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1
Association between level of compliance with COVID-19 public health measures and depressive symptoms: A cross-sectional survey of young adults in Canada and France
Pierre-julien Coulaud, Julie Jesson, Naseeb Bolduc, Olivier Ferlatte, Karine Bertrand, Travis Salway, Marie Jauffret-Roustide, Rod Knight
PLoS One Infectious Diseases, 3.08.2023
Tilføjet 3.08.2023
by Pierre-julien Coulaud, Julie Jesson, Naseeb Bolduc, Olivier Ferlatte, Karine Bertrand, Travis Salway, Marie Jauffret-Roustide, Rod Knight Background While compliance with preventive measures remains central to limit the spread of COVID-19, these measures critically affected mental health of young adults. We therefore investigated the association between the level of compliance with COVID-19 preventive measures and depressive symptoms among young adults in Canada and France. Methods From October to December 2020, we conducted a cross-sectional online survey of young adults ages 18–29 years in Canada (n = 3246) and France (n = 2680) to collect demographic data, experiences with COVID-19 preventive measures, and mental health. Depressive symptoms were assessed by the Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9). Compliance profiles were built using cluster analysis. Weighted multivariable logistic regression was used to estimate associations between compliance level and major depressive symptoms (PHQ-9 score≥15) in each country. Results One third of respondents reported major depressive symptoms (Canada: 36.4%, France: 23.4%). Four compliance profiles were identified: high (42.5%), medium-high (21.7%), medium-low (18.1%), and low (17.7%), with high levels more frequently observed in Canada compared to France. In both countries, participants in low compliance profile (Canada: Adjusted Odds Ratio (AOR) [95% Confidence Interval] 0.75 [0.58, 0.98], France: AOR 0.60 [0.46, 0.75]), in the medium-low (Canada: AOR 0.58 [0.48, 0.72], France: AOR 0.81 [0.66, 1.01]), and medium-high compliance profiles (Canada: AOR 0.78 [0.65, 0.93], France: AOR 0.77 [0.63, 0.93]) were less likely to report major depressive symptoms compared to the high compliance profile. Ethno-racial minorities, sexual and gender minority, and unemployed young adults had higher odds of reporting such symptoms. Conclusions Major depressive symptoms were associated with high compliance with COVID-19 preventive measures among young adults. The implementation of socially-isolating measures should be coupled with mental health interventions to address mental health needs of young adults, with enhanced supports for sub-groups who are structurally disadvantaged (e.g., racialized, unemployed, sexual and gender minority).
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2
Characterisation of putative class 1A DHODH-like proteins from Mucorales and dematiaceous mould species
Corinne Pinder, Ressa Lebedinec, Tim P. Levine, Mike Birch, Jason D. Oliver
PLoS One Infectious Diseases, 3.08.2023
Tilføjet 3.08.2023
by Corinne Pinder, Ressa Lebedinec, Tim P. Levine, Mike Birch, Jason D. Oliver Olorofim is a new antifungal in clinical development which has a novel mechanism of action against dihydroorotate dehydrogenase (DHODH). DHODH form a ubiquitous family of enzymes in the de novo pyrimidine biosynthetic pathway and are split into class 1A, class 1B and class 2. Olorofim specifically targets the fungal class 2 DHODH present in a range of pathogenic moulds. The nature and number of DHODH present in many fungal species have not been addressed for large clades of this kingdom. Mucorales species do not respond to olorofim; previous work suggests they have only class 1A DHODH and so lack the class 2 target that olorofim inhibits. The dematiaceous moulds have mixed susceptibility to olorofim, yet previous analyses imply that they have class 2 DHODH. As this is at odds with their intermediate susceptibility to olorofim, we hypothesised that these pathogens may maintain a second class of DHODH, facilitating pyrimidine biosynthesis in the presence of olorofim. The aim of this study was to investigate the DHODH repertoire of clinically relevant species of Mucorales and dematiaceous moulds to further characterise these pathogens and understand variations in olorofim susceptibility. Using bioinformatic analysis, S. cerevisiae complementation and biochemical assays of recombinant protein, we provide the first evidence that two representative members of the Mucorales have only class 1A DHODH, substantiating a lack of olorofim susceptibility. In contrast, bioinformatic analyses initially suggested that seven dematiaceous species appeared to harbour both class 1A-like and class 2-like DHODH genes. However, further experimental investigation of the putative class 1A-like genes through yeast complementation and biochemical assays characterised them as dihydrouracil oxidases rather than DHODHs. These data demonstrate variation in dematiaceous mould olorofim susceptibility is not due to a secondary DHODH and builds on the growing picture of fungal dihydrouracil oxidases as an example of horizontal gene transfer.
