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Johannes Boyer, Lisa Kriegl, Thomas Valentin, Robert Krause
Clinical Microbiology and Infection, 5.10.2023
Tilføjet 5.10.2023
We read with interest the recently published 2023 ESCMID guidelines on diagnosis and treatment of brain abscess in children and adults by Bodilsen et al. The authors of this guideline stated that recommended first-line empirical antimicrobial therapy for brain abscess of post-surgical etiology should be meropenem combined with vancomycin or linezolid [1].
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedZegang Liu, Qinlu Liu, Huifang Wang, Xinsheng Yao
Clinical Microbiology and Infection, 5.10.2023
Tilføjet 5.10.2023
Bats have garnered increased attention in the field of life sciences for their typical biological characteristics of carrying a variety of zoonotic viruses without disease, long lifespans, low tumorigenesis rates, and high metabolism. When it was found that bats can carry the rabies virus, over 60 years of research revealed that bats host over 4,100 distinct viruses, including Ebola virus and SARS-CoV.
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedUrsula Theuretzbacher
Clinical Microbiology and Infection, 5.10.2023
Tilføjet 5.10.2023
Resistance burden varies widely among WHO regions, and the potential impact of new antibiotics differs in addressing the WHO\'s critical priority pathogens\' resistance challenge.
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedManu P. Bilsen, Maxim M. Treep, Margaretha J. Aantjes, Esther van Andel, Janneke E. Stalenhoef, Cees van Nieuwkoop, Eliane M.S. Leyten, Nathalie M. Delfos, Janneke I.M. van Uhm, Martijn Sijbom, Abimbola A. Akintola, Mattijs E. Numans, Wilco P. Achterberg, Simon P. Mooijaart, Martha T. van der Beek, Christa M. Cobbaert, Simon P. Conroy, Leo G. Visser, Merel M.C. Lambregts
Clinical Microbiology and Infection, 5.10.2023
Tilføjet 5.10.2023
Urinary tract infection (UTI) is common among older women. However, diagnosis is challenging due to frequent chronic lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS), cognitive impairment, and a high prevalence of asymptomatic bacteriuria (ASB). Current urine diagnostics lack specificity, leading to unnecessary treatment and antimicrobial resistance. This study aimed to evaluate the diagnostic accuracy of twelve urine biomarkers for diagnosing UTI in older women.
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedInfectious Disease Modelling, 5.10.2023
Tilføjet 5.10.2023
Publication date: Available online 5 October 2023 Source: Infectious Disease Modelling Author(s): Han Li, Jianping Huang, Xinbo Lian, Yingjie Zhao, Wei Yan, Li Zhang, Licheng Li
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedAnna P. BroganCameron HabibSamuel J. HobbsPhilip J. KranzuschDavid Z. RudneraDepartment of Microbiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115bDepartment of Cancer Immunology and Virology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02115
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 5.10.2023
Tilføjet 5.10.2023
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, Volume 120, Issue 40, October 2023.
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedKeyla C. TumasFangzheng XuJian WuMaricarmen HernandezSittiporn PattaradilokratLu XiaYu-chih PengAngela Musu LavaliXiao HeBrajesh K. SinghCui ZhangCaroline PercopoChen-Feng QiSuming HuangCarole A. LongXin-zhuan SuaLaboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Disease, NIH, Rockville, MD 20852bDepartment of Biology, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, ThailandcCenter for Medical Genetics, School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410033, ChinadPathology Core, Laboratory of Immunogenetics, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Rockville, MD 20852eDepartment of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Penn State Cancer Institute, Hershey, PA 17033fDepartment of Pharmacology, Division of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Penn State Cancer Institute, Hershey, PA 17033
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 5.10.2023
Tilføjet 5.10.2023
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, Volume 120, Issue 40, October 2023.
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedSiddhartha Hamal DhakalKumari KavitaShanker S. S. PanchapakesanAdam RothRonald R. BreakeraDepartment of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06511-8103bHHMI, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06511-8103cDepartment of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06511-8103
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 5.10.2023
Tilføjet 5.10.2023
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, Volume 120, Issue 40, October 2023.
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedDaniel OyanedelArnaud LagorceMaxime BrutoPhilippe HaffnerAmandine MorotYannick LabreucheYann DorantSébastien de La Forest DivonneFrançois DelavatNicolas InguimbertCaroline MontagnaniBenjamin MorgaEve ToulzaCristian ChaparroJean-Michel EscoubasYannick GueguenJeremie Vidal-DupiolJulien de LorgerilBruno PettonLionel DegremontDelphine TourbiezLéa-Lou PimparéMarc LeroyOcéane RomatifJuliette PouzadouxGuillaume MittaFrédérique Le RouxGuillaume M. CharrièreMarie-Agnès TraversDelphine Destoumieux-GarzónaInteractions Hôtes Pathogènes Environnements (IHPE), Université de Montpellier, CNRS, Ifremer, Université de Perpignan Via Domitia, Montpellier F-34090, FrancebIfremer, Unité Physiologie Fonctionnelle des Organismes Marins, ZI de la Pointe du Diable, Plouzané F-29280, FrancecSorbonne Université, Université Pierre et Marie Curie Paris 06, CNRS, UMR8227, Integrative Biology of Marine Models, Station Biologique de Roscoff, Roscoff F-29680, FrancedUniversité de Bretagne Occidentale, CNRS, Institut de recherche pour le développement (IRD), Ifremer, Laboratoire des sciences de l'environnement marin (LEMAR), Plouzané, F-29280, FranceeLaboratoire de Biotechnologie et Chimie Marines, Université Bretagne Sud, EMR CNRS 6076, Institut Universitaire Européen de la Mer, Lorient F-56100, FrancefNantes Université, CNRS, Unité en Sciences Biologiques et Biotechnologies (US2B), UMR6286, Nantes, F-44000, FrancegCentre de Recherches Insulaires et OBservatoire de l’Environnement (CRIOBE), UAR3278, Ecole Pratique des Hautes Etudes (EPHE), Université de Perpignan Via Domitia, CNRS, Perpignan F-66860, FrancehIfremer, Adaptation Santé des invertébrés Marins (ASIM), La Tremblade F-17390, FranceiMARine Biodiversity, Exploitation and Conservation (MARBEC) Univ Montpellier, CNRS, Ifremer, IRD, Sète F-34200, FrancejIfremer, IRD, Univ Nouvelle-Calédonie, Univ La Réunion, ENTROPIE, Nouméa, Nouvelle-Calédonie, F-98800, FrancekIfremer, Université de Polynésie Française, IRD, Institut Louis Malardé (ILM), Ecosystèmes Insulaires Océaniens (EIO), Vairao F-98719, Polynésie Française
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 5.10.2023
Tilføjet 5.10.2023
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, Volume 120, Issue 40, October 2023.
