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31 emner vises.
M. Isabel GarcÃaLaorden, Arie J. Hoogendijk, Maryse A. Wiewel, Lonneke A. van Vught, Marcus J. Schultz, Niels Bovenschen, Alex F. de Vos, Tom van der Poll
Clinical & Experimental Immunology, 18.04.2021
Tilføjet 19.04.2021
Manuel Othoniel LópezTorres, Brenda MarquinaCastillo, Octavio RamosEspinosa, Dulce MataEspinosa, Jorge A. BarriosPayan, Guillermina BaayGuzman, Sara Huerta Yepez, Estela Bini, Ivan TorreVillalvazo, Nimbe Torres, Armando Tovar, William Chamberlin, Yu Ge, Andrea Carranza, Rogelio HernándezPando
Clinical & Experimental Immunology, 18.04.2021
Tilføjet 19.04.2021
Emily Treleaven, Caroline Whidden, Faith Cole, Kassoum Kayentao, Mohamed Bana Traoré, Djoumé Diakité, Seydou Sidibé, Tracy Kuo Lin, David Boettiger, Souleymane Cissouma, Vincent Sanogo, Nancy Padian, Ari Johnson, Jenny Liu
Tropical Medicine & International Health, 18.04.2021
Tilføjet 19.04.2021
Hagai Rossman, Smadar Shilo, Tomer Meir, Malka Gorfine, Uri Shalit, Eran Segal
Nature, 19.04.2021
Tilføjet 19.04.2021
Nature Medicine, Published online: 19 April 2021; doi:10.1038/s41591-021-01337-2
A retrospective analysis of data from the Israeli Ministry of Health collected between 28 August 2020 and 24 February 2021 documents the real-life effect of a national vaccination campaign on the pandemic dynamics.
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedPere Domingo, Virgina Pomar, Isabel Mur, Ivan CastellvÃ, Héctor Corominas, Natividad de Benito
Clinical Microbiology and Infection, 18.04.2021
Tilføjet 19.04.2021
We aimed to assess differences in patients™ profiles in the first two surges of the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic in Barcelona, Spain.
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedGabriela Abelenda-Alonso, Alexander Rombauts, Núria Burguillos, Jordi CarratalÃ
Clinical Microbiology and Infection, 18.04.2021
Tilføjet 19.04.2021
Air pollution and antimicrobial resistance are two of the most important public health problems facing the world today. Although the harmful effects of air pollution have been known at least since the beginning of the twentieth century, governments and economic leaders around the world remain reluctant to comply with international agreements drawn up to reduce the emission of air pollutants and greenhouse gases. A statistic that arouses particular concern is the fact that, in 2019 according to the 2020 State of Global Air report, air pollution moved up from the fifth to the fourth leading risk factor for mortality worldwide, with 6.67 million attributable deaths.
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedMatheus Ribeiro Ãvila, Pedro Henrique Scheidt Figueiredo, Vanessa Pereira Lima, Whesley Tanor Silva, Marcus VinÃcius Accetta Vianna, LaÃs Helena Carvalho Fernandes, Alda Cristina Alves de Azevedo, Márcia Maria Oliveira Lima, Alessandra de Carvalho Bastone, Maria do Carmo Pereira Nunes, Mauro Felippe Felix Mediano, Manoel Otávio da Costa Rocha, Henrique Silveira Costa
Tropical Medicine & International Health, 17.04.2021
Tilføjet 18.04.2021
BMC Infectious Diseases, 17.04.2021
Tilføjet 17.04.2021
Abstract
Background
Over the past decades, Klebsiella pneumoniae (K. pneumoniae) infections have been increasing and affected immunocompromised patients nosocomially and communally, with extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL) production becoming a major concern. Patients with rheumatic autoimmune diseases, mostly receiving immunosuppressive therapy, are vulnerable to various infections, including K. pneumoniae. However, few have investigated K. pneumoniae infections in this specific population. This study aimed to identify factors associated with ESBL production and mortality of K. pneumoniae pneumonia among patients with rheumatic autoimmune diseases in the Emergency Department.