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3
Exploring Endotypes in Chronic Rhinosinusitis (ExpRess): Protocol for a cohort study
Shyam Ajay Gokani, Matthew Jefferson, Jelena Gavrilovic, Allan Clark, Falk Hildebrand, Tom Wileman, Claire Hopkins, Carl Philpott
PLoS One Infectious Diseases, 3.08.2023
Tilføjet 3.08.2023
by Shyam Ajay Gokani, Matthew Jefferson, Jelena Gavrilovic, Allan Clark, Falk Hildebrand, Tom Wileman, Claire Hopkins, Carl Philpott Background Chronic Rhinosinusitis (CRS) affects approximately 1 in 10 UK adults and impacts quality of life quality of life significantly. Response to treatment may be driven by individual CRS endotypes and therefore work to delineate biomarker clusters that may separate responders from non-responders is needed. The ongoing MACRO three-arm parallel-group trial randomises adult CRS patients to endoscopic sinus surgery, macrolide therapy or placebo. Aim This study aims to correlate CRS endotypes with clinical parameters from the ongoing MACRO trial, including olfactory function and outcomes in terms of response to treatment using core biomarkers sets. Methods Adult CRS patients enrolled into the MACRO trial will be recruited from participating UK otorhinolaryngology departments. Nasal tissue samples and swabs will be obtained in theatre or clinic from patients randomised to all three trial arms. Nasal tissue will be analysed with multiplex electrochemiluminescence for 32 cytokines including IL-5, IL-13, IgE and periostin. Bacterial swabs will be analysed using illumina miSeq 16S amplicon sequencing. Mean expression for each biomarker will be reported for treatment responder and non-responder groups. Correlation of biomarkers with MACRO trial outcome data such as endoscopic evaluation scores and quality-of-life improvement scores will be reported. Discussion Defining clear endotypes in CRS will contribute to refining patient pathways for the efficient use of clinical resources. This work may lay the groundwork for future studies to predict which patients might respond to medical or surgical therapy.
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4
COVID-19 and sexual violence against women: A qualitative study about young people and professionals’ perspectives in Spain
Esther Castellanos-Torres, Belén Sanz-Barbero, Carmen Vives-Cases, CIBER Program of Violence and Young People team
PLoS One Infectious Diseases, 3.08.2023
Tilføjet 3.08.2023
by Esther Castellanos-Torres, Belén Sanz-Barbero, Carmen Vives-Cases, CIBER Program of Violence and Young People team There is an increasing awareness of the magnitude of different forms of sexual violence (SV), especially in relation to youth. The COVID-19 pandemic has also had a negative impact on different forms of violence against women. In this study, we aim to analyse SV in the COVID-19 lockdown among young people and SV-related services from the perspective of professionals and young people from different sectors in Spain with responsibilities in attending SV and other forms of violence against women-related. A qualitative content analysis was performed on semi-structured interviews with 23 women and men aged 18 to 24 and 15 professionals working with youth and/or in violence against women or sexual violence related services. The sample was from northern, eastern and central regions of Spain. According to the professionals’ experience, the COVID-19 lockdown lessened their ability to work on violence prevention. Both informants perceived that sexual violence had decreased in public spaces whereas it increased in digital ones and noticed the silence surrounding violent situations had deepened. However, they differed regarding its impact on sexual violence within intimate partners, mainly due to the lack of awareness of this problem among young men. In regard to violence against women and sexual violence, our results highlight the need to develop protocols for action and improve resource accessibility in crisis contexts.
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5
The plant toxin 4-methylsulfinylbutyl isothiocyanate decreases herbivore performance and modulates cellular and humoral immunity
Enakshi Ghosh, Ghada S. Y. Tafesh-Edwards, Ioannis Eleftherianos, Stephanie L. Goldin, Paul J. Ode
PLoS One Infectious Diseases, 3.08.2023
Tilføjet 3.08.2023
by Enakshi Ghosh, Ghada S. Y. Tafesh-Edwards, Ioannis Eleftherianos, Stephanie L. Goldin, Paul J. Ode Insect herbivores frequently encounter plant defense molecules, but the physiological and ecological consequences for their immune systems are not fully understood. The majority of studies attempting to relate levels of plant defensive chemistry to herbivore immune responses have used natural population or species-level variation in plant defensive chemistry. Yet, this potentially confounds the effects of plant defense chemistry with other potential plant trait differences that may affect the expression of herbivore immunity. We used an artificial diet containing known quantities of a plant toxin (4-methylsulfinylbutyl isothiocyanate; 4MSOB-ITC or ITC, a breakdown product of the glucosinolate glucoraphanin upon herbivory) to explicitly explore the effects of a plant toxin on the cellular and humoral immune responses of the generalist herbivore Trichoplusia ni (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) that frequently feeds on glucosinolate-containing plants. Caterpillars feeding on diets with high concentrations of ITC experienced reduced survivorship and growth rates. High concentrations of ITC suppressed the appearance of several types of hemocytes and melanization activity, which are critical defenses against parasitic Hymenoptera and microbial pathogens. In terms of T. ni humoral immunity, only the antimicrobial peptide (AMP) genes lebocin and gallerimycin were significantly upregulated in caterpillars fed on diets containing high levels of ITC relative to caterpillars that were provided with ITC-free diet. Surprisingly, challenging caterpillars with a non-pathogenic strain of Escherichia coli resulted in the upregulation of the AMP gene cecropin. Feeding on high concentrations of plant toxins hindered caterpillar development, decreased cellular immunity, but conferred mixed effects on humoral immunity. Our findings provide novel insights into the effects of herbivore diet composition on insect performance demonstrating the role of specific plant defense toxins that shape herbivore immunity and trophic interactions.
