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Joseph Agebase Awuni, Michael Ayamga, Gilbert Dagunga
PLoS One Infectious Diseases, 29.06.2022
Tilføjet 29.06.2022
by Joseph Agebase Awuni, Michael Ayamga, Gilbert Dagunga
Purpose The study examined Covid-19 vaccinations intentions among literate Ghanaians and how it is been influenced by vaccine mistrust and the fear of the unforeseen side effects. Design/Methodology/Approach We used cross sectional data collected from 223 respondents by means of questionnaire disseminated through social media from 16th to 20th April, 2021. Likert-scale questions were asked regarding the knowledge, attitudes and perceptions of literate Ghanaians towards COVID-19 vaccines. Kruskal-Wallis and sample t-test were performed to ascertain the differences in vaccination intentions between key socioeconomic variables. A pairwise correlation was performed to examine the relationship between vaccination intensions and fear of the unforeseen, mistrust of the vaccine and concerns of profiteering. Finally, a binary probit regression model was fitted to examine the predictive effect of key variables on respondent’s vaccination intentions. Findings The results revealed a relatively low level of knowledge about the safety and efficacy of the COVID-19 vaccines. The sample t-test showed that males have a relatively positive attitude towards the COVID-19 vaccines than females at 5% level of significance. Mistrust of vaccine safety and efficacy have a significant negative influence on vaccination intensions at 1% significance level. Originality/Value This study provides the Ghanaian government and other stakeholders with useful information to aid in educational campaigns on the safety and effectiveness of the COVID-19 vaccine. More campaign efforts towards females could help increase uptake given their relatively poor attitudes towards the vaccine.
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedNimer Elsaraya, Adi Gordon-Irshai, Dan Schwarzfuchs, Victor Novack, Nicola J. Mabjeesh, Endre Z. Neulander
PLoS One Infectious Diseases, 29.06.2022
Tilføjet 29.06.2022
by Nimer Elsaraya, Adi Gordon-Irshai, Dan Schwarzfuchs, Victor Novack, Nicola J. Mabjeesh, Endre Z. Neulander
Purpose To evaluate whether the neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR) can predict the need for ureteral catheterization in patients with renal colic. Materials and methods We retrospectively studied 15,887 patients with renal colic between 2005 and 2019. Patients with prior antibiotics treatment (156), with hematological diseases (15), with negative computerized tomography scan (CTS) for stone disease (473) or with no available laboratory findings (1750) were excluded. A ureteral double J stent (DJS) was inserted in case of ongoing pain, fever, sepsis, single kidney and elevated blood creatinine levels concomitant with hydronephrosis. A cut-off value of 2.1 NLR was determined to stratify and to compare patients using multivariable logistic regression models. A locally weighted scatterplot smoothing (LOWESS) plot was also applied to show the relationship between NLR and predicted probability for DJS insertion. Results Thirteen-thousand and 493 patients with a mean age of 42.7 years (30% females and 70% males) were included in the study. Five-hundred and 57 patients (4.1%) underwent early DJS insertion: 5.3% vs. 1.5% of patients with high vs. low NLR, respectively, (p
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedGreg Dropkin
PLoS One Infectious Diseases, 29.06.2022
Tilføjet 29.06.2022
by Greg Dropkin
Introduction Variable and low uptake of the COVID-19 booster is a recognised problem, associated with individual characteristics including age, gender, ethnicity, and deprivation. Are there other relevant predictors at area level? Methods Anonymous grouped data was downloaded from the UK Government Coronavirus Dashboard for Middle Super Output Areas (MSOA) in England, along with demographic, employment, and health data from public sources. Mixed models with a random intercept for Upper Tier Local Authority were analysed as quasibinomial Generalized Additive Models. The estimated random effects were then fitted with Bayesian linear mixed models using flu vaccination uptake, change in public health budgets, population proportion of vaccination sites at pharmacies, GP-led, vaccination centres, and hospital hubs, and Region. Results Models for the MSOA-level COVID-19 first and second vaccinations and the Third Injection (including the booster), fit well. Index of Multiple Deprivation, proportion Aged 15-24 and 25-44, and ethnicity groupings Other White, Indian-Pakistani-Bangladeshi, and African-Caribbean-Other Black-Other, are highly significant predictors of lower uptake. The estimated random effects vary widely amongst local authorities, with positive impact of flu vaccine uptake and change in public health budgets, and regional impacts which are positive for London and South East (first and second doses only), and negative for North West and North East. The impact of vaccination sites did not reach 90% credibility, in general. Conclusion COVID-19 vaccination rates at each stage are very well modelled if local authority random effects are included along with non-linear terms for demographic, employment and health data. Deprivation, younger age, and Other White, South Asian, and African-Caribbean-Other ethnicities are associated with lower uptake. The estimated local effects show strong regional variation and are positively associated with flu vaccination and increasing public health budgets. One simple way to improve COVID-19 vaccine uptake in England would be to increase local public health allocations.