Methods
We retrospectively investigated patients with rheumatic diseases who were diagnosed with K. pneumoniae pneumonia. The diagnosis of K. pneumoniae pneumonia was based on clinical manifestations, radiological findings and microbiological testing results. Prognostic factors and risk factors for ESBL production were determined with univariate and multivariate logistic regression analysis. Empirical therapy and antimicrobial susceptibility data were also collected.
Results
Of 477‰K. pneumoniae pneumonia patients, 60 were enrolled into this study. The in-hospital mortality was 28.3%. Septic shock, ICU admission, the need for mechanical ventilation and change of antibiotics due to clinical deterioration, all related to mortality, were included as unfavorable clinical outcomes. Multivariate analysis suggested that ESBL production (OR, 6.793; p‰=‰0.012), initial PCT‰â‰¥‰0.5‰ng/ml (OR, 5.024; p‰=‰0.033) and respiratory failure at admission (OR, 4.401; p‰=‰0.046) predicted increased mortality. ESBL production was significantly associated with dose of corticosteroids (OR, 1.033; p‰=‰0.008) and CMV viremia (OR, 4.836; p‰=‰0.032) in patients with rheumatic autoimmune diseases. Abnormal leukocyte count (OR, 0.192; p‰=‰0.036) was identified as a protective factor of ESBL-producing K. pneumoniae pneumonia. The most commonly used empirical antibiotic was ceftazidime, while most isolates showed less resistance to carbapenems and amikacin in susceptibility testing.
Conclusions
K. pneumoniae pneumonia could be life-threatening in patients with rheumatic autoimmune diseases. Our findings suggested that ESBL production, initial PCT‰â‰¥‰0.5‰ng/ml and respiratory failure at admission were independent factors associated with poor prognosis. Dose of corticosteroids and CMV viremia, predicting ESBL production in K. pneumoniae pneumonia, may help make individualized antibiotic decisions in clinical practice.
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedZeinab Siami, Sepehr Aghajanian, Somayeh Mansouri, Zakiye Mokhames, Reza Pakzad, Kourosh Kabir, Mehdi Norouzi, Alireza Soleimani, Mojtaba Hedayat Yaghoobi, Shahrzad Shadabi, Ramin Tajbakhsh, Ali Kargar Khairabad, Sayed-Hamidreza Mozhgani
International Journal of Infectious Diseases, 17.04.2021
Tilføjet 17.04.2021
Malaria Journal, 17.04.2021
Tilføjet 17.04.2021
Abstract
Two recent initiatives, the World Health Organization (WHO) Strategic Advisory Group on Malaria Eradication and the Lancet Commission on Malaria Eradication, have assessed the feasibility of achieving global malaria eradication and proposed strategies to achieve it. Both reports rely on a climate-driven model of malaria transmission to conclude that long-term trends in climate will assist eradication efforts overall and, consequently, neither prioritize strategies to manage the effects of climate variability and change on malaria programming. This review discusses the pathways via which climate affects malaria and reviews the suitability of climate-driven models of malaria transmission to inform long-term strategies such as an eradication programme. Climate can influence malaria directly, through transmission dynamics, or indirectly, through myriad pathways including the many socioeconomic factors that underpin malaria risk. These indirect effects are largely unpredictable and so are not included in climate-driven disease models. Such models have been effective at predicting transmission from weeks to months ahead. However, due to several well-documented limitations, climate projections cannot accurately predict the medium- or long-term effects of climate change on malaria, especially on local scales. Long-term climate trends are shifting disease patterns, but climate shocks (extreme weather and climate events) and variability from sub-seasonal to decadal timeframes have a much greater influence than trends and are also more easily integrated into control programmes. In light of these conclusions, a pragmatic approach is proposed to assessing and managing the effects of climate variability and change on long-term malaria risk and on programmes to control, eliminate and ultimately eradicate the disease. A range of practical measures are proposed to climate-proof a malaria eradication strategy, which can be implemented today and will ensure that climate variability and change do not derail progress towards eradication.
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedBMC Infectious Diseases, 17.04.2021
Tilføjet 17.04.2021
Abstract
Background
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) share similar symptoms with influenza A (IA), but it is more worthwhile to understand the disparities of the two infections regarding their clinical characteristics on admission.
Methods
A total of 71 age-matched pediatric IA and COVID-19 patient pairs were formed and their clinical data on admission were compared.
