Wolbachia. In addition, clearly different evolutionary clusters were found among the control, BL, AE and BA-supplemented diets, and the beneficial microbiota, Lactobacillaceae and Acetobacter, were found to be significantly increased in male flies that were fed BA. These results indicated that dietary supplementation with AE combined with BL not only decreased blood glucose but also extended the lifespan, with CAT increasing, MDA decreasing, and intestinal microbiota improving in InR[E19]/TM2 D. melanogaster. Conclusion The obtained results showed that dietary supplementation with BL and AE, under the synergistic effect of BL and AE, not only prolonged the lifespan of InR[E19]/TM2 D. melanogaster, increased body weight, and improved the body’s antiaging enzyme activity but also effectively improved the types and quantities of beneficial bacteria in the intestinal flora of InR[E19]/TM2 D. melanogaster to improve the characteristics of diabetes symptoms. This study provides scientific evidence for a safe and effective dietary therapeutic method for diabetes mellitus.
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedKohei Koiwa, Koubun Wakashima, Michiko Ikuta, Keigo Asai, Gen Takagi
PLoS One Infectious Diseases, 13.07.2022
Tilføjet 13.07.2022
by Kohei Koiwa, Koubun Wakashima, Michiko Ikuta, Keigo Asai, Gen Takagi
The fear of COVID-19 has become a social problem during the pandemic. The present study compares the fear of COVID-19 among members of the general public, college students, pregnant women, and hospital nurses. It also examines various factors associated with the fear of COVID-19. In this study, we conducted a survey of the general public on fear of infection and related factors and compared from previous studies of college students, pregnant women, and hospital nurses. A crowdsourced survey was administered to 450 members of the general public, who were asked about their fear of COVID-19 infection. Data from college students, nurses, and pregnant women were recruited from a May-June 2020 survey on fear of COVID-19. An analysis of variance was used to compare the fear of infection among different attribution. The results showed that more pregnant women and fewer college students feared infection, as did equal numbers of hospital nurses and members of the general public. The multiple regression analysis revealed that college students and pregnant women associated the fear of infection with their key source of information, while hospital nurses associated the fear of infection with living with an older person. These results suggest that pregnant women have a significant fear of infection, which is further defined by the risk of serious illness in cases of infection. Although the fear of infection is relatively low among hospital nurses, they fear becoming a source of infection. These results reveal the groups in Japan that fear infection and the reasons for their concern. The present study may help to provide psychological support to counteract the fear of infection in vulnerable groups.
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedTomokazu Ohishi, Takayuki Hishiki, Mirza S. Baig, Sajjan Rajpoot, Uzma Saqib, Tomohiko Takasaki, Yukihiko Hara
PLoS One Infectious Diseases, 13.07.2022
Tilføjet 13.07.2022
by Tomokazu Ohishi, Takayuki Hishiki, Mirza S. Baig, Sajjan Rajpoot, Uzma Saqib, Tomohiko Takasaki, Yukihiko Hara
The outbreak of the coronavirus disease 2019 caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 triggered a global pandemic where control is needed through therapeutic and preventive interventions. This study aims to identify natural compounds that could affect the fusion between the viral membrane (receptor-binding domain of the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 spike protein) and the human cell receptor angiotensin-converting enzyme 2. Accordingly, we performed the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay-based screening of 10 phytochemicals that already showed numerous positive effects on human health in several epidemiological studies and clinical trials. Among these phytochemicals, epigallocatechin gallate, a polyphenol and a major component of green tea, could effectively inhibit the interaction between the receptor-binding domain of the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 spike protein and the human cell receptor angiotensin-converting enzyme 2. Alternately, in silico molecular docking studies of epigallocatechin gallate and angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 indicated a binding score of −7.8 kcal/mol and identified a hydrogen bond between R393 and angiotensin-converting enzyme 2, which is considered as a key interacting residue involved in binding with the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 spike protein receptor-binding domain, suggesting the possible blocking of interaction between receptor-binding domain and angiotensin-converting enzyme 2. Furthermore, epigallocatechin gallate could attenuate severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 infection and replication in Caco-2 cells. These results shed insight into identification and validation of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 entry inhibitors.
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedChirag K. Kumar, Ruchita Balasubramanian, Stefano Ongarello, Sergio Carmona, Ramanan Laxminarayan
PLoS One Infectious Diseases, 13.07.2022
Tilføjet 13.07.2022
by Chirag K. Kumar, Ruchita Balasubramanian, Stefano Ongarello, Sergio Carmona, Ramanan Laxminarayan
Although COVID-19 vaccines are globally available, waning immunity and emerging vaccine-evasive variants of concern have hindered the international response and transition to a post-pandemic era. Testing to identify and isolate infectious individuals remains the most proactive strategy for containing an ongoing COVID-19 outbreak. We developed a stochastic, compartmentalized model to simulate the impact of using Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction (RT-PCR) assays, rapid antigen tests, and vaccinations on SARS-CoV-2 spread. We compare testing strategies across an example high-income country (the United States) and low- and middle-income country (India). We detail the optimal testing frequency and coverage in the US and India to mitigate an emerging outbreak even in a vaccinated population: overall, maximizing testing frequency is most important, but having high testing coverage remains necessary when there is sustained transmission. A resource-limited vaccination strategy still requires high-frequency testing to minimize subsequent outbreaks and is 16.50% more effective in reducing cases in India than the United States. Tailoring testing strategies to transmission settings can help effectively reduce disease burden more than if a uniform approach were employed without regard to epidemiological variability across locations.
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedFederico Migliorelli, Ludovica Ferrero, Catherine McCarey, Sara Marcenaro, Véronique Othenin-Girard, Antonina Chilin, Begoña Martinez de Tejada
PLoS One Infectious Diseases, 13.07.2022
Tilføjet 13.07.2022
by Federico Migliorelli, Ludovica Ferrero, Catherine McCarey, Sara Marcenaro, Véronique Othenin-Girard, Antonina Chilin, Begoña Martinez de Tejada
Background Recent studies have shown that elective induction of labor versus expectant management after 39 weeks of pregnancy result in lower incidence of perinatal complications, while the proportion of cesarean deliveries remains stable, or even decreases. Still, evidence regarding collateral consequences of the potential increase of induction of labor procedures is still lacking. Also, the results of these studies must be carefully interpreted and thoroughly counter-balanced with women’s thoughts and opinions regarding the active management of the last weeks of pregnancy. Therefore, it may be useful to develop a tool that aids in the decision-making process by differentiating women who will spontaneously go into labor from those who will require induction. Objective To develop a predictive model to calculate the probability of spontaneous onset of labor at term. Methods We designed a prospective national multicentric observational study including women enrolled at 39 weeks of gestation, carrying singleton pregnancies. After signing an informed consent form, several clinical, ultrasonographic, biophysical and biochemical variables will be collected by trained staff. If delivery has not occurred at 40 weeks of pregnancy, a second visit and evaluation will be performed. Prenatal care will be continued according to current hospital guidelines. Once recruitment is completed, the information gathered will be used to develop a logistic regression-based predictive model of spontaneous onset of labor between 39 and 41 weeks of gestation. A secondary exploration of the data collected at 40 weeks, as well as a survival analysis regarding time-to-delivery outcomes will also be performed. A total sample of 429 participants is needed for the expected number of events. Conclusion This study aims to develop a model which may help in the decision-making process during follow-up of the last weeks of pregnancy. Trial registration NCT05109247 (clinicaltrials.gov).
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