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Haruka Uehara, Wakana Nishiyama, Shirow Tatsuzawa, Keiji Wada, Takashi Y. Ida, Yoichi Yusa
PLoS One Infectious Diseases, 16.05.2023
Tilføjet 16.05.2023
by Haruka Uehara, Wakana Nishiyama, Shirow Tatsuzawa, Keiji Wada, Takashi Y. Ida, Yoichi Yusa Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) caused the pandemic of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), resulting in a global lockdown in 2020. This stagnation in human activities (‘anthropause’) has been reported to affect the behaviour of wildlife in various ways. The sika deer Cervus nippon in Nara Park, central Japan, has had a unique relationship with humans, especially tourists, in which the deer bow to receive food and sometimes attack if they do not receive it. We investigated how a decrease and subsequent increase in the number of tourists visiting Nara Park affects the number of deer observed in the park and their behaviour (bows and attacks against humans). Compared with the pre-pandemic years, the number of deer in the study site decreased from an average of 167 deer in 2019 to 65 (39%) in 2020 during the pandemic period. Likewise, the number of deer bows decreased from 10.2 per deer in 2016–2017 to 6.4 (62%) in 2020–2021, whereas the proportion of deer showing aggressive behaviour did not change significantly. Moreover, the monthly numbers of deer and their bows both corresponded with the fluctuation in the number of tourists during the pandemic period of 2020 and 2021, whereas the number of attacks did not. Thus, the anthropause caused by the coronavirus altered the habitat use and behaviour of deer that have continuous interactions with humans.
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedParsa Amirian, Mahsa Zarpoosh, Sajjad Moradi, Cyrus Jalili
PLoS One Infectious Diseases, 16.05.2023
Tilføjet 16.05.2023
by Parsa Amirian, Mahsa Zarpoosh, Sajjad Moradi, Cyrus Jalili Background Celiac disease (CD) is an autoimmune disease affecting around 1.4% of the total human population. Local and systemic manifestations are described in CD. Viral infections seem to trigger CD or even have a worse outcome in CD patients. The evidence on the relationship between CD and coronavirus disease (COVID-19) is limited. To evaluate existing evidence on the association between CD and COVID-19, we conducted the current systematic review. Methods We systematically searched Pubmed, Scopus, and Embase databases to find articles that reported risks or outcomes of COVID-19 in CD patients. Papers in any language published up to November 17, 2022, were evaluated for possible inclusion. The results were analyzed qualitatively. This study is registered with PROSPERO(CRD42022327380). Results We identified 509 studies by searching databases; 14 reported data on the risk or outcome of COVID-19 in CD patients and were eligible for qualitative synthesis. We found that the relative risk of acquiring COVID-19 in CD patients may be lower than in the general population. Approximately 90% of infected patients were treated as an outpatient, and 10% were hospitalized. GFD adherence and Health-related quality of life (HR-QOL) were more or less the same before and during the pandemic. The gluten-free products (GFP) supply seems to be plunged during the pandemic. The data on the psychological effects of the pandemic were conflicting. Conclusion The risk of acquiring COVID-19 in CD patients is lower than in the general population. Females were more likely to be infected by COVID-19, and the most common comorbidity in infected patients was a chronic lower respiratory disease; around 10% of infected patients needed hospitalization, GFD adherence, and HR-QOL was more or less the same before and during the pandemic, depression, anxiety, and stress levels of patients varied among studies. Patients had more difficulties accessing GFPs based on limited data.
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedLily A. Elder, Holly R. Hinnant, Chris M. Mandella, Rachel A. Claus-Walker, Lindsay M. Parrish, Giovana S. Slanzon, Craig S. McConnel
PLoS One Infectious Diseases, 16.05.2023
Tilføjet 16.05.2023
by Lily A. Elder, Holly R. Hinnant, Chris M. Mandella, Rachel A. Claus-Walker, Lindsay M. Parrish, Giovana S. Slanzon, Craig S. McConnel Bovine respiratory disease (BRD) is a leading cause of calf morbidity and mortality, and prevalence remains high despite current management practices. Differential gene expression (DGE) provides detailed insight into individual immune responses and can illuminate enriched pathways and biomarkers that contribute to disease susceptibility and outcomes. The aims of this study were to investigate differences in peripheral leukocyte gene expression in Holstein preweaned heifer calves 1) with and without BRD, and 2) across weeks of age. Calves were enrolled for this short-term longitudinal study on two commercial dairies in Washington State. Calves were assessed every two weeks throughout the pre-weaning period using clinical respiratory scoring (CRS) and thoracic ultrasonography (TUS), and blood samples were collected. Calves were selected that were either healthy (n = 10) or had BRD diagnosed by CRS (n = 7), TUS (n = 6), or both (n = 6) in weeks 5 or 7 of life). Three consecutive time point samples were analyzed for each BRD calf consisting of PRE, ONSET, and POST samples. Nineteen genes of interest were selected based on previous gene expression studies in cattle: ALOX15, BPI, CATHL6, CXCL8, DHX58, GZMB, HPGD, IFNG, IL17D, IL1R2, ISG15, LCN2, LIF, MX1, OAS2, PGLYRP1, S100A8, SELP, and TNF. Comparisons were made between age and disease time point matched BRD and healthy calves as well as between calf weeks of age. No DGE was observed between diseased and healthy calves; however, DGE was observed between calf weeks of age regardless of disease state. Developmental differences in leukocyte gene expression, phenotype, and functionality make pre-weaned calves immunologically distinct from mature cattle, and early life shifts in calf leukocyte populations likely contribute to the age-related gene expression differences we observed. Age overshadows disease impacts to influence gene expression in young calves, and immune development progresses upon a common trajectory regardless of disease during the preweaning period.
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedJai K. Das, Faareha Siddiqui, Zahra Ali Padhani, Maryam Hameed Khan, Sultana Jabeen, Mushtaq Mirani, Shaista Mughal, Shafaq Baloch, Imtiaz Sheikh, Sana Khatoon, Khan Muhammad, Manesh Gangwani, Karim Nathani, Rehana A. Salam, Zulfiqar A. Bhutta
PLoS One Infectious Diseases, 16.05.2023
Tilføjet 16.05.2023
by Jai K. Das, Faareha Siddiqui, Zahra Ali Padhani, Maryam Hameed Khan, Sultana Jabeen, Mushtaq Mirani, Shaista Mughal, Shafaq Baloch, Imtiaz Sheikh, Sana Khatoon, Khan Muhammad, Manesh Gangwani, Karim Nathani, Rehana A. Salam, Zulfiqar A. Bhutta Diarrhea and pneumonia are the leading causes of morbidity and mortality in children under five, and Pakistan is amongst the countries with the highest burden and low rates of related treatment coverage. We conducted a qualitative study as part of the formative phase to inform the design of the Community Mobilization and Community Incentivization (CoMIC) cluster randomized control trial (NCT03594279) in a rural district of Pakistan. We conducted in-dept interviews and focused group discussions with key stakeholders using a semi-structured study guide. Data underwent rigorous thematic analysis and major themes identified included socio-cultural dynamics, community mobilization and incentives, behavioral patterns and care seeking practices for childhood diarrhea and pneumonia, infant and young child feeding practices (IYCF), immunization, water sanitation and hygiene (WASH) and access to healthcare. This study highlights shortcomings in knowledge, health practices and health systems. There was to a certain extent awareness of the importance of hygiene, immunization, nutrition, and care-seeking, but the practices were poor due to various reasons. Poverty and lifestyle were considered prime factors for poor health behaviors, while health system inefficiencies added to these as rural facilities lack equipment and supplies, resources, and funding. The community identified that intensive inclusive community engagement and demand creation strategies tied to conditioned short term tangible incentives could help foster behavior change.