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedGianluca ScarnoJulija MazejMattia LaffranchiChiara Di CensoIrene MattiolaArianna M. CandelottiGiuseppe PietropaoloHelena StabileCinzia FiondaGiovanna PeruzziStephen R. BrooksWanxia Li TsaiYohei MikamiGiovanni BernardiniAngela GismondiSilvano SozzaniJames P. Di SantoChristian A. J. VosshenrichAndreas DiefenbachMassimo GadinaAngela SantoniGiuseppe SciumèaDepartment of Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome 00161, ItalybLaboratory affiliated to Istituto Pasteur Italia–Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, Rome 00161, ItalycLaboratory of Innate Immunity, Institute of Microbiology, Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Charité–Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt–Universität zu Berlin, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Berlin 12203, GermanydMucosal and Developmental Immunology, Deutsches Rheuma-Forschungszentrum, an Institute of the Leibniz Association, Berlin 10117, GermanyeCenter for Life Nano- & Neuro-Science, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Rome 00161, ItalyfBiodata Mining and Discovery Section, Office of Science and Technology, National Institute of Arthritis, Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892gTranslational Immunology Section, Office of Science and Technology, National Institute of Arthritis, Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892hDivision of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo 1608582, JapaniIstituti di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico Neuromed, Isernia 86077, ItalyjInnate Immunity Unit, Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, INSERM U1223, Paris 75724, France
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 5.10.2023
Tilføjet 5.10.2023
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, Volume 120, Issue 40, October 2023.
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedEmily WoodHinrich SchulenburgPhilip RosenstielTobias BergmillerDyan AnkrettIvana GudeljRobert BeardmoreaBiosciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter EX4 4QD, United KingdombEngineering and Physical Sciences Research Council Hub for Quantitative Modelling in Healthcare, University of Exeter, Exeter EX4 4QJ, United KingdomcEvolutionary Ecology and Genetics, Zoologisches Institut, Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel, Am Botanischen Garten 1-9, Kiel 24118, GermanydInstituts für Klinische Molekularbiologie, Dekanat der Medizinischen Fakultät, Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel, Christian-Albrechts-Platz 4, Kiel D-24118, Germany
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 5.10.2023
Tilføjet 5.10.2023
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, Volume 120, Issue 40, October 2023.
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedMarkus SchwarkJosé A. Martínez YerenaKristin RöhrbornPavel HrouzekPetra DivokáLenka ŠtenclováKateřina DelawskáHeike EnkeChristopher VorreiterFaith WileyWolfgang SipplRoman SobotkaSubhasish SahaSusan B. WildeJan MarešTimo H. J. NiedermeyeraInstitute of Pharmacy, Pharmacognosy, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle (Saale) 06120, GermanybBiology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Institute of Hydrobiology, České Budějovice 37005, Czech RepubliccFaculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, České Budějovice 37005, Czech RepublicdCentre Algatech, Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Třeboň 37901, Czech RepubliceSimris Biologics GmbH, Berlin 12489, GermanyfInstitute of Pharmacy, Medicinal Chemistry, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle (Saale) 06120, GermanygMarine Biotoxins Program, Center for Coastal Environmental Health and Biomolecular Research, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration/National Ocean Service, Charleston, SC 29412hWarnell School of Forestry and Natural Resources, Fisheries and Wildlife, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602iInstitute of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Biology, Free University of Berlin, Berlin 14195, Germany
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 5.10.2023
Tilføjet 5.10.2023
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, Volume 120, Issue 40, October 2023.
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedRyu ImamuraHiroki SatoDominic Chih-Cheng VoonTakayoshi ShirasakiMasao HondaMakoto KurachiKatsuya SakaiKunio MatsumotoaDivision of Tumor Dynamics and Regulation, Cancer Research Institute, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa 920-1192, JapanbThe World Premier International Research Center Initiative (WPI)-Nano Life Science Institute, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa 920-1192, JapancInnovative Cancer Model Research Unit, Institute for Frontier Science Initiative, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa 920-1192, JapandDepartment of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Kanazawa University, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kanazawa 920-8641, JapaneDepartment of Gastroenterology, Kanazawa University, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kanazawa 920-8641, JapanfDepartment of Molecular Genetics, Kanazawa University, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kanazawa 920-8640, Japan
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 5.10.2023
Tilføjet 5.10.2023
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, Volume 120, Issue 40, October 2023.
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedJonathan C. KaganaDivision of Gastroenterology, Boston Children’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 5.10.2023
Tilføjet 5.10.2023
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, Volume 120, Issue 40, October 2023.
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedLiesbeth Frias, David J. Jenkins
Trends in Parasitology, 5.10.2023
Tilføjet 5.10.2023
Linguatula serrata is a parasitic arthropod infecting a wide range of mammals. Its life cycle is indirect, with adult parasites residing in the upper respiratory tract of carnivorous vertebrates and humans, and releasing eggs through nasal secretions and/or feces into the environment. Herbivores serve as intermediate hosts, becoming infected by accidentally ingesting pasture contaminated with eggs. Larvae emerge in the intestine, encyst in visceral tissues (e.g., liver, lungs, mesenteric lymph nodes), and undergo several moults before becoming infective.
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedJichang Wang, Xinyi Lu, Weiqi Zhang, Guang-Hui Liu
Trends in Microbiology, 5.10.2023
Tilføjet 5.10.2023
Endogenous retroviruses (ERVs) are evolutionary remnants of retroviral infections in which the viral genome became embedded as a dormant regulatory element within the host germline. When ERVs become activated, they comprehensively rewire genomic regulatory networks of the host and facilitate critical developmental events, such as preimplantation development and placentation, in a manner specific to species, developmental stage, and tissues. However, accumulating evidence suggests that aberrant ERV transcription compromises genome stability and has been implicated in cellular senescence and various pathogenic processes, underscoring the significance of host genomic surveillance mechanisms. Here, we revisit the prominent functions of ERVs in early development and highlight their emerging roles in mammalian post-implantation development and organogenesis. We also discuss their implications for aging and pathological processes such as microbial infection, immune response. Furthermore, we discuss recent advances in stem-cell-based models, single-cell omics, and genome editing technologies, which serve as beacons illuminating the versatile nature of ERVs in mammalian development and health.
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedWanli Xu, Xiaoting Wen, Xiaomei Cong, Wei Jiang
Journal of Medical Virology, 5.10.2023
Tilføjet 5.10.2023
Nobendu Mukerjee, Swastika Maitra, Sukhamoy Gorai, Arabinda Ghosh, Athanasiosis Alexiou, Nanasaheb D. Thorat
Journal of Medical Virology, 5.10.2023
Tilføjet 5.10.2023
Hongzhou Zhao, Yuxuan Wei, Jiaying Zhang, Kun Zhang, Liming Tian, Yongpan Liu, Shihui Zhang, Yijian Zhou, Zhuo Wang, Songlin Shi, Zhichao Fu, Jianqian Fu, Jing Zhao, Xinxin Li, Lijia Zhang, Liran Zhao, Kuancan Liu
Journal of Medical Virology, 5.10.2023
Tilføjet 5.10.2023
Journal of Infectious Diseases, 5.10.2023
Tilføjet 5.10.2023
AbstractAccess to direct acting antivirals (DAAs) may be associated with reductions in HCV viremia prevalence among people with HIV (PWH). Among 3755 PWH, estimated HCV viremia prevalence decreased by 94.0% from 36% (95% Confidence Interval [CI]: 27%, 46%) in 2009 (pre-DAA era) to 2% (95% CI: 0%, 4%) in 2021 (DAA era). Male sex, Black race and older age were associated with HCV viremia in 2009 but not in 2021. Injection drug use remained associated with HCV viremia in 2009 and 2021. Targeted interventions are needed to meet the HCV care needs of PWH who use drugs.
