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Journal of Infectious Diseases, 4.08.2023
Tilføjet 4.08.2023
AbstractBackgroundWe identified whether maternal HIV infection during pregnancy affects transplacental transfer of Kaposi’s sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) specific antibodies and subsequent infant infection.MethodsWe followed pregnant Kenyan women through delivery and their infants until age two years. Children were classified as HIV-exposed uninfected (HEU) or HIV-unexposed uninfected (HUU) based on maternal HIV status. Maternal venous and cord blood at delivery and child venous blood every six months were tested for antibodies to 20 KSHV antigens by multiplex bead-based immunoassay. Multiple comparisons were adjusted using false discovery rate (FDR).ResultsMaternal HIV infection was significantly associated with decreased transplacental transfer of antibodies against all KSHV antigens and lower cord blood levels for eight antigens at FDR p
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedHou, C.-W., Williams, S., Taylor, K., Boyle, V., Bobbett, B., Kouvetakis, J., Nguyen, K., McDonald, A., Harris, V., Nussle, B., Scharf, P., Jehn, M. L., Lant, T., Magee, M., Chung, Y., LaBaer, J., Murugan, V.
BMJ Open, 3.08.2023
Tilføjet 3.08.2023
ObjectiveThis study investigated the seroprevalence of SARS-CoV-2 antibodies among adults over 18 years. DesignProspective cohort study. SettingsA large public university. ParticipantsThis study took volunteers over 5 days and recruited 1064 adult participants. Primary outcome measuresSeroprevalence of SARS-CoV-2-specific antibodies due to previous exposure to SARS-CoV-2 and/or vaccination. ResultsThe seroprevalence of the antireceptor binding domain (RBD) antibody was 90% by a lateral flow assay and 88% by a semiquantitative chemiluminescent immunoassay. The seroprevalence for antinucleocapsid was 20%. In addition, individuals with previous natural COVID-19 infection plus vaccination had higher anti-RBD antibody levels compared with those who had vaccination only or infection only. Individuals who had a breakthrough infection had the highest anti-RBD antibody levels. ConclusionAccurate estimates of the cumulative incidence of SARS-CoV-2 infection can inform the development of university risk mitigation protocols such as encouraging booster shots, extending mask mandates or reverting to online classes. It could help us to have clear guidance to act at the first sign of the next surge as well, especially since there is a surge of COVID-19 subvariant infections.
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedEnnis, S., Sandhu, H. K., Bruce, J., Seers, K., Pincus, T., Underwood, M., McGregor, G.
BMJ Open, 3.08.2023
Tilføjet 3.08.2023
BackgroundPeople with pulmonary hypertension (PH) are not routinely referred for exercise rehabilitation despite the potential for reducing breathlessness and improving quality of life. We describe the development of a supervised pulmonary hypertension exercise rehabilitation (SPHERe) programme for people with PH. MethodsDevelopment was completed in three phases: (1) systematic review, (2) stakeholder engagement with consensus from patients and experts and (3) prepilot intervention acceptability testing. We completed systematic reviews to identify international cardiopulmonary rehabilitation guidance and trials of exercise-based interventions for people with PH. Evidence from systematic reviews and stakeholder consensus shaped the SPHERe intervention, including addition of individual behavioural support sessions to promote exercise adherence. The draft SPHERe intervention was ratified through discussions with multidisciplinary professionals and people living with PH. We acceptability tested the centre-based intervention with eight participants in a prepilot development phase which identified a number of condition-specific issues relating to safety and fear avoidance of activity. Comprehensive intervention practitioner training manuals were produced to ensure standardised delivery. Participant workbooks were developed and piloted. Trial recruitment began in January 2020 but was subsequently suspended in March 2020 further to COVID-19 pandemic ‘lockdowns’. In response to the pandemic, we undertook further development work to redesign the intervention to be suitable for exclusively home-based online delivery. Recruitment to the revised protocol began in June 2021. DiscussionThe final SPHERe intervention incorporated weekly home-based online group exercise and behavioural support ‘coaching’ sessions supervised by trained practitioners, with a personalised home exercise plan and the optional loan of a stationary exercise bike. The intervention was fully manualised with clear pathways for assessment and individualised exercise prescription. The clinical and cost-effectiveness of the SPHERe online rehabilitation intervention is currently being tested in a UK multicentre randomised controlled trial. Trial registration numberISCRTN10608766.
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedWang, X., Pei, S., Wang, L., La, B., Zhao, M., Zhang, X., Jia, Z.
BMJ Open, 3.08.2023
Tilføjet 3.08.2023
ObjectiveTo explore the feasible and cost-effective intervention strategies to achieve the goal of dynamic COVID-Zero in China. DesignA Susceptible–Exposed–Infectious–Recovered model combined economic evaluation was used to generate the number of infections, the time for dynamic COVID-Zero and calculate cost-effectiveness under different intervention strategies. The model simulated the 1 year spread of COVID-19 in mainland China after 100 initial infections were imported. InterventionsAccording to close contact tracing degree from 80% to 100%, close contact tracing time from 2 days to 1 day, isolation time from 14 days to 7 days, scope of nucleic acid testing (NAT) from 10% to 100% and NAT frequency from weekly to every day, 720 scenarios were simulated. Outcome measureCumulative number of infections (CI), social COVID-Zero duration (SCD), total cost (TC) and incremental cost-effectiveness ratio. Results205 of 720 scenarios could achieve the total COVID-Zero since the first case was reported. The fastest and most cost-effective strategy was Scenario 680, in which all close contacts were traced within 1 day, the isolation time was 14 days and 10% of the national population was randomly checked for NAT every day. In Scenario 680, the CI was 280 (100 initial infections) and the SCD was 13 days. The TC was ¥4126 hundred million and the cost of reducing one infection was ¥47 470. However, when the close contact tracing time was 2 days and the degree of close contact tracing was 80%–90%, the SCD would double to 24–101 days and the TCs increased by ¥16 505 to 37 134 hundred million compared with Scenario 680. ConclusionsIf all close contact was controlled within 1 day, the rapid social COVID-Zero can be achieved effectively and cost-effectively. Therefore, the future prevention and control of emerging respiratory infectious diseases can focus on enhancing the ability of close contact tracing.
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedTran, B., Nguyen, M. T., Auquier, P., Boyer, L., Fond, G., Vu, G. T., Hoang, T. P., Ho, P. T., Nguyen, T. H., Latkin, C. A., Ho, C. S., Ho, R. C. M., Zhang, M. W. B.