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedKyoko Hayashida, Alejandro Garcia, Lavel Chinyama Moonga, Tatsuki Sugi, Kodera Takuya, Mitsuo Kawase, Fumihiro Kodama, Atsushi Nagasaka, Nobuhisa Ishiguro, Ayato Takada, Masahiro Kajihara, Naganori Nao, Masashi Shingai, Hiroshi Kida, Yasuhiko Suzuki, William W. Hall, Hirofumi Sawa, Junya Yamagishi
PLoS One Infectious Diseases, 16.05.2023
Tilføjet 16.05.2023
by Kyoko Hayashida, Alejandro Garcia, Lavel Chinyama Moonga, Tatsuki Sugi, Kodera Takuya, Mitsuo Kawase, Fumihiro Kodama, Atsushi Nagasaka, Nobuhisa Ishiguro, Ayato Takada, Masahiro Kajihara, Naganori Nao, Masashi Shingai, Hiroshi Kida, Yasuhiko Suzuki, William W. Hall, Hirofumi Sawa, Junya Yamagishi A novel multiplex loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) method combined with DNA chromatography was developed for the simultaneous detection of three important respiratory disease-causing viruses: severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), influenza A virus, and influenza B virus. Amplification was performed at a constant temperature, and a positive result was confirmed by a visible colored band. An in-house drying protocol with trehalose was used to prepare the dried format multiplex LAMP test. Using this dried multiplex LAMP test, the analytical sensitivity was determined to be 100 copies for each viral target and 100–1000 copies for the simultaneous detection of mixed targets. The multiplex LAMP system was validated using clinical COVID-19 specimens and compared with the real-time qRT-PCR method as a reference test. The determined sensitivity of the multiplex LAMP system for SARS-CoV-2 was 71% (95% CI: 0.62–0.79) for cycle threshold (Ct) ≤ 35 samples and 61% (95% CI: 0.53–0.69) for Ct ≤40 samples. The specificity was 99% (95%CI: 0.92–1.00) for Ct ≤35 samples and 100% (95%CI: 0.92–1.00) for the Ct ≤40 samples. The developed simple, rapid, low-cost, and laboratory-free multiplex LAMP system for the two major important respiratory viral diseases, COVID-19 and influenza, is a promising field-deployable diagnosis tool for the possible future ‘twindemic, ‘ especially in resource-limited settings.
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedKay A. Ramsay, Attika Rehman, Samuel T. Wardell, Lois W. Martin, Scott C. Bell, Wayne M. Patrick, Craig Winstanley, Iain L. Lamont
PLoS One Infectious Diseases, 16.05.2023
Tilføjet 16.05.2023
by Kay A. Ramsay, Attika Rehman, Samuel T. Wardell, Lois W. Martin, Scott C. Bell, Wayne M. Patrick, Craig Winstanley, Iain L. Lamont Pseudomonas aeruginosa causes a wide range of severe infections. Ceftazidime, a cephalosporin, is a key antibiotic for treating infections but a significant proportion of isolates are ceftazidime-resistant. The aim of this research was to identify mutations that contribute to resistance, and to quantify the impacts of individual mutations and mutation combinations. Thirty-five mutants with reduced susceptibility to ceftazidime were evolved from two antibiotic-sensitive P. aeruginosa reference strains PAO1 and PA14. Mutations were identified by whole genome sequencing. The evolved mutants tolerated ceftazidime at concentrations between 4 and 1000 times that of the parental bacteria, with most mutants being ceftazidime resistant (minimum inhibitory concentration [MIC] ≥ 32 mg/L). Many mutants were also resistant to meropenem, a carbapenem antibiotic. Twenty-eight genes were mutated in multiple mutants, with dacB and mpl being the most frequently mutated. Mutations in six key genes were engineered into the genome of strain PAO1 individually and in combinations. A dacB mutation by itself increased the ceftazidime MIC by 16-fold although the mutant bacteria remained ceftazidime sensitive (MIC < 32 mg/L). Mutations in ampC, mexR, nalC or nalD increased the MIC by 2- to 4-fold. The MIC of a dacB mutant was increased when combined with a mutation in ampC, rendering the bacteria resistant, whereas other mutation combinations did not increase the MIC above those of single mutants. To determine the clinical relevance of mutations identified through experimental evolution, 173 ceftazidime-resistant and 166 sensitive clinical isolates were analysed for the presence of sequence variants that likely alter function of resistance-associated genes. dacB and ampC sequence variants occur most frequently in both resistant and sensitive clinical isolates. Our findings quantify the individual and combinatorial effects of mutations in different genes on ceftazidime susceptibility and demonstrate that the genetic basis of ceftazidime resistance is complex and multifactorial.
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedHamed Rahimi, Reza Goudarzi, Nader Markazi-Moghaddam, Amir Nezami-Asl, Sanaz Zargar Balaye Jame
PLoS One Infectious Diseases, 16.05.2023
Tilføjet 16.05.2023
by Hamed Rahimi, Reza Goudarzi, Nader Markazi-Moghaddam, Amir Nezami-Asl, Sanaz Zargar Balaye Jame Background Providing intensive care to acute patients is a vital part of health systems. However, the high cost of Intensive Care Units (ICU) has limited their development, especially in low-income countries. Due to the increasing need for intensive care and limited resources, ICU cost management is important. This study aimed to analyze the cost-benefit of ICU during COVID-19 in Tehran, Iran. Methods This cross-sectional study is an economic evaluation of health interventions. The study was conducted in the COVID-19 dedicated ICU, from the provider’s point of view and within one-year horizon. Costs were calculated using a top-down approach and the Activity-Based Costing technique. Benefits were extracted from the hospital’s HIS system. Benefit Cost ratio (BCR) and Net Present Value (NPV) indexes were used for cost-benefit analysis (CBA). A sensitivity analysis was performed to evaluate the dependence of the CBA results on the uncertainties in the cost data. Analysis was performed with Excel and STATA software. Results The studied ICU had 43 personnel, 14 active beds, a 77% bed occupancy rate, and 3959 occupied bed days. The total costs were $2,372,125.46 USD, of which 70.3% were direct costs. The highest direct cost was related to human resources. The total net income was $1,213,314.13 USD. NPV and BCR were obtained as $-1,158,811.32 USD and 0.511 respectively. Conclusion Despite operating with a relatively high capacity, ICU has had high losses during the COVID-19. Proper management and re-planning in the structure of human resources is recommended due to its importance in the hospital economy, provision of resources based on needs assessment, improvement of drugs management, reduction of insurance deductions in order to reduce costs and improve ICU productivity.