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6
Measuring quality of facility-based ITN distribution in Ghana
Malaria Journal, 3.08.2023
Tilføjet 3.08.2023
Abstract Background Continuous distribution channels are effective methods to deliver malaria interventions such as insecticide treated nets (ITNs) to pregnant women attending antenatal care clinics and children under five attending immunization visits. Facility-based and provider-based checklists were used during supportive supervision visits to measure the quality of facility-based services and interventions. This study looks at ITN distributions at health facilities in Ghana, with the aim of providing insights on how quality can be measured and monitored. Methods Various quality improvement approaches for malaria services occur in Ghana. Selected indicators were analysed to highlight the similarities and differences of how the approaches measured how well the channel was doing. Generally, the approaches assessed (1) service data management, (2) logistics data management, and (3) observation of service provision (ITN issuance, malaria education, ITN use and care education). Two approaches used a binary (Yes/No) scale, and one used a Likert scale. Results Results showed that most data reported to the national HMIS is accurate. Logistics data management remained an issue at health facilities, as results showed scores below average across facility stores, antenatal care, and immunization. Though the supervision approaches differed, overall results indicated that almost all eligible clients received ITNs, data were recorded accurately and reported on-time, and logistics was the largest challenge to optimal distribution through health facilities. Conclusion The supervision approaches provided valuable insights into the quality of facility-based ITN distribution. Ghana should continue to implement supportive supervision in their malaria agenda, with additional steps needed to improve reporting of collected data and increase the number of facilities visited for supportive supervision and the frequency. There were various supervision approaches used with no clear guidance on how to measure quality of facility-based ITN distribution, so there is also need for the global community to agree on standardized indicators and approaches to measuring quality of facility-based ITN distribution. Additionally, future studies can review the effect of multiple rounds of supervision visits on the quality of ITN distribution as well as understand the facilitators and barriers to scaling up supervision of facility-based ITN distribution.
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7
Insecticide-treated bed net utilization and associated factors among pregnant women in Ethiopia: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Malaria Journal, 3.08.2023
Tilføjet 3.08.2023
Abstract Background Malaria infection during pregnancy endangers the pregnant woman, fetus, and newborn child. Thus, the use of an insecticide-treated net (ITN) is one of the most frequently advised methods for preventing malaria during pregnancy. Contrary findings have been reported in various studies on ITN utilization among pregnant women in Ethiopia. Therefore, this study was aimed to estimate the pooled prevalence of ITN utilization and its associated factors among pregnant women in Ethiopia. Methods Published articles from PubMed, Google Scholar, Science Direct, AJOL and Cochrane library were systematically searched. All cross-sectional studies on ITN utilization among pregnant women were included in this meta-analysis. To estimate the pooled prevalence and odds ratio, a random-effect model was used; and a subgroup analysis was performed to identify the possible source of heterogeneity. Begg’s and Egger’s tests were used to identify possible publication bias. Results Ten cross-sectional studies with 7,161 participants were included. The pooled prevalence of ITN utilization among all pregnant women who had access to ITN in Ethiopia was 59.42% (95% CI 51.14, 67.69). Statistically significant heterogeneity was observed (I2 = 97.7%; p
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8
Successful implementation of ITN distribution through health facilities in Ghana
Malaria Journal, 3.08.2023
Tilføjet 3.08.2023
Abstract Background Global efforts to reduce malaria burden include distribution of insecticide-treated mosquito nets through mass campaigns and routine channels. Ghana’s National Malaria Elimination Programme (NMEP) distributes insecticide-treated bed nets (ITNs) through various channels, including to pregnant women at antenatal care (ANC) visits and children at vaccination visits through child welfare clinics (CWC). This study assessed historical ITN distribution throughout ANCs and CWCs across Ghana and the characteristics of high performing facilities. Methods Monthly data on routine ITN distribution was provided from Ghana’s national health information management system for the years 2016–2021. Analyses were conducted to assess the performance of ITN distribution at ANC and CWC across time, ecological zone, regions, districts, facility ownership, and facility type. Univariate and multivariate logistic regressions were performed to predict the odds of ANC and CWC issuing rates greater or equal to 80% for a given facility type or ownership. Results In 2021, 93% of women who attended their first antenatal care visit and 92% of children under five who received their second dose of the measles-rubella vaccine (MR2) had received an ITN. At the regional level, 94% of regions (n = 15/16) maintained the NSP target issuing rate of 80% throughout 2020 and 2021. While there were no clear differences in issuing rates between ecological zones, district-level differences were present across the six years. All health facility types performed at or above 80% in 2021 for both ANC and CWC. Odds ratios demonstrated differences in the likelihood of meeting the 80% issuing rate goal among different facility types as well as private versus public ownership when comparing ANC and CWC. Conclusion By 2021, Ghana had improved its ITN issuing rates since the initial year of analysis, surpassing the 80% target by issuing nets to over 90% of pregnant women and young children attending ANC and CWC. Future work can explore the reasons for national and subnational differences in issuing rates as well as help understand additional characteristics of high performing facilities. Additionally, it is necessary to identify and expand on the drivers for improved performance over the time period.
