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Patanwala, Asad E.; Xiao, Xuya; Hills, Thomas E.; Higgins, Alisa M.; McArthur, Colin J.; Alexander, G. Caleb; Mehta, Hemalkumar B.; on behalf of National Covid Cohort Collaborative (N3C) Consortium
Critical Care Medicine, 13.10.2024
Tilføjet 13.10.2024
Objectives: COVID-19 treatment guidelines recommend baricitinib or tocilizumab for the management of hospitalized patients with COVID-19. We compared the effectiveness of baricitinib vs. tocilizumab on mortality and clinical outcomes among hospitalized patients with COVID-19. Design: Multicenter, retrospective, propensity-weighted cohort study using a target trial emulation approach. Setting: The National COVID Cohort Collaborative (N3C), which is the largest electronic health records data on COVID-19 in the United States. The setting included 75 hospitals. Patients: Adults who were hospitalized for COVID-19. Interventions: Newly initiated on baricitinib or tocilizumab. Measurements and Main Results: Our primary outcome was 28-day mortality. We used propensity scores with inverse probability of treatment weights (IPTWs) to control bias and confounding while comparing treatments. Among 10,661 individuals included in the study, 6,229 (58.4%) received baricitinib and 4,432 (41.6%) tocilizumab. Overall, the mean age of the cohort was 60.0 ± 15.1 years, 6429 (60.3%) were male, and 19.2% received invasive mechanical ventilation. After IPTW adjustment, baricitinib use was associated with lower 28-day mortality (odds ratio [OR], 0.91; 95% CI, 0.85–0.98) and hospital (OR, 0.88; 95% CI, 0.82–0.94) mortality compared with tocilizumab. Baricitinib was also associated with shorter hospital length of stay (incident rate ratio, 0.92; 95% CI, 0.90–0.94) and lower rates of hospital-acquired infections (OR, 0.86; 95% CI, 0.75–0.99), although no difference in ICU length of stay was noted between the two groups. Conclusions: In this large, diverse cohort of U.S. hospitalized adults with COVID-19, baricitinib was associated with significantly lower 28-day mortality, hospital mortality, shorter hospital length of stay, and less hospital-acquired infections compared with tocilizumab.
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedHeffron, Renee; Muwonge, Timothy R.; Thomas, Katherine K.; Zewdie, Kidist; Ssebuliba, Timothy; Stein, Gabrielle; Morrison, Susan; Badaru, Josephine; Nakyanzi, Agnes; Bambia, Felix; Mugwanya, Kenneth; Wyatt, Christina; Matovu, Flavia; Yin, Michael T.; Mujugira, Andrew
AIDS, 13.10.2024
Tilføjet 13.10.2024
Background: Injectable depot medroxyprogesterone acetate (DMPA) is the most common contraceptive choice among young women in Uganda, where HIV burden is high and HIV pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) may be offered. For young women who choose to use both agents concurrently, it is unknown whether they will experience declines in BMD beyond those elicited by either product singly. Methods: From 2018–2022, we conducted a 2-year prospective study with women ages 16–25 years in Kampala, Uganda desiring pregnancy and HIV prevention. Women were provided condoms, injectable DMPA, and/or FTC/TDF, according to their choices and underwent annual dual x-ray absorptiometry (DXA) scans. We used tenofovir-diphosphate (TFV-DP) quantification in dried blood spots and DMPA injection dates to classify exposure. Linear regression models estimated the difference in % BMD change from baseline to month 12 for women using FTC/TDF and DMPA versus women using neither product. Results: Of 499 enrolled women, discontinuation and re-starting of contraception and PrEP was common. Women consistently using neither product (n = 39) experienced BMD increases. Women with consistent use of both products during 1 year (n = 22) experienced an average BMD loss of 1.04% at lumbar spine and hip and 1.77% at femoral neck. These losses were different relative to women who used neither agent: lumbar spine -3.35% (95% CI −5.13%, −1.56%, p = 0.001), total hip −2.24% (95% CI −3.87%, −0.60%, p = 0.009), and femoral neck −1.71% (95% CI −3.73%, 0.31%, p = 0.102). Conclusion: We observed a trend for women with concurrent DMPA and FTC/TDF PrEP use to have 1–3% lower BMD than unexposed women after 12 months. Copyright © 2024 The Author(s). Published by Wolters Kluwer Health, Inc.
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedHeffron, Renee; Muwonge, Timothy R.; Thomas, Katherine K.; Zewdie, Kidist; Ssebuliba, Timothy; Stein, Gabrielle; Morrison, Susan; Badaru, Josephine; Nakyanzi, Agnes; Bambia, Felix; Mugwanya, Kenneth; Wyatt, Christina; Matovu, Flavia; Yin, Michael T.; Mujugira, Andrew
AIDS, 13.10.2024
Tilføjet 13.10.2024
Background: Injectable depot medroxyprogesterone acetate (DMPA) is the most common contraceptive choice among young women in Uganda, where HIV burden is high and HIV pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) may be offered. For young women who choose to use both agents concurrently, it is unknown whether they will experience declines in BMD beyond those elicited by either product singly. Methods: From 2018–2022, we conducted a 2-year prospective study with women ages 16–25 years in Kampala, Uganda desiring pregnancy and HIV prevention. Women were provided condoms, injectable DMPA, and/or FTC/TDF, according to their choices and underwent annual dual x-ray absorptiometry (DXA) scans. We used tenofovir-diphosphate (TFV-DP) quantification in dried blood spots and DMPA injection dates to classify exposure. Linear regression models estimated the difference in % BMD change from baseline to month 12 for women using FTC/TDF and DMPA versus women using neither product. Results: Of 499 enrolled women, discontinuation and re-starting of contraception and PrEP was common. Women consistently using neither product (n = 39) experienced BMD increases. Women with consistent use of both products during 1 year (n = 22) experienced an average BMD loss of 1.04% at lumbar spine and hip and 1.77% at femoral neck. These losses were different relative to women who used neither agent: lumbar spine -3.35% (95% CI −5.13%, −1.56%, p = 0.001), total hip −2.24% (95% CI −3.87%, −0.60%, p = 0.009), and femoral neck −1.71% (95% CI −3.73%, 0.31%, p = 0.102). Conclusion: We observed a trend for women with concurrent DMPA and FTC/TDF PrEP use to have 1–3% lower BMD than unexposed women after 12 months. Copyright © 2024 The Author(s). Published by Wolters Kluwer Health, Inc.