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedLisa C. Lu, Derek Ouyang, Alexis D’Agostino, Angelica Diaz, Sarah L. Rudman, Daniel E. Ho
PLoS One Infectious Diseases, 16.05.2023
Tilføjet 16.05.2023
by Lisa C. Lu, Derek Ouyang, Alexis D’Agostino, Angelica Diaz, Sarah L. Rudman, Daniel E. Ho COVID-19 exposed and exacerbated health disparities, and a core challenge has been how to adapt pandemic response and public health in light of these disproportionate health burdens. Responding to this challenge, the County of Santa Clara Public Health Department designed a model of “high-touch” contact tracing that integrated social services with disease investigation, providing continued support and resource linkage for clients from structurally vulnerable communities. We report results from a cluster randomized trial of 5,430 cases from February to May 2021 to assess the ability of high-touch contact tracing to aid with isolation and quarantine. Using individual-level data on resource referral and uptake outcomes, we find that the intervention, randomized assignment to the high-touch program, increased the referral rate to social services by 8.4% (95% confidence interval, 0.8%-15.9%) and the uptake rate by 4.9% (-0.2%-10.0%), with the most pronounced increases in referrals and uptake of food assistance. These findings demonstrate that social services can be effectively combined with contact tracing to better promote health equity, demonstrating a novel path for the future of public health.
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedFatma A. Omar, Taylor C. Brown, William E. Gillanders, Timothy P. Fleming, Michael A. Smith, Ross M. Bremner, Narendra V. Sankpal
PLoS One Infectious Diseases, 16.05.2023
Tilføjet 16.05.2023
by Fatma A. Omar, Taylor C. Brown, William E. Gillanders, Timothy P. Fleming, Michael A. Smith, Ross M. Bremner, Narendra V. Sankpal Next generation sequencing of human cancer mutations has identified novel therapeutic targets. Activating Ras oncogene mutations play a central role in oncogenesis, and Ras-driven tumorigenesis upregulates an array of genes and signaling cascades that can transform normal cells into tumor cells. In this study, we investigated the role of altered localization of epithelial cell adhesion molecule (EpCAM) in Ras-expressing cells. Analysis of microarray data demonstrated that Ras expression induced EpCAM expression in normal breast epithelial cells. Fluorescent and confocal microscopy showed that H-Ras mediated transformation also promoted epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) together with EpCAM. To consistently localize EpCAM in the cytosol, we generated a cancer-associated EpCAM mutant (EpCAM-L240A) that is retained in the cytosol compartment. Normal MCF-10A cells were transduced with H-Ras together with EpCAM wild-type (WT) or EpCAM-L240A. WT-EpCAM marginally effected invasion, proliferation, and soft agar growth. EpCAM-L240A, however, markedly altered cells and transformed to mesenchymal phenotype. Ras-EpCAM-L240A expression also promoted expression of EMT factors FRA1, ZEB1 with inflammatory cytokines IL-6, IL-8, and IL1. This altered morphology was reversed using MEK-specific inhibitors and to some extent JNK inhibition. Furthermore, these transformed cells were sensitized to apoptosis using paclitaxel and quercetin, but not other therapies. For the first time, we have demonstrated that EpCAM mutations can cooperate with H-Ras and promote EMT. Collectively, our results highlight future therapeutic opportunities in EpCAM and Ras mutated cancers.
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedEri Togami, Casey Barton Behravesh, Tracey V. Dutcher, Gail R. Hansen, Lonnie J. King, Katharine M. Pelican, Jonna A. K. Mazet
PLoS One Infectious Diseases, 16.05.2023
Tilføjet 16.05.2023
by Eri Togami, Casey Barton Behravesh, Tracey V. Dutcher, Gail R. Hansen, Lonnie J. King, Katharine M. Pelican, Jonna A. K. Mazet Background In recognition of the interconnected nature of complex challenges such as COVID-19, a collaborative, multisectoral, and transdisciplinary approach, referred to as One Health, has been employed to address sustainable development and strengthen global health security. Although significant investments have been made to build global health capacity, characterization of the One Health is absent from the literature. Methods and findings We collected and analyzed perspectives from students, graduates, workers, and employers in One Health through a multinational online survey across health disciplines and sectors. Respondents were recruited through professional networks. A total of 828 respondents from 66 countries participated, representing governmental and academic institutions and students, among others; 57% were female, and 56% had completed professional health degrees. Interpersonal communication, communication with non-scientific audiences, and the ability to work in transdisciplinary teams were valued in the workplace and were considered essential competencies to build an interdisciplinary health workforce. Employers indicated difficulty recruiting workers, while workers indicated limited availability of positions. Employers identified limited funding and ill-defined career pathways as prominent challenges for retaining One Health workers. Conclusions Successful One Health workers use interpersonal skills and scientific knowledge to address complex health challenges. Aligning the definition of One Health will likely improve the matching of job seekers and employers. Encouraging the employment of the One Health approach for a diverse range of positions, even if they do not explicitly include “One Health” in the job title, and clarifying the expectations, roles and responsibilities within a transdisciplinary team will lead to building a stronger workforce. As One Health has evolved to address food insecurity, emerging diseases, and antimicrobial resistance, it holds promise for supporting an interdisciplinary global health workforce that can make substantial progress on Sustainable Development Goals and improve global health security for all.