Results
Fever, cough, nasal congestion and nausea/vomiting were the most common symptoms on admission for both infections but occurred less often in COVID-19. The IA patients were more likely to have lower-than-normal levels of lymphocyte count and percentage and to have higher-than-normal levels of activated partial thromboplastin time, prothrombin time, serum C-reactive protein, and serum procalcitonin, while the COVID-19 patients had higher odds of having lower-than-normal levels of neutrophil count and percentage.
Conclusions
This study suggests that influenza A is more symptomatic than COVID-19 for children and might be an overall more severe infection at the time of admission.
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedHelio S. Sader, Leonard R. Duncan, Rodrigo E. Mendes
International Journal of Infectious Diseases, 16.04.2021
Tilføjet 17.04.2021
Staphylococcus aureus is commonly isolated in cystic fibrosis (CF) patients and is a primary cause of recurrent acute pulmonary infection and progressive decline in lung function (Akil and Muhlebach, 2018). Many CF patients are infected or colonized by a predominant S. aureus clone, which adapts to this hostile niche through various mechanisms, including genome rearrangements, emergence of small colony variants, mucoid phenotypes, and inactivity of the important virulence regulator agr (Schwerdt et al., 2018).
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedYing-Zi Ye, Ya-Lan Dou, Jian-Hua Hao, Li Zhou, Ai-Wei Lin, Shao-Ning Wang, Ji-Kui Deng, Min Lei, Ru-Ping Luo, Yi-Nan Liao, Yan Chen, Yuan-Yuan Long, Bi-Quan Chen, Zhi Yang, Lu Gan, Guang-Min Nong, Wei-Li Yan, Hui Yu
International Journal of Infectious Diseases, 16.04.2021
Tilføjet 17.04.2021
Valerio Caputo, Cristina Bax, Luca Colantoni, Cristina Peconi, Andrea Termine, Carlo Fabrizio, Giulia Calvino, Laura Luzzi, Giorgia Gaia Panunzi, Claudia Fusco, Claudia Strafella, Raffaella Cascella, Luca Battistini, Carlo Caltagirone, Antonino Salvia, Giulia Sancesario, Emiliano Giardina
International Journal of Infectious Diseases, 16.04.2021
Tilføjet 17.04.2021
Nadja Grobe, Alhaji Cherif, Xiaoling Wang, Zijun Dong, Peter Kotanko
Clinical Microbiology and Infection, 17.04.2021
Tilføjet 17.04.2021
Pool testing strategies combine samples from multiple people and test them as a group. A pool testing approach may shorten the screening time and increase the test rate during times of limited test availability and inadequate reporting speed. Pool testing has been effectively used for a wide variety of infectious disease screening settings. Historically, it originated from serological testing in syphilis. During the current COVID-19 pandemic pool testing is considered across the globe to inform opening strategies and monitor infection rates after interventions were implemented.
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedBMC Infectious Diseases, 17.04.2021
Tilføjet 17.04.2021
Abstract
Background
Parvimonas micra (P. micra) is a gram-positive anaerobic coccus that is detected widely on the skin, in the oral mucosa and in the gastrointestinal tract. In certain circumstances, P. micra can cause abdominal abscesses, bacteraemia and other infections. To the best of our knowledge, there have been no case reports describing the biological characteristics of P. micra-related pneumonia. These bacteria do not always multiply in an aerobic organ, such as the lung, and they could be easily overlooked because of the clinical mindset.
Case presentation
A 35-year-old pregnant woman was admitted to the emergency department 4‰weeks prior to her due date who was exhibiting 5 points on the Glasgow coma scale. A computed tomography (CT) scan showed a massive haemorrhage in her left basal ganglia. She underwent a caesarean section and brain surgery before being admitted to the ICU. She soon developed severe pneumonia and hypoxemia. Given that multiple sputum cultures were negative, the patient™s bronchoalveolar lavage fluid was submitted for next-generation sequencing (NGS) to determine the pathogen responsible for the pneumonia; as a result, P. micra was determined to be the causative pathogen. Accordingly the antibiotic therapy was altered and the pneumonia improved.