BMJ Open, 3.08.2023
Tilføjet 3.08.2023
ObjectiveWe assessed the psychological impact posed by COVID-19 and its associated factors on the healthcare workforce nationwide during the peak of Vietnam’s fourth outbreak. DesignA cross-sectional study. SettingOur study was conducted in 61 provinces of Vietnam. MethodsA total of 2814 healthcare professionals in 61/63 provinces of Vietnam. An online questionnaire using Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9), Perceived Stress Scale-4 (PSS-4) and Generalised Anxiety Disorder-7 (GAD-7) scales was distributed randomly to a subgroup of 503 respondents. Primary and secondary outcome measuresTo determine the impact of COVID-19 on the psychological of health workers, we conducted analyses to test a primary hypothesis related to participants based on three main scales including PHQ-9, PSS-4 and GAD-7 scales. ResultsNearly half (49.7%) of healthcare workers experienced mild depression symptoms, 34.0% underwent moderate anxiety symptoms and 49.3% reported high-stress levels. Respondents who had a monthly income below 5 million VND (~US$212) and had more than 3 days of duty per week had a higher score on the anxiety scales. Compared with medical doctors, nurses/midwives had lower PHQ-9 (Coef=–2.53; 95% CI=–3.71 to –1.36) and GAD-7 scores (Coef=–2.36; 95% CI=–3.56 L to –1.16). Increased workload and work time was the harmful factor that increase the PHQ-9, GAD-7 or PSS-4 scores. More than half (53.9%) of respondents stated no demand for mental healthcare services. ConclusionsHealth workers who gained less financial rewards are reported to have higher levels of mental distress than others, implying the need for a raise in basic salary as well as compensation and encouragement schemes. To tackle hesitancy in seeking mental help, integrating online mental health therapy with e-health consultations via social media can be strategically implemented to augment service delivery, and simultaneously enhance the standard of mental health services.
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedChun, Helen M.; Milligan, Kyle; Boyd, Mary Adetinuke; Abutu, Andrew; Bachanas, Pamela; Dirlikov, Emilio
AIDS, 3.08.2023
Tilføjet 3.08.2023
Background: Virologic suppression (VS) has been defined using an HIV viral load (VL) of
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedLake, Jordan E.; Taron, Jana; Ribaudo, Heather J.; Leon-Cruz, Jorge; Utay, Netanya S.; Swaminathan, Shobha; Fitch, Kathleen V.; Kileel, Emma M.; Paradis, Kayla; Fulda, Evelynne S.; Ho, Ken S.; Luetkemeyer, Anne F.; Johnston, Carrie D.; Zanni, Markella V.; Douglas, Pamela S.; Grinspoon, Steven K.; Lu, Michael T.; Fichtenbaum, Carl J.
AIDS, 3.08.2023
Tilføjet 3.08.2023
Background: Hepatic steatosis, including non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), is common among people with HIV (PWH). We present baseline steatosis prevalence and cardiometabolic characteristics among REPRIEVE substudy participants. Methods: REPRIEVE is an international, primary cardiovascular disease prevention, randomized, controlled trial of pitavastatin calcium vs. placebo among 7,769 PWH ages 40–75 years on antiretroviral therapy (ART) and with low-to-moderate cardiovascular risk. A subset of participants underwent non-contrast computed tomography, with hepatic steatosis defined as mean hepatic attenuation 2.0, Metabolic Syndrome and each of its components were associated with NAFLD prevalence. Conclusions: In this cohort with controlled HIV and low-to-moderate cardiovascular risk, hepatic steatosis and NAFLD were common and associated with clinically relevant metabolic and inflammatory disturbances, but not current HIV- or ART-related factors. Copyright © 2023 Wolters Kluwer Health, Inc. All rights reserved.
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedJongen, Vita W.; Loeff, Maarten F. Schim Van Der; Van Den Elshout, Mark; Wijstma, Eline; Coyer, Liza; Davidovich, Udi; Vries, Henry J.C. De; Prins, Maria; Hoornenborg, Elske; Boyd, Anders
AIDS, 3.08.2023
Tilføjet 3.08.2023
Objective: Studies have shown varying trends in incidence of sexually transmitted infections (STI) among individuals using HIV pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP). Characterization of individuals at increased risk for STIs may offer an opportunity for targeted STI screening. Design: Group-based trajectory modelling Methods: We screened participants from the AMPrEP demonstration project (2015–2020) for urogenital, anal, and pharyngeal chlamydia and gonorrhea, and syphilis every 3 months and when needed. We identified trajectories of STI incidence within individuals over time and determinants of belonging to a trajectory group. We calculated cumulative proportions of STIs within STI trajectory groups. Results: 366 participants with baseline and ≥1 screening visit during follow-up were included (median follow-up time=3.7 years [IQR=3.5–3.7]). We identified three trajectories of STI incidence: (1) participants with a mean of approximately 0.1 STIs per 3-months (“low overall”, 52% of the population), (2) participants with a mean 0.4 STI per 3-months (“medium overall”, 43%), and (3) participants with high and fluctuating (between 0.3–1 STIs per 3-months) STI incidence (“high and fluctuating”, 5%). Participants in the “low overall” trajectory were significantly older, and reported less chemsex and condomless anal sex with casual partners than participants in the other trajectories. Participants in the “high and fluctuating” and “medium overall” groups accounted for respectively 23% and 64% of all STIs observed during follow-up. Conclusions: STI incidence was concentrated in subpopulations of PrEP users who were younger, had more chemsex and condomless anal sex. Screening frequency for STIs could be reduced for subpopulations with low risk for incident STIs. Copyright © 2021 Wolters Kluwer Health, Inc. All rights reserved.
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedKraef, Christian; Bentzon, Adrian; Roen, Ashley; Bolokadze, Natalie; Thompson, Magdalena; Azina, Inga; Tetradov, Simona; Skrahina, Alena; Karpov, Igor; Mitsura, Viktar; Paduto, Dmitriy; Trofimova, Tatiana; Borodulina, Elena; Mocroft, Amanda; Kirk, Ole; Podlekareva, Daria N.
AIDS, 3.08.2023
Tilføjet 3.08.2023
Background: Eastern Europe has a high burden of Tuberculosis (TB)/HIV-coinfection with high mortality shortly after TB diagnosis. This study assesses TB recurrence, mortality rates and causes of death among TB/HIV patients from Eastern Europe up to 11 years after TB diagnosis. Methods: A longitudinal cohort study of TB/HIV patients enrolled between 2011–2013 (at TB diagnosis) and followed-up until end of 2021. A competing risk regression was employed to assess rates of TB recurrence, with death as competing event. Kaplan-Maier estimates and a multivariable Cox-regression were used to assess long-term mortality and corresponding risk factors. The Coding Causes of Death in HIV methodology was used for adjudication of causes of death. Results: 375 TB/HIV patients were included. 53 (14·1%) were later diagnosed with recurrent TB (incidence rate 3·1/100 person-years of follow-up (PYFU), 95% CI 2·4–4·0) during a total follow-up time of 1713 PYFU. Twenty-three of 33 patients with data on drug-resistance (69·7%) had MDR-TB. More than half with recurrent TB (n = 30/53, 56·6%) died. Overall, 215 (57·3%) died during the follow-up period, corresponding to a mortality rate of 11·4/100 PYFU (95%CI 10·0–13·1). Almost half of those (48·8%) died of TB. The proportion of all TB-related deaths was highest in the first 6 (n = 49/71; 69·0%; p
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedGuha, Debjani; Misra, Vikas; Yin, Jun; Horiguchi, Miki; Uno, Hajime; Gabuzda, Dana
AIDS, 3.08.2023
Tilføjet 3.08.2023
Objective: Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-associated neurocognitive disorders (HAND) remain prevalent despite viral suppression on antiretroviral therapy (ART). Vascular disease contributes to HAND, but peripheral markers that distinguish vascular cognitive impairment (VCI) from HIV-related etiologies remain unclear. Design: Cross-sectional study of vascular injury, inflammation, and central nervous system (CNS) injury markers in relation to HAND. Methods: Vascular injury (VCAM-1, ICAM-1, CRP), inflammation (IFN-γ, IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8, IL-15, IP-10, MCP-1, VEGF-A), and CNS injury (NFL, total Tau, GFAP, YKL-40) markers were measured in plasma and CSF from 248 individuals (143 HIV+ on suppressive ART and 105 HIV- controls). Results: Median age was 53 years, median CD4 count, and duration of HIV infection were 505 cells/μl and 16 years, respectively. Vascular injury, inflammation, and CNS injury markers were increased in HIV+ compared with HIV- individuals (p
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedMclaughlin, Megan M.; Durstenfeld, Matthew S.; Gandhi, Monica; Greene, Meredith; Ma, Yifei; Beatty, Alexis L.; Hsue, Priscilla Y.