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedMiwa Okamoto, Rika Kurino, Ryu Miura, Kenzo Takada
PLoS One Infectious Diseases, 16.05.2023
Tilføjet 16.05.2023
by Miwa Okamoto, Rika Kurino, Ryu Miura, Kenzo Takada Human cytomegalovirus causes severe diseases in children (by congenital infection) and immunocompromised patients. Treatment with antiviral agents, such as ganciclovir, is limited by their toxicity. In this study, we investigated the effectiveness of a fully human neutralizing monoclonal antibody to inhibit human cytomegalovirus infection and viral cell-to-cell spread. We isolated a potent neutralizing antibody, EV2038 (IgG1 lambda), targeting human cytomegalovirus glycoprotein B using Epstein-Barr virus transformation. This antibody inhibited human cytomegalovirus infection by all four laboratory strains and 42 Japanese clinical isolates, including ganciclovir-resistant isolates, with a 50% inhibitory concentration (IC50) ranging from 0.013 to 0.105 μg/mL, and 90% inhibitory concentration (IC90) ranging from 0.208 to 1.026 μg/mL, in both human embryonic lung fibroblasts (MRC-5) and human retinal pigment epithelial (ARPE-19) cells. Additionally, EV2038 prevented cell-to-cell spread of eight clinical viral isolates, with IC50 values ranging from 1.0 to 3.1 μg/mL, and IC90 values ranging from 13 to 19 μg/mL, in ARPE-19 cells. EV2038 recognized three discontinuous sequences on antigenic domain 1 of glycoprotein B (amino acids 549–560, 569–576, and 625–632), which were highly conserved among 71 clinical isolates from Japan and the United States. Pharmacokinetics study in cynomolgus monkeys suggested the potential efficacy of EV2038 in vivo, the concentration of which in serum remained higher than the IC90 values of cell-to-cell spread until 28 days after intravenous injection of 10 mg/kg EV2038. Our data strongly support EV2038 as a promising candidate and novel alternative for the treatment of human cytomegalovirus infection.
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedAlina Matsvay, Galya V. Klink, Ksenia R. Safina, Elena Nabieva, Sofya K. Garushyants, Dmitry Biba, Georgii A. Bazykin, Ivan M. Mikhaylov, Anna V. Say, Anastasiya I. Zakamornaya, Anastasiya O. Khakhina, Tatiana S. Lisitsa, Andrey A. Ayginin, Ivan S. Abramov, Sergey A. Bogdan, Kseniya B. Kolbutova, Daria U. Oleynikova, Tatiana F. Avdeenko, German A. Shipulin, Sergey M. Yudin, Veronika I. Skvortsova
PLoS One Infectious Diseases, 16.05.2023
Tilføjet 16.05.2023
by Alina Matsvay, Galya V. Klink, Ksenia R. Safina, Elena Nabieva, Sofya K. Garushyants, Dmitry Biba, Georgii A. Bazykin, Ivan M. Mikhaylov, Anna V. Say, Anastasiya I. Zakamornaya, Anastasiya O. Khakhina, Tatiana S. Lisitsa, Andrey A. Ayginin, Ivan S. Abramov, Sergey A. Bogdan, Kseniya B. Kolbutova, Daria U. Oleynikova, Tatiana F. Avdeenko, German A. Shipulin, Sergey M. Yudin, Veronika I. Skvortsova In 2020, SARS-CoV-2 has spread rapidly across the globe, with most nations failing to prevent or substantially delay its introduction. While many countries have imposed some limitations on trans-border passenger traffic, the effect of these measures on the global spread of COVID-19 strains remains unclear. Here, we report an analysis of 3206 whole-genome sequences of SARS-CoV-2 samples from 78 regions of Russia covering the period before the spread of variants of concern (between March and November 2020). We describe recurring imports of multiple COVID-19 strains into Russia throughout this period, giving rise to 457 uniquely Russian transmission lineages, as well as repeated cross-border transmissions of local circulating variants out of Russia. While the phylogenetically inferred rate of cross-border transmissions was somewhat reduced during the period of the most stringent border closure, it still remained high, with multiple inferred imports that each led to detectable spread within the country. These results indicate that partial border closure has had little effect on trans-border transmission of variants, which helps explain the rapid global spread of newly arising SARS-CoV-2 variants throughout the pandemic.
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedMaryLourdes Andreu, Nathalie Matti, Helen M. Bramlett, Yan Shi, Shyam Gajavelli, W. Dalton Dietrich
PLoS One Infectious Diseases, 16.05.2023
Tilføjet 16.05.2023
by MaryLourdes Andreu, Nathalie Matti, Helen M. Bramlett, Yan Shi, Shyam Gajavelli, W. Dalton Dietrich Traumatic brain injury (TBI) often results in long-lasting patterns of neurological deficits including motor, sensory, and cognitive abnormalities. Cranial gunshot survivors are among the most disabled TBI patients and face a lifetime of disability with no approved strategies to protect or repair the brain after injury. Recent studies using a model of penetrating TBI (pTBI) have reported that human neural stem cells (hNSCs) transplantation can lead to dose and location-dependent neuroprotection. Evidence for regional patterns of microglial activation has also been reported after pTBI with evidence for microglial cell death by pyroptosis. Because of the importance of injury-induced microglial activation in the pathogenesis of TBI, we tested the hypothesis that dose-dependent hNSC mediated neuroprotection after pTBI was associated with reduced microglial activation in pericontusional cortical areas. To test this hypothesis, quantitative microglial/macrophage Iba1 immunohistochemistry and Sholl analysis was conducted to investigate the arborization patterns using four experimental groups including, (i) Sham operated (no injury) + low dose (0.16 million cells/rat), (ii) pTBI + vehicle (no cells), (iii) pTBI + low dose hNSCs (0.16 million/rat), and (iv) pTBI + high dose hNSCs (1.6 million cells/rat). At 3 months post-transplantation (transplants at one week after pTBI), the total number of intersections was significantly reduced in vehicle treated pTBI animals versus sham operated controls indicating increased microglia/macrophage activation. In contrast, hNSC transplantation led to a dose-dependent increase in the number of intersections compared to pTBI vehicle indicating less microglia/macrophage activation. The peak of Sholl intersections at 1 μm from the center of the microglia/macrophages ranged from ~6,500–14,000 intersections for sham operated, ~250–500 intersections for pTBI vehicle, ~550–1,000 intersections for pTBI low dose, and ~2,500–7,500 intersections for pTBI high dose. Plotting data along the rostrocaudal axis also showed that pericontusional cortical areas protected by hNSC transplantation had increased intersections compared to nontreated pTBI animals. These studies using a non-biased Sholl analysis demonstrated a dose-dependent reduction in inflammatory cell activation that may be associated with a neuroprotective effect driven by the cellular transplant in perilesional regions after pTBI.