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedNkese Ime Okon, Aniedi-Abasi Akpan Markson, Ekeng Ita Okon, Effiom Eyo Ita, Edak Aniedi Uyoh, Ene-Obong Effiom Ene-Obong, Valentine Otang Ntui
PLoS One Infectious Diseases, 29.06.2022
Tilføjet 29.06.2022
by Nkese Ime Okon, Aniedi-Abasi Akpan Markson, Ekeng Ita Okon, Effiom Eyo Ita, Edak Aniedi Uyoh, Ene-Obong Effiom Ene-Obong, Valentine Otang Ntui
Yam anthracnose is one of the most serious fungal diseases affecting white and water yam production. Screening of available landraces for new sources of durable resistance to the pathogen is a continuous process. In the present study, the pathogens causing anthracnose in Dioscorea alata and Dioscorea rotundata farms in Cross River State yam belt region were characterized. Diseased yam leaves with anthracnose symptoms collected from the farms were used in the isolation, purification and, identification of C. alatae strains using morphological, cultural, and molecular methods. Leaf chlorosis, leaf edge necrosis, blights, dark brown to black leaf spots, shot holes, necrotic vein banding and vein browning were the predominantly observed symptoms. Seven isolates of C. alatae, Ca5, Ca14, Ca16, Ca22, Ca24, Ca32 and Ca34, and one isolate of Lasidioplodia theobromae, Lt1 were found to be associated with yam infection in Cross River State, with Lt1 as the most prevalent, occurring in all the locations. These isolates were classified into four forms which included the slow-growing grey (SGG), the fast-growing grey (FGG), the fast-growing salmon (FGS), and the fast-growing olive (FGO). Sequence analysis of the ITS region revealed
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedCatherine M. Worsley, Rob B. Veale, Elizabeth S. Mayne
PLoS One Infectious Diseases, 29.06.2022
Tilføjet 29.06.2022
by Catherine M. Worsley, Rob B. Veale, Elizabeth S. Mayne
Cell death is important in physiology, and can happen as a result of structural damage, or as a sequence of programmed cellular processes known as apoptosis. Pathogenic alterations in apoptosis occur in a number of diseases, including cancer, viral infections, autoimmune diseases, immunodeficiencies, and degenerative conditions. Developing accurate and reproducible laboratory methods for inducing and detecting apoptosis is vital for research into these conditions. A number of methods are employed to detect cell death, including DNA fragmentation, the TUNEL assay, and electron microscopy although each has its limitations. Flow cytometry allows for the distinction between live, early apoptotic, late apoptotic and necrotic cells. In this protocol we successfully induce apoptosis using chemical treatment and treatment with low pH in solid tumour cell lines, and have optimized detection using the Annexin V/PI apoptosis assay.
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedMohammad A. A. Al-Najjar, Ruaa R. Al-alwany, Firas M. Al-Rshoud, Rana K. Abu-Farha, Mohammed Zawiah
PLoS One Infectious Diseases, 29.06.2022
Tilføjet 29.06.2022
by Mohammad A. A. Al-Najjar, Ruaa R. Al-alwany, Firas M. Al-Rshoud, Rana K. Abu-Farha, Mohammed Zawiah
Purpose COVID-19 infection is normally followed by several post-COVID effects. This study aimed to investigate to evaluate menstrual changes in females following COVID-19 infection, and to evaluate female perception about the effect of COVID-19 on their menstrual cycles. Methods During this cross-sectional survey-based study, a convenience sample of 483 women from Jordan and from Iraq, who had infected with COVID-19 were invited to fill-out the study questionnaire. Results The study was conducted on the females, with a median age 31 years old. Results showed that 47.2% of them (n = 228) suffered from a change in the number of days between two consecutive periods, as well as from a change in the amount of blood loss. Also, more than 50% of them believed that COVID-19 infection may cause changes in the amount of blood loss during the cycle (n = 375, 56.9%), and changes in the number of days between the two consecutive periods (n = 362, 54.2%).Regression analysis showed that participants with higher educational level (bachelor or higher) (Beta = -0.114, P = 0.011), and those living in Iraq (Beta = -0.166, p<0.001) believed that COVID-19 has lower tendency to cause menstrual changes. In addition, non-married females (Beta = 0.109, P = 0.017), and those who are current smokers (Beta = 0.091, P = 0.048) believed that COVID-19 has higher tendency to cause menstrual changes. Conclusion his study revealed that COVID-19 infection could affect the menstrual cycle for the females. Further prospective studies should be done to confirm these findings and evaluate how long these menstrual irregularities lasted.