AIDS, 3.08.2023
Tilføjet 3.08.2023
Objectives: We sought to characterize atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) risk and metrics of CV health in persons with HIV (PWH) eligible for primary prevention of ASCVD. Design: Cross-sectional study of PWH 40 years and older without documented ASCVD who received care at three HIV clinics in San Francisco from 2019-2022. Methods: We used ICD-10 codes and electronic health record data to assess ASCVD risk and CV health, as defined by the American Heart Association\'s Life\'s Essential 8 (LE8) metrics for nicotine exposure, body mass index (BMI), lipids, glucose, and blood pressure (BP). Results: Among 2567 PWH eligible for primary prevention of ASCVD, the median age was 55 years, 14% were female, and 95% were on antiretroviral therapy. Seventy-seven percent had undergone complete assessment of ASCVD risk factors, and 50% of these patients had intermediate-high ASCVD risk (≥7.5%). Of those with hypertension, 39% were prescribed an anti-hypertensive. Among those eligible, 43% were prescribed a statin. The mean LE8 CV health score (0 to 100 [best health]) was 55.1 for nicotine exposure, 71.3 for BMI, 70.4 for lipids, 81.2 for blood glucose, 56.0 for BP, with an average score of 66.2 across the five metrics. Patients with Medicare insurance, Black patients, and those with sleep apnea and chronic kidney disease had on average lower CV health scores; patients with undetectable viral loads had higher CV health scores. Conclusions: We highlight opportunities for improving primary prevention of ASCVD among PWH, especially in the areas of guideline-based therapy, nicotine exposure, and BP control. Copyright © 2023 Wolters Kluwer Health, Inc. All rights reserved.
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedSilvia Baroncelli, Clementina Maria Galluzzo, Stefano Orlando, Richard Luhanga, Robert Mphwere, Thom Kavalo, Roberta Amici, Marco Floridia, Mauro Andreotti, Fausto Ciccacci, Maria Cristina Marazzi, Marina Giuliano
Tropical Medicine & International Health, 3.08.2023
Tilføjet 3.08.2023
Manolya Kara, Selami Sozubir
New England Journal of Medicine, 3.08.2023
Tilføjet 3.08.2023
New England Journal of Medicine, Volume 389, Issue 5, Page 454-454, August 2023.
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedJeffrey P. Krischer, Åke Lernmark, William A. Hagopian, Marian J. Rewers, Richard McIndoe, Jorma Toppari, Anette-Gabriele Ziegler, Beena Akolkar
New England Journal of Medicine, 3.08.2023
Tilføjet 3.08.2023
New England Journal of Medicine, Volume 389, Issue 5, Page 474-475, August 2023.
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedJournal of Infectious Diseases, 3.08.2023
Tilføjet 3.08.2023
AbstractBackgroundLiterature on the impact of HIV on COVID-19-related outcomes remains mixed. Few studies have evaluated COVID-19 outcomes by HIV status using population-based data.MethodsUsing data from New York City (NYC)’s COVID-19 surveillance and HIV surveillance systems prior to the widespread availability of COVID-19 vaccines, we conducted a retrospective cohort study comparing the risk of COVID-19 hospitalization and mortality by HIV status among SARS-CoV-2 diagnoses from February 29-October 17, 2020.ResultsRisk of hospitalization and death among people with HIV (PWH) with COVID-19 were both nearly 30% higher compared with non-PWH. In crude models, incidence of adverse COVID-19 outcomes among PWH compared to non-PWH was elevated in certain groups, including women, Black people, Hispanic/Latino people, Native American people, and multiracial people. CD4 cell count at SARS-CoV-2 diagnosis and presence of an underlying, non-HIV-related condition were independently and strongly associated with risk for COVID-19 hospitalization and death among PWH.ConclusionNew Yorkers with HIV experienced elevated risk for poor COVID-19 outcomes compared to those without HIV during 2020. PWH, particularly those with low CD4 counts or underlying conditions, should be an ongoing focus for COVID-19 vaccination and rigorous identification and treatment of SARS-CoV-2 infections to prevent adverse outcomes.
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedInfection, 3.08.2023
Tilføjet 3.08.2023
Abstract Purpose Despite the need to generate valid and reliable estimates of protection levels against SARS-CoV-2 infection and severe course of COVID-19 for the German population in summer 2022, there was a lack of systematically collected population-based data allowing for the assessment of the protection level in real time. Methods In the IMMUNEBRIDGE project, we harmonised data and biosamples for nine population-/hospital-based studies (total number of participants n = 33,637) to provide estimates for protection levels against SARS-CoV-2 infection and severe COVID-19 between June and November 2022. Based on evidence synthesis, we formed a combined endpoint of protection levels based on the number of self-reported infections/vaccinations in combination with nucleocapsid/spike antibody responses (“confirmed exposures”). Four confirmed exposures represented the highest protection level, and no exposure represented the lowest. Results Most participants were seropositive against the spike antigen; 37% of the participants ≥ 79 years had less than four confirmed exposures (highest level of protection) and 5% less than three. In the subgroup of participants with comorbidities, 46–56% had less than four confirmed exposures. We found major heterogeneity across federal states, with 4–28% of participants having less than three confirmed exposures. Conclusion Using serological analyses, literature synthesis and infection dynamics during the survey period, we observed moderate to high levels of protection against severe COVID-19, whereas the protection against SARS-CoV-2 infection was low across all age groups. We found relevant protection gaps in the oldest age group and amongst individuals with comorbidities, indicating a need for additional protective measures in these groups.
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedFEMS Microbiology Reviews, 3.08.2023
Tilføjet 3.08.2023
AbstractEpithelial cells line mucosal surfaces such as in the gingival crevice and provide a barrier to the ingress of colonizing microorganisms. However, epithelial cells are more than a passive barrier to microbial intrusion, and rather constitute an interactive interface with colonizing organisms which senses the composition of the microbiome and communicates this information to the underlying cells of the innate immune system. Microorganisms, for their part, have devised means to manipulate host cell signal transduction pathways to favor their colonization and survival. Study of this field, which has become known as cellular microbiology, has revealed much about epithelial cell physiology, bacterial colonization and pathogenic strategies, and innate host responses.