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedChristine Firth, Fadi Shamoun, Michael Apolinario, Elisabeth S. Lim, Nan Zhang, Mira T. Keddis
PLoS One Infectious Diseases, 16.05.2023
Tilføjet 16.05.2023
by Christine Firth, Fadi Shamoun, Michael Apolinario, Elisabeth S. Lim, Nan Zhang, Mira T. Keddis Purpose Direct oral anticoagulants (DOACs) are increasingly used in renal transplant recipients (RTR), but relatively understudied in this population. We assess the safety of post-transplant anticoagulation with DOACs compared to warfarin. Methods We conducted a retrospective study of RTRs at the Mayo Clinic sites (2011-present) that were anticoagulated for greater than 3 months excluding the 1st month post-transplant. The main safety outcomes were bleeding and all-cause mortality. Concomitant antiplatelet and interacting drugs were noted. DOAC dose adjustment was assessed according to common US prescribing practices, guidelines, and/or FDA labeling. Results The median follow-up was longer for RTRs on warfarin (1098 days [IQR 521, 1517]) than DOACs (449 days [IQR 338, 942]). Largely, there were no differences in baseline characteristics and comorbidities between RTRs on DOACs (n = 208; apixaban 91.3%, rivaroxaban 8.7%) versus warfarin (n = 320). There was no difference in post-transplant use of antiplatelets, immunosuppressants, most antifungals assessed, or amiodarone. There was no significant difference in incident major bleeding (8.4 vs. 5.3%, p = 0.89), GI bleeding (4.4% vs. 1.9%, p = 0.98), or intra-cranial hemorrhage (1.9% vs. 1.4%, p = 0.85) between warfarin and DOAC. There was no significant difference in mortality in the warfarin group compared to DOACs when adjusted for follow-up time (22.2% vs. 10.1%, p = 0.21). Rates of post-transplant venous thromboembolism, atrial fibrillation or stroke were similar between the two groups. 32% (n = 67) of patients on DOACs were dose reduced, where 51% of those reductions were warranted. 7% of patients that were not dose reduced should have been. Conclusions DOACs did not have inferior bleeding or mortality outcomes compared to warfarin in RTRs. There was greater use of warfarin compared to DOACs and a high rate of improper DOAC dose reduction.
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedRita L. Grunberg, Brooklynn N. Joyner, Charles E. Mitchell
PLoS One Infectious Diseases, 16.05.2023
Tilføjet 16.05.2023
by Rita L. Grunberg, Brooklynn N. Joyner, Charles E. Mitchell Host individuals are commonly coinfected with multiple parasite species that may interact to shape within-host parasite community structure. In addition to within-host species interactions, parasite communities may also be structured by other processes like dispersal and ecological drift. The timing of dispersal (in particular, the temporal sequence in which parasite species infect a host individual) can alter within-host species interactions, setting the stage for historical contingency by priority effects, but how persistently such effects drive the trajectory of parasite community assembly is unclear, particularly under continued dispersal and ecological drift. We tested the role of species interactions under continued dispersal and ecological drift by simultaneously inoculating individual plants of tall fescue with a factorial combination of three symbionts (two foliar fungal parasites and a mutualistic endophyte), then deploying the plants in the field and tracking parasite communities as they assembled within host individuals. In the field, hosts were exposed to continued dispersal from a common pool of parasites, which should promote convergence in the structure of within-host parasite communities. Yet, analysis of parasite community trajectories found no signal of convergence. Instead, parasite community trajectories generally diverged from each other, and the magnitude of divergence depended on the initial composition of symbionts within each host, indicating historical contingency. Early in assembly, parasite communities also showed evidence of drift, revealing another source of among-host divergence in parasite community structure. Overall, these results show that both historical contingency and ecological drift contributed to divergence in parasite community assembly within hosts.
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedAnna N. Chard, Francisco Nogareda, Annette K. Regan, María Fernanda Olivares Barraza, Rodrigo A. Fasce, Natalia Vergara, Marcela Avendaño, Elena Penayo, Cynthia Vázquez, Marta Von Horoch, Fabiana Michel, Adriana Alfonso, Cristina Mogdasy, Hector Chiparelli, Natalia Goñi, Miguel Alegretti, Sergio Loayza, Paula Couto, Angel Rodriguez, Daniel Salas, Ashley L. Fowlkes, Eduardo Azziz-Baumgartner
International Journal of Infectious Diseases, 16.05.2023
Tilføjet 16.05.2023
Influenza vaccine composition is reviewed and updated bi-annually to ensure optimal vaccine effectiveness for the Northern and Southern Hemispheres [1]. Influenza viruses circulating in the Southern Hemisphere can provide early indications of the effectiveness of antigens retained in subsequent Northern Hemisphere formulations for preventing severe illness [2]. Timely provision of Southern Hemisphere end-of-season vaccine effectiveness (VE) estimates have important implications for public health policy in these countries and are especially valuable while Northern Hemisphere influenza epidemics are ongoing, but surveillance systems have yet to identify enough cases to reliably estimate VE.
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedJournal of the American Medical Association, 16.05.2023
Tilføjet 16.05.2023
The US faces a health equity crisis. Income inequality has steadily increased over several decades, as have disparities in health outcomes between the richest and poorest US residents. Because income and wealth are strongly linked to education, the gap in life expectancy between adults with a college degree compared with those without one has also sharply widened. Black adults, who, on average, have less wealth and lower levels of education due to systemic inequities and structurally racist policies, experience the highest premature death rates in the country. There is growing concern that these pervasive and alarming health disparities across distinct, but interrelated, socioeconomic domains will worsen as the US emerges from the COVID-19 pandemic.
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedJournal of the American Medical Association, 16.05.2023
Tilføjet 16.05.2023
To the Editor COVID-19 and its treatment have been of great interest to psychiatrists due to its neurological and psychiatric effects. Therefore, we read with great interest the recent randomized clinical trial report and Editorial that examined the effect of fluvoxamine on time to recovery in outpatients with mild to moderate COVID-19. We would like to comment on some concerns we have about this study.
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedJournal of the American Medical Association, 16.05.2023
Tilføjet 16.05.2023
In Reply In response to the insightful questions by Drs Ashraf and Ashraf, we agree that understanding participants’ prior exposure to infection is generally informative to understanding treatment response in the setting of an infectious disease. Unfortunately, quantifying exposure and infection during the COVID-19 pandemic has been a considerable challenge.
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedJournal of the American Medical Association, 16.05.2023
Tilføjet 16.05.2023
People with HIV and a low to moderate traditional risk of cardiovascular disease who took a daily 4-mg dose of pitavastatin reduced their risk of major adverse cardiovascular events by 35% relative to a placebo group, according to interim results from a randomized clinical trial that enrolled nearly 7769 participants across 12 countries.
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedJournal of the American Medical Association, 16.05.2023
Tilføjet 16.05.2023
More than 2.5 million cases of sexually transmitted infections (STIs) were reported in 2021, according to surveillance data from the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC).
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedJournal of the American Medical Association, 16.05.2023
Tilføjet 16.05.2023
A person in China was infected with avian influenza A(H3N8) virus in February, the nation’s health agency reported to the World Health Organization (WHO). The patient died after being hospitalized for severe pneumonia.
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedJournal of the American Medical Association, 16.05.2023
Tilføjet 16.05.2023
Although still low, cases of Powassan virus, a disease carried by ticks, increased in recent years, from 7 cases in 2012 to a high of 39 cases in 2019, the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention reported.