Conclusion
In this case, we demonstrated severe pneumonia caused by the anaerobic organism P. micra, and the patient benefited from receiving the correct antibiotic. NGS was used as a method of quick diagnosis when sputum culture failed to distinguish the pathogen.
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedBMC Infectious Diseases, 17.04.2021
Tilføjet 17.04.2021
Abstract
Background
The high-risk human papillomavirus (HR-HPV) infection is the main cause of cervical cancer development, and the most common types were included in the last approved nonavalent vaccine (9vHPV). Geographical, socioeconomic and ethnic barriers in developing countries challenge primary and secondary prevention measures of cervical cancer. We aimed to determine the prevalence of HPV infection and the viral load of HR-HPV 9vHPV-related types black women resident in rural semi-isolated communities.
Methods
A descriptive study was conducted with 273 cervical samples of women from rural communities of Southeastern Brazil. Viral DNA was amplified by PCR, the genotype was identified by Reverse Line Blot (RLB) and Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism (RFLP), and real-time PCR was applied to determine the viral load.
Results
HPV frequency was 11.4% (31/273), associated with the presence of cytological abnormalities (32.3%; p‰<‰0.001). Thirty-one distinct genotypes were detected; HR-HPV occurred in 64.5% (20/31) of the samples and the most prevalent type were HPV52‰>‰58, 59. Multiple infections occurred with up to nine different genotypes. The viral load of HR-HPV 9vHPV-related types was higher in lesions than in normal cytology cases (p‰=‰0.04); œhigh and œvery high viral load occurred in HSIL and LSIL, respectively (p‰= 0.04).
Conclusions
We highlight that despite the low HPV frequency in the black rural women population, the frequency of HR-HPV was high, particularly by the HR-HPV52 and 58 types. Moreover, the HR-HPV viral load increased according to the progression from normal to lesion, being a potential biomarker to identify those women at higher risk of developing cervical lesions in this population.
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedBMC Infectious Diseases, 17.04.2021
Tilføjet 17.04.2021
Abstract
Background
The current pandemic of the SARS-CoV-2 virus, widely known as COVID-19, has affected millions of people around the world. The World Health Organization (WHO) has recommended vigorous testing to differentiate SARS-CoV-2 from other respiratory infections to aid in guiding appropriate care and management. Situations like this have demanded robust testing strategies and pooled testing of samples for SARS-CoV-2 virus has provided the solution to mass screening of people for COVID-19. A pooled testing strategy can be very effective in testing when resources are limited, yet it comes with its own limitations. These benefits and limitations need critical consideration when it comes to testing highly infectious diseases like COVID-19.
Methods
This study evaluated the pooled testing of nasopharyngeal swabs for SARS-COV-2 by comparing the sensitivity of individual sample testing with 4-and 8-pool sample testing. Median cycle threshold (Ct) values were compared, and the precision of pooled testing was assessed through an inter- and intra-assay of pooled samples. Coefficient of variance was calculated for inter- and intra-assay variability.
Results
The sensitivity becomes considerably lower when the samples are pooled. There is a high percentage of false negative reports with larger sample pool size and when the patient viral load is low or weak positive samples. High variability was seen in the intra- and inter-assay, especially among weak positive samples and when more number of samples are pooled together.
Conclusion
As COVID −‰19 infection numbers and need for testing remain high, we must meticulously evaluate the testing strategy for each country depending on its testing capacity, infrastructure, economic strength, and need to determine the optimal balance on the cost-effective strategy of resource saving and risk/ cost of missing positive patients.
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedBMC Infectious Diseases, 17.04.2021
Tilføjet 17.04.2021
Abstract
Background
Urinary Tract Infection (UTI) is one of the most common bacterial infectious diseases which causes considerable morbidity and costly health problems. Uropathogenic Escherichia coli (UPEC), the most common pathogen causing UTI, is a highly heterogeneous group of extraintestinal pathogenic E. coli (ExPEC) which may carry a variety of virulence factors and belonging to different phylogenetic backgrounds. The current study aimed to investigate the frequency and association between various virulence factors (VFs) and phylogenetic groups of UPEC and commensal isolates.
Methods
UPEC and commensal E. coli strains isolated from UTI and feces of healthy humans were compared for the presence of VFs and phylogenetic groups. Association between virulence genes was investigated and cluster analysis was employed.