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedFEMS Microbiology Reviews, 3.08.2023
Tilføjet 3.08.2023
AbstractProtein phosphorylation is a universal mechanism regulating a wide range of cellular responses across all domains of life. The antagonistic activities of kinases and phosphatases can orchestrate the life cycle of an organism. The availability of bacterial genome sequences, particularly Bacillus species, followed by proteomics and functional studies have aided in the identification of putative protein kinases and protein phosphatases, and their downstream substrates. Several studies have established the role of phosphorylation in different physiological states of Bacillus species as they pass through various life stages such as sporulation, germination, and biofilm formation. The most common phosphorylation sites in Bacillus proteins are histidine, aspartate, tyrosine, serine, threonine, and arginine residues. Protein phosphorylation can alter protein activity, structural conformational and protein-protein interactions, ultimately affecting the downstream pathways. In this review, we summarize the knowledge available in the field of Bacillus signaling, with a focus on the role of protein phosphorylation in its physiological processes.
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedDavid S. Guttery, Mohammad Zeeshan, Anthony A. Holder, Eelco C. Tromer, Rita Tewari
Trends in Parasitology, 3.08.2023
Tilføjet 3.08.2023
Meiosis is sexual cell division, a process in eukaryotes whereby haploid gametes are produced. Compared to canonical model eukaryotes, meiosis in apicomplexan parasites appears to diverge from the process with respect to the molecular mechanisms involved; the biology of Plasmodium meiosis, and its regulation by means of post-translational modification, are largely unexplored. Here, we discuss the impact of technological advances in cell biology, evolutionary bioinformatics, and genome-wide functional studies on our understanding of meiosis in the Apicomplexa. These parasites, including Plasmodium falciparum, Toxoplasma gondii, and Eimeria spp., have significant socioeconomic impact on human and animal health. Understanding this key stage during the parasite’s life cycle may well reveal attractive targets for therapeutic intervention.
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedCeline Y Tan, Calvin J Chiew, Deanette Pang, Vernon J Lee, Benjamin Ong, Lin-Fa Wang, Ee Chee Ren, David Chien Lye, Kelvin Bryan Tan
Lancet Infectious Diseases, 3.08.2023
Tilføjet 3.08.2023
A fourth dose with the bivalent vaccine was substantially more effective against medically attended symptomatic SARS-CoV-2 infection and COVID-19-related hospital admission than four monovalent doses among both SARS-CoV-2-naive and previously infected individuals. Boosters with the bivalent vaccine might be preferred in this omicron-predominant pandemic, regardless of previous infection history.
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedJin Zhao, Mei Kang, Hongyan Wu, Bowen Sun, Guy Baele, Wan-Ting He, Meng Lu, Marc A. Suchard, Xiang Ji, Na He, Shuo Su, Michael Veit
Trends in Microbiology, 3.08.2023
Tilføjet 3.08.2023
The retransmissions of SARS-CoV-2 from several mammals – primarily mink and white-tailed deer – to humans have raised concerns for the emergence of a new animal-derived SARS-CoV-2 variant to worsen the pandemic. Here, we discuss animal species that are susceptible to natural or experimental infection with SARS-CoV-2 and can transmit the virus to mates or humans. We describe cutting-edge techniques to assess the impact of a mutation in the viral spike (S) protein on its receptor and on antibody binding. Our review of spike sequences of animal-derived viruses identified nine unique amino acid exchanges in the receptor-binding domain (RBD) that are not present in any variant of concern (VOC). These mutations are present in SARS-CoV-2 viruses found in companion animals such as dogs and cats, and they exhibit a higher frequency in SARS-CoV-2 found in mink and white-tailed deer, suggesting that sustained transmissions may contribute to maintaining novel mutations. Four of these exchanges, such as Leu452Met, could undermine acquired immune protection in humans while maintaining high affinity for the human angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) receptor. Finally, we discuss important avenues of future research into animal-derived viruses with public health risks.
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedCarolyn Beans
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 3.08.2023
Tilføjet 3.08.2023
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, Volume 120, Issue 31, August 2023.
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedMengying LiuA. Sophie BakkerYoshiki NarimatsuFrank J. M. van KuppeveldHenrik ClausenCornelis A. M. de HaanErik de VriesaVirology section, Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Department of Biomolecular Health Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, 3584CL Utrecht, the NetherlandsbCenter for Glycomics, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, DK-2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 3.08.2023
Tilføjet 3.08.2023
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, Volume 120, Issue 31, August 2023.
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedYuta HiraikeKaede SaitoMisato OguchiTakahito WadaGotaro TodaShuichi TsutsumiKana BandoJunji SagawaGaku NaganoHaruya OhnoNaoto KubotaTetsuya KubotaHiroyuki AburataniTakashi KadowakiHironori WakiShintaro YanagimotoToshimasa YamauchiaDivision for Health Service Promotion, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, JapanbThe University of Tokyo Excellent Young Researcher Program, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8654, JapancDepartment of Diabetes and Metabolic Diseases, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8655, JapandGenome Science and Medicine Laboratory, Research Center for Advanced Science and Technology, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 153-8904, JapaneLaboratory for Animal Resources and Genetic Engineering, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, Kobe 650-0047, JapanfDepartment of Molecular and Internal Medicine, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima 734-8551, JapangDepartment of Clinical Nutrition Therapy, The University of Tokyo Hospital, Tokyo 113-8655, JapanhDivision of Diabetes and Metabolism, The Institute of Medical Science, Asahi Life Foundation, Tokyo 103-0002, JapaniNational Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition, Tokyo 162-8636, JapanjToranomon Hospital, Tokyo 105-8470, JapankDepartment of Diabetes and Endocrinology, Akita University Graduate School of Medicine, Akita 010-8543, Japan
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 3.08.2023
Tilføjet 3.08.2023
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, Volume 120, Issue 31, August 2023.
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedPengfei LiBiyun XueNicholas J. SchnickerLok-Yin Roy WongDavid K. MeyerholzStanley PerlmanaDepartment of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242bDepartment of Pediatrics, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242cProtein and Crystallography Facility, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242dDepartment of Pathology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 3.08.2023
Tilføjet 3.08.2023
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, Volume 120, Issue 31, August 2023.
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedTom Y. ChangMireille JacobsonManisha ShahMatthew KopetskyRajiv PramanikSamir B. ShahaDepartment of Finance and Business Economics, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089bLeonard Davis School of Gerontology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089cSchaeffer Center for Health Policy & Economic, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089dGoldman School of Public Policy, University of California, Berkeley 94720eContra Costa Regional Medical Center Health Centers, Contra Costa Health Services, Martinez, CA 94553
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 3.08.2023
Tilføjet 3.08.2023
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, Volume 120, Issue 31, August 2023.
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedMauricio Aguilar RangelPatrick T. DolanShuhei TaguwaYinghong XiaoRaul AndinoJudith FrydmanaDepartment of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305bDepartment of Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143cResearch Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 3.08.2023
Tilføjet 3.08.2023
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, Volume 120, Issue 31, August 2023.
