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34 emner vises.
Walach, H., Ofner, M., Ruof, V., Herbig, M., Klement, R. J.
BMJ Open, 18.08.2022
Tilføjet 18.08.2022
Objective
To answer the question: Why do people consent to being vaccinated with novel vaccines against SARS-CoV-2?
Design
Representative survey.
Setting
Online panel.
Participants
1032 respondents of the general German population.
Method
A representative survey among German citizens in November/December 2021 that resulted in 1032 complete responses on vaccination status, sociodemographic parameters and opinions about the COVID-19 situation.
Results
Almost 83% of the respondents were vaccinated. The major motivation was fear of medical consequences of an infection and the wish to lead a normal life again. The major motivation to be not vaccinated was the fear of side effects and scepticism about long-term effectiveness and safety. Sixteen per cent of vaccinated respondents reported some serious side effect, while more than 30% reported health improvements, mostly due to the relief of psychological stress and social reintegration. We also validated a ‘Corona Orthodoxy Score—COS’ consisting of seven items reflecting opinions on COVID-19. The scale is reliable (alpha=0.76) and unidimensional. The COS was a highly significant predictor of vaccination status and readiness to be vaccinated in a multivariable logistic regression model. Those who were vaccinated were more likely to live in smaller households (OR=0.82, p=0.024), had a higher income (OR=1.27, p<0.001), a higher COS score (OR 1.4, p<0.0001) and used less alternative media (OR=0.44, p=0.0024) and scientific publications (OR=0.42, p=0.011) as information sources.
Conclusions
The major motives for being vaccinated are fear of medical symptoms and the wish to lead a normal life. Those not wanting to be vaccinated cite a lack of knowledge regarding long-term safety and side effects as reasons. This can likely only be overcome by careful and active long-term efficacy and safety monitoring.
Læs mere Tjek på PubMed
Bhattacharya, O., Siddiquea, B. N., Shetty, A., Afroz, A., Billah, B.
BMJ Open, 18.08.2022
Tilføjet 18.08.2022
Objective
The aim of this study was to perform a systematic review and meta-analysis to estimate the vaccines’ acceptance level and to find the factors influencing pregnant women’s vaccination decisions, with the goal of assisting in the development of interventions and promoting more research in this area.
Design
Systematic review and meta-analysis.
Data sources
MEDLINE, Embase, CINAHL and PubMed.
Eligibility criteria
Studies providing any kind of quantitative assessment of overall COVID-19 vaccination acceptance among pregnant women in any country or region across the globe.
Data extraction and synthesis
The pooled prevalence of COVID-19 vaccine acceptance among pregnant women was calculated using the random-effects model. Subgroup (sensitivity) analysis was performed to determine the overall COVID-19 vaccine acceptance level to understand the sources of substantial heterogeneity.
Results
Out of the 375 studies identified, 17 studies from four continents assessing 25 147 participants (pregnant women) were included in this study. Among the participants, only 49% (95% CI 42% to 56%, p<0.001) had COVID-19 vaccine acceptance. High-income countries (47%; 95% CI 38% to 55%, p<0.001), participants with fewer than 12 years of education (38%; 95% CI 19% to 58%, p<0.001) and multiparous women (48%; 95% CI 31% to 66%, p<0.001) had lower COVID-19 vaccine acceptance. Overall heterogeneity was high (I2 ≥98%), and publication bias was present (p<0.001). A very weak positive correlation between COVID-19 knowledge and COVID-19 vaccine acceptance was observed (r=0.164; 95% CI –0.946 to 0.972; p=0.8359).
Conclusion
Overall, COVID-19 vaccine acceptance among pregnant women was low across the studies and considerably low among some specific subgroups of participants. These research findings have implications for the development of effective interventions that could increase the COVID-19 vaccine acceptance level among pregnant women to attain herd immunity.
PROSPERO registration number
CRD42021277754.
Læs mere Tjek på PubMed
Immunity, 26.10.2022
Tilføjet 18.08.2022
Publication date: Available online 18 August 2022Source: ImmunityAuthor(s): Antonio Bertoletti, Nina Le Bert, Anthony T. Tan
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedCarolyn T. Bramante, Jared D. Huling, Christopher J. Tignanelli, John B. Buse, David M. Liebovitz, Jacinda M. Nicklas, Kenneth Cohen, Michael A. Puskarich, Hrishikesh K. Belani, Jennifer L. Proper, Lianne K. Siegel, Nichole R. Klatt, David J. Odde, Darlette G. Luke, Blake Anderson, Amy B. Karger, Nicholas E. Ingraham, Katrina M. Hartman, Via Rao, Aubrey A. Hagen, Barkha Patel, Sarah L. Fenno, Nandini Avula, Neha V. Reddy, Spencer M. Erickson, Sarah Lindberg, Regina Fricton, Samuel Lee, Adnin Zaman, Hanna G. Saveraid, Walker J. Tordsen, Matthew F. Pullen, Michelle Biros, Nancy E. Sherwood, Jennifer L. Thompson, David R. Boulware, Thomas A. Murray
New England Journal of Medicine, 17.08.2022
Tilføjet 18.08.2022
New England Journal of Medicine, Volume 387, Issue 7, Page 599-610, August 2022.
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedSalim S. Abdool Karim, Nikita Devnarain
New England Journal of Medicine, 17.08.2022
Tilføjet 18.08.2022
New England Journal of Medicine, Volume 387, Issue 7, Page 654-655, August 2022.