Results
According to the results, among a 30 virulence markers tested, the pathogenicity-associated island (PAI), papAH, papEF, fimH, fyuA, and traT genes prevalence were statistically significant in UPEC isolates. A strong association was found between the B2 and D phylogenetic groups and clinical isolates of UPEC; while, commensal isolates were mostly associated with phylogenetic group A. The aggregated VFs scores were more than twice higher in the UPEC isolates in comparison with the commensal isolates. Interestingly, the B2 group in both UPEC and commensal isolates had the highest VF scores. A strong positive association was found between several virulence genes. The clustering results demonstrated that UPEC or commensal E. coli isolates were highly heterogeneous due to different composition of their virulence gene pool and pathogenicity islands.
Conclusion
Genetic structure and VFs of UPEC strains vary from region to region; therefore, to control the UTI, the epidemiological aspects and characterization of the UPEC isolates need to be investigated in different regions. Since UPEC isolates are generally originate from the commensal strains, it may be feasible to reduce the UTI burden by interfering the intestinal colonization, particularly in the highly pathogenic clonal lineages such as B2.
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedBMC Infectious Diseases, 17.04.2021
Tilføjet 17.04.2021
Abstract
Background
The association between the frequency of surgeries and the incidence of surgical site infections (SSIs) has been reported for various surgeries. However, no previous study has explored this association among video-assisted thoracic surgeries (VATS). Hence, we aimed to investigate the association between the frequency of surgeries and SSI in video-assisted thoracic surgeries.
Methods
We analyzed the data of 26,878 thoracic surgeries, including 21,154 VATS, which were collected during a national surveillance in Japan between 2014 and 2018. The frequency of surgeries per hospital department was categorized into low (<‰50/year), moderate (50-100/ year), and high (>‰100/year). Chi-squared test or Fisher™s exact test was used for discrete explanatory variables, whereas Wilcoxon™s rank-sum test or Kruskal-Wallis test was used for continuous explanatory variables. Univariate analysis of the department groups was conducted to explore confounding factors associated with both SSIs and the department groups. We used a multiple logistic regression model focusing on VATS and stratified by the National Nosocomial Infections Surveillance System (NNIS) risk index.
Results
The rates of SSIs in the hospital groups with low, moderate, and high frequency of surgeries were 1.39, 1.05, and 1.28%, respectively. In the NNIS risk index 1 stratum, the incidence of SSIs was significantly lower in the moderate-frequency of surgeries group than that in the other groups (odds ratio [OR]: vs. low-frequency of surgeries: 2.48 [95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.20-5.13], P =‰0.0143; vs. high-frequency of surgeries: 2.43 [95% CI: 1.44-4.11], P =‰0.0009). In the stratum of NNIS risk indices 2 and 3, the incidence of SSI was significantly higher in the low-frequency of surgeries group (OR: 4.83, 95% CI: 1.47-15.93; P =‰0.0095).
Conclusion
The result suggests that for departments with low-frequency of surgeries, an increase in the frequency of surgeries to >‰50 per department annually potentially leads to a decrease in the incidence of SSIs. This occurs through an increase in the experience of the departmental surgeons and contributes to the improvement of VATS outcomes in thoracic surgeries.
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedBMC Infectious Diseases, 17.04.2021
Tilføjet 17.04.2021
Abstract
Background
The epidemiology of human cysticercosis and neurocysticercosis, caused by the larval stage of the pork tapeworm Taenia solium, is not well known in the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC). Within a multicenter etiological and diagnostic study conducted by the NIDIAG consortium (œBetter Diagnosis for Neglected Infections) and investigating several challenging syndromes, we consecutively evaluated from 2012 to 2015 all patients older than 5‰years presenting with neurological disorders (neurology cohort) and with fever >‰7‰days (persistent fever cohort) at the rural hospital of Mosango, province of Kwilu, DRC. In both cohorts, etiological diagnosis relied on a systematic set of reference laboratory assays and on pre-established clinical case definitions. No neuroimaging was available in the study hospital. In this study, we determined the frequency of T. solium infection in both cohorts and explored in the neurology cohort its association with specific neurological presentations and final etiological diagnoses.