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedYang BaiRui MinPengcheng ChenShenglin MeiFan DengZengzhang ZhengCong JiangRui MiaoZeyu WuPeng ZhangYoudong PanJudy LiebermanXing LiuaThe Center for Microbes, Development and Health, Key Laboratory of Molecular Virology and Immunology, Institut Pasteur of Shanghai, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, ChinabUniversity of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, ChinacDepartment of Biomedical Informatics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115dShanghai Huashen Institute of Microbes and Infections, Shanghai 200052, ChinaeDepartment of Thoracic Surgery, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai 200433, ChinafProgram in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA 02115gDepartment of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115hDepartment of Dermatology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA 02115iHarvard Skin Disease Research Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 3.08.2023
Tilføjet 3.08.2023
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, Volume 120, Issue 31, August 2023.
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedLucile ViguéOlivier TenaillonaUniversité Paris Cité and Université Sorbonne Paris Nord, Inserm, Infection, Antimicrobials, Modelling, Evolution, F-75018 Paris, France
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 3.08.2023
Tilføjet 3.08.2023
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, Volume 120, Issue 31, August 2023.
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedAurélie BeauvoisHélène GazonPradeep Singh ChauhanMajeed JamakhaniJean-Rock JacquesMarc ThiryEmmanuel DejardinEmmanuel Di ValentinJean-Claude TwizereJean-Marie PéloponèseMakon-Sébastien NjockJun-Ichirou YasunagaMasao MatsuokaMalik HamaïdiaLuc WillemsaLaboratory of Molecular and Cellular Epigenetics, Grappe Interdisciplinaire de Génoprotéomique Appliquée, University of Liège, 4000, Liège, BelgiumbMolecular Biology, Teaching and Research Center, University of Liège, 5030, Gembloux, BelgiumcLaboratory of Cell and Tissue Biology, Grappe Interdisciplinaire de Génoprotéomique Appliquée, University of Liège, 4000, Liège, BelgiumdLaboratory of Molecular Immunology & Signal Transduction, Grappe Interdisciplinaire de Génoprotéomique Appliquée, University of Liège, 4000, Liège, BelgiumeViral Vectors Platform, Grappe Interdisciplinaire de Génoprotéomique Appliquée, University of Liège, 4000 Liège, BelgiumfLaboratory of Viral Interactomes, Unit of Molecular Biology of Diseases, Grappe Interdisciplinaire de Génoprotéomique Appliquée, University of Liège, 4000 Liège, BelgiumgInstitut de Recherche en Infectiologie de Montpellier, Université de Montpellier, CNRS, 34094, Montpellier, FrancehLaboratory of Pneumology, Grappe Interdisciplinaire de Génoprotéomique Appliquée, University of Liège, University Hospital of Liège, 4000 Liège, BelgiumiDepartment of Hematology, Kumamoto University, 860-8556, Kumamoto, Japan
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 3.08.2023
Tilføjet 3.08.2023
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, Volume 120, Issue 31, August 2023.
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedAparna KeshaviahIan HuffXindi C. HuVirginia GuidryAriel ChristensenSteven BerkowitzStacie RecklingRachel T. NobleThomas ClerkinDenene BlackwoodSandra L. McLellanAdélaïde RoguetIsabel MusseaMathematica, Inc., Princeton, NJ 08543bNorth Carolina Department of Health and Human Services, Division of Public Health, Raleigh, NC 27609cInstitute of Marine Sciences, University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill, Morehead City, NC 28557dSchool of Freshwater Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, WI 53204
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 3.08.2023
Tilføjet 3.08.2023
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, Volume 120, Issue 31, August 2023.
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedEugene V. KooninaNational Center for Biotechnology Information, National Library of Medicine, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20894
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 3.08.2023
Tilføjet 3.08.2023
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, Volume 120, Issue 31, August 2023.
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedLeike Zhang, Xuefang Peng, Qingxing Wang, Jin Li, Shouming Lv, Shuo Han, Lingyu Zhang, Heng Ding, Cong-Yi Wang, Gengfu Xiao, Xuguang Du, Ke Peng, Hao Li, Wei Liu
Science Advances, 3.08.2023
Tilføjet 3.08.2023
Sophie L. Larsen, Ikgyu Shin, Jefrin Joseph, Haylee West, Rafael Anorga, Gonzalo E. Mena, Ayesha S. Mahmud, Pamela P. Martinez
Science Advances, 3.08.2023
Tilføjet 3.08.2023
Huizhen Ma, Xiaoning Zhang, Ling Liu, You Huang, Si Sun, Ke Chen, Qi Xin, Pengfei Liu, Yuxing Yan, Yili Wang, Yuan Li, Haile Liu, Ruoli Zhao, Kexin Tan, Xinzhu Chen, Xun Yuan, Yonghui Li, Ying Liu, Haitao Dai, Changlong Liu, Hao Wang, Xiao-Dong Zhang
Science Advances, 3.08.2023
Tilføjet 3.08.2023
Clinical Infectious Diseases, 3.08.2023
Tilføjet 3.08.2023
AbstractBackgroundNirmatrelvir-ritonavir is currently not recommended in patients with an estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR)
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedPierre-julien Coulaud, Julie Jesson, Naseeb Bolduc, Olivier Ferlatte, Karine Bertrand, Travis Salway, Marie Jauffret-Roustide, Rod Knight
PLoS One Infectious Diseases, 3.08.2023
Tilføjet 3.08.2023
by Pierre-julien Coulaud, Julie Jesson, Naseeb Bolduc, Olivier Ferlatte, Karine Bertrand, Travis Salway, Marie Jauffret-Roustide, Rod Knight Background While compliance with preventive measures remains central to limit the spread of COVID-19, these measures critically affected mental health of young adults. We therefore investigated the association between the level of compliance with COVID-19 preventive measures and depressive symptoms among young adults in Canada and France. Methods From October to December 2020, we conducted a cross-sectional online survey of young adults ages 18–29 years in Canada (n = 3246) and France (n = 2680) to collect demographic data, experiences with COVID-19 preventive measures, and mental health. Depressive symptoms were assessed by the Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9). Compliance profiles were built using cluster analysis. Weighted multivariable logistic regression was used to estimate associations between compliance level and major depressive symptoms (PHQ-9 score≥15) in each country. Results One third of respondents reported major depressive symptoms (Canada: 36.4%, France: 23.4%). Four compliance profiles were identified: high (42.5%), medium-high (21.7%), medium-low (18.1%), and low (17.7%), with high levels more frequently observed in Canada compared to France. In both countries, participants in low compliance profile (Canada: Adjusted Odds Ratio (AOR) [95% Confidence Interval] 0.75 [0.58, 0.98], France: AOR 0.60 [0.46, 0.75]), in the medium-low (Canada: AOR 0.58 [0.48, 0.72], France: AOR 0.81 [0.66, 1.01]), and medium-high compliance profiles (Canada: AOR 0.78 [0.65, 0.93], France: AOR 0.77 [0.63, 0.93]) were less likely to report major depressive symptoms compared to the high compliance profile. Ethno-racial minorities, sexual and gender minority, and unemployed young adults had higher odds of reporting such symptoms. Conclusions Major depressive symptoms were associated with high compliance with COVID-19 preventive measures among young adults. The implementation of socially-isolating measures should be coupled with mental health interventions to address mental health needs of young adults, with enhanced supports for sub-groups who are structurally disadvantaged (e.g., racialized, unemployed, sexual and gender minority).