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedJournal of the American Medical Association, 16.05.2023
Tilføjet 16.05.2023
People who are aged 65 years or older and have gotten 1 dose of a bivalent COVID-19 vaccine can now receive another at least 4 months after their previous dose, according to a statement by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA). People who are immunocompromised and have received a bivalent COVID-19 vaccine can also get another after a minimum of 2 months.
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedJournal of the American Medical Association, 16.05.2023
Tilføjet 16.05.2023
This Viewpoint outlines the progress made toward eliminating hepatitis B and C but emphasizes the work that remains to prioritize diagnosis and treatment of populations disproportionately affected by viral hepatitis, including ensuring that there are systems in place to treat those infected and care for those at risk.
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedJournal of the American Medical Association, 16.05.2023
Tilføjet 16.05.2023
This study uses data from the US Department of Veterans Affairs to assess whether SARS-CoV-2 remains associated with higher risk of death compared with seasonal influenza in fall-winter 2022-2023.
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedJournal of the American Medical Association, 16.05.2023
Tilføjet 16.05.2023
This study describes access to individual patient-level data from randomized clinical trials during the COVID-19 pandemic to determine whether the intent to share what was reported in the registry, publication, or preprint was consistent with actual data access.
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedJournal of the American Medical Association, 16.05.2023
Tilføjet 16.05.2023
This Viewpoint describes new recommendations from the CDC regarding universal screening of adults for hepatitis B virus infection.
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedInfection and Immunity, 16.05.2023
Tilføjet 16.05.2023
Rongze He, Caroline Andrea Torres, Yihui Wang, Cheng He, Guangming ZhongaKey Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology and Zoonosis, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, Peoples Republic of ChinabDepartment of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas, USA, Andreas J. Bäumler
Infection and Immunity, 16.05.2023
Tilføjet 16.05.2023
Alyssa Margolis, Lin Liu, Steffen Porwollik, James Karl A. Till, Weiping Chu, Michael McClelland, Andrés Vázquez-TorresaDepartment of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USAbDepartment of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of California Irvine School of Medicine, Irvine, California, USA, Manuela Raffatellu
Infection and Immunity, 16.05.2023
Tilføjet 16.05.2023
Xiaomei Ren, Lauren D. PalmeraDepartment of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Illinois Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA, Karen M. Ottemann
Infection and Immunity, 16.05.2023
Tilføjet 16.05.2023
Julia Friedman
Clinical Microbiology and Infection, 16.05.2023
Tilføjet 16.05.2023
Open access is a publishing model for academic texts that makes articles freely and permanently available to readers, and assigns the copyright to the author. This differs from the traditional subscription model in which readers must pay a subscription in order to have access to scholarly information. Articles that are published open access benefit by having greater visibility and impact, including access in developing countries.
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedGemma Reynolds, Beatrice Sim, Mary Ann Anderson, Tim Spelman, Monica A. Slavin, Benjamin W. Teh, Karin A. Thursky
Clinical Microbiology and Infection, 16.05.2023
Tilføjet 16.05.2023
Chimeric antigen receptor T-cells (CAR-T cells) are increasingly used to treat haematological malignancies. Strategies for preventing infections in CAR-T treated patients rely on expert opinions and consensus guidelines.
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedZachary A. Yetmar, Supavit Chesdachai, Brian D. Lahr, Douglas W. Challener, Kellie N. Arensman Hannan, Kevin Epps, Ryan W. Stevens, Maria Teresa Seville, Aaron J. Tande, Abinash VirkaDivision of Public Health, Infectious Diseases, and Occupational Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USAbDivision of Clinical Trials and Biostatistics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USAcDepartment of Pharmacy, Mayo Clinic, Mankato, Minnesota, USAdDepartment of Pharmacy, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, Florida, USAeDepartment of Pharmacy, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USAfDivison of Infectious Diseases, Mayo Clinic, Phoenix, Arizona, USA
Antimicrobial Agents And Chemotherapy, 16.05.2023
Tilføjet 16.05.2023
Clinical & Experimental Immunology, 16.05.2023
Tilføjet 16.05.2023
AbstractRheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic inflammatory disease with progressive cartilage erosion and joint destruction. Synovial fibroblasts (SFs) play a crucial role in the pathogenesis of RA. This study aims to explore the function and mechanism of CD5L during RA progression. We examined the levels of CD5L in synovial tissues and SFs. The collagen-induced arthritis (CIA) rat models were used to investigate the effect of CD5L on RA progression. We also investigated the effects of exogenous CD5L on the behavior and activity of RA synovial fibroblasts (RASFs). Our results showed that CD5L expression was significantly upregulated in synovium of RA patients and CIA-rats. Histology and Micro-CT analysis showed that synovial inflammation and bone destruction were more severe in CD5L-treated CIA rats compared with control rats. Correspondingly, CD5L blockade alleviated bone damage and synovial inflammation in CIA-rats. The exogenous CD5L treatment promoted RASFs proliferation invasion and proinflammatory cytokine production. Knockdown of CD5L receptor by siRNA significantly reversed the effect of CD5L treatment on RASFs. Moreover, we observed that CD5L treatment potentiated PI3K/Akt signaling in the RASFs. The promoted effects of CD5L on IL-6 and IL-8 expression were significantly reversed by PI3K/Akt signaling inhibitor. In conclusion, CD5L promote RA disease progression via activating RASFs. CD5L blocking is a potential therapeutic approach for RA patients.
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedKaduka, L., Olale, J., Karamanos, A., Mutai, J., Coultas, C., Ahmed, I., L'Esperance, V., Read, U., Dazzan, P., Cruickshank, J. K., Muniu, E., Harding, S.
BMJ Open, 16.05.2023
Tilføjet 16.05.2023
ObjectivesKenya has long and porous borders with its neighbouring countries. These regions, predominantly inhabited by highly mobile rural communities with strong cross-border cultural ties, present major challenges in managing movement of people and COVID-19 preventive measures. Our study sought to assess knowledge of COVID-19 prevention behaviours, how these varied by socioeconomic (SEC) factors and the challenges of engagement and implementation, in two border counties of Kenya. MethodsWe conducted a mixed methods study using a household e-survey (Busia, N=294; Mandera, N=288; 57% females, 43% males), and qualitative telephone interviews (N=73: Busia 55; Mandera 18) with policy actors, healthcare workers, truckers and traders, and community members. Interviews were transcribed, English translated and analysed using the framework method. Associations between SEC (wealth quintiles, educational level) and knowledge of COVID-19 preventive behaviours were explored using Poisson regression. ResultsParticipants were mostly educated to primary school level (54.4% Busia, 61.6% Mandera). Knowledge of COVID-19 prevention varied by behaviour: hand washing-86.5%, use of hand sanitiser-74.8%, wearing a face mask-63.1%, covering the mouth when sneezing or coughing-56.3% and social distancing-40.1%. Differences in knowledge by area, educational level and the wealth index were marked, greatest for Mandera, the less educated and the poor. Interviews with stakeholders revealed challenges in health messaging, psychosocial and socioeconomic factors, lack of preparedness for truck border crossings, language barrier, denial and livelihood insecurity as key challenges to engagement with and implementation of COVID-19 prevention behaviours in the border regions. ConclusionThe influence of SEC disparities and border dynamics on knowledge and engagement with COVID-19 prevention behaviours calls for contextually appropriate risk communication strategies that are cognisant of community needs and local patterns of information flow. Coordinating response measures across border points is crucial in winning communities’ trust and maintaining essential economic and social activities.