Methods
We conducted a post-hoc descriptive and analytic study on cysticercosis in the neurology and persistent fever cohorts, based on the presence in serum samples of circulating T. solium antigen using the B158/B60 enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and of cysticercosis IgG using the LDBIO Cysticercosis Western Blot IgG assay.
Results
For the neurology cohort, 340 samples (of 351 enrolled patients) were available for analysis (males: 46.8%; mean age: 38.9‰years). T. solium antigen positivity was found in 43 participants (12.6%; 95% confidence interval [CI] 9.3-16.7%), including 9 of 60 (15%) patients with epilepsy. Among the 148 samples available from the persistent fever cohort (males: 39.9%; mean age: 19.9‰years), 7 were positive in the T. solium antigen ELISA (4.7%; 95% CI 1.9-9.5%; P =‰0.009 when compared to the neurology cohort). No significant association was found within the neurology cohort between positivity and clinical presentation or final diagnoses. Of note, the IgG antibody-detecting assay was found positive in only four (1.3%) of the participants of the neurology cohort and in none of the persistent fever cohort.
Conclusions
T. solium antigen positivity was found in at least 10% of patients admitted with neurological disorders in the Kwilu province, DRC, with no specific pattern of presentation. Further neuroimaging studies should be used to confirm whether neurocysticercosis is prevalent in this region.
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedMalaria Journal, 17.04.2021
Tilføjet 17.04.2021
Abstract
Background
Malaria remains a global health concern and is endemic in Limpopo, Mpumalanga and KwaZulu Natal Provinces of South Africa, which aims to eliminate malaria by 2025. Community engagement plays a significant role in improving the acceptability and effectiveness of programmes aimed at reducing malaria transmission. The success of such intervention efforts depends on the knowledge, attitudes and practices (KAP) of the community, and understanding the KAP of community residents may support malaria control efforts in the locality. In this context, a cross-sectional household survey to assess community KAP on malaria transmission and prevention in the Ha-Lambani village, Vhembe District, Limpopo Province was conducted.
Methods
Data were collected between November 2018 and May 2019 by questionnaire of 261 consenting adults (213 females and 48 males, aged between 18 and 95 years) selected from different households. Also, a focus group discussion among 13 randomly selected participants was conducted. Pearson™s Chi Square test was used to determine statistical differences by village.
Results
Study participants (100%, 261/261) were aware of the presence of malaria in their community and 95% associated it with mosquito bites. The local health clinic was the most prominent source of malaria information (85%). Only 22% correctly identified headache, chills and fever as the three most common symptoms of malaria. The majority of participants (98%) knew that effective medication for malaria is available and had a positive treatment-seeking behaviour. Knowledge of malaria prevention measures was high (82%); contrarily, 97% of respondents did not sleep under a bed net the previous night. The focus group data concurred with these results and also revealed that poor bed net use resulted from lack of access to bed nets because community residents could not afford them.
Conclusions
The study demonstrates that participants have appropriate knowledge about malaria transmission and a positive treatment-seeking behaviour. However, economic barriers are responsible for the inadequate use of bed nets. Therefore, distribution of bed nets to the community should be considered to improve practice of malaria prevention measures. Furthermore, knowledge of signs and symptoms and appropriate malaria treatment was limited, and initiatives to improve awareness on these topics should be continued.
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedMalaria Journal, 17.04.2021
Tilføjet 17.04.2021
Abstract
Background
Many public health interventions lead to disruption or decrease of transmission, providing a beneficial effect for people in the population regardless of whether or not they individually participate in the intervention. This protective benefit has been referred to as a herd or community effect and is dependent on sufficient population participation. In practice, public health interventions are implemented at different spatial scales (i.e., at the village, district, or provincial level). Populations, however defined (i.e., neighbourhoods, villages, districts) are frequently connected to other populations through human movement or travel, and this connectedness can influence potential herd effects.
Methods
The impact of a public health intervention (mass drug administration for malaria) was modelled, for different levels of connectedness between populations that have similar disease epidemiology (e.g., two nearby villages which have similar baseline malaria incidences and similar malaria intervention measures), or between populations of varying disease epidemiology (e.g., two nearby villages which have different baseline malaria incidences and/or malaria intervention measures).