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedHey, Molly; Thompson, Lucy; Portwood, Clara; Sexton, Harriet; Kumarendran, Mary; Brandon, Zoe; Kirtley, Shona; Hemelaar, Joris
AIDS, 13.10.2024
Tilføjet 13.10.2024
Objective: Women living with HIV (WLHIV) are at increased risk of adverse perinatal outcomes compared to HIV-negative women, despite antiretroviral therapy (ART). There is evidence that the risk of adverse perinatal outcomes may differ according to ART regimen. We aimed to assess the risk of adverse perinatal outcomes among WLHIV receiving different classes of ART, compared to HIV-negative women. Design: Systematic review and meta-analysis Methods: We searched Medline, CINAHL, Global Health and EMBASE for studies published between 1 January 1980 and 14 July 2023. We included studies which assessed the risk of 11 predefined adverse perinatal outcomes among WLHIV receiving non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NNRTI)-based ART, protease inhibitor (PI)-based ART or integrase strand transfer inhibitor (INSTI)-based ART, compared to HIV-negative women. The perinatal outcomes assessed were preterm birth (PTB), very PTB (VPTB), spontaneous PTB (sPTB), low birthweight (LBW), very LBW (VLBW), term LBW, preterm LBW, small for gestational age (SGA), very SGA (VSGA), stillbirth and neonatal death (NND). Random effects meta-analyses examined the risk of each adverse outcome in WLHIV receiving either NNRTI-based, PI-based or INSTI-based ART, compared with HIV-negative women. Subgroup and sensitivity analyses were conducted based on country income status, study quality, and timing of ART initiation. The protocol is registered with PROSPERO, CRD42021248987. Results: Of 108,720 identified citations, 22 cohort studies including 191,857 women were eligible for analysis. We found that WLHIV receiving NNRTI-based ART (mainly efavirenz or nevirapine) are at increased risk of PTB (risk ratio (RR) 1.40, 95% confidence interval 1.27–1.56), VPTB (1.94, 1.25–3.01), LBW (1.63, 1.30–2.04), SGA (1.53, 1.17–1.99) and VSGA (1.48, 1.16–1.87), compared with HIV-negative women. WLHIV receiving PI-based ART (mainly lopinavir/ritonavir or unspecified) are at increased risk of PTB (1.88, 1.55–2.28), VPTB (2.06, 1.01–4.18), sPTB (16.96, 1.01–284.08), LBW (2.90, 2.41–3.50), VLBW (4.35, 2.67–7.09) and VSGA (2.37, 1.84–3.05), compared with HIV-negative women. WLHIV receiving INSTI-based ART (mainly dolutegravir) are at increased risk of PTB (1.17, 1.06–1.30) and SGA (1.20, 1.08–1.33), compared with HIV-negative women. Conclusions: The risks of adverse perinatal outcomes are higher among WLHIV receiving ART compared with HIV-negative women, irrespective of the class of ART drugs. This underlines the need to further optimise ART in pregnancy and improve perinatal outcomes of WLHIV. Copyright © 2024 Wolters Kluwer Health, Inc. All rights reserved.
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedHey, Molly; Thompson, Lucy; Portwood, Clara; Sexton, Harriet; Kumarendran, Mary; Brandon, Zoe; Kirtley, Shona; Hemelaar, Joris
AIDS, 13.10.2024
Tilføjet 13.10.2024
Objective: Women living with HIV (WLHIV) are at increased risk of adverse perinatal outcomes compared to HIV-negative women, despite antiretroviral therapy (ART). There is evidence that the risk of adverse perinatal outcomes may differ according to ART regimen. We aimed to assess the risk of adverse perinatal outcomes among WLHIV receiving different classes of ART, compared to HIV-negative women. Design: Systematic review and meta-analysis Methods: We searched Medline, CINAHL, Global Health and EMBASE for studies published between 1 January 1980 and 14 July 2023. We included studies which assessed the risk of 11 predefined adverse perinatal outcomes among WLHIV receiving non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NNRTI)-based ART, protease inhibitor (PI)-based ART or integrase strand transfer inhibitor (INSTI)-based ART, compared to HIV-negative women. The perinatal outcomes assessed were preterm birth (PTB), very PTB (VPTB), spontaneous PTB (sPTB), low birthweight (LBW), very LBW (VLBW), term LBW, preterm LBW, small for gestational age (SGA), very SGA (VSGA), stillbirth and neonatal death (NND). Random effects meta-analyses examined the risk of each adverse outcome in WLHIV receiving either NNRTI-based, PI-based or INSTI-based ART, compared with HIV-negative women. Subgroup and sensitivity analyses were conducted based on country income status, study quality, and timing of ART initiation. The protocol is registered with PROSPERO, CRD42021248987. Results: Of 108,720 identified citations, 22 cohort studies including 191,857 women were eligible for analysis. We found that WLHIV receiving NNRTI-based ART (mainly efavirenz or nevirapine) are at increased risk of PTB (risk ratio (RR) 1.40, 95% confidence interval 1.27–1.56), VPTB (1.94, 1.25–3.01), LBW (1.63, 1.30–2.04), SGA (1.53, 1.17–1.99) and VSGA (1.48, 1.16–1.87), compared with HIV-negative women. WLHIV receiving PI-based ART (mainly lopinavir/ritonavir or unspecified) are at increased risk of PTB (1.88, 1.55–2.28), VPTB (2.06, 1.01–4.18), sPTB (16.96, 1.01–284.08), LBW (2.90, 2.41–3.50), VLBW (4.35, 2.67–7.09) and VSGA (2.37, 1.84–3.05), compared with HIV-negative women. WLHIV receiving INSTI-based ART (mainly dolutegravir) are at increased risk of PTB (1.17, 1.06–1.30) and SGA (1.20, 1.08–1.33), compared with HIV-negative women. Conclusions: The risks of adverse perinatal outcomes are higher among WLHIV receiving ART compared with HIV-negative women, irrespective of the class of ART drugs. This underlines the need to further optimise ART in pregnancy and improve perinatal outcomes of WLHIV. Copyright © 2024 Wolters Kluwer Health, Inc. All rights reserved.
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedFilip, Iulia
AIDS, 13.10.2024
Tilføjet 13.10.2024
Filip, Iulia
AIDS, 13.10.2024
Tilføjet 13.10.2024
David Mayo-Muñoz, Huijuan Li, Mario Rodríguez Mestre, Rafael Pinilla-Redondo
Trends in Microbiology, 13.10.2024
Tilføjet 13.10.2024
The evolutionary arms race between bacteria and phages has driven the development of diverse anti-phage defense mechanisms. Recent studies have identified noncoding RNAs (ncRNAs) as key players in bacteria–phage conflicts, including CRISPR-Cas, toxin–antitoxin (TA), and reverse transcriptase (RT)-based defenses; however, our understanding of their roles in immunity is still emerging. In this review, we explore the multifaceted roles of ncRNAs in bacterial immunity, offering insights into their contributions to defense and anti-defense mechanisms, their influence on immune regulatory networks, and potential biotechnological applications. Finally, we highlight key outstanding questions in the field to spark future research directions.
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedInternational Journal for Parasitology, 13.10.2024
Tilføjet 13.10.2024
Publication date: Available online 11 October 2024 Source: International Journal for Parasitology Author(s): Jana Martinů, Jan Štefka, Kateřina Vránková, Václav Hypša
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedKathy Leung, Chrissy W.K. Pang, Tiffany H.K. Lo, Juan C. Vargas-Zambrano, Céline Petit, Tommy T.Y. Lam, Eric H.Y. Lau, Joseph T. Wu
Clinical Microbiology and Infection, 13.10.2024
Tilføjet 13.10.2024
This study aimed to assess the long-term persistence of neutralising antibodies (nAb) titres and seroprotection proportions after the 4th and 5th doses of inactivated polio vaccine (IPV).