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedJournal of Infectious Diseases, 5.10.2023
Tilføjet 5.10.2023
AbstractPositron Emission Tomography and Computed Tomography (PET-CT) has the potential to revolutionise research in infectious diseases, as it has done with cancer. There is growing interest in it as a biomarker in the setting of early phase tuberculosis clinical trials, particularly given the limitations of current biomarkers as adequate predictors of sterilizing cure for tuberculosis. PET-CT is a real-time tool that provides a three-dimensional view of the spatial distribution of tuberculosis within the lung parenchyma and the nature of lesions with uptake (i.e., whether nodular, consolidative or cavitary). Its ability to provide functional data on changes in metabolism, drug penetration and immune-control of tuberculous lesions has the potential to facilitate drug development and regimen selection for advancement to phase 3 trials in tuberculosis. In this narrative review, we discuss the role PET-CT may have in evaluating responses to drug treatment in active TB treatment and discuss the challenges in taking PET-CT forward as predictive biomarker of relapse free cure in the setting of Phase II clinical trials.
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedJournal of Infectious Diseases, 5.10.2023
Tilføjet 5.10.2023
AbstractPurposeTo analyze the clinical characteristics of peripheral Epstein-Barr virus(EBV)-infected lymphocyte subtypes in children with chronic active EBV infection(CAEBV).MethodsThe levels of peripheral EBV infection of CD4 + T cells, CD8 + T cells, and CD56 + NK cells were determined by flow cytometry and qPCR in patients with CAEBV from July 2017 to July 2022.ResultsA total of 112 children with CAEBV were evaluated in the study. Of them, CD4 + type, CD8 + type, and CD56 + type were defined in 44, 21, and 47 patients, respectively. Patients with CD8 + T-cell type had a significantly higher frequency of rash, while hepatomegaly was more common in patients with CD4 + T-cell type. Generally, patients with CD8 + T-cell type had the lowest overall survival(OS) rate(P = 0.017). As for treatment, patients treated with chemotherapy and hematopoietic stem cell transplantation had a better prognosis(P = 0.001). In multivariate analysis, rash, HLH, CD8 + T-cell type, and no decrease of plasma EBV-DNA after treatment were indicated as independent factors of poor prognosis(P = 0.002, 0.024, 0.022, and 0.012, respectively).ConclusionIn children with CAEBV, the rash was more frequent in patients with CD8 + T-cell type, whereas patients with CD4 + T-cell type were more likely to develop hepatomegaly. Patients with CD8 + T-cell type had a poor prognosis despite receiving chemotherapy or further HSCT.
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedJournal of Infectious Diseases, 5.10.2023
Tilføjet 5.10.2023
AbstractT cell-based diagnostic tools identify pathogen exposure, but lack differentiation between recent and historic exposures in acute infectious diseases. Here, T cell receptor (TCR) RNA sequencing was performed on HLADR+/CD38+ CD8+ T cell subsets of hospitalized COVID-19 patients (n = 30) and healthy controls (n = 30; ten of whom had previously been exposed to SARS-CoV-2). CDR3α and CDR3β TCR regions were clustered separately before epitope specificity annotation using a database of SARS-CoV-2 associated CDR3α and CDR3β sequences corresponding to >1000 SARS-CoV-2 epitopes. The depth of the SARS-CoV-2 associated CDR3α/β sequences differentiated COVID-19 patients from the healthy controls with a receiver operating characteristic curve (ROC) area under the curve (AUC) of 0.84 ± 0.10. Hence, annotating TCR sequences of activated CD8+ T cells can be used to diagnose an acute viral infection and discriminate it from historic exposure. In essence, this work presents a new paradigm of applying the T cell repertoire to accomplish TCR-based diagnostics.
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedJournal of Infectious Diseases, 5.10.2023
Tilføjet 5.10.2023
AbstractDespite intensive characterization of immune responses after COVID-19 infection and vaccination, research examining protective correlates of vertical transmission in pregnancy are limited. Herein, we profiled humoral and cellular characteristics in pregnant women infected or vaccinated at different trimesters and in their corresponding newborns. We noted a significant correlation between Spike S1-specific IgG antibody and its RBD-ACE2 blocking activity in maternal and cord plasma (p0.90). Blocking activity of S1-specific IgG was significantly higher in pregnant women infected during the 3rd trimester than the 1st and 2nd trimesters. Elevated levels of 28 cytokines/chemokines, mainly pro-inflammatory, were noted in maternal plasma with infection at delivery while cord plasma with maternal infection 2 weeks before delivery exhibited the emergence of anti-inflammatory cytokines. Our data support vertical transmission of protective SARS-CoV-2-specific antibodies. This vertical antibody transmission and the presence of anti-inflammatory cytokines in cord blood may offset adverse outcomes of inflammation in exposed newborns.
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedXiaoyu Gao, Furong Wang, Huizhao Liu, Jun Chai, Guangyuan Tian, Lili Yao, Chen Chen, Peng Huo, Yingxi Yao, Jing Wen, Na Zhao, Dejun Sun
Clinical Microbiology and Infection, 5.10.2023
Tilføjet 5.10.2023
BF.7 (BA.5.2.1.7) is a novel sublineage of Omicron BA.5, whose clinical characteristics are not yet established.
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedNasreen Hassoun-Kheir, Mariana Guedes, Marie-Therese Ngo Nsoga, Lorenzo Argante, Fabiana Arieti, Beryl P. Gladstone, Rhys Kingston, Nichola R. Naylor, Maria D. Pezzani, Koen B. Pouwels, Julie V. Robotham, Jesús Rodríguez-Baño, Evelina Tacconelli, Venanzio Vella, Stephan Harbarth, Marlieke E.A. de Kraker, PrIMAVeRa Workpackage 1
Clinical Microbiology and Infection, 5.10.2023
Tilføjet 5.10.2023
Antimicrobial resistance is a global threat, which requires novel intervention strategies, for which priority pathogens and settings need to be determined.
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedXiaoxu, Z., Pu, Y., Li, X., Zhao, Y., Zhu, S., Niu, N., Zuo, J., Meng, A., Chiang, L.