Results
The overall impact of the interventions deployed could be influenced either positively (adding value to the intervention) or negatively (reducing the impact of the intervention) by how much the intervention units are connected with each other (e.g., how frequent people go to the other village or town) and how different the disease intensity between them are. This phenomenon is termed the œassembly effect, and it is a meta-population version of the more commonly understood œherd effect.
Conclusions
The connectedness of intervention units or populations is an important factor to be considered to achieve success in public health interventions that could provide herd effects. Appreciating the assembly effect can improve the cost-effective strategies for global disease elimination projects.
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedJerald Sadoff, Kourtney Davis, Macaya Douoguih
New England Journal of Medicine, 16.04.2021
Tilføjet 17.04.2021
Douglas B. Cines, James B. Bussel
New England Journal of Medicine, 16.04.2021
Tilføjet 17.04.2021
Marie Scully, Deepak Singh, Robert Lown, Anthony Poles, Thomas Solomon, Marcel Levi, David Goldblatt, Pavel Kotoucek, William Thomas, William Lester
New England Journal of Medicine, 16.04.2021
Tilføjet 17.04.2021
Louisa E. Wallace, Mengying Liu, Frank J.M. van Kuppeveld, Erik de Vries, Cornelis A.M. de Haan
Trends in Microbiology, 16.04.2021
Tilføjet 17.04.2021
Efficient penetration of the mucus layer is needed for respiratory viruses to avoid mucociliary clearance prior to infection. Many respiratory viruses bind to glycans on the heavily glycosylated mucins that give mucus its gel-like characteristics. Influenza viruses, some paramyxoviruses, and coronaviruses avoid becoming trapped in the mucus by releasing themselves by means of their envelope-embedded enzymes that destroy glycan receptors. For efficient infection, receptor binding and destruction need to be in balance with the host receptor repertoire.
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedJiahe Chen, Cynthia L. Gong, Matthew M. Hitchcock, Marisa Holubar, Stanley Deresinski, Joel W. Hay
Clinical Microbiology and Infection, 16.04.2021
Tilføjet 17.04.2021
Treatment of Clostridioides difficile infection (CDI) has undergone significant change in recent years with the introduction of fidaxomicin and bezlotoxumab. This study evaluated the cost-effectiveness of fidaxomicin and bezlotoxumab for initial CDI compared to standard therapy with oral vancomycin.
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedDaniele Focosi, Fabrizio Maggi, Massimo Franchini, Adriano Aguzzi, Maria Lanza, Alessandro Mazzoni, Francesco Menichetti
Clinical Microbiology and Infection, 16.04.2021
Tilføjet 17.04.2021
COVID19 convalescent plasma (CCP) is being extensively investigated as a treatment, with mixed results to date. Overall, there has been a generalized lack of appropriateness in prescriptions, which is termed patient-blood management in the field of transfusion medicine.
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedLancet Infectious Diseases, 17.04.2021
Tilføjet 17.04.2021
Boum Y, Fai KN, Nikolay B, et al. Performance and operational feasibility of antigen and antibody rapid diagnostic tests for COVID-19 in symptomatic and asymptomatic patients in Cameroon: a clinical, prospective, diagnostic accuracy study. Lancet Infect Dis 2021; published online March 25. https://doi.org/10.1016/ S1473-3099(21)00132-8”In this Article, the spelling of author Birgit Nikolay's name was incorrect. This correction has been made to the online version as of April 16, 2021, and will be made to the printed version.
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedKatharine Elizabeth Stott, Angela Loyse, Joe N Jarvis, Melanie Alufandika, Thomas Stephen Harrison, Henry C Mwandumba, Jeremy N Day, David G Lalloo, Tihana Bicanic, John R Perfect, William Hope
Lancet Infectious Diseases, 17.04.2021
Tilføjet 17.04.2021
Cryptococcal meningoencephalitis was first described over a century ago. This fungal infection is preventable and treatable yet continues to be associated with excessive morbidity and mortality. The largest burden of disease resides in people living with HIV in low-income and middle-income countries. In this group, mortality with the best antifungal induction regimen (7 days of amphotericin B deoxycholate [1·0 mg/kg per day] and flucytosine [100·0 mg/kg per day]) in a clinical trial setting was 24% at 10 weeks.
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