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedClaire Waller, Marianne Tiemensma, Bart J. Currie, David T. Williams, Robert W. Baird, Vicki L. Krause
New England Journal of Medicine, 17.08.2022
Tilføjet 18.08.2022
New England Journal of Medicine, Volume 387, Issue 7, Page 661-662, August 2022.
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedYakun Wang, Tingyuan Li, Jian Yin, Yin Liu, Zhifang Li, Yujing Liu, Tingting Chen, Simiao Chen, Yu Dai, Jianfeng Cui, Bin Liu, Xiangxian Feng, Shaokai Zhang, Wen Chen
Journal of Medical Virology, 18.08.2022
Tilføjet 18.08.2022
Richter RAZAFINDRATSIMANDRESY, Marie‐Line JOFFRET, Jonhson RAHARINANTOANINA, Patsy POLSTON, Nelson Seta ANDRIAMAMONJY, Iony Manitra RAZANAJATOVO, Ousmane M DIOP, Francis DELPEYROUX, Jean‐Michel HERAUD, Maël BESSAUD
Journal of Medical Virology, 18.08.2022
Tilføjet 18.08.2022
Shihong Zhong, Zhipeng Liu, Yang Zhou, Tianling Zhang, Xin Fu, Ling Guo, Shuqin Gu, Libo Tang, Jinlin Hou, Yongyin Li
Journal of Medical Virology, 17.08.2022
Tilføjet 18.08.2022
Marlies Boeren, Pieter Meysman, Kris Laukens, Peter Ponsaerts, Benson Ogunjimi, Peter Delputte
Trends in Microbiology, 17.08.2022
Tilføjet 18.08.2022
Herpesviruses hijack the MHC class I (MHC I) and class II (MHC II) antigen-presentation pathways to manipulate immune recognition by T cells. First, we illustrate herpes simplex virus-1 (HSV-1) and varicella-zoster virus (VZV) MHC immune evasion strategies. Next, we describe MHC–T cell interactions in HSV-1- and VZV- infected neural ganglia. Although studies on the topic are scarce, and use different models, most reports indicate that neuronal HSV-1 infection is mainly controlled by CD8+ T cells through noncytolytic mechanisms, whereas VZV seems to be largely controlled through CD4+ T cell-specific immune responses.
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedNoreen Ashraf, Fiaz Ahmad, Yandu Lu
Trends in Microbiology, 17.08.2022
Tilføjet 18.08.2022
Microalga–microbiome interactions are central to both health and disease of aquatic environments. Despite impressive advances in deciphering how microorganisms participate in and impact aquatic ecosystems, the evolution and ecological involvement of microalgae and the microbiome in polluted waters are typically studied independently. Here, the phycosphere (i.e., the consortia of microalgae and the related microbiome) is regarded as an independent and integrated life form, and we summarize the survival strategies exhibited by this symbiont when exposed to anthropogenic pollution.
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedRichard L. Oehler, Vivian R. Vega
International Journal of Infectious Diseases, 17.08.2022
Tilføjet 18.08.2022
On a warm South African day in mid-November 2021, Dr. Angelique Coetzee examined a 29-year-old man complaining of extreme fatigue and severe headaches. The symptoms seemed more consistent with heat stroke than the sore throat and fever she had noticed in her COVID-19 patients. By day's end, after seeing several similar cases test positive for COVID-19, Dr. Coetzee, chair of the South African Medical Association, became convinced that something was amiss. Within a week, investigators determined that her patients were infected with a new variant possessing multiple mutations (McKeever 2021), B.1.1.529 BA.1, or Omicron.
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedAnnalan M D Navaratnam, Madhumita Shrotri, Vincent Nguyen, Isobel Braithwaite, Sarah Beale, Thomas E Byrne, Wing Lam Erica Fong, Ellen Fragaszy, Cyril Geismar, Susan Hoskins, Jana Kovar, Parth Patel, Alexei Yavlinsky, Anna Aryee, Alison Rodger, Andrew C Hayward, Robert W Aldridge, Virus Watch Collaborative
International Journal of Infectious Diseases, 17.08.2022
Tilføjet 17.08.2022
Antibodies produced following natural infection with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), the virus which causes COVID-19, are known to provide some protection against reinfection for at least 6 months in the early stages of the pandemic.(Hansen et al., 2021) The proportion of infected individuals who are N-antibody (anti-N) and S-antibody (anti-S) positive and the stability of the antibody response over time are not well established.(Siggins et al., 2021) In the UK, surveillance has been largely through symptomatic testing with reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assays or asymptomatic testing through Lateral Flow Device (LFD) tests.