BMJ Open, 5.10.2023
Tilføjet 5.10.2023
ObjectivesTo explore the reflections and experiences of nurses who were deployed to the frontline to combat COVID-19 in Wuhan, China. In order to gain insights that can be useful in developing cultivating positive professional values and attitudes towards future public health emergencies. DesignQualitative study using semistructured interviews. Data were transcribed and analysed using the Colaizzi’s 7-step method. The study is reported in accordance with the consolidated Standards for Reporting Qualitative Research. SettingTelephonic interviews with nine participants who were deployed from Nanjing to Hubei Province for the fight against COVID-19. ParticipantsOf 11 volunteer nurses deployed to Hubei Province for the fight against COVID-19, two nurses did not finish the interview because of their working hours. The remaining nine were recruited through purposive sampling using the following criteria: nurses who were deployed at the first stage and those who verbally agreed and signed an informed consent form to participate in the study. ResultsThree thematic categories and subthemes that were identified from the analysis were as follows: (1) ‘Assertive attitude to fight against the pandemic’, included three subthemes: ‘Inner calling towards professional accountability for saving lives’, ‘Extrinsic support that facilitates the commitment to the nursing profession’ and ‘Holistic value ascribed to the nursing profession’. (2) ‘Challenges associated with the anti-pandemic mission’, included ‘overcoming challenges around the strict requirements for personal protection’ and ‘Fear and uncertainty over the rapid progression of the disease’. (3) ‘Unbearable heaviness and lightness of being a nurse’, with two subthemes: ‘the heavy crown of the anti-pandemic hero’ and ‘eternal reverence without regrets’. ConclusionsAs reflected by the nurses on frontline combating COVID-19, it was necessary to inculcate professional nursing values in them, as only their dedication and selflessness could improve humanity’s chances against the disease.
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedSakas, Z., Hester, K. A., Ellis, A., Ogutu, E. A., Rodriguez, K., Bednarczyk, R., Dixit, S., Kilembe, W., Sarr, M., Freeman, M. C.
BMJ Open, 5.10.2023
Tilføjet 5.10.2023
ObjectivesVaccination averts an estimated 2–3 million deaths annually. Although vaccine coverage improvements across Africa and South Asia have remained below global targets, several countries have outperformed their peers with significant increases in coverage. The objective of this study was to examine these countries’ vaccination programmes and to identify and describe critical success factors that may have supported these improvements. DesignMultiple case study design using qualitative research methods. SettingThree countries with high routine immunisation rates: Nepal, Senegal, and Zambia. ParticipantsWe conducted 207 key informant interviews and 71 focus group discussions with a total of 678 participants. Participants were recruited from all levels, including government officials, health facility staff, frontline workers, community health workers, and parents. Participants were recruited from both urban and rural districts in Nepal, Senegal, and Zambia. ResultsOur data revealed that the critical success factors for vaccination programmes relied on the cultural, historical, and statutory context in which the interventions were delivered. In Nepal, Senegal, and Zambia, high immunisation coverage was driven by (1) strong governance structures and healthy policy environments; (2) adjacent successes in health system strengthening; (3) government-led community engagement initiatives, and (4) adaptation considering contextual factors at all levels of the health system. ConclusionsThroughout this project, our analysis returned to the importance of defining and understanding the context, governance, financing, and health systems within a country, rather than focusing on any one intervention. This paper augments findings from existing literature by highlighting how contextual factors impact implementation decisions that have led to improvements in childhood vaccine delivery. Findings from this research may help identify transferable lessons and support actionable recommendations to improve national immunisation coverage in other settings.
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedRobsky, K. O., Tram, K. H., Dowdy, D. W., Zelner, J.
BMJ Open, 5.10.2023
Tilføjet 5.10.2023
IntroductionGeographical mobility, the movement of individuals or populations, may increase an individual’s risk of acquiring or transmitting infectious diseases, including HIV, tuberculosis, malaria and COVID-19. Many studies have collected information on short-term mobility through self-reported travel histories or using GPS trackers, but there has been no consistent conceptualisation and operationalisation of such geographical mobility in global health research. This protocol aims to describe and synthesise different approaches to measuring short-term mobility. Methods and analysisWe will search three databases (PubMed, Embase and Global Health) for peer-reviewed articles. After removing duplicates, two reviewers will first screen the titles and abstracts and then proceed to full-text screening. We will include studies that measure mobility at the individual level in the context of infectious diseases, including clinical trials, epidemiological studies and analyses of register data. Additional articles for inclusion may be identified through review of references in selected papers. We will summarise the method of data collection (GPS trackers, cellphones, retrospective self-report, travel journal, etc) and the specific measures used (overnight travel, having a secondary residence, travel outside of district, etc). Ethics and disseminationThis study consists of reviewing and abstracting existing data from publicly available materials, and therefore does not require ethical approval. The results of this study will be submitted for peer reviewed publication and may be presented at a relevant global health conference.
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedSmalley, H. K., Castillo-Zunino, F., Keskinocak, P., Nazzal, D., Sakas, Z. M., Sarr, M., Freeman, M. C.
BMJ Open, 5.10.2023
Tilføjet 5.10.2023
ObjectiveSenegal has demonstrated catalytic improvements in national coverage rates for early childhood vaccination, despite lower development assistance for childhood vaccines in Senegal compared with other low-income and lower-middle income countries. Understanding factors associated with historical changes in childhood vaccine coverage in Senegal, as well as heterogeneities across its 14 regions, can highlight effective practices that might be adapted to improve vaccine coverage elsewhere. DesignChildhood vaccination coverage rates, demographic information and health system characteristics were identified from Senegal’s Demographic and Health Surveys (DHS) and Senegal national reports for years 2005–2019. Multivariate logistic and linear regression analyses were performed to determine statistical associations of demographic and health system characteristics with respect to childhood vaccination coverage rates. SettingThe 14 administrative regions of Senegal were chosen for analysis. ParticipantsDHS women’s survey respondents with living children aged 12–23 months for survey years 2005–2019. Outcome measuresImmunisation with the third dose of the diphtheria-tetanus-pertussis vaccine (DTP3), widely used as a proxy for estimating immunisation coverage levels and the retention of children in the vaccine programme. ResultsFactors associated with childhood vaccination coverage include urban residence (β=0.61, p=0.0157), female literacy (β=1.11, p=0.0007), skilled prenatal care (β=1.80, p
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedOhene-Adjei, K., Asante, K. P., Akuffo, K. O., Tounaikok, N., Asiamah, M., Owiredu, D., Manu, A. A., Danso-Appiah, A.
BMJ Open, 5.10.2023
Tilføjet 5.10.2023
IntroductionThe RTS,S vaccine has been approved for use in children under 5 living in moderate to high malaria transmission areas. However, clinically important adverse events have been reported in countries in sub-Saharan Africa. This systematic review aims to assess the frequency, severity and clinical importance of vaccine-related adverse events. Methods and analysisThis systematic review protocol has been prepared following robust methods and reported in line with the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta-Analyses for protocols guidelines. We will search PubMed, CINAHL, LILACS, Google Scholar, SCOPUS, WEB OF SCIENCE, Cochrane library, HINARI, African Journals Online, Trip Pro and TOXNET from 2000 to 30 September 2023, without language restrictions. We will also search conference proceedings, dissertations, World Bank Open Knowledge Repository, and WHO, PATH, UNICEF, Food and Drugs Authorities and European Medicines Agency databases, preprint repositories and reference lists of relevant studies for additional studies. Experts in the field will be contacted for unpublished or published studies missed by our searches. At least two reviewers will independently select studies and extract data using pretested tools and assess risk of bias in the included studies using the Cochrane risk of bias tool. Any disagreements will be resolved through discussion between the reviewers. Heterogeneity will be explored graphically, and statistically using the I2 statistic. We will conduct random-effects meta-analysis when heterogeneity is appreciable, and express dichotomous outcomes (serious adverse events, cerebral malaria and febrile convulsion) as risk ratio (RR) with their 95% CI. We will perform subgroup analysis to assess the impact of heterogeneity and sensitivity analyses to test the robustness of the effect estimates. The overall level of evidence will be assessed using Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation. Ethics and disseminationEthical approval is not required for a systematic review. The findings of this study will be disseminated through stakeholder forums, conferences and peer-review publications. PROSPERO registration numberCRD42021275155.