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedCorinne Pinder, Ressa Lebedinec, Tim P. Levine, Mike Birch, Jason D. Oliver
PLoS One Infectious Diseases, 3.08.2023
Tilføjet 3.08.2023
by Corinne Pinder, Ressa Lebedinec, Tim P. Levine, Mike Birch, Jason D. Oliver Olorofim is a new antifungal in clinical development which has a novel mechanism of action against dihydroorotate dehydrogenase (DHODH). DHODH form a ubiquitous family of enzymes in the de novo pyrimidine biosynthetic pathway and are split into class 1A, class 1B and class 2. Olorofim specifically targets the fungal class 2 DHODH present in a range of pathogenic moulds. The nature and number of DHODH present in many fungal species have not been addressed for large clades of this kingdom. Mucorales species do not respond to olorofim; previous work suggests they have only class 1A DHODH and so lack the class 2 target that olorofim inhibits. The dematiaceous moulds have mixed susceptibility to olorofim, yet previous analyses imply that they have class 2 DHODH. As this is at odds with their intermediate susceptibility to olorofim, we hypothesised that these pathogens may maintain a second class of DHODH, facilitating pyrimidine biosynthesis in the presence of olorofim. The aim of this study was to investigate the DHODH repertoire of clinically relevant species of Mucorales and dematiaceous moulds to further characterise these pathogens and understand variations in olorofim susceptibility. Using bioinformatic analysis, S. cerevisiae complementation and biochemical assays of recombinant protein, we provide the first evidence that two representative members of the Mucorales have only class 1A DHODH, substantiating a lack of olorofim susceptibility. In contrast, bioinformatic analyses initially suggested that seven dematiaceous species appeared to harbour both class 1A-like and class 2-like DHODH genes. However, further experimental investigation of the putative class 1A-like genes through yeast complementation and biochemical assays characterised them as dihydrouracil oxidases rather than DHODHs. These data demonstrate variation in dematiaceous mould olorofim susceptibility is not due to a secondary DHODH and builds on the growing picture of fungal dihydrouracil oxidases as an example of horizontal gene transfer.
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedShyam Ajay Gokani, Matthew Jefferson, Jelena Gavrilovic, Allan Clark, Falk Hildebrand, Tom Wileman, Claire Hopkins, Carl Philpott
PLoS One Infectious Diseases, 3.08.2023
Tilføjet 3.08.2023
by Shyam Ajay Gokani, Matthew Jefferson, Jelena Gavrilovic, Allan Clark, Falk Hildebrand, Tom Wileman, Claire Hopkins, Carl Philpott Background Chronic Rhinosinusitis (CRS) affects approximately 1 in 10 UK adults and impacts quality of life quality of life significantly. Response to treatment may be driven by individual CRS endotypes and therefore work to delineate biomarker clusters that may separate responders from non-responders is needed. The ongoing MACRO three-arm parallel-group trial randomises adult CRS patients to endoscopic sinus surgery, macrolide therapy or placebo. Aim This study aims to correlate CRS endotypes with clinical parameters from the ongoing MACRO trial, including olfactory function and outcomes in terms of response to treatment using core biomarkers sets. Methods Adult CRS patients enrolled into the MACRO trial will be recruited from participating UK otorhinolaryngology departments. Nasal tissue samples and swabs will be obtained in theatre or clinic from patients randomised to all three trial arms. Nasal tissue will be analysed with multiplex electrochemiluminescence for 32 cytokines including IL-5, IL-13, IgE and periostin. Bacterial swabs will be analysed using illumina miSeq 16S amplicon sequencing. Mean expression for each biomarker will be reported for treatment responder and non-responder groups. Correlation of biomarkers with MACRO trial outcome data such as endoscopic evaluation scores and quality-of-life improvement scores will be reported. Discussion Defining clear endotypes in CRS will contribute to refining patient pathways for the efficient use of clinical resources. This work may lay the groundwork for future studies to predict which patients might respond to medical or surgical therapy.
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedEsther Castellanos-Torres, Belén Sanz-Barbero, Carmen Vives-Cases, CIBER Program of Violence and Young People team
PLoS One Infectious Diseases, 3.08.2023
Tilføjet 3.08.2023
by Esther Castellanos-Torres, Belén Sanz-Barbero, Carmen Vives-Cases, CIBER Program of Violence and Young People team There is an increasing awareness of the magnitude of different forms of sexual violence (SV), especially in relation to youth. The COVID-19 pandemic has also had a negative impact on different forms of violence against women. In this study, we aim to analyse SV in the COVID-19 lockdown among young people and SV-related services from the perspective of professionals and young people from different sectors in Spain with responsibilities in attending SV and other forms of violence against women-related. A qualitative content analysis was performed on semi-structured interviews with 23 women and men aged 18 to 24 and 15 professionals working with youth and/or in violence against women or sexual violence related services. The sample was from northern, eastern and central regions of Spain. According to the professionals’ experience, the COVID-19 lockdown lessened their ability to work on violence prevention. Both informants perceived that sexual violence had decreased in public spaces whereas it increased in digital ones and noticed the silence surrounding violent situations had deepened. However, they differed regarding its impact on sexual violence within intimate partners, mainly due to the lack of awareness of this problem among young men. In regard to violence against women and sexual violence, our results highlight the need to develop protocols for action and improve resource accessibility in crisis contexts.
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedEnakshi Ghosh, Ghada S. Y. Tafesh-Edwards, Ioannis Eleftherianos, Stephanie L. Goldin, Paul J. Ode
PLoS One Infectious Diseases, 3.08.2023
Tilføjet 3.08.2023
by Enakshi Ghosh, Ghada S. Y. Tafesh-Edwards, Ioannis Eleftherianos, Stephanie L. Goldin, Paul J. Ode Insect herbivores frequently encounter plant defense molecules, but the physiological and ecological consequences for their immune systems are not fully understood. The majority of studies attempting to relate levels of plant defensive chemistry to herbivore immune responses have used natural population or species-level variation in plant defensive chemistry. Yet, this potentially confounds the effects of plant defense chemistry with other potential plant trait differences that may affect the expression of herbivore immunity. We used an artificial diet containing known quantities of a plant toxin (4-methylsulfinylbutyl isothiocyanate; 4MSOB-ITC or ITC, a breakdown product of the glucosinolate glucoraphanin upon herbivory) to explicitly explore the effects of a plant toxin on the cellular and humoral immune responses of the generalist herbivore Trichoplusia ni (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) that frequently feeds on glucosinolate-containing plants. Caterpillars feeding on diets with high concentrations of ITC experienced reduced survivorship and growth rates. High concentrations of ITC suppressed the appearance of several types of hemocytes and melanization activity, which are critical defenses against parasitic Hymenoptera and microbial pathogens. In terms of T. ni humoral immunity, only the antimicrobial peptide (AMP) genes lebocin and gallerimycin were significantly upregulated in caterpillars fed on diets containing high levels of ITC relative to caterpillars that were provided with ITC-free diet. Surprisingly, challenging caterpillars with a non-pathogenic strain of Escherichia coli resulted in the upregulation of the AMP gene cecropin. Feeding on high concentrations of plant toxins hindered caterpillar development, decreased cellular immunity, but conferred mixed effects on humoral immunity. Our findings provide novel insights into the effects of herbivore diet composition on insect performance demonstrating the role of specific plant defense toxins that shape herbivore immunity and trophic interactions.