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9
Risk of Subsequent Respiratory Virus Detection After Primary Virus Detection in a Community Household Study – King County, Washington 2019-2021
Journal of Infectious Diseases, 3.08.2023
Tilføjet 3.08.2023
AbstractBackgroundThe epidemiology of respiratory viral infections is complex. How infection with one respiratory virus affects risk of subsequent infection with the same or another respiratory virus is not well described.MethodsWe retrospectively analyzed data from a longitudinal household cohort study from October 2019-June 2021. Enrolled households completed active surveillance for acute respiratory illness (ARI), and participants with ARI self-collected nasal swabs; after April 2020, participants with ARI or laboratory-confirmed SARS-CoV-2 and their household members self-collected nasal swabs. Specimens were tested via multiplex RT-PCR for respiratory viruses. A Cox regression model with a time-dependent covariate examined risk of subsequent detections following a specific primary viral detection.ResultsRhinovirus was the most frequently detected pathogen in study specimens (n=406, 9.5%). Among 51 participants with multiple viral detections, rhinovirus to seasonal coronavirus (8, 14.8%) was the most common viral detection pairing. Relative to no primary detection, there was a 1.03-2.06-fold increase in risk of subsequent virus detection in the 90 days following primary detection; risk varied by primary virus: parainfluenza, rhinovirus, and respiratory syncytial virus were statistically significant.ConclusionsPrimary virus detection was associated with higher risk of subsequent virus detection within the first 90 days after primary detection.
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10
A Phase 2 Extension Study Evaluating the Immunogenicity, Safety, and Tolerability of 3 or 4 Doses of a Clostridioides difficile Vaccine in Healthy US Adults 65 to 85 Years of Age
Journal of Infectious Diseases, 3.08.2023
Tilføjet 3.08.2023
AbstractBackgroundThis phase 2 extension explored long-term antibody persistence of an investigational Clostridioides difficile vaccine and safety/tolerability and immunogenicity of dose 4 ∼12 months postdose 3.MethodsOne year postdose 3, 300 healthy US 65–85-year-olds were randomized to Dose 4 of vaccine at previously-received antigen levels (100 or 200 μg) or placebo. Assessments included safety and percentages of subjects achieving neutralizing antibody titers above prespecified thresholds (≥219 and ≥2586 neutralization units/mL for toxins A and B, respectively).ResultsIn subjects previously given three 200-µg doses and placebo in the extension, toxin A and B neutralizing antibodies were above prevaccination levels 48 months postdose 3 (36 months post-placebo); 24.0% and 26.0% had toxin A and B antibodies at or above prespecified thresholds, respectively. Neutralizing antibodies increased postdose 4 (12 months postdose 3) and persisted to 36 months postdose 4. Thirty days postdose 4, all subjects had toxin A and 86.5%‒100% had toxin B titers at or above prespecified thresholds. Local reactions were more frequent in vaccine recipients. Systemic and adverse event frequencies were similar across groups.ConclusionsC difficile vaccine immune responses persisted 48 months postdose 3. Dose 4 was immunogenic and well tolerated, supporting continued development.ClinicalTrials.govNCT02561195.
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11
Predictors of severity of influenza-related hospitalizations: Results from the Global Influenza Hospital Surveillance Network (GIHSN)
Journal of Infectious Diseases, 3.08.2023
Tilføjet 3.08.2023
AbstractBackgroundThe Global Influenza Hospital Surveillance Network (GIHSN) has since 2012 provided patient-level data on severe influenza-like illnesses from over 100 participating clinical sites worldwide based on a core protocol and consistent case definitions. To our knowledge, this is the first study to analyze multiple years of global, patient-level data generated by prospective, hospital-based surveillance across a large number of countries to investigate geographic differences in influenza severity.MethodsWe used multivariable logistic regression to assess the risk of intensive care unit admission, mechanical ventilation, and in-hospital death among hospitalized patients with influenza and explored the role of patient-level covariates and country income.ResultsThe dataset included 73,121 patients hospitalized with respiratory illness in 22 countries, with 15,660 laboratory-confirmed for influenza. After adjusting for patient-level covariates we found a 7-fold increase in the risk of influenza-related intensive care unit admission in lower middle-income countries, compared to high-income countries (p = 0.01). The risk of mechanical ventilation and in-hospital death also increases by four-fold in lower middle-income countries, though these values were not statistically significant. We also find that influenza severity increased with older age and number of comorbidities. Across all severity outcomes studied and after controlling for patient characteristics, infection with influenza A/H1N1pdm09 was more severe than with A/H3N2.ConclusionsOur study provides new information on influenza severity in under-resourced populations, particularly those in lower middle-income countries. Understanding the mechanisms responsible for these disparities will be important to improve management of influenza, optimize vaccine allocation, and mitigate global disease burden.