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedElla M. Meumann, Direk Limmathurotsakul, Susanna J. Dunachie, Willem J. Wiersinga, Bart J. Currie
Nat Rev Microbiol, 5.10.2023
Tilføjet 5.10.2023
Hiam Chemaitelly, Houssein H. Ayoub, Patrick Tang, Peter V. Coyle, Hadi M. Yassine, Asmaa A. Al Thani, Hebah A. Al-Khatib, Mohammad R. Hasan, Zaina Al-Kanaani, Einas Al-Kuwari, Andrew Jeremijenko, Anvar Hassan Kaleeckal, Ali Nizar Latif, Riyazuddin Mohammad Shaik, Hanan F. Abdul-Rahim, Gheyath K. Nasrallah, Mohamed Ghaith Al-Kuwari, Adeel A. Butt, Hamad Eid Al-Romaihi, Mohamed H. Al-Thani, Abdullatif Al-Khal, Roberto Bertollini, Laith J. Abu-Raddad
Science Advances, 4.10.2023
Tilføjet 4.10.2023
Yujie Ren, An Wang, Bowen Zhang, Wenting Ji, Xiao-Xu Zhu, Jing Lou, Muhan Huang, Yang Qiu, Xi Zhou
Science Advances, 4.10.2023
Tilføjet 4.10.2023
Courtney A. Deck, Scott A. Salger, Hannah M. Reynolds, Michael D. Tada, Madeline E. Severance, Peter Ferket, Hillary S. Egna, Mst. Kaniz Fatema, Shahroz M. Haque, Russell J. Borski
PLoS One Infectious Diseases, 4.10.2023
Tilføjet 4.10.2023
by Courtney A. Deck, Scott A. Salger, Hannah M. Reynolds, Michael D. Tada, Madeline E. Severance, Peter Ferket, Hillary S. Egna, Mst. Kaniz Fatema, Shahroz M. Haque, Russell J. Borski Nutritional programming is the idea that early nutrient contributions can influence organismal structure or function and is documented in a variety of vertebrates, yet studies in fish are largely lacking. Tilapia are an important foodfish, with global production having increased rapidly since the 1990s. They exhibit high disease-resistance and grow well on formulated feeds which makes them an ideal aquaculture species, however incorporating high quality proteins into feeds can be costly. As feed constitutes 50–70% of total production costs in aquaculture, reducing protein content could curb these costs and increase revenue. Thus, we examined the effects of feeding Nile tilapia (O. niloticus) fry a restricted protein diet for the first 7–21 days on growth, gut microbial flora, and the intestinal transcriptome. Fish were fed either a 25% restricted or 48% control crude protein starter (ST) diet for up to 21 days and then switched to a 25% or 38% control crude protein growout (GO) diet. Fish fed a 25% ST diet for 14 days followed by a 38% GO diet had significantly higher lengths and weights and better feed efficiency than fish fed the control 48% ST and 38% GO diet after 56 days of culture. Growth of fry on the 25% ST, 7-day/38% GO and the 25% ST,7-day/25% GO diets did not differ from the those fed the control protein diets, while fish fed the 25% ST diet for 21 days had significantly lower growth and survival rates. We observed no significant differences in either alpha or beta diversity of the gut microbial flora between diets, however species richness (Shannon Index) was higher in fry fed the 25% protein ST diet regardless of the GO diet. Similarly, fish fed the 25% ST diet for 14 days followed by the 38% GO diet had minimal changes to the intestinal transcriptome relative to fish fed the control 48% ST and 38% GO diet. However, those fed 25% ST and GO diets for the entire 56 days exhibited substantial differences in the gut transcriptome from other groups showing gene expression profiles characteristic of detrimental changes to gut physiology, protein metabolism and immune function. Results suggest protein restriction for up to 14 days early in development leads to enhanced growth and feed efficiency with minimal effects on gut microbes or intestinal function. Protein restriction beyond this period appears detrimental to fish growth and health as underscored by expression of disease related genes and higher mortality rates.
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedMarcela Dantas Dias da Silva, Thais Soares Bezerra Santos Nunes, Hamile Emanuella do Carmo Viotto, Sabrina Romão Gonçalves Coelho, Raphael Freitas de Souza, Ana Carolina Pero
PLoS One Infectious Diseases, 4.10.2023
Tilføjet 4.10.2023
by Marcela Dantas Dias da Silva, Thais Soares Bezerra Santos Nunes, Hamile Emanuella do Carmo Viotto, Sabrina Romão Gonçalves Coelho, Raphael Freitas de Souza, Ana Carolina Pero This study evaluated surface properties and adhesion/biofilm formation by Candida albicans on 3D printed denture base resins used in 3D printing. Disc-shaped specimens (15 mm x 3 mm) of two 3D-printed resins (NextDent Denture 3D+, NE, n = 64; and Cosmos Denture, CO, n = 64) and a heat-polymerized resin (Lucitone 550, LU, control, n = 64) were analyzed for surface roughness (Ra μm) and surface free energy (erg cm-2). Microbiologic assays (90-min adhesion and 48-h biofilm formation by C. albicans) were performed five times in triplicate, with the evaluation of the specimens’ surface for: (i) colony forming units count (CFU/mL), (ii) cellular metabolism (XTT assay), and (iii) fluorescence and thickness of biofilm layers (confocal laser scanning microscopy). Data were analyzed using parametric and nonparametric tests (α = 0.05). LU presented higher surface roughness Ra (0.329±0.076 μm) than NE (0.295±0.056 μm) (p = 0.024), but both were similar to CO (0.315±0.058 μm) (p = 1.000 and p = 0.129, respectively). LU showed lower surface free energy (47.47±2.01 erg cm-2) than CO (49.61±1.88 erg cm-2) and NE (49.23±2.16 erg cm-2) (p
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedElizabeth Mueke Kiilu, Simon Karanja, Gideon Kikuvi, Peter Wanzala
PLoS One Infectious Diseases, 4.10.2023
Tilføjet 4.10.2023
by Elizabeth Mueke Kiilu, Simon Karanja, Gideon Kikuvi, Peter Wanzala Background Despite being a preventable disease, pediatric HIV infection continues to be a public health concern due to the morbidity and mortality associated with the disease. Vertical transmission of HIV occurs when a mother living with HIV passes the virus to her baby during pregnancy, childbirth, or breastfeeding. Globally, the vertical transmission rate of HIV is 9% with sub-Saharan Africa accounting for 90% of these infections. In Kenya, the national vertical transmission rates of HIV stood at 11.5% by the end of 2018, with a target to reduce vertical transmission rates to below 5% and 2% in breastfeeding and non-breastfeeding infants respectively, by the end of 2021. Objective To determine the prognostic factors influencing HIV-free survival among infants enrolled for HIV early infant diagnosis (EID) services in selected hospitals in Nairobi County, Kenya. Methods A prospective cohort study design was adopted. HIV exposed infants were recruited at six weeks to determine HIV-free survival over 12 months follow up. Simple random sampling was used to select 166 infants and data were collected from the mothers using semi-structured interviewer-administered questionnaires. Log-rank tests were used to test for associations at the bi-variable level while Cox-proportional regression was used to analyze data at the multi-variable level, with the aid of STATA 14 software. Ethical approval was obtained from Kenya Medical Research Institute, Scientific Ethics Review Unit. Results The overall infant HIV incidence rate over one-year follow-up was 9 cases per 100 person-years (95% CI: 5.465–16.290). The failure event was defined as an infant with a positive PCR test during the study period with total failures being 13 (9.41%) over 12 months. Prognostic factors associated with poor infant HIV-free survival were young maternal age (18–24 years) and mothers with a recent HIV diagnosis of ≤ 2 years since a positive HIV diagnosis (HR 5.97 CI: 1.20, 29.58) and (HR 6.97 CI: 1.96, 24.76), respectively. Conclusion Maternal prognostic factors associated with poor infant HIV-free survival were young maternal age (18–24 years) and recent maternal HIV diagnosis of ≤ 2 years since positive HIV diagnosis. The study recommended the development of an intervention package with more rigorous adherence counseling and close monitoring for young mothers, and mothers with recent HIV diagnoses.