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedPanagiotis Skendros, Georgios Germanidis, Dimitrios C. Mastellos, Christina Antoniadou, Efstratios Gavriilidis, Georgios Kalopitas, Anna Samakidou, Angelos Liontos, Akrivi Chrysanthopoulou, Maria Ntinopoulou, Dionysios Kogias, Ioanna Karanika, Andreas Smyrlis, Dainora Cepaityte, Iliana Fotiadou, Nikoleta Zioga, Ioannis Mitroulis, Nikolaos K. Gatselis, Charalampos Papagoras, Simeon Metallidis, Haralampos Milionis, George N. Dalekos, Loek Willems, Barbro Persson, Vivek Anand Manivel, Bo Nilsson, E. Sander Connolly, Simona Iacobelli, Vasileios Papadopoulos, Rodrigo T. Calado, Markus Huber-Lang, Antonio M. Risitano, Despina Yancopoulou, Konstantinos Ritis, John D. Lambris
Science Advances, 17.08.2022
Tilføjet 17.08.2022
Sasitorn Yenyuwadee, Jose Luis Sanchez-Trincado Lopez, Rushil Shah, Pamela C. Rosato, Vassiliki A. Boussiotis
Science Advances, 17.08.2022
Tilføjet 17.08.2022
Immunity, 26.10.2022
Tilføjet 17.08.2022
Publication date: Available online 16 August 2022Source: ImmunityAuthor(s): Brandon McLeod, Moustafa T. Mabrouk, Kazutoyo Miura, Rashmi Ravichandran, Sally Kephart, Sophia Hailemariam, Thao P. Pham, Anthony Semesi, Iga Kucharska, Prasun Kundu, Wei-Chiao Huang, Max Johnson, Alyssa Blackstone, Deleah Pettie, Michael Murphy, John C. Kraft, Elizabeth M. Leaf, Yang Jiao, Marga van de Vegte-Bolmer, Geert-Jan van Gemert
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedSirinya Phulkerd, Sasinee Thapsuwan, Aphichat Chamratrithirong, Rossarin Soottipong Gray, Umaporn Pattaravanich, Chantana Ungchusak, Pairoj Saonuam
PLoS One Infectious Diseases, 17.08.2022
Tilføjet 17.08.2022
by Sirinya Phulkerd, Sasinee Thapsuwan, Aphichat Chamratrithirong, Rossarin Soottipong Gray, Umaporn Pattaravanich, Chantana Ungchusak, Pairoj Saonuam
While the influence of implementation of mass media and community-based campaigns has been evident elsewhere, this information has been notably absent in Thailand. This study aimed to investigate the association between implementation of mass media campaigns (MMC) and community-based campaigns (CBC) for increased fruit and vegetable (FV) consumption to meet the global recommended level in the Thai population. The sample was obtained from a nationally-representative, longitudinal household survey of the Thai population, Round1 (2018) and Round2 (2019). The study applied a multi-stage sampling design to obtain a sample of persons age 15 years or older. Face-to-face interviews were conducted with 3,010 respondents who successfully participated in both Round1 and Round2 surveys. Information on FV consumption, exposure to Government MMC, ThaiHealth MMC including social marketing (MMSMC) and CBC, and sociodemographic characteristics were collected. Binary logistic regression analysis was used to investigate the association between implementation of those campaigns and increased FV consumption compared to the recommended level. Of the total respondents, only 11.3% had higher FV consumption and also met the minimum requirement. Respondents who lived in rural areas, were farmers, and grew FV at home had the highest probability of increased FV consumption. Exposure to the MMC and CBC was also associated with an increase in FV consumption. Above all, those who had exposure to the MMSMC, who reported either having high level of perception (OR = 1.832, 95% CI 1.259–2.666) or ever heard or seen (OR = 1.770, 95% CI 1.264–2.479) or heard and seen (OR = 1.698, 95% CI 1.131–2.550) campaign information were more likely to have a substantial increase in FV consumption and meeting/exceeding the recommended level than those who were not exposed to these campaigns. Other associated factors include education, occupation and physical activity. Implementation of MMSMC can help the population meet the global recommended level of FV consumption. This study presents its novelty since it was the first to highlight influence of mass media campaigns on increased FV consumption in Asian population. This was also the first study that used data from a population-based longitudinal study. The study suggested that MMC and CBC should also be promoted together with support systems to increase their intensity to a level that can increase population FV consumption to meet the recommended level. Sociodemographic characteristics should be taken into account, and targeted media is needed to effectively reach specific sub-groups of the population.
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedMariana Cruz, Simão Pinho, José Manuel Castro-Lopes, Rute Sampaio
PLoS One Infectious Diseases, 17.08.2022
Tilføjet 17.08.2022
by Mariana Cruz, Simão Pinho, José Manuel Castro-Lopes, Rute Sampaio
Chronic pain affects almost 38% of the Portuguese adult population, with high costs for both patients and society. Those who suffer with chronic pain frequently complain of feeling misunderstood and of lack of support. These complaints are the main reason why support telephone lines for chronic pain were created in some countries. However, there is no scientific data supporting their creation or evaluating their performance. This paper presents a qualitative study protocol to assess patients and healthcare professionals’ perspectives on the creation of a telephone support line for chronic pain. It constitutes the first step to attain the main goal of developing and implementing a functioning support line for chronic pain in Portugal. The methodology to assess patients and healthcare professionals’ perspectives and needs is presented. In order to gather information as close to reality as possible, focus groups interviews were chosen as data sources. Given the present context of the COVID-19 pandemic, meetings will take place online, using a digital platform. All interviews will be transcribed verbatim, coded and synthesised into categories and main themes. Thematic analysis will be conducted using NVivo® V12 software, employing an iterative and reflexive approach. Finally, comparative and relational analysis will be performed in order to identify topics where patients and professionals converge or greatly diverge. The findings will be useful for grounding the creation of a telephone support line for chronic pain patients. Results dissemination will be important for policy-makers to develop a new perspective towards chronic pain services available.