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12
Ehrlichia Wnt SLiM ligand mimic deactivates the Hippo pathway to engage the anti-apoptotic Yap-GLUT1-BCL-xL axis
Caitlan D. ByerlyLaNisha L. PattersonNicholas A. PittnerRegina N. SolomonJignesh G. PatelMadison R. RoganJere W. McBride 1 Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA 2 Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA 3 Center for Biodefense and Emerging Infectious Diseases, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA 4 Sealy Institute for Vaccine Sciences, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA 5 Institute for Human Infections and Immunity, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA , Guy H. Palmer
Infection and Immunity, 3.08.2023
Tilføjet 3.08.2023
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Clinical characteristics of patients with COVID-19 harboring detectable intracellular SARS-CoV-2 RNA in peripheral blood cells
Hiromu Tanaka, Ho Namkoong, Shotaro Chubachi, Shinji Irie, Yoshifumi Uwamino, Ho Lee, Shuhei Azekawa, Shiro Otake, Kensuke Nakagawara, Takahiro Fukushima, Mayuko Watase, Tatsuya Kusumoto, Katsunori Masaki, Hirofumi Kamata, Makoto Ishii, Yukinori Okada, Tomomi Takano, Seiya Imoto, Ryuji Koike, Akinori Kimura, Satoru Miyano, Seishi Ogawa, Takanori Kanai, Taka-Aki Sato, Koichi Fukunaga, The Japan COVID-19 Task Force
International Journal of Infectious Diseases, 3.08.2023
Tilføjet 3.08.2023
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) remains endemic and a significant problem worldwide. The reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction test, using nasopharyngeal swabs, is the gold standard for the diagnosis of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). Studies on serum samples of patients with COVID-19 have reported viral RNAemia, which has been associated with disease severity [1] and post-acute COVID-19 sequelae [2]. However, reports of intracellular viral RNA identified in peripheral blood cells are limited.
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14
Social and structural barriers and facilitators to HIV healthcare and harm reduction services for people experiencing syndemics in Manitoba: study protocol
Rueda, Z. V., Haworth-Brockman, M., Sobie, C., Villacis, E., Larcombe, L., Maier, K., Deering, K., Sanguins, J., Templeton, K., MacKenzie, L., Ireland, L., Kasper, K., Payne, M., Bullard, J., Krusi, A., Pick, N., Myran, T., Meyers, A., Keynan, Y.
BMJ Open, 2.08.2023
Tilføjet 2.08.2023
IntroductionIn Manitoba, Canada, there has been an increase in the number of people newly diagnosed with HIV and those not returning for regular HIV care. The COVID-19 pandemic resulted in increased sex and gender disparities in disease risk and mortalities, decreased harm reduction services and reduced access to healthcare. These health crises intersect with increased drug use and drug poisoning deaths, houselessness and other structural and social factors most acutely among historically underserved groups. We aim to explore the social and structural barriers and facilitators to HIV care and harm reduction services experienced by people living with HIV (PLHIV) in Manitoba. Methods and analysisOur study draws on participatory action research design. Guiding the methodological design are the lived experiences of PLHIV. In-depth semi-structured face-to-face interviews and quantitative questionnaires will be conducted with two groups: (1) persons aged ≥18 years living or newly diagnosed with HIV and (2) service providers who work with PLHIV. Data collection will include sex, gender, sociodemographic information, income and housing, experiences with the criminal justice system, sexual practices, substance use practices and harm reduction access, experiences with violence and support, HIV care journey (since diagnosis until present), childhood trauma and a decision-making questionnaire. Data will be analysed intersectionally, employing grounded theory for thematic analysis, sex-based and gender-based analysis and social determinants of health and syndemic framework to understand the experiences of PLHIV in Manitoba. Ethics and disseminationWe received approval from the University of Manitoba Health Ethics Research Board (HS25572; H2022:218), First Nations Health and Social Secretariat of Manitoba, Nine Circles Community Health Centre, Shared Health Manitoba (SH2022:194) and 7th Street Health Access Centre. Findings will be disseminated using community-focused knowledge translation strategies identified by participants, peers, community members and organisations, and reported in conferences, peer-reviewed journals and a website (www.alltogether4ideas.org).