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedGensichen, J., Zöllinger, I., Gagyor, I., Hausen, A., Hölscher, M., Janke, C., Kühlein, T., Nassehi, A., Teupser, D., Arend, F. M., Eidenschink, C., Hindenburg, D., Kosub, H., Kurotschka, P. K., Lindemann, D., Mayr, K., Müller, S., Rink, L., Rottenkolber, M., Sanftenberg, L., Schwaiger, R., Sebastiao, M., Wildgruber, D., Dreischulte, T., BaCoM Study group, Gensichen, Dreischulte, Gagyor, Hausen, Hoelscher, Janke, Nassehi, Kühlein, Teupser, Arend, Baumgartner, Daubner, Eidenschink, Fichtl, Floto, Gorkotte, Hindenburg, Hueber, Kalms, Kosub, Kurotschka, Lindemann, Mayr, Michel, Müller, Pauli, Rink, Rottenkolber, Sanftenberg, Schwaiger, Sebastiao, Unger, Vetter, Wildgruber, Zöllinger
BMJ Open, 16.05.2023
Tilføjet 16.05.2023
IntroductionPeople in need of care or support are severely affected by the COVID-19 pandemic. We lack valid data of long-term assessments. We present a register study to detect the physical and psychosocial impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on people in need of care or support in Bavaria, Germany. To describe the persons’ life conditions comprehensively, we assess the perspectives and needs of the respective care teams too. Results will serve as evidence-based source to manage the pandemic and long-term prevention strategies. Methods and analysisThe ‘Bavarian ambulatory COVID-19 Monitor’ is a multicentre registry including a purposive sample of up to 1000 patient–participants across three study sites in Bavaria. The study group consists of 600 people in need of care with a positive SARS-CoV-2 PCR test. Control group 1 comprises 200 people in need of care with a negative SARS-CoV-2 PCR test, while control group 2 comprises 200 people with a positive SARS-CoV-2 PCR test but are not in need of care. We assess the clinical course of infection, psychosocial aspects and care needs using validated measures. Follow-up is every 6 months for up to 3 years. Additionally, we assess up to 400 people linked to these patient–participants (caregivers, general practitioners (GPs)) for their health and needs. Main analyses are stratified by level of care I–V (I=minor/V=most severe impairment of independence), inpatient/outpatient care setting, sex and age. We use descriptive and inferential statistics to analyse cross-sectional data and changes over time. In qualitative interviews with 60 stakeholders (people in need of care, caregivers, GPs, politicians), we explore interface problems of different functional logics, of everyday and professional perspectives. Ethics and disseminationThe Institutional Review Board of the University Hospital LMU Munich (#20-860) and the study sites (Universities of Wurzburg and Erlangen) approved the protocol. We disseminate the results by peer-reviewed publications, international conferences, governmental reports, etc.
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedZhu-Chun Bei, Huanhuan Yu, Hong Wang, Qingyun Li, Baogang Wang, Dongna Zhang, Likun Xu, Liangliang Zhao, Shuwei Dong, Yabin Song
Emerg Microbes Infect, 16.05.2023
Tilføjet 16.05.2023
Chee Wah Tan, Akshamal M. Gamage, Wee Chee Yap, Leon Jia Wei Tang, Yuan Sun, Xing-Lou Yang, Alyssa Pyke, Kaw Bing Chua, Lin-Fa Wang
Emerg Microbes Infect, 16.05.2023
Tilføjet 16.05.2023
Ling Qin, Xinmin Duan, Jay Zengjun Dong, Yue Chang, Yang Han, Yan Li, Wei Jiang, Hongwei Fan, Xiufeng Hou, Wei Cao, Huadong Zhu, Taisheng Li
Emerg Microbes Infect, 16.05.2023
Tilføjet 16.05.2023
Malaria Journal, 16.05.2023
Tilføjet 16.05.2023
Abstract Background In Gabon, children under 5 years of age and pregnant women are the populations who are most at risk of malaria. Despite the presence of accessible health facilities, the community-based management of childhood fever remains a very common practice in Gabon, which may have serious consequences on child health. As such, the objective of this descriptive cross-sectional survey is to assess the mothers’ perception and knowledge of malaria and its severity. Methods Different households were selected using the simple random sampling method. Results A total of 146 mothers from different households were interviewed in the city of Franceville, in southern Gabon. Among the households interviewed, 75.3% had a low monthly income (below the minimum monthly income of $272.73). Among the respondents, 98.6% of mothers had heard of malaria and 55.5% had heard of severe malaria. Regarding preventive measures, 83.6% of mothers used an insecticide-treated net as a means of protection. Self-medication was practiced by 68.5% of women (100/146). Discussion The use of health facilities was motivated by better care, the decision of the head of the family, but above all by the severity of the disease. Women identified fever as the main symptom of malaria, which could be beneficial for a quicker and more efficient management of the disease in children. Malaria educational campaigns should also increase awareness of severe forms of malaria and its manifestations. This study shows that Gabonese mothers react quickly when their children have fever. However, several external factors lead them to practice self-medication as a first resort. In this survey population, the practice of self-medication did not depend on social status, marital status, level of education, on the young age or inexperience of mothers (p > 0.05). Conclusions The data revealed that mothers may underestimate severe malaria and delay medical care by self-medicating, which can have detrimental effects for children and hinder the regression of the disease.