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedWuyang Yu
PLoS One Infectious Diseases, 17.08.2022
Tilføjet 17.08.2022
by Wuyang Yu
In competitive settings, firms locate their facilities according to customers’ behavior to maximize their market share. A common behavior is consuming from different motivations: one is for convenient demand, and the other is for quality demand. In this behavioral pattern, consumers patronize facilities within convenience for some demands, and patronize high quality facilities beyond convenience range for other demands. This behavior has never been included in competitive facility location problems. Given several other companies’ facilities in the market offering similar products or services, we study how a new entrant company can locate facilities based on this customer behavior to maximize its market share. A two-level robust model for the new entrant company is proposed to locate its facilities by taking into account the uncertainty of the types of customers’ demands. For medium size problems, we propose an equivalent mixed binary linear programming to obtain exact solutions. For large size problems, an exact algorithm (GCKP-A) for solving the inner-level model is given first by exploring the optimal solution. Then a heuristic algorithm is proposed by imbedding (GCKP-A) and 2-opt strategy into the framework of the improved ranking-based algorithm. The performance of the proposed heuristic algorithm is checked for different size problems. The sensitivity analysis of a quasi-real example shows that: (1) in most cases, the uncertainty between two types of demands does not affect the location scheme; (2) the convenience range, the quality range and the quality threshold play an important role in the market share of the new entrant company.
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedYêyinou Laura Estelle Loko, Charlemagne D. S. J. Gbemavo, Paterne A. Agre, Anicet G. Dassou, Octaviano Igor Yelome, Roger Idossou, S. Alban Etchiha Afoha, Eric Dadonougbo, Jeannette Fakorede, Alexandre A. Dansi
PLoS One Infectious Diseases, 17.08.2022
Tilføjet 17.08.2022
by Yêyinou Laura Estelle Loko, Charlemagne D. S. J. Gbemavo, Paterne A. Agre, Anicet G. Dassou, Octaviano Igor Yelome, Roger Idossou, S. Alban Etchiha Afoha, Eric Dadonougbo, Jeannette Fakorede, Alexandre A. Dansi
To meet the high demand for white Guinea yam, there is a need to develop and release improved varieties to farmers. Unfortunately, low rate of adoption of most of the improved yam varieties by both producers and consumers was observed. Information regarding agronomic characteristics and food qualities of popular white Guinea yam landraces with high market value are not available to establish minimum standards to be considered by breeding programs. To fill this gap, surveys using rural appraisal tools were carried out in 20 villages and 16 markets throughout Benin. Data on the agronomic performance suggested that for an improved variety to be adopted by Beninese farmers it should have a minimum yield of 4.16 ± 0.15 kg per mound, and average number of marketable tubers of 1.23 ± 0.05, a mean tuber length of 36.41 ± 1.22 cm, and a minimum diameter of 25.44 ± 1.16 cm. The sensorial attributes for boiled and pounded tubers of this improved variety should have minimum score of 3.16 for texture, 0.75 for softness, 3.75 for elasticity, and 1.34 for colour during the sensory evaluation. The improved variety must also have a minimum average severity score of 1.1 for yam mosaic virus disease, 1.33 for anthracnose and 1 for nematodes. Landraces Amoula, Laboko, and Djilaadja should be considered as the standard for yield, sensory attributes, and tolerance to pest and diseases while landraces Danwari, Kodjewe, Mondji, and Gnidou should be characterized as possessing good flowering and fruit setting capacities for breeding programs.
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedGrace Frempong Afrifa-Anane, Reuben Tete Larbi, Bright Addo, Martin Wiredu Agyekum, Frank Kyei-Arthur, Margaret Appiah, Clara Opoku Agyemang, Ignatius Great Sakada
PLoS One Infectious Diseases, 17.08.2022
Tilføjet 17.08.2022
by Grace Frempong Afrifa-Anane, Reuben Tete Larbi, Bright Addo, Martin Wiredu Agyekum, Frank Kyei-Arthur, Margaret Appiah, Clara Opoku Agyemang, Ignatius Great Sakada
Although COVID-19 vaccines are available, evidence suggests that several factors hinder or facilitate their use. Several studies have found gender differences in COVID-19 vaccine uptake, with women less likely to vaccinate than men in many countries, including Ghana. These studies, however, have primarily been quantitative. This study used a qualitative approach to examine the facilitators and barriers to vaccine uptake among women in Ghana. Using a cross-sectional descriptive qualitative research design, 30 women in the Greater Accra and Ashanti regions of Ghana were conveniently sampled and interviewed using a semi-structured interview guide. Fifteen (15) interviews were conducted in each region. The data were transcribed verbatim and analysed thematically using QSR NVivo version 10 software. Among the key factors that facilitate COVID-19 vaccination are the desire to protect oneself and family against COVID-19, education about COVID-19 vaccines, seeing others receive the COVID-19 vaccine, and vaccine being cost-free. On the other hand, long queues at the vaccination centres, fear of side effects, misconceptions about the vaccines, and shortage of vaccines were the main barriers against COVID-19 vaccination. The study results show that individual, institutional, and vaccine-related factors facilitate or hinder COVID-19 vaccination among women. Addressing these factors need continuous comprehensive health education, and ensuring vaccine availability at vaccination sites will improve women’s uptake of the COVID-19 vaccines.
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedKelly Zhang Aluri, Amal K. Halder, Mahfuza Islam, Jade Benjamin‐Chung, Monirul Alam, Abul Kasham Shoab, Mahbubur Rahman, Leanne Unicomb, Stephen P. Luby
Tropical Medicine & International Health, 17.08.2022
Tilføjet 17.08.2022
Infection, 17.08.2022
Tilføjet 17.08.2022
Abstract
Background
Primaquine is essential for the radical cure of Plasmodium vivax malaria, but it poses a potential danger of severe hemolysis in G6PD-deficient (G6PDd) patients. This study aimed to determine whether primaquine is safe in a population with high G6PD prevalence but lacking G6PD diagnosis capacity.