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15
Nationwide analysis of the impact of COVID-19 in patients with a cardiovascular, oncological or chronic pulmonary disease in the context of an Eastern European country with a low vaccination rate, Bulgaria: March 2020-April 2022
Dimitrov, G., Valkov, T., Batselova, H., Kounchev, O., Momekov, G., Argirova, R.
BMJ Open, 2.08.2023
Tilføjet 2.08.2023
ObjectiveThis study focused on Bulgarian patient cohorts harbouring a single documented chronic comorbidity–cardiovascular pathology, an oncological disease or a chronic pulmonary diseases (CPD) comparing the outcomes in fully vaccinated and non-vaccinated populations classified by sex and age groups in ambulatory, hospital and intensive care unit (ICU) settings at the national level. DesignRetrospective analysis Settings, participants and outcome measuresIn total, 1 126 946 patients with confirmed COVID-19, on a national level, were retrospectively analysed between March 2020 and April 2022, using data from the Ministry of Health’s United Information Portal, launched in March 2020. ResultsOf all the confirmed 247 441 hospitalised cases of COVID-19, 67 723 (27.3%) had documented cardiovascular disease (CVD), 2140 (0.9%) had confirmed solid malignancy (regardless of stage) and 3243 (1.3%) had established CPD as their only chronic pathology. The number of cumulative deaths in each subgroup was 10 165 (in-hospital=5812 and ICU=4353); 4.0% vaccinated (410/10 165, p
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16
Association between HIV and treatment-resistant hypertension in Malawian adults: a protocol for a case-control study
Gondwe, J., Ndovie, M., Khuluza, F., Banda, C. G.
BMJ Open, 2.08.2023
Tilføjet 2.08.2023
IntroductionTreatment-resistant hypertension (RH), defined as uncontrolled blood pressure (≥140/90 mm Hg) despite treatment with ≥3 medications of different classes (including diuretics) at optimal doses, is associated with poor prognosis and an elevated risk of end-organ damage. In areas where HIV is endemic, such as sub-Saharan Africa, the risk of hypertension is high in people living with HIV. It remains unknown if HIV infection further increases the risk of RH. This study seeks to determine the association between HIV and RH as well as investigate other factors associated with RH in hypertensive Malawian adults. Methods and analysisA case–control study will be conducted among adult hypertensive patients attending a clinic at a referral hospital in Malawi. The cases will be hypertensive patients with a confirmed diagnosis of RH. For each case, two controls (hypertensive patients without RH), frequency matched for age group and sex, will be selected from among hospital clients attending the same hypertension clinic as the case. In both groups, HIV status will be ascertained. Additionally, information on other potential risk factors of RH, such as chronic kidney disease, obesity, hypercholesteraemia, diabetes, smoking, alcohol use, antiretroviral therapy regimen and duration, will be collected in both cases and controls. For each of the potential risk factors, ORs will be calculated to quantify the strength of their association with RH. In a multivariate analysis, conditional logistic regression will be used to assess the independent association between HIV and RH as well as the influence of the other potential drivers of RH. Ethics and disseminationThis protocol has been approved by the College of Medicine Research Ethics Committee (COMREC) in Malawi (P.05/22/3637). Findings from this study will be disseminated through a peer-reviewed publication in an open-access international journal. Furthermore, anonymised data will be available on request from the authors.
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17
Long-term temporal trends in incidence rate and case fatality of sepsis and COVID-19-related sepsis in Norwegian hospitals, 2008-2021: a nationwide registry study
Skei, N. V., Nilsen, T. I. L., Knoop, S. T., Prescott, H., Lydersen, S., Mohus, R. M., Brkic, A., Liyanarachi, K. V., Solligard, E., Damas, J. K., Gustad, L. T.
BMJ Open, 2.08.2023
Tilføjet 2.08.2023
ObjectivesTo estimate temporal trends in incidence rate (IR) and case fatality during a 14-year period from 2008 to 2021, and to assess possible shifts in these trends during the COVID-19 pandemic. SettingAll Norwegian hospitals 2008–2021. Participants317 705 patients ≥18 year with a sepsis International Classification of Diseases 10th revision code retrieved from The Norwegian Patient Registry. Primary and secondary measuresAnnual age-standardised IRs with 95% CIs. Poisson regression was used to estimate changes in IRs across time, and logistic regression was used to estimate ORs for in-hospital death. ResultsAmong 12 619 803 adult hospitalisations, a total of 317 705 (2.5%) hospitalisations in 222 832 (70.0%) unique patients met the sepsis criteria. The overall age-standardised IR of a first sepsis admission was 246/100 000 (95% CI 245 to 247), whereas the age-standardised IR of all sepsis admissions was 352/100 000 (95% CI 351 to 354). In the period 2009–2019, the annual IR for a first sepsis episode was stable (IR ratio (IRR) per year, 0.999; 95% CI 0.994 to 1.004), whereas for recurrent sepsis the IR increased (annual IRR, 1.048; 95% CI 1.037 to 1.059). During the COVID-19 pandemic, the IRR for a first sepsis was 0.877 (95% CI 0.829 to 0.927) in 2020 and 0.929 (95% CI 0.870 to 0.992) in 2021, and for all sepsis it was 0.870 (95% CI 0.810 to 0.935) in 2020 and 0.908 (95% CI 0.840 to 0.980) in 2021, compared with the previous 11-year period. Case fatality among first sepsis admissions declined in the period 2009–2019 (annual OR 0.954 (95% CI 0.950 to 0.958)), whereas case fatality increased during the COVID-19 pandemic in 2020 (OR 1.061 (95% CI 1.001 to 1.124) and in 2021 (OR 1.164 (95% CI 1.098 to 1.233)). ConclusionThe overall IR of sepsis increased from 2009 to 2019, due to an increasing IR of recurrent sepsis, and indicates that sepsis awareness with updated guidelines and education must continue.