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedBMC Infectious Diseases, 12.10.2024
Tilføjet 12.10.2024
Abstract Background There is a growing concern regarding food safety, with the potential presence of parasitic pathogens in raw produce globally. Contaminated fruits and vegetables can be sources of various parasitic infections imposing significant health consequences for general population, particularly, vulnerable populations such as pregnant women, young children, and immunocompromised individuals. Therefore, the aim of this meta-analysis is to systematically assess and synthesize the available evidence on the magnitude of parasitic contamination in raw fruits and vegetables obtained from local markets in Ethiopia. Methods Thoroughly search of published and unpublished studies was conducted in the databases of MEDLINE/PubMed, EMBASE, Google Scholar, CINAHL, Cochrane library and Science Direct. PRISMA checklist was strictly followed to select potential studies. Microsoft Excel 2016 sheet template was employed to extract the data. Quality of included studies was assessed by using the Newcastle – Ottawa Scale. STATA software version 14.0 was used to compute the estimated pooled prevalence. Heterogeneity among included studies was assessed using percentage of variance (I2) and P-value. Results Thirteen studies with a total sample size of 3769 fruits and vegetables were included. The pooled prevalence of parasitic contamination in raw fruits and vegetables with at least one parasite in Ethiopia is 43.38% (95% CI: [36.64, 50.12]). The highest pooled prevalence of contamination with at least one parasite is reported from Oromia region, 51.95% (95% CI: [40.53, 63.37]). The most prevalent parasite is strongyloides stercoralis, followed by Toxocara spp., G. lamblia and A. lumbricoides. The most contaminated vegetables with at least one parasites is spinach followed by cabbage and lettuce. Banana has emerged to be the most frequently contaminated fruit with a contamination prevalence of 38.34% (95% CI: [1.84, 56.83]). Being unwashed fruits and vegetables, placement of the products and literacy status of the sellers are significantly associated with the occurrence of parasitic contamination. Conclusions The result of this study showed that contamination of raw fruits and vegetables with clinical important parasites is high. Therefore, adequate public awareness on hygienic harvest, storage, placement and consumption shall be created in order to mitigate such a significant public health concern.
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedBMC Infectious Diseases, 12.10.2024
Tilføjet 12.10.2024
Abstract Background Candidemia is an invasive mycosis with an increasing global incidence and high mortality rates in cancer patients. The production of biofilms by some strains of Candida constitutes a mechanism that limits the action of antifungal agents; however, there is limited and conflicting evidence about its role in the risk of death. This study aimed to determine whether biofilm formation is associated with mortality in cancer patients with candidemia. Methods This retrospective cohort study included patients treated at Peru’s oncologic reference center between June 2015 and October 2017. Data were collected by monitoring patients for 30 days from the diagnosis of candidemia until the date of death or hospital discharge. Statistical analyses evaluated the association between biofilm production determined by XTT reduction and mortality, adjusting for demographic, clinical, and microbiological factors assessed by the hospital routinary activities. Survival analysis and bivariate and multivariate Cox regression were used, estimating the hazard ratio (HR) as a measure of association with a significance level of p
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedBMC Infectious Diseases, 12.10.2024
Tilføjet 12.10.2024
Abstract Background Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) and malaria are two major diseases in sub-Saharan Africa. Co-infection can significantly impact the clinical outcomes of both conditions. We assessed the proportion of HIV-infected children at Korle Bu Teaching Hospital (KBTH) and Princess Marie Louise Hospital (PML) with malaria parasites. The association between asymptomatic malaria parasitaemia and virological non-suppression was also determined in these children. Methods This cross-sectional study of 277 asymptomatic malaria in children receiving care at paediatric HIV clinics at KBTH and PML was conducted from September to November 2022. Patients who had been on antiretroviral therapy (ART) for at least six months were eligible to participate. Structured questionnaires were used to collect socio-demographic information, malaria prevention behaviors, and ART-related data using in-person interviews. Microscopy and PCR were used to screen for malaria, and GeneXpert was used to determine viral load. To examine the determinants of malaria PCR positivity and virological non-suppression, chi-square tests and logistic regression were performed. Results The median age of the participants was 9 years (range: 6–12 years). Males comprised 158 (57%) of the study population. We detected 10 (3.6%) and 21 (7.6%) malaria cases by microscopy and PCR, respectively. Virological non-suppression (VL > 1000 copies/ml) was observed in 82 (29.6%) of the 277 participants. Among the suppressed individuals, 62 (22.4%) exhibited low-level viraemia (VL level 40-1000 copies/ml) and 133 (48%) had undetectable viral load levels. No factors were associated with the presence of malaria PCR positivity carriage. Poor adherence to ART was associated with a five-fold increase in the risk of viral load non-suppression (AOR = 4.89 [CI = 2.00-11.98], p = 0.001). Conclusion The proportion of children living with HIV with asymptomatic malaria parasitaemia was low. Approximately one-third of the study population had virological non-suppression. The interaction between malaria parasitemia and viral replication may not be the main cause for virological non-suppression in this low transmission area.
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedJulian Anthony RycroftRachel Teresa GiorgioMolly SargenSophie HelaineaDepartment of Microbiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 12.10.2024
Tilføjet 12.10.2024
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, Volume 121, Issue 42, October 2024.
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedJessica S. DudleyMarilyn B. RenfreeGünter P. WagnerOliver W. GriffithaDepartment of Biological Sciences, School of Natural Sciences, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Macquarie University, NSW 2109, AustraliabSchool of BioSciences, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3010, AustraliacDepartment of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520dYale Systems Biology Institute, Yale University, West Haven, CT 06520eDepartment of Evolutionary Biology, University of Vienna, Vienna A-1030, Austria
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 12.10.2024
Tilføjet 12.10.2024
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, Volume 121, Issue 42, October 2024.
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedAshwin RamachandranHoward A. StoneZemer GitaiaDepartment of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544bDepartment of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 12.10.2024
Tilføjet 12.10.2024
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, Volume 121, Issue 42, October 2024.
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedEric M. MertenJohn D. SearsTina M. LeisnerP. Brian HardyAnirban GhoshalMohammad Anwar HossainKesatebrhan Haile AsressuPeter J. BrownEdwin G. TseMichael A. StashkoKelin LiJacqueline L. Norris-DrouinLaura E. HerringAngie L. MordantThomas S. WebbChristine A. MillsNatalie K. BarkerZachary J. StreblowSumera PerveenCheryl H. ArrowsmithRafael Miguez CouñagoJamie J. ArnoldCraig E. CameronDaniel N. StreblowNathaniel J. MoormanMark T. HeiseTimothy M. WillsonKonstantin I. PopovKenneth H. PearceaEshelman School of Pharmacy, Center for Integrative Chemical Biology and Drug Discovery, Division of Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599bDepartment of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599cStructural Genomics Consortium, Division of Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599dProteomics Core Facility, Department of Pharmacology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599eVaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Beaverton, OR 97006fStructural Genomics Consortium, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5G 1L7, CanadagCenter of Medicinal Chemistry, Center for Molecular Biology and Genetic Engineering, University of Campinas, Campinas, SP 13083-886, BrazilhDepartment of Genetics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599iLineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, Molecular Therapeutics Research Program, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 12.10.2024
Tilføjet 12.10.2024
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, Volume 121, Issue 42, October 2024.