Methods
In Myanmar, 152 vivax patients were gender- and age-matched at 1:3 for G6PDd versus G6PD-normal (G6PDn). Their risk of acute hemolysis was followed for 28 days after treatment with the standard chloroquine and 14-day primaquine (0.25 mg/kg/day) regimen.
Results
Patients anemic and non-anemic at enrollment showed a rising and declining trend in the mean hemoglobin level, respectively. In males, the G6PDd group showed substantially larger magnitudes of hemoglobin reduction and lower hemoglobin nadir levels than the G6PDn group, but this trend was not evident in females. Almost 1/3 of the patients experienced clinically concerning declines in hemoglobin, with five requiring blood transfusion.
Conclusions
The standard 14-day primaquine regimen carries a significant risk of acute hemolytic anemia (AHA) in vivax patients without G6PD testing in a population with a high prevalence of G6PD deficiency and anemia. G6PD testing would avoid most of the clinically significant Hb reductions and AHA in male patients.
Læs mere Tjek på PubMed
BMC Infectious Diseases, 17.08.2022
Tilføjet 17.08.2022
Abstract
Background
Capnocytophaga canimorsus, a Gram-negative rod, belongs to the Flavobacteriaceae family and colonizes the oropharynx of dogs and cats. Infections with C. canimorsus are rare and can induce a systemic infection with a severe course of the disease. So far, only five case reports of C. canimorsus infections associated with Waterhouse–Friderichsen Syndrome (WFS) have been reported with only two of the patients having a history of splenectomy.
Case presentation
Here, we report a fatal case of WFS due to C. canimorsus bacteremia and mycetal superinfection in a 61-year-old female asplenic patient. Despite extensive therapy including mechanical ventilation, antibiotic coverage with meropenem, systemic corticosteroids medication, vasopressor therapy, continuous renal replacement therapy, therapeutic plasma exchange, multiple transfusions of blood products and implantation of a veno-arterial extracorporeal membrane oxygenation the patient died 10 days after a dog bite. The autopsy showed bilateral hemorrhagic necrosis of the adrenal cortex and septic embolism to heart, kidneys, and liver. Diagnosis of C. canimorsus was prolonged due to the fastidious growth of the bacteria.
Conclusions
The occurrence of a severe sepsis after dog bite should always urge the attending physician to consider C. canimorsus as the disease-causing pathogen. A therapeutic regimen covering C. canimorsus such as aminopenicillins or carbapenems should be chosen. However, despite maximum therapy, the prognosis of C. canimorsus-induced septic shock remains very poor. Asplenic or otherwise immunocompromised patients are at higher risk for a severe course of disease and should avoid exposure to dogs and cats and consider antibiotic prophylaxis after animal bite.
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BMC Infectious Diseases, 17.08.2022
Tilføjet 17.08.2022
Abstract
COVID-19 has had a substantial impact globally. It spreads readily, particularly in enclosed and crowded spaces, such as public transport carriages, yet there are limited studies on how this risk can be reduced. We developed a tool for exploring the potential impacts of mitigation strategies on public transport networks, called the Systems Analytics for Epidemiology in Transport (SAfE Transport). SAfE Transport combines an agent-based transit assignment model, a community-wide transmission model, and a transit disease spread model to support strategic and operational decision-making. For this simulated COVID-19 case study, the transit disease spread model incorporates both direct (person-to-person) and fomite (person-to-surface-to-person) transmission modes. We determine the probable impact of wearing face masks on trains over a seven day simulation horizon, showing substantial and statistically significant reductions in new cases when passenger mask wearing proportions are greater than 80%. The higher the level of mask coverage, the greater the reduction in the number of new infections. Also, the higher levels of mask coverage result in an earlier reduction in disease spread risk. These results can be used by decision makers to guide policy on face mask use for public transport networks.
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedBMC Infectious Diseases, 17.08.2022
Tilføjet 17.08.2022
Abstract
Background
ESKAPEE pathogens Enterococcus faecium, Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Acinetobacter baumannii, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Enterobacter spp. and Escherichia coli are multi-drug resistant (MDR) bacteria that present increasing treatment challenges for healthcare institutions and public health worldwide.
Methods
431 MDR ESKAPEE pathogens were collected from Queen Sirikit Naval Hospital, Chonburi, Thailand between 2017 and 2018. Species identification and antimicrobial resistance (AMR) phenotype were determined following CLSI and EUCAST guidelines on the BD Phoenix System. Molecular identification of antibiotic resistant genes was performed by polymerase chain reaction (PCR), real-time PCR assays, and whole genome sequencing (WGS).
Results
Of the 431 MDR isolates collected, 1.2% were E. faecium, 5.8% were S. aureus, 23.7% were K. pneumoniae, 22.5% were A. baumannii, 4.6% were P. aeruginosa, 0.9% were Enterobacter spp., and 41.3% were E. coli. Of the 401 Gram-negative MDR isolates, 51% were carbapenem resistant, 45% were ESBL producers only, 2% were colistin resistance and ESBLs producers (2%), and 2% were non-ESBLs producers. The most prevalent carbapenemase genes were blaOXA-23 (23%), which was only identified in A. baumannii, followed by blaNDM (17%), and blaOXA-48-like (13%). Beta-lactamase genes detected included blaTEM, blaSHV, blaOXA, blaCTX-M, blaDHA, blaCMY, blaPER and blaVEB. Seven E. coli and K. pneumoniae isolates showed resistance to colistin and carried mcr-1 or mcr-3, with 2 E. coli strains carrying both genes. Among 30 Gram-positive MDR ESKAPEE, all VRE isolates carried the vanA gene (100%) and 84% S. aureus isolates carried the mecA gene.