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedRobert Jackson, Esha V. Rajadhyaksha, Reid S. Loeffler, Caitlyn E. Flores, Koenraad Van Doorslaer
PLoS One Infectious Diseases, 4.10.2023
Tilføjet 4.10.2023
by Robert Jackson, Esha V. Rajadhyaksha, Reid S. Loeffler, Caitlyn E. Flores, Koenraad Van Doorslaer Three-dimensional (3D) culturing techniques can recapitulate the stratified nature of multicellular epithelial tissues. Organotypic 3D epithelial tissue culture methods have several applications, including the study of tissue development and function, drug discovery and toxicity testing, host-pathogen interactions, and the development of tissue-engineered constructs for use in regenerative medicine. We grew 3D organotypic epithelial tissues from foreskin, cervix, and tonsil-derived primary cells and characterized the transcriptome of these in vitro tissue equivalents. Using the same 3D culturing method, all three tissues yielded stratified squamous epithelium, validated histologically using basal and superficial epithelial cell markers. The goal of this study was to use RNA-seq to compare gene expression patterns in these three types of epithelial tissues to gain a better understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying their function and identify potential therapeutic targets for various diseases. Functional profiling by over-representation and gene set enrichment analysis revealed tissue-specific differences: i.e., cutaneous homeostasis and lipid metabolism in foreskin, extracellular matrix remodeling in cervix, and baseline innate immune differences in tonsil. Specifically, tonsillar epithelia may play an active role in shaping the immune microenvironment of the tonsil balancing inflammation and immune responses in the face of constant exposure to microbial insults. Overall, these data serve as a resource, with gene sets made available for the research community to explore, and as a foundation for understanding the epithelial heterogeneity and how it may impact their in vitro use. An online resource is available to investigate these data (https://viz.datascience.arizona.edu/3DEpiEx/).
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedMark J. Panaggio, Mike Fang, Hyunseung Bang, Paige A. Armstrong, Alison M. Binder, Julian E. Grass, Jake Magid, Marc Papazian, Carrie K. Shapiro-Mendoza, Sharyn E. Parks
PLoS One Infectious Diseases, 4.10.2023
Tilføjet 4.10.2023
by Mark J. Panaggio, Mike Fang, Hyunseung Bang, Paige A. Armstrong, Alison M. Binder, Julian E. Grass, Jake Magid, Marc Papazian, Carrie K. Shapiro-Mendoza, Sharyn E. Parks During the COVID-19 pandemic, many public schools across the United States shifted from fully in-person learning to alternative learning modalities such as hybrid and fully remote learning. In this study, data from 14,688 unique school districts from August 2020 to June 2021 were collected to track changes in the proportion of schools offering fully in-person, hybrid and fully remote learning over time. These data were provided by Burbio, MCH Strategic Data, the American Enterprise Institute’s Return to Learn Tracker and individual state dashboards. Because the modalities reported by these sources were incomplete and occasionally misaligned, a model was needed to combine and deconflict these data to provide a more comprehensive description of modalities nationwide. A hidden Markov model (HMM) was used to infer the most likely learning modality for each district on a weekly basis. This method yielded higher spatiotemporal coverage than any individual data source and higher agreement with three of the four data sources than any other single source. The model output revealed that the percentage of districts offering fully in-person learning rose from 40.3% in September 2020 to 54.7% in June of 2021 with increases across 45 states and in both urban and rural districts. This type of probabilistic model can serve as a tool for fusion of incomplete and contradictory data sources in order to obtain more reliable data in support of public health surveillance and research efforts.