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedNan ZhangZhaoyi QianJintao HeXiaoqiang ShenXiaoyu LeiChao SunJie FanGary W. FeltonYongqi ShaoaDepartment of Economic Zoology, Max Planck Partner Group, Institute of Sericulture and Apiculture, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, ChinabAnalysis Center of Agrobiology and Environmental Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, ChinacDepartment of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, ChinadDepartment of Entomology and Center for Chemical Ecology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802eKey Laboratory for Molecular Animal Nutrition, Ministry of Education, Hangzhou 310058, China
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 12.10.2024
Tilføjet 12.10.2024
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, Volume 121, Issue 42, October 2024.
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedSze Hang KwokYuejiang LiuDavid BilderJung KimaSchool of Biomedical Sciences, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, ChinabDepartment of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California-Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 12.10.2024
Tilføjet 12.10.2024
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, Volume 121, Issue 42, October 2024.
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedErin A. YamamotoJacob H. BagleyMathew GeltzeilerOlabisi R. SanusiAclan DoganJesse J. LiuJuan PiantinoaDepartment of Neurological Surgery, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239bDepartment of Neurosurgery, Aurora St. Luke’s Medical Center, Milwaukee, WI 53215cDepartment of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239dDepartment of Pediatrics, Division of Child Neurology, Doernbecher Children’s Hospital, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR 97239
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 12.10.2024
Tilføjet 12.10.2024
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, Volume 121, Issue 42, October 2024.
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedAnne GreifenhagenHannes RuweVictoria ZimmerJana MesserschmidtDurga Prasad Naik BhukyaHawi Deressa KeneaAndreas SchallerThomas SpallekaDepartment of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart 70599, GermanybPlant Biotic Interactions Group, Albrecht-von-Haller Institute of Plant Sciences, Göttinger Zentrum für Molekulare Biowissenschaften (GZMB), University of Göttingen, Göttingen 37077, Germany
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 12.10.2024
Tilføjet 12.10.2024
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, Volume 121, Issue 42, October 2024.
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedSusanne KesslerPhilipp StegenShijun ZhanMartin SchwemmlePeter ReutherTony SchountzKevin CiminskiaInstitute of Virology, Medical Center University of Freiburg, Freiburg 79104, GermanybFaculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg 79104, GermanycDepartment of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Center for Vector-borne Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 12.10.2024
Tilføjet 12.10.2024
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, Volume 121, Issue 42, October 2024.
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedProceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 12.10.2024
Tilføjet 12.10.2024
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, Volume 121, Issue 42, October 2024.
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedJacobo de la Cuesta-Zuluaga, Patrick Müller, Lisa Maier
Trends in Microbiology, 12.10.2024
Tilføjet 12.10.2024
The human gut microbiome, a community of microbes that plays a crucial role in our wellbeing, is highly adaptable but also vulnerable to drug treatments. This vulnerability can have serious consequences for the host, for example, increasing susceptibility to infections, immune, metabolic, and cognitive disorders. However, the microbiome\'s adaptability also provides opportunities to prevent, protect, or even reverse drug-induced damage. Recently, several innovative approaches have emerged aimed at minimizing the collateral damage of drugs on the microbiome. Here, we outline these approaches, discuss their applicability in different treatment scenarios, highlight current challenges, and suggest avenues that may lead to an effective protection of the microbiome.
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedClinical Infectious Diseases, 12.10.2024
Tilføjet 12.10.2024
Abstract Advances in antiretroviral therapy (ART) have made it possible for persons with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) to live a lifespan approaching that of people without HIV, without progressing to AIDS or transmitting HIV to sexual partners or infants. There is, therefore, increasing emphasis on maintaining health throughout the lifespan. To receive optimal medical care and achieve desired outcomes, persons with HIV must be consistently engaged in care and able to access uninterrupted treatment, including ART. Comprehensive evidence-based HIV primary care guidance is, therefore, more important than ever. Creating a patient-centered, stigma-free care environment is essential for care engagement. Barriers to care must be decreased at the societal, health system, clinic, and individual levels. As the population ages and noncommunicable diseases arise, providing comprehensive health care for persons with HIV becomes increasingly complex, including management of multiple comorbidities and the associated challenges of polypharmacy, while also attending to HIV-specific health concerns. Clinicians must address issues specific to preventive health, including cancer screening, providing recommended vaccinations, as well as promoting sexual health, including sexually transmitted infection diagnosis, treatment, and prevention. Clinicians also must address issues for specific populations, including persons of childbearing potential, including during preconception and pregnancy; children; adolescents; and transgender and gender-diverse individuals. This guidance from an expert panel of the HIV Medicine Association of the Infectious Diseases Society of America updates the previous 2020 HIV Primary Care Guidance.
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedAnnabelle Pfeifle Wanyue Zhang Jingxin Cao Sathya N. Thulasi Raman Rose Anderson-Duvall Levi Tamming Caroline Gravel Heather Coatsworth Wangxue Chen Michael J. W. Johnston Simon Sauve Michael Rosu-Myles Lisheng Wang Xuguang Li a Centre for Oncology, Radiopharmaceuticals and Research, Biologic and Radiopharmaceutical Drugs Directorate, Health Products and Food Branch, Health Canada and World Health Organization Collaborating Center for Standardization and Evaluation of Biologicals, Ottawa, Canadab Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canadac National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, Canadad Human Health Therapeutics Research Center, National Research Council of Canada, Ottawa, Canadae Department of Chemistry, Carleton University, Ottawa, Canada
Emerg Microbes Infect, 12.10.2024
Tilføjet 12.10.2024