Conclusions
This report highlights the prevalence of AMR among clinical ESKAPEE pathogens in eastern Thailand. E. coli was the most common MDR pathogen collected, followed by K. pneumoniae, and A. baumannii. Carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae (CRE) and extended spectrum beta-lactamases (ESBLs) producers were the most common resistance profiles. The co-occurrence of mcr-1 and mcr-3 in 2 E. coli strains, which did not affect the level of colistin resistance, is also reported. The participation of global stakeholders and surveillance of MDR remain essential for the control and management of MDR ESKAPEE pathogens.
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Yihong Sun, Jia Fan, Gang Chen, Xiaofei Chen, Xiaoling Du, Ye Wang, Hui Wang, Fang Sun, Matthew G. Johnson, Mekki Bensaci, Jennifer A. Huntington, Christopher J. Bruno
International Journal of Infectious Diseases, 17.08.2022
Tilføjet 17.08.2022
Antibacterial resistance is a global threat to public health (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2019, World Health Organization, 2018, Xiao and Li, 2016), representing a significant clinical and economic burden (Cassini et al., 2019, Cosgrove, 2006, Falagas et al., 2014, Martin et al., 2018, McCann et al., 2020a, 2020b, Tabak et al., 2019). For patients with complicated intra-abdominal infection (cIAI) current treatment options are limited for some bacterial pathogens owing to antibacterial resistance, leading to elevated mortality, which highlights the need for additional treatment options (Zhang Y.
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedBeckham, S. W., Mantsios, A., Galai, N., Likindikoki, S., Mbwambo, J., Davis, W., Kerrigan, D.
BMJ Open, 17.08.2022
Tilføjet 17.08.2022
Objectives
Modalities of pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) for HIV prevention offer options to women at high risk including female sex workers (FSW). This study aimed to explore FSW’s acceptability and preferences for oral pills, long-acting (LA) injectable and vaginal ring PrEP.
Design
Sequential, explanatory, mixed methods.
Setting
Iringa, Tanzania.
Participants
FSW aged above 18 were recruited from sex work venues using time-location sampling (n=496); HIV-uninfected (n=293) were included in this analysis. Subsequently, survey participants were recruited for in-depth interviews (n=10) and two focus group discussions (n=20).
Primary outcome measures
(1) Acceptability of PrEP (Do you personally think it would be worth it to you to take ART if it could prevent HIV?: yes/no) and (2) preference for LA injectable versus oral pills (If you personally were going to take ART to prevent HIV infection, would you prefer to take it in the form of a daily pill or an injection once every 3 months? Injection/pill).
Results
Participants were (92%) unaware of PrEP but 58% thought it would be worth it to personally take PrEP. Acceptability of PrEP was significantly associated with higher social cohesion (aOR 2.12; 95% CI 1.29 to 3.50) and STI symptoms in the past 6 months (aOR 2.52; 95% CI 1.38 to 4.62). Most (88%) preferred LA vs oral PrEP. Qualitative findings revealed generally positive reactions to all types of PrEP, and they were viewed as a welcome backup to condoms. Participants had concerns about pills (burden of daily use, stigma from clients), and the vaginal ring (fear of client noticing and becoming suspicious, fear of infertility) and overall preferred LA-PrEP (less frequent use, easy to hide, belief in higher efficacy).
Conclusions
Offering multiple formulations of PrEP within the context of community-driven HIV prevention interventions among FSW may facilitate increased uptake and adherence. LA injectable PrEP may be a particularly preferred formulation among FSW.
Trial registration number
NCT02281578.
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Jansson, H., Stenfors, T., Riggare, S., Hasson, H., Reinius, M.
BMJ Open, 17.08.2022
Tilføjet 17.08.2022
Objectives
Patient lead users can be defined as patients or relatives who use their knowledge and experience to improve their own or a relative’s care situation and/or the healthcare system, and who are active beyond what is usually expected. The objective of this study is to explore patient lead users’ experiences and engagement during the early COVID-19 pandemic.
Design
Qualitative in-depth interviews with a cross-sectional time horizon.
Setting
The early COVID-19 pandemic in Sweden, from 1 June through 14 September, 2020.
Participants
A total of 10 patient lead users were recruited from the Swedish patient lead users (spetspatient) network. All participants were living with different long-term conditions and matched the definition of being patient lead users.
Results
We found that during the early pandemic, patient lead users experienced that they no longer knew how to best manage their own health and care situations. On an individual level, they described an initial lack of knowledge, new routines, including a change in their health and an experience of people without a disease being in the same situation as them, for a while. On a systemic level, they described a fear of imminent unmet-care backlogs and decreased opportunities for sharing patient perspectives in care organisation, but also described increased networking.
Conclusions
Patient lead users can be seen as an emerging community of practice, and as such could be a valuable resource as a complementary communication channel for an improved health system. The health systems were not able to fully acknowledge and engage with the resource of patient lead users during the pandemic.
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McNulty, C., Sides, E., Thomas, A., Kamal, A., Syeda, R. B., Kaissi, A., Lecky, D. M., Patel, M., Campos-Matos, I., Shukla, R., Brown, C. S., Pareek, M., Sollars, L., Nellums, L., Greenway, J., Jones, L. F.