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18
Plasmodium falciparum with pfhrp2/3 Deletion Not Detected in a 2018–2021 Malaria Longitudinal Cohort Study in Kinshasa Province, Democratic Republic of the Congo
American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, 2.08.2023
Tilføjet 2.08.2023
Journal Name: The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene Volume: 109 Issue: 2 Pages: 273-276
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Malaria-Related Psychosocial Factors, Past Antenatal Care–Seeking Behaviors, and Future Antenatal Care–Seeking Intentions by Maternal Age in Malawi and Democratic Republic of the Congo
American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, 2.08.2023
Tilføjet 2.08.2023
Journal Name: The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene Volume: 109 Issue: 2 Pages: 277-283
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20
Case Report: Severe Plasmodium vivax Malaria after Splenectomy
American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, 2.08.2023
Tilføjet 2.08.2023
Journal Name: The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene Volume: 109 Issue: 2 Pages: 284-287
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21
Natural Infection of Nyssorhynchus darlingi and Nyssorhynchus benarrochi B with Plasmodium during the Dry Season in the Understudied Low-Transmission Setting of Datem del Marañon Province, Amazonian Peru
American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, 2.08.2023
Tilføjet 2.08.2023
Journal Name: The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene Volume: 109 Issue: 2 Pages: 288-295
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22
Case Report: Diagnosis and Treatment of Two Clinical Cases of Visceral Leishmaniasis-Related Hemophagocytic Lymphohistiocytosis
American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, 2.08.2023
Tilføjet 2.08.2023
Journal Name: The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene Volume: 109 Issue: 2 Pages: 296-300
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23
A Novel Topical Formulation of the Leishmaniasis Drug Glucantime as a Nanostructured Lipid Carrier-Based Hydrogel
American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, 2.08.2023
Tilføjet 2.08.2023
Journal Name: The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene Volume: 109 Issue: 2 Pages: 301-314
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24
Case Report: Diffuse Cutaneous Leishmaniasis Successfully Treated with a Combination of Oral Rifampicin and Fluconazole
American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, 2.08.2023
Tilføjet 2.08.2023
Journal Name: The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene Volume: 109 Issue: 2 Pages: 315-318
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25
Seroprevalence of Chagas Disease among People of Latin American Descent Living in Suffolk County, Long Island, New York
American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, 2.08.2023
Tilføjet 2.08.2023
Journal Name: The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene Volume: 109 Issue: 2 Pages: 319-321
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26
Fatal Primary Amebic Meningoencephalitis in Nebraska: Case Report and Environmental Investigation, August 2022
American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, 2.08.2023
Tilføjet 2.08.2023
Journal Name: The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene Volume: 109 Issue: 2 Pages: 322-326
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27
Microscopic Detection of Intestinal Sarcocystis Infection Diagnosed in International Travelers at the Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium, from 2001 to 2020
American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, 2.08.2023
Tilføjet 2.08.2023
Journal Name: The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene Volume: 109 Issue: 2 Pages: 327-331
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28
Case Report: Duodenal Papillary Stenosis Secondary to Strongyloides stercoralis Infection in a Non-Immunocompromised Host
American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, 2.08.2023
Tilføjet 2.08.2023
Journal Name: The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene Volume: 109 Issue: 2 Pages: 332-334
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29
Immunodiagnostic Detection of Angiostrongylus cantonensis Exposure on Hawaii Island Using Isogeographic 31-kDa Antigen
American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, 2.08.2023
Tilføjet 2.08.2023
Journal Name: The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene Volume: 109 Issue: 2 Pages: 335-342
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30
Case Report: Upper Thoracic Esophageal Paralysis Accompanying a Type 1 Leprosy Reaction
American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, 2.08.2023
Tilføjet 2.08.2023
Journal Name: The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene Volume: 109 Issue: 2 Pages: 343-344
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31
Quantitative Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction for Detection of Mycobacterium leprae DNA in Tissue Specimens from Patients with Leprosy
American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, 2.08.2023
Tilføjet 2.08.2023
Journal Name: The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene Volume: 109 Issue: 2 Pages: 345-349
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32
A Multicenter Experience of Inducible Clindamycin Resistance in Staphylococcus aureus Infection among 800 Egyptian Patients with or without Diabetes Mellitus
American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, 2.08.2023
Tilføjet 2.08.2023
Journal Name: The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene Volume: 109 Issue: 2 Pages: 350-355
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33
Case Report: Cedecea lapagei Infection: Report of a Case in Peru and Review of the Literature
American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, 2.08.2023