Rita Cordeiro Constantino P. Caetano Daniel Sobral Rita Ferreira Luís Coelho Ana Pelerito Isabel Lopes de Carvalho Sónia Namorado Dinis B. Loyens Ricardo Mexia Cândida Fernandes José Miguel Neves Ana Luísa João Miguel Rocha Luís Miguel Duque Inês Correia Teresa Baptista Cláudia Brazão Diogo Sousa Paulo Filipe Miguel Alpalhão Fernando Maltez Diana Póvoas Raquel Pinto João Caria Rita Patrocínio de Jesus Patrícia Pacheco Francesca Peruzzu Josefina Méndez Luís Ferreira Kamal Mansinho João Vaz Alves Joana Vasconcelos João Domingos Sara Casanova Frederico Duarte Maria João Gonçalves Mafalda Brito Salvador Mafalda Andresen Guimarães Sueila Martins Marvin Silva Oliveira Daniela Santos Luís Vieira Maria Sofia Núncio Vítor Borges João Paulo Gomes a Emergency Response and Biopreparedness Unit, Department of Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Health Doutor Ricardo Jorge (INSA), Lisbon, Portugalb Institute of Environmental Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugalc Department of Epidemiology, National Institute of Health Doutor Ricardo Jorge (INSA), Lisbon, Portugald Genomics and Bioinformatics Unit, Department of Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Health Doutor Ricardo Jorge (INSA), Lisbon, Portugale Serviço de Dermatovenereologia, Consulta de DST, Unidade Local de Saúde de São José, Lisbon, Portugalf GAT - Grupo de Ativistas em Tratamentos, GAT-CheckpointLX, Lisbon, Portugalg Serviço de Infeccologia, Hospital Garcia de Orta, Almada, Portugalh GAT - Grupo de Ativistas em Tratamentos, GAT-Intendente, Lisbon, Portugali Dermatology Department, Unidade Local de Saúde de Santa Maria, Lisbon, Portugalj Dermatology Research Unit (PFilipe Lab), Instituto de Medicina Molecular João Lobo Antunes, University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugalk Dermatology University Clinic, Faculty of Medicine, University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugall Serviço de Doenças Infeciosas, Hospital de Curry Cabral, Unidade Local de Saúde de São José, Lisbon, Portugalm Instituto Gulbenkian de Ciência, Oeiras, Portugaln Serviço de Infeciologia, Hospital Professor Doutor Fernando Fonseca, Unidade Local de Saúde Amadora/Sintra, Amadora, Portugalo Serviço de Doenças Infecciosas, Centro Hospitalar Universitário de Santo António, Porto, Portugalp Serviço de Doenças Infecciosas e Medicina Tropical, Hospital de Egas Moniz, Unidade Local de Saúde de Lisboa Ocidental, Lisbon, Portugalq Serviço de Doenças Infeciosas, Hospital Pedro Hispano, Unidade Local de Saúde de Matosinhos, Matosinhos, Portugalr Unidade de Doenças Sexualmente Transmissíveis, Unidade de Cuidados de Saúde Personalizados da Lapa, Unidade Local de Saúde de São José, Lisbon, Portugals PPCIRA, Unidade de Tratamento de Imunodeficiência, Hospital de Cascais, Lisboa, Portugalt UL-PPCIRA, Unidade Local de Saúde Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro, Vila Real, Portugalu Serviço de Patologia Clínica, Unidade Local de Saúde do Tâmega e Sousa, Penafiel, Portugalv Technology and Innovation Unit, Department of Human Genetics, National Institute of Health Doutor Ricardo Jorge (INSA), Lisbon, Portugalw Veterinary and Animal Research Centre (CECAV), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Lusófona University, Lisbon, Portugal
Emerg Microbes Infect, 12.10.2024
Tilføjet 12.10.2024
Briana Mezuk, Viktoryia Kalesnikava, Aparna Ananthasubramaniam, Annalise Lane, Alejandro Rodriguez-Putnam, Lily Johns, Courtney Bagge, Sarah Burgard, Kara Zivin
PLoS One Infectious Diseases, 12.10.2024
Tilføjet 12.10.2024
by Briana Mezuk, Viktoryia Kalesnikava, Aparna Ananthasubramaniam, Annalise Lane, Alejandro Rodriguez-Putnam, Lily Johns, Courtney Bagge, Sarah Burgard, Kara Zivin Purpose To describe and explore variation in ‘pandemic-related circumstances’ among suicide decedents during the first year of the COVID-19 pandemic. Methods We identified pandemic-related circumstances using decedents’ text narratives in the 2020 National Violent Death Reporting System. We use time-series analysis to compare other psychosocial characteristics (e.g., mental health history, interpersonal difficulties, financial strain) of decedents pre-pandemic (2017/2018: n = 56,968 suicide and n = 7,551 undetermined deaths) to those in 2020 (n = 31,887 suicide and n = 4,100 undetermined). We characterize common themes in the narratives with pandemic-related circumstances using topic modeling, and explore variation in topics by age and other psychosocial circumstances. Results In 2020, n = 2,502 (6.98%) narratives described pandemic-related circumstances. Compared to other deaths in 2020 and to the pre-pandemic period, decedents with pandemic-related circumstances were older and more highly educated. Common themes of pandemic-related circumstances narratives included: concerns about shutdown restrictions, financial losses, and infection risk. Relative to decedents of the same age that did not have pandemic-related circumstances in 2020, those with pandemic-related circumstances were more likely to also have financial (e.g., for 25–44 years, 43% vs. 12%) and mental health (76% vs. 66%) psychosocial circumstances, but had similar or lower prevalence of substance abuse (47% vs. 49%) and interpersonal (40% vs. 42%) circumstances. Conclusions While descriptive, these findings help contextualize suicide mortality during the acute phase of the COVID-19 pandemic and can inform mental health promotion efforts during similar public health emergencies.
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedRichmond Owusu, Serwaa Akoto Bawua, Emmanuel Bugyei Kwarteng, Leonard Baatiema, Justice Nonvignon
PLoS One Infectious Diseases, 12.10.2024
Tilføjet 12.10.2024
by Richmond Owusu, Serwaa Akoto Bawua, Emmanuel Bugyei Kwarteng, Leonard Baatiema, Justice Nonvignon Introduction The intersection of infectious diseases, such as HIV, with chronic conditions like hypertension and diabetes poses a significant challenge in global health. While advancements in antiretroviral therapy have transformed HIV into a manageable chronic condition, a growing number of individuals with HIV now grapple with coexisting non-communicable diseases, impacting their Health-Related Quality of Life (HRQoL). Despite strides in HIV care, there is a notable policy gap that undermines efforts to address HIV-associated co-morbidities, particularly hypertension and diabetes, especially efforts to improve access, early detection, and ultimately HRQoL for individuals with HIV and co-morbidities. This study seeks to explore policy interventions aimed at improving the quality of life of HIV patients with hypertension or diabetes. Methods The study utilized a qualitative descriptive design to explore the experiences and perspectives of healthcare professionals and support staff regarding policy interventions for managing HIV patients with hypertension and/or diabetes co-morbidities in three regions of Ghana. The research was conducted in the Upper West, Ashanti, and Greater Accra regions among 11 participants, chosen purposively from professions involved in HIV patient care to understand their views on the implementation of policy interventions to HRQoL for individuals with HIV and co-morbidities. In-depth interviews were conducted face-to-face and tape-recorded. Thematic analysis approach was used to analyze the data. Results The study involved 11 participants from three regions with varied years of experience. Implemented policies that potentially improve the HRQoL for individuals with HIV and co-morbidities involve support groups, home visits, provision of free drugs, and counselling. Barriers to policy implementation included non-adherence to medication, stigma, cost of non-communicable diseases (NCDs) medications, accessibility issues to NCDs services, lack of interest or understanding among implementers, and high staff turnover. Facilitators encompassed in-service training, guidelines in common platforms, knowledge sharing, external resources, regular check-ups, and motivational packages for patients. Conclusion Individuals with HIV and comorbidities face complex challenges impacting their HRQoL, including emotional and financial dimensions. The study identifies critical policies and barriers, underscoring the need for tailored, patient-centered approaches. Facilitators like in-service training and regular check-ups offer actionable insights for effective policy implementation, emphasizing improved health outcomes for those with comorbid conditions. The study recommends integrated care approach and adherence support programs that address the unique challenges faced by people living with HIV.