BMJ Open, 17.08.2022
Tilføjet 17.08.2022
Objectives
To explore public reactions to the COVID-19 pandemic across diverse ethnic groups.
Design
Remote qualitative interviews and focus groups in English or Punjabi. Data were transcribed and analysed through inductive thematic analysis.
Setting
England and Wales, June to October 2020.
Participants
100 participants from 19 diverse ‘self-identified’ ethnic groups.
Results
Dismay, frustration and altruism were reported across all ethnic groups during the first 6–9 months of the COVID-19 pandemic. Dismay was caused by participants’ reported individual, family and community risks, and loss of support networks. Frustration was caused by reported lack of recognition of the efforts of ethnic minority groups (EMGs), inaction by government to address COVID-19 and inequalities, rule breaking by government advisors, changing government rules around: border controls, personal protective equipment, social distancing, eating out, and perceived poor communication around COVID-19 and the Public Health England COVID-19 disparities report (leading to reported increased racism and social isolation). Altruism was felt by all, in the resilience of National Health Service (NHS) staff and their communities and families pulling together. Data, participants’ suggested actions and the behaviour change wheel informed suggested interventions and policies to help control COVID-19.
Conclusion
To improve trust and compliance future reports or guidance should clearly explain any stated differences in health outcomes by ethnicity or other risk group, including specific messages for these groups and concrete actions to minimise any risks. Messaging should reflect the uncertainty in data or advice and how guidance may change going forward as new evidence becomes available. A contingency plan is needed to mitigate the impact of COVID-19 across all communities including EMGs, the vulnerable and socially disadvantaged individuals, in preparation for any rise in cases and for future pandemics. Equality across ethnicities for healthcare is essential, and the NHS and local communities will need to be supported to attain this.
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Castano-Leon, A. M., Paredes, I., Lagares, A., Gomez, P. A., Gonzalez-Leon, P., Perez-Nunez, A., Jimenez-Roldan, L., Delgado-Fernandez, J., Eiriz Fernandez, C., Garcia-Perez, D., Moreno-Gomez, L. M., Esteban-Sinovas, O., Delgado-Lopez, P. D., Martin-Alonso, J., Kaen, A., Tirado-Caballero, J., Ordonez-Carmona, M., Arteaga-Romero, F., Gonzalez-Pombo, M., F Alen, J., Gil-Simoes, R., Torres, C. V., Navas-Garcia, M., Blasco Garcia de Andoain, G., Frade-Porto, N., Gonzalez-Tarno, P., Martin Segura, A., Gelabert-Gonzalez, M., Menendez-Cortezon, B., Rodriguez-Botana, B., Perez-Alfayate, R., Fernandez-Garcia, C., Ferrandez-Pujante, B., Vargas-Jimenez, A. C., Cotua, C., de la Lama, A., Calero Felix, L., Ruiz-Juretschke, F., Garcia-Leal, R., Valera-Mele, M., Casitas Hernando, V., Rivero, B., Orduna-Martinez, J., Casado Pellejero, J., Fustero De Miguel, D., Diaz Molina, J., Moles Herbera, J., Castello-Ruiz, M. J., Gomar-Alba, M., Garcia-Perez, F., Hernandez-Garcia, B. J., Villasenor-Ledezma, J. J., Otero-Rodriguez, A., Ailagas de las Heras, J. J., Goncalves-Estella, J., Sousa-Casasnovas, P., Pascual-Argente, D., Ruiz Martin, L., Roa Montes de Oca, J. C., Arandia Guzman, D., Garcia Martin, A., Torres Carretero, L., Garrido Ruiz, A., Calvo, M., Miranda-Lloret, P., Rodriguez-Cadarso, M., Anton, J., Roca Barber, A., Quiroz-Tejada, A., Carbayo-Lozano, G., Bermudez, G., Paternain Martin, C., De la Fuente Villa, P., Fidalgo De la Rosa, M., Sistiaga-Gracia, I. L., Zabalo, G.
BMJ Open, 17.08.2022
Tilføjet 17.08.2022
Objectives
The large number of infected patients requiring mechanical ventilation has led to the postponement of scheduled neurosurgical procedures during the first wave of the COVID-19 pandemic. The aims of this study were to investigate the factors that influence the decision to postpone scheduled neurosurgical procedures and to evaluate the effect of the restriction in scheduled surgery adopted to deal with the first outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic in Spain on the outcome of patients awaiting surgery.
Design
This was an observational retrospective study.
Settings
A tertiary-level multicentre study of neurosurgery activity between 1 March and 30 June 2020.
Participants
A total of 680 patients awaiting any scheduled neurosurgical procedure were enrolled. 470 patients (69.1%) were awaiting surgery because of spine degenerative disease, 86 patients (12.6%) due to functional disorders, 58 patients (8.5%) due to brain or spine tumours, 25 patients (3.7%) due to cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) disorders and 17 patients (2.5%) due to cerebrovascular disease.
Primary and secondary outcome measures
The primary outcome was mortality due to any reason and any deterioration of the specific neurosurgical condition. Second, we analysed the rate of confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection.
Results
More than one-quarter of patients experienced clinical or radiological deterioration. The rate of worsening was higher among patients with functional (39.5%) or CSF disorders (40%). Two patients died (0.4%) during the waiting period, both because of a concurrent disease. We performed a multivariate logistic regression analysis to determine independent covariates associated with maintaining the surgical indication. We found that community SARS-CoV-2 incidence (OR=1.011, p<0.001), degenerative spine (OR=0.296, p=0.027) and expedited indications (OR=6.095, p<0.001) were independent factors for being operated on during the pandemic.