Tilføjet 2.08.2023
Journal Name: The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene Volume: 109 Issue: 2 Pages: 356-367
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34
Changing Water-Sanitation Determinants of Cholera over Two Decades in Bangladesh
American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, 2.08.2023
Tilføjet 2.08.2023
Journal Name: The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene Volume: 109 Issue: 2 Pages: 368-375
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35
Leptospirosis Risk among Occupational Groups in Brazil, 2010–2015
American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, 2.08.2023
Tilføjet 2.08.2023
Journal Name: The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene Volume: 109 Issue: 2 Pages: 376-386
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36
Eastern Equine Encephalitis Virus Diversity in Massachusetts Patients, 1938–2020
American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, 2.08.2023
Tilføjet 2.08.2023
Journal Name: The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene Volume: 109 Issue: 2 Pages: 387-396
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37
Dietary Patterns and Anti-Flavivirus IgG Seroconversion in Colombian Children
American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, 2.08.2023
Tilføjet 2.08.2023
Journal Name: The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene Volume: 109 Issue: 2 Pages: 397-403
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38
Prevalence, Characteristics, and Outcomes Associated with Acute Kidney Injury among Adult Patients with Severe Dengue in Mainland China
American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, 2.08.2023
Tilføjet 2.08.2023
Journal Name: The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene Volume: 109 Issue: 2 Pages: 404-412
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39
Previous Dengue Infection among Children in Puerto Rico and Implications for Dengue Vaccine Implementation
American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, 2.08.2023
Tilføjet 2.08.2023
Journal Name: The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene Volume: 109 Issue: 2 Pages: 413-419
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40
Dog Population Rabies Immunity before a Mass Vaccination Campaign in Lima, Peru: Vulnerabilities for Virus Reestablishment
American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, 2.08.2023
Tilføjet 2.08.2023
Journal Name: The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene Volume: 109 Issue: 2 Pages: 420-428
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41
Diarrhea Prevalence and Associated Factors among Children in Azezo Sub-City, Northwest Ethiopia: A Community-Based Cross-Sectional Study
American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, 2.08.2023
Tilføjet 2.08.2023
Journal Name: The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene Volume: 109 Issue: 2 Pages: 429-435
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42
Early-Life Enteric Pathogen Exposure, Socioeconomic Status, and School-Age Cognitive Outcomes
American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, 2.08.2023
Tilføjet 2.08.2023
Journal Name: The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene Volume: 109 Issue: 2 Pages: 436-442
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43
Mortality by Admission Diagnosis in Children 1–60 Months of Age Admitted to a Tertiary Care Government Hospital in Malawi
American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, 2.08.2023
Tilføjet 2.08.2023
Journal Name: The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene Volume: 109 Issue: 2 Pages: 443-449
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44
Etiology of Acute Infectious Meningitis and Meningoencephalitis in Karachi, Pakistan: Retrospective Observational Study from a Tertiary Care Center
American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, 2.08.2023
Tilføjet 2.08.2023
Journal Name: The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene Volume: 109 Issue: 2 Pages: 450-459
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45
Impact of COVID-19 on Outpatient Malnutrition Centers in Urban and Rural Burkina Faso
American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, 2.08.2023
Tilføjet 2.08.2023
Journal Name: The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene Volume: 109 Issue: 2 Pages: 460-465
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46
Prevalence and Predictors of COVID-19 Long-Term Symptoms: A Cohort Study from the Amazon Basin
American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, 2.08.2023
Tilføjet 2.08.2023
Journal Name: The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene Volume: 109 Issue: 2 Pages: 466-470
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47
Experiences of American Health Departments, Health Systems, and Community Organizations in COVID-19 Vaccine Provision for Refugee, Immigrant, and Migrant Communities
American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, 2.08.2023
Tilføjet 2.08.2023
Journal Name: The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene Volume: 109 Issue: 2 Pages: 471-479
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48
Detection of Substandard and Falsified Antibiotics Sold in the Democratic Republic of the Congo Using Validated HPLC and UV-Visible Spectrophotometric Methods
American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, 2.08.2023
Tilføjet 2.08.2023
Journal Name: The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene Volume: 109 Issue: 2 Pages: 480-488
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49
Elevating Mentorship Competency for Sustained Impact via the University of Zambia Mentor Training Program
American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, 2.08.2023
Tilføjet 2.08.2023
Journal Name: The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene Volume: 109 Issue: 2 Pages: 489-494
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