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedMohammed B. A. Sarhan, Hanin Basha, Rita Giacaman, Masamine Jimba, Rika Fujiya
PLoS One Infectious Diseases, 12.10.2024
Tilføjet 12.10.2024
by Mohammed B. A. Sarhan, Hanin Basha, Rita Giacaman, Masamine Jimba, Rika Fujiya Background The COVID-19 pandemic has triggered major changes worldwide, with repercussions on mental health and education. The present study primarily aimed to retrospectively explore undergraduate students’ risk perceptions of COVID-19 and their experiences with remote learning during the pandemic, with an emphasis on their high school years. Methods This qualitative photovoice study was conducted between 30 March and 4 May 2023. The target population of this study was first- and second-year undergraduate students who had been in high school during the pandemic. Maximum variation, snowball, and convenience sampling methods were used to recruit students. They were asked to share photos and provide comments in written or voice messages explaining their experiences during the pandemic. Voice messages were manually transcribed verbatim. A manual content analysis of these comments was performed to derive the codes and themes relevant to the study objectives. Results Forty-seven students initially agreed to participate and signed an informed consent form. However, the final sample included 16 students (nine men and seven women). The content analysis revealed four themes that were identified as the main factors contributing to high school students’ risk perceptions of COVID-19. The first theme was psychosocial factors related to the pandemic, including emotions, isolation and stress. The second focused on the mechanisms used to cope with the pandemic. The third theme included beliefs and behaviours that either increased or decreased COVID-19 risk. The final theme addressed schools’ responses to COVID-19, including factors such as maintaining connections with schools, preventive measures and the transition to remote learning. Conclusion This study highlighted the extensive impact of the pandemic on Palestinian high school students, demanding instantaneous adaptation to ensure their safety and well-being while maintaining the quality of education. Remote learning has become an important strategy with opportunities and challenges for high school students.
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedAllison R. Mason, Hayden S. McKee-Zech, Dawnie W. Steadman, Jennifer M. DeBruyn
PLoS One Infectious Diseases, 12.10.2024
Tilføjet 12.10.2024
by Allison R. Mason, Hayden S. McKee-Zech, Dawnie W. Steadman, Jennifer M. DeBruyn Microbial succession has been suggested to supplement established postmortem interval (PMI) estimation methods for human remains. Due to limitations of entomological and morphological PMI methods, microbes are an intriguing target for forensic applications as they are present at all stages of decomposition. Previous machine learning models from soil necrobiome data have produced PMI error rates from two and a half to six days; however, these models are built solely on amplicon sequencing of biomarkers (e.g., 16S, 18S rRNA genes) and do not consider environmental factors that influence the presence and abundance of microbial decomposers. This study builds upon current research by evaluating the inclusion of environmental data on microbial-based PMI estimates from decomposition soil samples. Random forest regression models were built to predict PMI using relative taxon abundances obtained from different biological markers (bacterial 16S, fungal ITS, 16S-ITS combined) and taxonomic levels (phylum, class, order, OTU), both with and without environmental predictors (ambient temperature, soil pH, soil conductivity, and enzyme activities) from 19 deceased human individuals that decomposed on the soil surface (Tennessee, USA). Model performance was evaluated by calculating the mean absolute error (MAE). MAE ranged from 804 to 997 accumulated degree hours (ADH) across all models. 16S models outperformed ITS models (p = 0.006), while combining 16S and ITS did not improve upon 16S models alone (p = 0.47). Inclusion of environmental data in PMI prediction models had varied effects on MAE depending on the biological marker and taxonomic level conserved. Specifically, inclusion of the measured environmental features reduced MAE for all ITS models, but improved 16S models at higher taxonomic levels (phylum and class). Overall, we demonstrated some level of predictability in soil microbial succession during human decomposition, however error rates were high when considering a moderate population of donors.
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedMooketsi Molefi, Olanrewaju Oladimeji
PLoS One Infectious Diseases, 12.10.2024
Tilføjet 12.10.2024
by Mooketsi Molefi, Olanrewaju Oladimeji The lack of culturally and contextually appropriate adaptations of health-related quality of life (HRQoL) tools hinders HIV patient outcomes. This study aims to assess the validity and reliability of a Tswana version of the Medical Outcome Survey-HIV (MOS-HIV) tool among diverse HIV sub-populations in Botswana. In terms of the methodology the study will comprise of several steps. Firstly, forward and back-translation of the original U.S. English MOS-HIV tool into Setswana, followed by the review of the translated tool. Phase 1 will evaluate content, construct validity, and reliability of the newly developed tool among HIV outpatients at Gaborone Infectious Diseases Clinics (IDCC). A Cronbach’s alpha coefficient >0.7 across the 35 items and 11 dimensions of the MOS-HIV tool will indicate internal consistency reliability. Phase 2 will employ the use of logistic regression models to identify predictors of poor HRQoL among randomly selected IDCC sites, both in urban and rural centers. Phase 3 will investigate predictors of poor HRQoL among inpatients receiving treatment for HIV-associated cryptococcal meningitis (CM) using longitudinal data analysis methods. Ethical approval has been obtained from the University of Botswana, Walter Sisulu University, Human Research and Development Unit, Ministry of Health, and Princess Marina Hospital. Prospective participants will provide written informed consent, with proxy consent explored when feasible. Voluntary participation and confidentiality will be ensured during data collection and analysis. Data will be securely stored under lock-and-key. Dissemination of study findings will adhere to strict privacy protocols, avoiding the sharing of personal identifiers.
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedGayathri Gopakumar, Andrés Diaz-Méndez, Mauricio J. C. Coppo, Carol A. Hartley, Joanne M. Devlin
PLoS One Infectious Diseases, 12.10.2024
Tilføjet 12.10.2024
by Gayathri Gopakumar, Andrés Diaz-Méndez, Mauricio J. C. Coppo, Carol A. Hartley, Joanne M. Devlin Infectious laryngotracheitis (ILT) remains a significant concern for the poultry industry worldwide due to its impact on animal welfare and its substantial economic consequences. The disease is caused by the alphaherpesvirus, infectious laryngotracheitis virus (ILTV). This study investigated in vitro host-virus interactions of a glycoprotein G (gG) deletion mutant vaccine strain of ILTV (ΔgG ILTV), and its parent wild-type strain (CSW-1 ILTV). Inoculations were performed separately for the two strains of ILTV using both a primary (chicken embryonic kidney, CEK) and a continuous culture (leghorn male hepatoma, LMH) of chicken cells. Transcriptome analysis was performed at 12 hours post infection. Each cell-type displayed distinct effects on host and viral gene transcription, with a greater number of viral and host genes differentially transcribed in CEK cells and LMH cells, respectively. Both cell-types infected with either strain demonstrated enrichment of pathways related to signalling, and gene ontologies (GO) associated with chemotaxis. Infection with either strain upregulated both SOCS proteins and certain proto-oncogenes, which may contribute to prolonged viral persistence by promoting immunosuppression and preventing apoptosis, respectively. Patterns of gene transcription related to cytokines, chemokines, endosomal TLRs, and interferon responses, as well as pathways associated with histone acetylation, transport, and extracellular matrix organization were similar within each cell type, regardless of the viral strain. In CEK cells, GO terms and pathways were downregulated uniquely after CSW-1 ILTV infection, indicating a viral-strain specific effect in this cell-type. Overall, this study highlights that the observed differences in host and ILTV gene transcription in vitro were more strongly influenced by the cell-types used rather than the presence or absence of gG. This underscores the importance of cell-line selection in studying host-virus interactions and interpreting experimental results.