Conclusions
Patients awaiting neurosurgery experienced significant collateral damage even when they were considered for scheduled procedures.
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Jun, D., Scott, A.
BMJ Open, 17.08.2022
Tilføjet 17.08.2022
Objective
To examine the association between financial incentives from entry into a vaccine competition with the probability of vaccination for COVID-19.
Design
A cross-sectional study with adjustment for covariates using logistic regression.
Setting
October and November 2021, Australia.
Participants
2375 respondents of the Taking the Pulse of the Nation survey.
Primary and secondary outcome measures
The proportion of respondents who had any vaccination, a first dose only, or second dose after the competition opened.
Results
Those who entered the competition were 2.27 (95% CI 1.73 to 2.99) times more likely to be vaccinated after the competition opened on 1 October than those who did not enter—an increase in the probability of having any dose of 0.16 (95 % CI 0.10 to 0.21) percentage points. This increase was mostly driven by those receiving second doses. Entrants were 2.39 (95% CI 1.80 to 3.17) times more likely to receive their second dose after the competition opened.
Conclusions
Those who entered the Million Dollar Vax competition were more likely to have a vaccination after the competition opened compared with those who did not enter the competition, with this effect dominated by those receiving second doses.
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Jenkinson, J. I. R., Sniderman, R., Gogosis, E., Liu, M., Nisenbaum, R., Pedersen, C., Spandier, O., Tibebu, T., Dyer, A., Crichlow, F., Richard, L., Orkin, A., Thulien, N., Kiran, T., Kayseas, J., Hwang, S. W.
BMJ Open, 17.08.2022
Tilføjet 17.08.2022
Introduction
People experiencing homelessness are at high risk for COVID-19 and poor outcomes if infected. Vaccination offers protection against serious illness, and people experiencing homelessness have been prioritised in the vaccine roll-out in Toronto, Canada. Yet, current COVID-19 vaccination rates among people experiencing homelessness are lower than the general population. This study aims to characterise reasons for COVID-19 vaccine uptake and hesitancy among people experiencing homelessness, to identify strategies to overcome hesitancy and provide public health decision-makers with information to improve vaccine confidence and uptake in this priority population.
Methods and analysis
The Ku-gaa-gii pimitizi-win qualitative study (formerly the COVENANT study) will recruit up to 40 participants in Toronto who are identified as experiencing homelessness at the time of recruitment. Semistructured interviews with participants will explore general experiences during the COVID-19 pandemic (eg, loss of housing, social connectedness), perceptions of the COVID-19 vaccine, factors shaping vaccine uptake and strategies for supporting enablers, addressing challenges and building vaccine confidence.
Ethics and dissemination
Approval for this study was granted by Unity Health Toronto Research Ethics Board. Findings will be communicated to groups organising vaccination efforts in shelters, community groups and the City of Toronto to construct more targeted interventions that address reasons for vaccine hesitancy among people experiencing homelessness. Key outputs will include a community report, academic publications, presentations at conferences and a Town Hall that will bring together people with lived expertise of homelessness, shelter staff, leading scholars, community experts and public health partners.
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Eapen, V., Liaw, S.-T., Lingam, R., Woolfenden, S., Jalaludin, B., Page, A., Kohlhoff, J., Scott, J. G., Lawson, K. D., Lam-Cassettari, C., Heussler, H., Descallar, J., Karlov, L., Ong, N., Colditz, P. B., Littlewood, R., Murphy, E., Deering, A., Short, K., Garg, P., Blight, V., Rodgers, K., Chalmers, L., Webb, K.-L., Atkins, H., Newcomb, D., Beswick, R., Thomas, C., Marron, C., Chambers, A., Scheinpflug, S., Statham, M., Samaranayake, D., Chay, P., Tam, C. W. M., Khan, F., Mendoza Diaz, A., Cibralic, S., Winata, T., Pritchard, M.
BMJ Open, 17.08.2022
Tilføjet 17.08.2022
Introduction
The increasing prevalence of developmental disorders in early childhood poses a significant global health burden. Early detection of developmental problems is vital to ensure timely access to early intervention, and universal developmental surveillance is recommended best practice for identifying issues. Despite this, there is currently considerable variation in developmental surveillance and screening between Australian states and territories and low rates of developmental screening uptake by parents. This study aims to evaluate an innovative web-based developmental surveillance programme and a sustainable approach to referral and care pathways, linking primary care general practice (GP) services that fall under federal policy responsibility and state government-funded child health services.
Methods and analysis
The proposed study describes a longitudinal cluster randomised controlled trial (c-RCT) comparing a ‘Watch Me Grow Integrated’ (WMG-I) approach for developmental screening, to Surveillance as Usual (SaU) in GPs. Forty practices will be recruited across New South Wales and Queensland, and randomly allocated into either the (1) WMG-I or (2) SaU group. A cohort of 2000 children will be recruited during their 18-month vaccination visit or opportunistic visit to GP. At the end of the c-RCT, a qualitative study using focus groups/interviews will evaluate parent and practitioner views of the WMG-I programme and inform national and state policy recommendations.
Ethics and dissemination
The South Western Sydney Local Health District (2020/ETH01625), UNSW Sydney (2020/ETH01625) and University of Queensland (2021/HE000667) Human Research Ethics Committees independently reviewed and approved this study. Findings will be reported to the funding bodies, study institutes and partners; families and peer-reviewed conferences/publications.
Trial registration number
ANZCTR12621000680864.
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