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedLinda Larcombe, Laurie Ringaert, Gayle Restall, Albert McLeod, Elizabeth Hydesmith, Ann Favel, Melissa Morris, Michael Payne, Rusty Souleymanov, Yoav Keynan, Kelly MacDonald, Matthew Singer, Jared Star, Pamela Orr
PLoS One Infectious Diseases, 3.08.2023
Tilføjet 3.08.2023
by Linda Larcombe, Laurie Ringaert, Gayle Restall, Albert McLeod, Elizabeth Hydesmith, Ann Favel, Melissa Morris, Michael Payne, Rusty Souleymanov, Yoav Keynan, Kelly MacDonald, Matthew Singer, Jared Star, Pamela Orr Background The COVID-19 pandemic (March 2020-May 2023) had a profound effect around the world with vulnerable people being particularly affected, including worsening existing health inequalities. This article explores the impact of the pandemic on health services for First Nations people living with HIV (FN-PWLE) in Manitoba, Canada. This study investigated perceptions of both health care providers and FN-PWLE through qualitative interviews occurring between July 2020 and February 2022 to understand their experience and identify lessons learned that could be translated into health system changes. Methods Using a qualitative, participatory-action, intentional decolonizing approach for this study we included an Indigenous knowledge keeper and Indigenous research associates with lived experience as part of the study team. A total of twenty-five [25] in-depth semi-structured interviews were conducted with eleven healthcare providers (HCPs) and fourteen First Nation people with lived HIV experience (FN-PWLE). In total, 18/25 or 72% of the study participants self-identified as First Nation people. Results The COVID-19 pandemic negatively impacted health services access for FN-PWLE, a) disrupted relationships between FN-PWLE and healthcare providers, b) disrupted access to testing, in-person appointments, and medications, and c) intersectional stigma was compounded. Though, the COVID-19 pandemic also led to positive effects, including the creation of innovative solutions for the health system overall. Conclusions The COVID-19 pandemic exaggerated pre-existing barriers and facilitators for Manitoba FN-PWLE accessing and using the healthcare system. COVID-19 impacted health system facilitators such as relationships and supports, particularly for First Nation people who are structurally disadvantaged and needing more wrap-around care to address social determinants of health. Innovations during times of crisis, included novel ways to improve access to care and medications, illustrated how the health system can quickly provide solutions to long-standing barriers, especially for geographical barriers. Lessons learned from the COVID-19 pandemic should be considered for improvements to the health system’s HIV cascade of care for FN-PWLE and other health system improvements for First Nations people with other chronic diseases and conditions. Finally, this study illustrates the value of qualitative and First Nation decolonizing research methods. Further studies are needed, working together with First Nations organizations and communities, to apply these recommendations and innovations to change health care and people’s lives.
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedCatherine Washburn, Melinda E. Kantsiper, Rogette Esteve, Ishaan Gupta, Gulzeb Memon, Henry J. Michtalik, Bayview Educational and Academic Research (BEAR) Core Consortium
PLoS One Infectious Diseases, 3.08.2023
Tilføjet 3.08.2023
by Catherine Washburn, Melinda E. Kantsiper, Rogette Esteve, Ishaan Gupta, Gulzeb Memon, Henry J. Michtalik, Bayview Educational and Academic Research (BEAR) Core Consortium Background Morale and burnout were concerns for hospitalists prior to the COVID-19 pandemic; these concerns were amplified as COVID-19 spread and hospitals experienced unprecedented stress. In contrast to prior literature, our study assesses both satisfaction and the importance of various factors. This study examines morale of hospitalists early in the COVID-19 pandemic in two settings: conventional hospitals and a COVID-19 Alternate Care site (ACS) in the same geographic region in Maryland. Multiple studies published early in the pandemic show low morale in COVID-19 hospitals. Methods In a cross-sectional survey study, we analyze data from the Hospitalist Morale Index (HMI) administered between September 2020 and March 2021 to determine the pandemic’s impact on hospitalist morale. Results Surprisingly, our study found morale in the ACS was better than morale at the conventional hospitals. ACS hospitalists and conventional hospitalists were demographically similar. Our results show that a significantly higher proportion of conventional hospitalists reported burnout compared to the ACS hospitalists. General quality of life was rated significantly higher in the ACS group than the conventional group. Significantly more ACS hospitalists were invested in making their group outstanding. Five main HMI domains were examined with questions on a 5-point rating scale: Clinical Factors, Workload, Material Rewards, Leadership, and Appreciation/Acknowledgement. ACS hospitalists rated most measures higher than conventional hospitalists; largest differences were observed in Clinical Factors and Appreciation/Acknowledgement domains. Narrative comments from ACS hospitalists revealed strong identification with the mission of the ACS and pride in contributing during a crisis. One key difference between the two groups explains these findings: provider autonomy. The ACS staff chose the position and the assignment, while conventional hospitalists caring for COVID-19 patients could not readily opt out of this work. Conclusion Our data suggest that autonomy in assignments with risk has implications for morale and burnout.
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedDionísia Balate, Gerson Afai, Faiza Sallé, Timóteo Simone, Cynthia Semá Baltazar, Rose Zulliger, Érika Valeska Rossetto
PLoS One Infectious Diseases, 3.08.2023
Tilføjet 3.08.2023
by Dionísia Balate, Gerson Afai, Faiza Sallé, Timóteo Simone, Cynthia Semá Baltazar, Rose Zulliger, Érika Valeska Rossetto Introduction The use of face masks is one of the preventive measures that Mozambique adopted in order to limit the spread of COVID-19. A study carried out from May 25 to June 6, 2020 found that although many wore masks, incorrect use was observed in 27.5% of the population observed. This data collection aimed to measure the degree of mask use compliance during a more protracted, higher second wave of transmission. Methodology A cross-sectional study was conducted in the City of Maputo from 19 to 28 October 2020 through direct observation of mask use of all individuals present in markets, supermarkets and bus terminals. The data were collected using mobile phones with the Open Data Kit Collect (ODK) data collection program. Sociodemographic characteristics, mask use, and type of mask used were documented. Factors associated with incorrect mask use were evaluated considering sex, age, observation period and location. Results A total of 49,404 individuals were observed, of whom 24,977(50.6%) were male, 46,484 (94.1%) were adults and 17,549 (35.5%) were observed in the markets. An observed 41,786 (84.6%) wore a mask, of whom 33,851 (81.0%) used it correctly. Not covering the mouth and nose was common; observed in 4,649 (58.5%) of those using incorrectly. Of different types of masks, fabric masks were most often used incorrectly 7,225 (21.4%). The factors associated with incorrect mask use were female gender (OR = 1.2 [1.1–1.3], p
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedA. H. Ayesha Lavell, Joeri Tijdink, David T. P. Buis, Yvo M. Smulders, Marije K. Bomers, Jonne J. Sikkens
PLoS One Infectious Diseases, 3.08.2023
Tilføjet 3.08.2023
by A. H. Ayesha Lavell, Joeri Tijdink, David T. P. Buis, Yvo M. Smulders, Marije K. Bomers, Jonne J. Sikkens Background Hospital health care workers (HCW) are at increased risk of contracting SARS-CoV-2. We investigated whether certain behavioral and physical features, e.g. nose picking and wearing glasses, are associated with infection risk. Aim To assess the association between nose picking and related behavioral or physical features (nail biting, wearing glasses, and having a beard) and the incidence of SARS-CoV-2-infection. Methods In a cohort study among 404 HCW in two university medical centers in the Netherlands, SARS-CoV-2-specific antibodies were prospectively measured during the first phase of the pandemic. For this study HCW received an additional retrospective survey regarding behavioral (e.g. nose picking) and physical features. Results In total 219 HCW completed the survey (response rate 52%), and 34/219 (15.5%) became SARS-CoV-2 seropositive during follow-up from March 2020 till October 2020. The majority of HCW (185/219, 84.5%) reported picking their nose at least incidentally, with frequency varying between monthly, weekly and daily. SARS-CoV-2 incidence was higher in nose picking HCW compared to participants who refrained from nose picking (32/185: 17.3% vs. 2/34: 5.9%, OR 3.80, 95% CI 1.05 to 24.52), adjusted for exposure to COVID-19. No association was observed between nail biting, wearing glasses, or having a beard, and the incidence of SARS-CoV-2 infection. Conclusion Nose picking among HCW is associated with an increased risk of contracting a SARS-CoV-2 infection. We therefore recommend health care facilities to create more awareness, e.g. by educational sessions or implementing recommendations against nose picking in infection prevention guidelines.