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedDanielle Toccalino, Halina (Lin) Haag, Emily Nalder, Vincy Chan, Amy Moore, Christine M. Wickens, Angela Colantonio
PLoS One Infectious Diseases, 12.10.2024
Tilføjet 12.10.2024
by Danielle Toccalino, Halina (Lin) Haag, Emily Nalder, Vincy Chan, Amy Moore, Christine M. Wickens, Angela Colantonio Background Intimate partner violence (IPV) is a global public health crisis. Often repetitive and occurring over prolonged periods of time, IPV puts survivors at high risk of brain injury (BI). Mental health concerns are highly prevalent both among individuals who have experienced IPV and those who have experienced BI, yet the interrelatedness and complexity of these three challenges when experienced together is poorly understood. This qualitative study explored care provision for IPV survivors with BI (IPV-BI) and mental health concerns from the perspectives of both survivors and providers. Methods This qualitative interpretive description study was part of a broader research project exploring employment, mental health, and COVID-19 implications for survivors of IPV-BI. Participants (N = 24), including survivors and service providers, participated in semi-structured group and individual interviews between October 2020 and February 2021. Interviews were recorded, transcribed, and thematically analyzed. Findings Four themes were developed from interview findings: 1) identifying BI and mental health as contributing components to survivors’ experiences is critical to getting appropriate care; 2) supporting survivors involves a “toolbox full of strategies” and a flexible approach; 3) connecting and collaborating across sectors is key; and 4) underfunding and systemic barriers hinder access to care. Finally, we share recommendations from participants to better support IPV survivors. Conclusions Identifying both BI and mental health concerns among IPV survivors is critical to providing appropriate supports. Survivors of IPV experiencing BI and mental health concerns benefit from a flexible and collaborative approach to care; health and social care systems should be set up to support these collaborative approaches.
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedGilson Yuuji Shimizu, Michael Schrempf, Elen Almeida Romão, Stefanie Jauk, Diether Kramer, Peter P. Rainer, José Abrão Cardeal da Costa, João Mazzoncini de Azevedo-Marques, Sandro Scarpelini, Katia Mitiko Firmino Suzuki, Hilton Vicente César, Paulo Mazzoncini de Azevedo-Marques
PLoS One Infectious Diseases, 12.10.2024
Tilføjet 12.10.2024
by Gilson Yuuji Shimizu, Michael Schrempf, Elen Almeida Romão, Stefanie Jauk, Diether Kramer, Peter P. Rainer, José Abrão Cardeal da Costa, João Mazzoncini de Azevedo-Marques, Sandro Scarpelini, Katia Mitiko Firmino Suzuki, Hilton Vicente César, Paulo Mazzoncini de Azevedo-Marques Background Studies of cardiovascular disease risk prediction by machine learning algorithms often do not assess their ability to generalize to other populations and few of them include an analysis of the interpretability of individual predictions. This manuscript addresses the development and validation, both internal and external, of predictive models for the assessment of risks of major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE). Global and local interpretability analyses of predictions were conducted towards improving MACE’s model reliability and tailoring preventive interventions. Methods The models were trained and validated on a retrospective cohort with the use of data from Ribeirão Preto Medical School (RPMS), University of São Paulo, Brazil. Data from Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center (BIDMC), USA, were used for external validation. A balanced sample of 6,000 MACE cases and 6,000 non-MACE cases from RPMS was created for training and internal validation and an additional one of 8,000 MACE cases and 8,000 non-MACE cases from BIDMC was employed for external validation. Eight machine learning algorithms, namely Penalized Logistic Regression, Random Forest, XGBoost, Decision Tree, Support Vector Machine, k-Nearest Neighbors, Naive Bayes, and Multi-Layer Perceptron were trained to predict a 5-year risk of major adverse cardiovascular events and their predictive performance was evaluated regarding accuracy, ROC curve (receiver operating characteristic), and AUC (area under the ROC curve). LIME and Shapley values were applied towards insights about model interpretability. Findings Random Forest showed the best predictive performance in both internal validation (AUC = 0.871 (0.859–0.882); Accuracy = 0.794 (0.782–0.808)) and external one (AUC = 0.786 (0.778–0.792); Accuracy = 0.710 (0.704–0.717)). Compared to LIME, Shapley values suggest more consistent explanations on exploratory analysis and importance of features. Conclusions Among the machine learning algorithms evaluated, Random Forest showed the best generalization ability, both internally and externally. Shapley values for local interpretability were more informative than LIME ones, which is in line with our exploratory analysis and global interpretation of the final model. Machine learning algorithms with good generalization and accompanied by interpretability analyses are recommended for assessments of individual risks of cardiovascular diseases and development of personalized preventive actions.
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedMohammad Hossein Pakdel, Ali Akbar Asadi, Elahe Tavakol, Vahid Shariati, Mehdi Hosseini Mazinani
PLoS One Infectious Diseases, 12.10.2024
Tilføjet 12.10.2024
by Mohammad Hossein Pakdel, Ali Akbar Asadi, Elahe Tavakol, Vahid Shariati, Mehdi Hosseini Mazinani MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are key regulators of gene expression in plants, influencing various biological processes such as oil quality and seed development. Although, our knowledge about miRNAs in olive (Olea europaea L.) is progressing, with several miRNAs being identified in previous studies, but most of these reported miRNAs have been predicted without the aid of a reference genome, primarily due to limited genome accessibility at the time. However, significant knowledge gaps still need to be improved in this area. This study addresses the complexities of miRNA detection in olive, using a high quality reference genome and a combination of genomics and machine learning-based methods. By leveraging random forest and support vector machine algorithms, we successfully identified 56 novel miRNAs in olive, surpassing the limitations of conventional homology-based methods. Our subsequent analysis revealed that some of these miRNAs are implicated in the regulation of key genes involved in oil quality. Within the context of oil biosynthesis pathways, the novel miRNA Oeu124369 regulates fatty acid biosynthesis by targeting acetyl-CoA acyltransferase 1 and palmitoyl-protein thioesterase, thereby influencing the production of acetyl-CoA and palmitic acid, respectively. These findings underscore the power of machine learning in unraveling the complex miRNA regulatory network in olive and provide a high quality miRNA resource for future research aimed at improving olive oil production by exploring the target genes of the identified miRNAs to understand their role and their biological processes.
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedRachel Morreale, Steven Stenhouse, Danilo O. Carvalho, Daniel A. Hahn, Kostas Bourtzis, Aaron Lloyd, Thomas Wayne Gale, David F. Hoel
PLoS One Infectious Diseases, 12.10.2024
Tilføjet 12.10.2024
by Rachel Morreale, Steven Stenhouse, Danilo O. Carvalho, Daniel A. Hahn, Kostas Bourtzis, Aaron Lloyd, Thomas Wayne Gale, David F. Hoel The spread of arboviruses like yellow fever, dengue, chikungunya, and Zika, transmitted by the invasive mosquito Aedes aegypti has led to the development of many strategies to suppress mosquito populations. Given the rapid development of resistance to common chemical larvicides and adulticides in some Ae. aegypti populations, as well as the ever-shrinking chemical options for mosquito control, there is a pressing need for new tools and deployment of those innovative tools as a component of integrative mosquito management programs. Prior to the adoption of any mosquito population intervention, be it conventional or innovative, understanding the baseline population is essential to evaluate the efficacy of the control measure. The Lee County Mosquito Control District in Florida has collected a three-year-long period of baseline entomological surveillance data collection for Ae. aegypti on Captiva and Sanibel Islands as foundational information prior to implementation of a new integrative mosquito management approach. We identified 18 mosquito species and described their population dynamics during the rainy and dry seasons. The two islands had no significant differences in species richness, diversity, dominance, or evenness overall. Yet, there were clear differences between the high rain season and low rain season in the Shannon diversity index, Simpson dominance index, and Pielou species evenness index within each site. Our data suggest that any innovative intervention should begin before mid to late April when the mosquito population is at its lowest and certainly before populations build up to their summer peak between June and September. These data also show the spatial distribution of Ae. aegypti is dynamic in space and time, identifying hotspots of mosquito abundance to focus on for future interventions. Overall, our study emphasizes the importance of entomological data collection to understand the population dynamics of Ae. aegypti mosquitoes, including the impact of environmental factors such as temperature and precipitation.