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedMalaria Journal, 16.05.2023
Tilføjet 16.05.2023
Abstract Background Over the past decade, implementation of multiple malaria control strategies in most countries has largely contributed to advance the global malaria elimination agenda. Nevertheless, in some regions, seasonal epidemics may adversely affect the health of local populations. In South Africa, Plasmodium falciparum malaria is still present, with the Vhembe District experiencing an incidence rate of 3.79 cases/1000 person-years in 2018, particularly in the Limpopo River Valley, bordering Zimbabwe. To elucidate the complexity of the mechanisms involved in local regular malaria outbreaks, a community-based survey was implemented in 2020 that focused on the relationship between housing conditions and malaria risky behaviours. Methods The community-based cross-sectional survey was conducted among the population of three study sites in the Vhembe District, which were selected based on malaria incidence rate, social and health characteristics of inhabitants. The household survey used a random sampling strategy, where data were collected through face-to-face questionnaires and field notes; to described the housing conditions (housing questionnaire), and focus on individual behaviours of household members. Statistical analyses were performed combining hierarchical classifications and logistic regressions. Results In this study, 398 households were described, covering a population of 1681 inhabitants of all ages, and 439 adults who participated in community-based survey. The analysis of situations at risk of malaria showed that the influence of contextual factors, particularly those defined by the type of habitat, was significant. Housing conditions and poor living environments were factors of malaria exposure and history, regardless of site of investigation, individual preventive behaviours and personal characteristics of inhabitants. Multivariate models showed that, considering all personal characteristics or behaviours of inhabitants, housing conditions such as overcrowding pressures were significantly associated with individual malaria risk. Conclusions The results showed the overwhelming weight of social and contextual factors on risk situations. Considering the Fundamental Causes Theory, malaria control policies based on health behaviour prevention, should reinforce access to care or promoting health education actions. Overarching economic development interventions in targeted geographical areas and populations have to be implemented, so that malaria control and elimination strategies can be efficiently and effectively managed.
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedZhenqiao Wei, Rui Gao, Zhen Sun, Wen Yang, Qi He, Chenhui Wang, Jingxiang Zhang, Xiaochang Zhang, Liang Guo, Shengqi Wang
Journal of Medical Virology, 16.05.2023
Tilføjet 16.05.2023
Ivan A. Huespe, Augusto Ferraris, Antonio Lalueza, Pascual R. Valdez, Maria L. Peroni, Luis A. Cayetti, Matias A. Mirofsky, Bruno Boietti, Ricardo Gómez‐Huelgas, José M. Casas‐Rojo, Juan M. Antón‐Santos, Jesús M. Núñez‐Cortés, Carlos Lumbreras, Jose‐Manuel Ramos‐Rincón, Noelia G. Barrio, Miguel Pedrera‐Jiménez, María D. Martin‐Escalante, Francisco R. Ruiz, María Á. Onieva‐García, Carlos R. Toso, Marcelo R. Risk, Riku Klén, Javier A. Pollán, David Gómez‐Varela
Journal of Medical Virology, 16.05.2023
Tilføjet 16.05.2023
Donald N. Forthal
Journal of Medical Virology, 16.05.2023
Tilføjet 16.05.2023
FEMS Microbiology Reviews, 16.05.2023
Tilføjet 16.05.2023
AbstractExtracellular electron transfer (EET) is a bioelectrochemical process performed by electrochemically active bacteria (EAB) found in host-associated environments, including plant and animal ecosystems and fermenting plant- and animal-derived foods. Through direct or mediated electron transfer pathways, certain bacteria use EET to enhance ecological fitness with host-impacting effects. In the plant rhizosphere, electron acceptors support the growth of EAB such as members of the Geobacter, cable bacteria, and some clostridia with the capacity to influence iron and heavy metal uptake by plants. In animal microbiomes, EET is associated with diet-derived iron in the intestines of soil-dwelling termites, earthworms, and beetle larvae. EET is also associated with the colonization and metabolism of some bacteria in human and animal microbiomes, such as Streptococcus mutans in the mouth, Enterococcus faecalis and Listeria monocytogenes in the intestine, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa in the lungs. During the fermentation of plant tissues and bovine milk, lactic acid bacteria like Lactiplantibacillus plantarum and Lactococcus lactis may use EET to increase their growth and food acidification, as well as decrease environmental oxidation-reduction potential. EET is thus likely an important metabolic pathway for host-associated bacteria and has implications for ecosystem function, health and disease, and biotechnological applications.
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedBMC Infectious Diseases, 16.05.2023
Tilføjet 16.05.2023
Abstract SARS-CoV-2 is primarily transmitted through person-to-person contacts. It is important to collect information on age-specific contact patterns because SARS-CoV-2 susceptibility, transmission, and morbidity vary by age. To reduce the risk of infection, social distancing measures have been implemented. Social contact data, which identify who has contact with whom especially by age and place are needed to identify high-risk groups and serve to inform the design of non-pharmaceutical interventions. We estimated and used negative binomial regression to compare the number of daily contacts during the first round (April–May 2020) of the Minnesota Social Contact Study, based on respondent’s age, gender, race/ethnicity, region, and other demographic characteristics. We used information on the age and location of contacts to generate age-structured contact matrices. Finally, we compared the age-structured contact matrices during the stay-at-home order to pre-pandemic matrices. During the state-wide stay-home order, the mean daily number of contacts was 5.7. We found significant variation in contacts by age, gender, race, and region. Adults between 40 and 50 years had the highest number of contacts. The way race/ethnicity was coded influenced patterns between groups. Respondents living in Black households (which includes many White respondents living in inter-racial households with black family members) had 2.7 more contacts than respondents in White households; we did not find this same pattern when we focused on individual’s reported race/ethnicity. Asian or Pacific Islander respondents or in API households had approximately the same number of contacts as respondents in White households. Respondents in Hispanic households had approximately two fewer contacts compared to White households, likewise Hispanic respondents had three fewer contacts than White respondents. Most contacts were with other individuals in the same age group. Compared to the pre-pandemic period, the biggest declines occurred in contacts between children, and contacts between those over 60 with those below 60.
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedBMC Infectious Diseases, 16.05.2023
Tilføjet 16.05.2023
Abstract Background Hepatic alveolar echinococcosis (HAE), as a benign parasitic disease with malignant infiltrative activity, grows slowly in the liver, allowing sufficient time for collateral vessels to emerge in the process of vascular occlusion. Methods The portal vein (PV), hepatic vein and hepatic artery were observed by enhanced CT and the inferior vena cava (IVC) by angiography, respectively. Analysis of the anatomical characteristics of the collateral vessels helped to look into the pattern and characteristics of vascular collateralization caused by this specific etiology. Results 33, 5, 12 and 1 patients were included in the formation of collateral vessels in PV, hepatic vein, IVC and hepatic artery, respectively. PV collateral vessels were divided into two categories according to different pathways: type I: portal -portal venous pathway (13 cases) and type II: type I incorporates a portal-systemic circulation pathway (20 cases). Hepatic vein (HV) collateral vessels fell into short hepatic veins. The patients with IVC collateral presented with both vertebral and lumbar venous varices. Hepatic artery collateral vessels emanating from the celiac trunk maintains blood supply to the healthy side of the liver. Conclusions Due to its special biological nature, HAE exhibited unique collateral vessels that were rarely seen in other diseases. An in-depth study would be of great help to improve our understanding related to the process of collateral vessel formation due to intrahepatic lesions and its comorbidity, in addition to providing new ideas for the surgical treatment of end-stage HAE.
Læs mere Tjek på PubMed