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedSara E. Mascone, Katherine I. Kim, William S. Evans, Steven J. Prior, Marc D. Cook, Sushant M. Ranadive
PLoS One Infectious Diseases, 4.10.2023
Tilføjet 4.10.2023
by Sara E. Mascone, Katherine I. Kim, William S. Evans, Steven J. Prior, Marc D. Cook, Sushant M. Ranadive Black individuals and men are predisposed to an earlier onset and higher prevalence of hypertension, compared with White individuals and women, respectively. Therefore, the influence of race and sex on reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity following induced inflammation was evaluated in female and male human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) from Black and White individuals. It was hypothesized that HUVECs from Black individuals and male HUVECs would exhibit greater ROS production and impaired SOD activity. Inflammation was induced in HUVEC cell lines (n = 4/group) using tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α, 50ng/ml). There were no between group differences in ROS production or SOD activity in HUVECs from Black and White individuals, and HUVECs from Black individuals exhibited similar SOD activity at 24hr compared with 4hr of TNF-α treatment (p>0.05). However, HUVECs from White individuals exhibited significantly greater SOD Activity (p0.05). Female HUVECs exhibited significantly lower ROS production than male HUVECs in the control condition and following TNF-α induced inflammation (p
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedMoza Alishaq, Jameela Ali Al Ajmi, Mohammed Shaheen, Mohamed Elgendy, Suni Vinoy, Anil George Thomas, Sam Joseph, Tintu Elizabeth Mathew, Renjith Joseph, Christymol Thomas, Anju K. Alex, Bincy Thomas, Asmaa Nafady, Hamed Elgendy, Hanaa Nafady-Hego
PLoS One Infectious Diseases, 4.10.2023
Tilføjet 4.10.2023
by Moza Alishaq, Jameela Ali Al Ajmi, Mohammed Shaheen, Mohamed Elgendy, Suni Vinoy, Anil George Thomas, Sam Joseph, Tintu Elizabeth Mathew, Renjith Joseph, Christymol Thomas, Anju K. Alex, Bincy Thomas, Asmaa Nafady, Hamed Elgendy, Hanaa Nafady-Hego Background There is debate over whether physical attendance at school affects the spread of the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic. Methods A cohort of personnel from several schools in Qatar provided nasopharyngeal swabs (NPS) for SARS-CoV-2 RT-PCR and rapid antigen testing. Each of them was monitored for infection until February 2022. Results In total, 3,241 employees gave samples for analysis. Prior to the start of the 2020–2021 academic year (Group I), 3.49% of samples tested positive for SARS-CoV-2. Most of the positive PCR results were from male, senior, non-teaching staff members. Only 110 (3.39%) employees who had enrolled in face-to-face instruction before the B.1.1.7 variant’s emergence (Group II), 238 (7.34%) after the B.1.1.7 variant’s emergence (Group III), and 410 (12.65%) after the introduction of the Omicron variant (Group IV) had reported infection by PCR test. Most people who tested positive by PCR after enrolling in school were young, female teachers. In the Cox Proportional-Hazards Model, exposure to a confirmed case, the presence of symptoms in the two weeks prior to exposure in all groups—young age in Groups II and III, male gender in Groups I and IV, shared housing in Group III, and the presence of comorbidities in Groups II and III independently predicted SARS-CoV-2 infection in school staff. Conclusion Critical information about the risk of SARS-CoV-2 infection in school workers during the whole pandemic is provided by our study. School operations in Qatar were made safer through initial and ongoing screenings, as well as widespread vaccination of school personnel.
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedAxel de Baat, Daniel T. Meier, Adriano Fontana, Marianne Böni-Schnetzler, Marc Y. Donath
PLoS One Infectious Diseases, 4.10.2023
Tilføjet 4.10.2023
by Axel de Baat, Daniel T. Meier, Adriano Fontana, Marianne Böni-Schnetzler, Marc Y. Donath System xc-, encoded by Slc7a11, is an antiporter responsible for exporting glutamate while importing cystine, which is essential for protein synthesis and the formation of thiol peptides, such as glutathione. Glutathione acts as a co-factor for enzymes responsible for scavenging reactive oxygen species. Upon exposure to bacterial products, macrophages exhibit a rapid upregulation of system xc-. This study investigates the impact of Slc7a11 deficiency on the functionality of peritoneal and bone marrow-derived macrophages. Our findings reveal that the absence of Slc7a11 results in significantly reduced glutathione levels, compromised mitochondrial flexibility, and hindered cytokine production in bone marrow-derived macrophages. Conversely, system xc- has a lesser impact on peritoneal macrophages in vivo. These results indicate that system xc- is essential for maintaining glutathione levels, mitochondrial functionality, and cytokine production, with a heightened importance under atmospheric oxygen tension.
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedMalaria Journal, 4.10.2023
Tilføjet 4.10.2023
Abstract Background In malaria infection, apoptosis acts as an important immunomodulatory mechanism that leads to the elimination of parasitized cells, thus reducing the parasite density and controlling immune cell populations. Here, it was investigated the association of INDEL variants in apoptotic genes—rs10562972 (FAS), rs4197 (FADD), rs3834129 and rs59308963 (CASP8), rs61079693 (CASP9), rs4647655 (CASP3), rs11269260 (BCL-2), and rs17880560 (TP53)—and the influence of genetic ancestry with susceptibility to malaria and parasite density in an admixed population from the Brazilian Amazon. Methods Total DNA was extracted from 126 malaria patients and 101 uninfected individuals for investigation of genetic ancestries and genotypic distribution of apoptosis-related variants by Multiplex PCR. Association analyses consisted of multivariate logistic regressions, considering the following comparisons: (i) DEL/DEL genotype vs. INS/DEL + INS/INS; and (ii) INS/INS vs. INS/DEL + DEL/DEL. Results Individuals infected by Plasmodium falciparum had significantly higher African ancestry proportions in comparison to uninfected controls, Plasmodium vivax, and mixed infections. The INS/INS genotype of rs3834129 (CASP8) seemed to increase the risk for P. falciparum infection (P = 0.038; OR = 1.867; 95% CI 0.736–3.725), while the DEL/DEL genotype presented a significant protective effect against infection by P. falciparum (P = 0.049; OR = 0.446; 95% CI 0.185–0.944) and mixed infection (P = 0.026; OR = 0.545; 95% CI 0.281–0.996), and was associated with lower parasite density in P. falciparum malaria (P = 0.009; OR = 0.383; 95% CI 0.113–1.295). Additionally, the INS/INS genotype of rs10562972 (FAS) was more frequent among individuals infected with P. vivax compared to P. falciparum (P = 0.036; OR = 2.493; 95% CI 1.104–4.551), and the DEL/DEL genotype of rs17880560 (TP53) was significantly more present in patients with mono-infection by P. vivax than in individuals with mixed infection (P = 0.029; OR = 0.667; 95% CI 0.211–1.669). Conclusions In conclusion, variants in apoptosis genes are associated with malaria susceptibility and parasite density, indicating the role of apoptosis-related genetic profiles in immune responses against malaria infection.
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedMalaria Journal, 4.10.2023
Tilføjet 4.10.2023
Abstract Background After decades of success in reducing malaria through the scale-up of pyrethroid long-lasting insecticidal nets (LLINs), the decline in the malaria burden has stalled, coinciding with the rapid spread of pyrethroid resistance. In a previously reported study, nets treated with a pyrethroid and a synergist, piperonyl butoxide (PBO), demonstrated superior efficacy compared to standard pyrethroid LLINs (std-LLINs) against malaria. Evidence was used to support the public health recommendation of PBO-Pyrethroid-LLIN by the World Health Organization in 2018. This study looks at the third year of rollout of these nets in Muleba district, Tanzania to inform whether policy guidelines need to be updated. Methods A four-group cluster randomized trial (CRT) using a two-by-two factorial design was carried out between January 2014 and December 2017. A total of 48 clusters, were randomized in a 1:1:1:1 ratio to the following treatment groups, each intervention being provided once in 2015: 1/std-LLIN; 2/PBO-pyrethroid LLIN; 3/std-LLIN + Indoor Residual Spraying (IRS) and 4/PBO-Pyrethroid-LLIN + IRS. During the third year follow-up, malaria infection prevalence in 80 children per cluster, aged 6 months to 14 years, was measured at 28- and 33-months post-intervention and analysed as intention-to-treat (ITT) and per protocol (PP). Mosquito collections were performed monthly in all clusters, using CDC light traps in 7 randomly selected houses per cluster. Results At 28 and 33 months, study net usage among household participants was only 47% and 31%, respectively. In ITT analysis, after 28 months malaria infection prevalence among 7471 children was 80.9% in the two std-LLIN groups compared to 69.3% in the two PBO-Pyrethroid-LLIN (Odds Ratio: 0.45, 95% Confidence Interval: 0.21–0.95, p-value: 0.0364). After 33 months the effect was weaker in the ITT analysis (prevalence 59.6% versus 49.9%, OR: 0.60, 95%CI:0.32–1.13, p-value: 0.1131) but still evident in the PP analysis (57.2% versus 44.2%, OR: 0.34, 95%CI: 0.16–0.71, p-value: 0.0051). Mean number of Anopheles per night collected per house was similar between PBO-Pyrethroid-LLIN groups (5.48) and std-LLIN groups (5.24) during the third year. Conclusions Despite low usage of PBO- Pyrethroid LLIN, a small impact of those nets on malaria infection prevalence was still observed in the 3rd year with the most protection offered to children still using them. To maximize impact, it is essential that net re-distribution cycles are aligned with this LLIN lifespan to maintain maximum coverage. Trial registration: The trial was registered with ClinicalTrials.gov (registration number NCT02288637).