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedEkaterina Krieger, Alexander V. Kudryavtsev, Ekaterina Sharashova, Olga Samodova, Anna Kontsevaya, Vitaly A. Postoev
PLoS One Infectious Diseases, 12.10.2024
Tilføjet 12.10.2024
by Ekaterina Krieger, Alexander V. Kudryavtsev, Ekaterina Sharashova, Olga Samodova, Anna Kontsevaya, Vitaly A. Postoev Introduction The spectrum of COVID-19 manifestations makes it challenging to estimate the exact proportion of people who had the infection in a population, with the proportion of asymptomatic cases likely being underestimated. We aimed to assess and describe the spectrum of COVID-19 cases in a sample of adult population aged 40–74 years in Arkhangelsk, Northwest Russia, a year after the start of the pandemic. Materials and methods A population-based survey conducted between February 24, 2021 and June 30, 2021 with an unvaccinated sample aged 40–74 years (N = 1089) combined a serological survey data, national COVID-19 case registry, and self-reported data on COVID-19 experience and symptoms. Based on the agreement between these sources, we classified the study participants as non-infected and previously infected (asymptomatic, non-hospitalized and hospitalized symptomatic) cases, and compared these groups regarding demographics, lifestyle and health characteristics. Results After a year of the pandemic in Arkhangelsk, 59.7% 95% confidence intervals (CI) (56.7; 62.6) of the surveyed population had had COVID-19. Among those who had been infected, symptomatic cases comprised 47.1% 95% CI (43.2; 51.0), with 8.6% 95% CI (6.6; 11.1) of them having been hospitalized. Of the asymptomatic cases, 96.2% were not captured by the healthcare system. Older age was positively associated, while smoking showed a negative association with symptomatic COVID-19. Individuals older than 65 years, and those with poor self-rated health were more likely to be hospitalized. Conclusion More than half of the infected individuals were not captured by the healthcare-based registry, mainly those with asymptomatic infections. COVID-19 severity was positively associated with older age and poor self-rated health, and inversely associated with smoking. Combining different sources of surveillance data could reduce the number of unidentified asymptomatic cases and enhance surveillance for emerging infections.
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedSally R. RobinsonDenise Ann DayaoJhon A. MedinaCara J. MartoneAnne K. YauchTroy HinkleyJesse H. ErasmusCharles B. ShoemakerSaul Tzipori1Department of Infectious Disease and Global Health, Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine, Tufts University, North Grafton, Massachusetts, USA2HDT Bio Corp., Seattle, Washington, USAVictor J. Torres
Infection and Immunity, 12.10.2024
Tilføjet 12.10.2024
Saswat HotaManish Kumar1Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati, Assam, IndiaGuy H. Palmer
Infection and Immunity, 12.10.2024
Tilføjet 12.10.2024
Infection, 12.10.2024
Tilføjet 12.10.2024
Abstract Purposes Since 2016, the World Health Organization has recommended universal antiretroviral therapy (ART) for all people living with Human Immunodeficiency Virus (PLHIV). This recommendation may have influenced the characteristics and outcomes of PLHIV admitted to the Intensive Care Unit (ICU). This study aims to identify changes in the epidemiological and clinical characteristics of PLHIV admitted to the ICU, and their short- and medium-term outcomes before and after the implementation of universal ART (periods 2006–2015 and 2016–2019). Methods This retrospective, observational, single-center study included all adult PLHIV admitted to the ICU of a University Hospital in Barcelona from 2006 to 2019. Results The study included 502 admissions involving 428 patients, predominantly men (75%) with a median (P25-P75) age of 47.5 years (39.7–53.9). Ninety-one percent were diagnosed with HIV before admission, with 82% under ART and 60% admitted from the emergency department. In 2016–2019, there were more patients on ART pre-admission, reduced needs for invasive mechanical ventilation (IMV) and fewer in-ICU complications. ICU mortality was also lower (14% vs 7%). Predictors of in-ICU mortality included acquired immunodeficiency syndrome defining event (ADE)-related admissions, ICU complications, higher SOFA scores, IMV and renal replacement therapy (RRT) requirement. ART use during ICU admission was protective. Higher SOFA scores, admission from hospital wards, and more comorbidities predicted one-year mortality. Conclusions The in-ICU mortality of critically ill PLHIV has decreased in recent years, likely due to changes in patient characteristics. Pre- and ICU admission features remain the primary predictors of short- and medium-term outcomes.
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedNetanya S. Utay, Roberto Güerri‐Fernández, Shahin Gharakhanian, David M. Asmuth, Moises Contreras, Charlotte Kunkler, Christopher J. Detzel, Christopher D. Warner
Journal of Medical Virology, 12.10.2024
Tilføjet 12.10.2024
Koju Kamoi, Kaoru Uchimaru, Yasuhito Nannya, Arinobu Tojo, Toshiki Watanabe, Kyoko Ohno‐Matsui
Journal of Medical Virology, 12.10.2024
Tilføjet 12.10.2024
Cristian‐Mihail Niculae, Raluca‐Mihaela Matoru, Oana Brîndușe, Andrei‐Valentin Ioniță, Maria‐Evelina Gorea, Laura‐Georgiana Țîrlescu, Rareș‐Alexandru Constantin, Ruxandra Moroti, Adriana Hristea
Journal of Medical Virology, 12.10.2024
Tilføjet 12.10.2024
Camille Vellas, Amira Doudou, Sofiane Mohamed, Stéphanie Raymond, Nicolas Jeanne, Justine Latour, Sofia Demmou, Noémie Ranger, Dimitri Gonzalez, Pierre Delobel, Jacques Izopet
Journal of Medical Virology, 12.10.2024
Tilføjet 12.10.2024
Paula Tesine, Sze-Ann Woon, Moses Laman, Gumul Yadi, Phantica Yambo, Bernadine Kasian, Lina Lorry, Leanne J. Robinson, Sam Salman, Kevin T. Batty, William Pomat, Laurens Manning, Wendy A. Davis, Timothy M.E. Davis, Brioni R Moore
International Journal of Infectious Diseases, 12.10.2024
Tilføjet 12.10.2024
A range of management strategies have been developed to counter the adverse maternal and foetal outcomes associated with malaria in pregnancy [1]. These include prompt treatment of symptomatic infections, and intermittent preventive treatment in pregnancy (IPTp) which commonly comprises monthly sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine [2]. Optimal postpartum management is, however, less clear despite epidemiological evidence that women in endemic areas remain vulnerable after delivery. The overall risk of malaria declines during the postpartum period but several studies have shown it does not reach that of non-pregnant women from the same community [3-5], while the incidence of vivax malaria during this period may be higher than that during pregnancy [6].
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedJournal of Infectious Diseases, 12.10.2024
Tilføjet 12.10.2024