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedPhyo Zin Winn, Thein Hlaing, Kyaw Myo Tun, Seim Lei Lei
PLoS One Infectious Diseases, 3.08.2023
Tilføjet 3.08.2023
by Phyo Zin Winn, Thein Hlaing, Kyaw Myo Tun, Seim Lei Lei Background The life quality of about two-thirds of patients with COVID-19 is affected by related olfactory dysfunctions. The negative impact of olfactory dysfunction ranged from the decreased pleasure of eating to impaired quality of life. This research aimed to provide a comprehensive understanding of the effects of corticosteroid treatments by comparing that to other currently available treatments and interventions. Methods The Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) checklist’s 27-point checklist was used to conduct this review. PubMed (Public/Publisher MEDLINE), PubMed Central and EMBASE (Excerpta Medica Database) databases were conveniently selected and Boolean search commands were used for a comprehensive literature search. Five core search terms were \'effects of treatments\', \' COVID-19-related olfactory dysfunction\', \'corticosteroids\', \'treatments\' and \'interventions\'. The reporting qualities of the included studies were appraised using JBI (Joanna Briggs Institute) appraisal tools. The characteristics of the 21 experimental studies with a total sample (of 130,550) were aggregated using frequencies and percentages and presented descriptively. The main interventions and their effects on the duration of the COVID-19-related olfactory dysfunction were narratively analyzed. Results Among patients with COVID-19, the normal functions of the olfactory lobe were about 23 days earlier to gain with the treatments of fluticasone and triamcinolone acetonide nasal spray compared with that of mometasone furoate nasal spray and oral corticosteroid. The smell loss duration was reduced by fluticasone and triamcinolone acetonide nasal spray 9 days earlier than the inflawell syrup and 16 days earlier than the lavender syrup. The nasal spray of corticosteroids ended the COVID-19-related smell loss symptoms 2 days earlier than the zinc supplementation, about 47 days earlier than carbamazepine treatment and was more effective than palmitoylethanolamide (PEA) and luteolin and omega-3 supplementations and olfactory training. Treatment with oral corticosteroid plus olfactory training significantly improved Threshold, Discrimination and Identification (TDI) scores compared with olfactory training alone. A full dose of the COVID-19 vaccination was not uncertain to reduce the COVID-19-related smell loss duration. Conclusion Corticosteroid treatment is effective in reducing the duration of COVID-19-related smell loss and olfactory training, the basic, essential and effective intervention, should be used as a combination therapy.
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedMalaria Journal, 3.08.2023
Tilføjet 3.08.2023
Abstract Background Malaria infection during pregnancy endangers the pregnant woman, fetus, and newborn child. Thus, the use of an insecticide-treated net (ITN) is one of the most frequently advised methods for preventing malaria during pregnancy. Contrary findings have been reported in various studies on ITN utilization among pregnant women in Ethiopia. Therefore, this study was aimed to estimate the pooled prevalence of ITN utilization and its associated factors among pregnant women in Ethiopia. Methods Published articles from PubMed, Google Scholar, Science Direct, AJOL and Cochrane library were systematically searched. All cross-sectional studies on ITN utilization among pregnant women were included in this meta-analysis. To estimate the pooled prevalence and odds ratio, a random-effect model was used; and a subgroup analysis was performed to identify the possible source of heterogeneity. Begg’s and Egger’s tests were used to identify possible publication bias. Results Ten cross-sectional studies with 7,161 participants were included. The pooled prevalence of ITN utilization among all pregnant women who had access to ITN in Ethiopia was 59.42% (95% CI 51.14, 67.69). Statistically significant heterogeneity was observed (I2 = 97.7%; p
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedMalaria Journal, 3.08.2023
Tilføjet 3.08.2023
Abstract Background Global efforts to reduce malaria burden include distribution of insecticide-treated mosquito nets through mass campaigns and routine channels. Ghana’s National Malaria Elimination Programme (NMEP) distributes insecticide-treated bed nets (ITNs) through various channels, including to pregnant women at antenatal care (ANC) visits and children at vaccination visits through child welfare clinics (CWC). This study assessed historical ITN distribution throughout ANCs and CWCs across Ghana and the characteristics of high performing facilities. Methods Monthly data on routine ITN distribution was provided from Ghana’s national health information management system for the years 2016–2021. Analyses were conducted to assess the performance of ITN distribution at ANC and CWC across time, ecological zone, regions, districts, facility ownership, and facility type. Univariate and multivariate logistic regressions were performed to predict the odds of ANC and CWC issuing rates greater or equal to 80% for a given facility type or ownership. Results In 2021, 93% of women who attended their first antenatal care visit and 92% of children under five who received their second dose of the measles-rubella vaccine (MR2) had received an ITN. At the regional level, 94% of regions (n = 15/16) maintained the NSP target issuing rate of 80% throughout 2020 and 2021. While there were no clear differences in issuing rates between ecological zones, district-level differences were present across the six years. All health facility types performed at or above 80% in 2021 for both ANC and CWC. Odds ratios demonstrated differences in the likelihood of meeting the 80% issuing rate goal among different facility types as well as private versus public ownership when comparing ANC and CWC. Conclusion By 2021, Ghana had improved its ITN issuing rates since the initial year of analysis, surpassing the 80% target by issuing nets to over 90% of pregnant women and young children attending ANC and CWC. Future work can explore the reasons for national and subnational differences in issuing rates as well as help understand additional characteristics of high performing facilities. Additionally, it is necessary to identify and expand on the drivers for improved performance over the time period.
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