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedMalaria Journal, 4.10.2023
Tilføjet 4.10.2023
Abstract Background Strengthening malaria control activities in Tanzania has dramatically declined human malaria infections. However, there is an increasing epidemiological shift in the burden on school-age children. The underlying causes for such an epidemiological shift remain unknown in this context. This study explored activities and behaviours that could increase the vulnerability of school-age children to transmission risk to provide insight into protection gap with existing interventions and opportunities for supplementary interventions. Methods This cross-sectional study conducted twenty-four focus group discussions (FGDs) in three districts of Rufiji, Kibiti and Kilwa in south-eastern Tanzania. Sixteen FGDs worked with school-age children (13 to 18 years) separating girls and boys and eight FGDs with their parents in mixed-gender groups. A total of 205 community members participated in FGDs across the study area. Of them, 72 participants were parents, while 133 were school-age children (65 boys and 68 girls). Results Routine domestic activities such as fetching water, washing kitchen utensils, cooking, and recreational activities such as playing and watching television and studying were the reported activities that kept school-age children outdoors early evening to night hours (between 18:00 and 23:00). Likewise, the social and cultural events including initiation ceremonies and livelihood activities also kept this age group outdoors from late evening to early night and sometimes past midnight hours. Parents migrating to farms from December to June, leaving behind school-age children unsupervised affecting their net use behaviour plus spending more time outdoors at night, and the behaviour of children sprawling legs and hands while sleeping inside treated bed nets were identified as potential risks to infectious mosquito bites. Conclusion The risky activities, behaviours, and social events mostly occurring outdoors might increase school-age children’s vulnerability to malaria infections. The findings provide preliminary insight on potential risk factors for persisting transmission. Further studies to quantify the risk behaviour and activities are recommended to establish the magnitude and anticipated impact on supplementary control strategies to control infection in school-age children.
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedInfection, 4.10.2023
Tilføjet 4.10.2023
Abstract Purpose Inappropriate antibiotic prescription in patients with viral infections contributes to the surge of antibiotic resistance. Viral infections induce the expression of the antiviral protein MxA in monocytes, which is a promising biomarker to differentiate between viral and bacterial diseases. In this prospective, exploratory study, we aimed to determine the diagnostic value of monocyte MxA expression in adults with viral, bacterial or co-infections. Methods We measured monocyte MxA expression using flow cytometry in a cohort of 61 adults with various viral, bacterial and co-infections including patients receiving immunosuppressive therapy. Results Monocyte MxA expression in virus-infected patients was significantly higher compared to bacterial infections (83.3 [66.8, 109.4] vs. 33.8 [29.3, 47.8] mean fluorescence intensity [MFI]; p
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedInfection, 4.10.2023
Tilføjet 4.10.2023
Abstract Purpose We evaluated the host-response marker score “BV” and its components TRAIL, IP-10, and CRP in SARS-CoV-2 positive children, and estimated the potential impact on clinical decision-making. Methods We prospectively analyzed levels of TRAIL, IP-10, CRP, and the BV score, in children with suspected COVID-19. Classification of infectious etiology was performed by an expert panel. We used a 5-point-questionnaire to evaluate the intention to treat with antibiotics before and after receiving test results. Results We screened 111 children, of whom 6 (5.4%) were positive for SARS-CoV-2. A total of 53 children were included for the exploratory analysis. Median age was 3.1 years (interquartile range [IQR] 1.3–4.3), and 54.7% (n = 29) were girls. A viral and a bacterial biomarker pattern was found in 27/53 (50.9%) and 15/53 (28.3%), respectively. BV scores differed between COVID-19, children with other viral infections, and children with bacterial infections (medians 29.5 vs. 9 vs. 66; p = 0.0006). Similarly, median TRAIL levels were different (65.5 vs. 110 vs. 78; p = 0.037). We found no differences in IP-10 levels (555 vs. 504 vs. 285; p = 0.22). We found a concordance between physicians’ “unlikely intention to treat” children with a viral test result in most cases (n = 19/24, 79.2%). When physicians expressed a “likely intention to treat” (n = 15), BV test revealed 5 bacterial, viral, and equivocal scores each. Antibiotics were withheld in three cases (20%). Overall, 27/42 (64%) of pediatricians appraised the BV test positively, and considered it helpful in clinical practice. Conclusion Host-response based categorization of infectious diseases might help to overcome diagnostic uncertainty, support clinical decision-making and reduce unnecessary antibiotic treatment.
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedInfection, 4.10.2023
Tilføjet 4.10.2023
Abstract Background The Borna disease virus (BoDV-1) is an emerging zoonotic virus causing severe and mostly fatal encephalitis in humans. Methods and Results A local cluster of fatal BoDV-1 encephalitis cases was detected in the same village three years apart affecting two children. While the first case was diagnosed late in the course of disease, a very early diagnosis and treatment attempt facilitated by heightened awareness was achieved in the second case. Therapy started as early as day 12 of disease. Antiviral therapy encompassed favipiravir and ribavirin, and, after bioinformatic modelling, also remdesivir. As the disease is immunopathogenetically mediated, an intensified anti-inflammatory therapy was administered. Following initial impressive clinical improvement, the course was also fatal, although clearly prolonged. Viral RNA was detected by qPCR in tear fluid and saliva, constituting a possible transmission risk for health care professionals. Highest viral loads were found post mortem in the olfactory nerve and the limbic system, possibly reflecting the portal of entry for BoDV-1. Whole exome sequencing in both patients yielded no hint for underlying immunodeficiency. Full virus genomes belonging to the same cluster were obtained in both cases by next-generation sequencing. Sequences were not identical, indicating viral diversity in natural reservoirs. Specific transmission events or a common source of infection were not found by structured interviews. Patients lived 750m apart from each other and on the fringe of the settlement, a recently shown relevant risk factor. Conclusion Our report highlights the urgent necessity of effective treatment strategies, heightened awareness and early diagnosis. Gaps of knowledge regarding risk factors, transmission events, and tailored prevention methods become apparent. Whether this case cluster reflects endemicity or a geographical hot spot needs further investigation.
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