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedDiamantis Toutountzidis, Tim M. Gale, Karen Irvine, Shivani Sharma, Keith R. Laws
PLoS One Infectious Diseases, 29.06.2022
Tilføjet 29.06.2022
by Diamantis Toutountzidis, Tim M. Gale, Karen Irvine, Shivani Sharma, Keith R. Laws
The association of early life adversities and psychosis symptoms is well documented in clinical populations; however, whether this relationship also extends into subclinical psychosis remains unclear. In particular, are early life adversities associated with increased levels of schizotypal personality traits in non-clinical samples? We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis of associations between early life adversities and psychometrically defined schizotypal traits in non-clinical samples. The review followed PRISMA guidelines. The search using PubMed, Web of Science and EBSCO databases identified 1,609 articles in total. Twenty-five studies (N = 15,253 participants) met eligibility criteria for the review. An assessment of study quality showed that fewer than half of all studies were rated as methodologically robust. Meta-analyses showed that all forms of childhood abuse (emotional, physical and sexual) and neglect (emotional and physical) were significantly associated with psychometric schizotypy. The association of schizotypy traits with childhood emotional abuse (r = .33: 95%CI .30 to .37) was significantly larger than for all other form of abuse or neglect. Meta-regression analyses showed that the physical abuse-schizotypy relationship was stronger in samples with more women participants; and the sexual abuse-schizotypy relationship was stronger in younger samples. The current review identifies a dose-response relationship between all forms of abuse/neglect and schizotypy scores in non-clinical samples; however, a stronger association emerged for emotional abuse. More research is required to address the relationship of trauma types and specific symptom types. Future research should also address the under-representation of men.
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedMarie Spreckley, Judith de Lange, Jacob C. Seidell, Jutka Halberstadt
PLoS One Infectious Diseases, 29.06.2022
Tilføjet 29.06.2022
by Marie Spreckley, Judith de Lange, Jacob C. Seidell, Jutka Halberstadt
Introduction The long-term effects of interventions aiming to achieve substantial, sustainable weight loss maintenance have been disappointing. Most people regain their lost weight over time but some seem to be able to maintain their weight loss. We are following the experiences of patients over time prospectively. This study forms the baseline to provide insights into patient experiences prior to entering a primary care-led weight management intervention and their expectations going forward. Materials and methods We recruited 21 adult male and female patients of varying ethnicity with a BMI between 27.7kg/m2 and 48.4kg/m2 from a cohort of patients entering a primary care-led weight management intervention. Patients were offered video and audio interview options during the COVID-19 lockdown. In total, twenty chose the audio option, while one chose the video option. The interview format was semi-structured with room for individual exploration. Discussion We found that participants experienced feeling unable to control their weight and encountered a multitude of internal and external barriers to weight management. Some had supportive environments, while others experienced discouraging external influences. Though personal characteristics varied, motivations, goals and expected benefits were similar across this cohort. Most participants had previously experienced transient successful weight-loss attempts with varying approaches. COVID-19 was experienced as an opportunity or barrier for change. Conclusion This study illustrates the importance of gaining comprehensive insights into the diverse experiences patients encounter when trying to achieve weight loss. Personalized support taking into account individual experiences and circumstances may enhance long-term treatment outcomes. Future research into the complexities of weight management based on individual accounts can aid in the creation of improved treatment protocols.
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedQian Zhao, Xiaoshan Zhou, Raoul Kuiper, Sophie Curbo, Anna Karlsson
PLoS One Infectious Diseases, 29.06.2022
Tilføjet 29.06.2022
by Qian Zhao, Xiaoshan Zhou, Raoul Kuiper, Sophie Curbo, Anna Karlsson
Thymidine kinase 2 (TK2) deficiency in humans leads to a myopathic form of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) deficiency. Here we present a skeletal and cardiac muscle specific TK2 knockout mouse (mTk2 KO). The mice showed dilated hearts and markedly reduced adipose tissue during week 12 to 16. A severe decrease of mtDNA was found only in skeletal muscle and heart tissue in mTk2 KO mice. Expression analysis of key metabolic genes of 16 weeks knockout mice showed significant changes of genes involved in lipid metabolism, with different patterns in heart and skeletal muscle. Our study further suggests that lipoprotein lipase (LPL) from liver supports the metabolism when heart and skeletal muscle were impaired due to mitochondrial dysfunction. The angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2), which is involved in glucose homeostasis, was also affected by mtDNA deficiency in our study. Interestingly, both the gene and protein expression of ACE2 were increased in cardiac tissue of mTk2 KO mice. Since ACE2 is a receptor for the SARS-CoV-2 virus, its regulation in relation to mitochondrial function may have important clinical implications.
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedSaikat De, Soumyajit Ghosh, Supriya Suman Keshry, Chandan Mahish, Chinmayee Mohapatra, Ankeeta Guru, Prabhudutta Mamidi, Ankita Datey, Sweta Smita Pani, Dileep Vasudevan, Tushar Kant Beuria, Subhasis Chattopadhyay, Bharat Bhusan Subudhi, Soma Chattopadhyay aInstitute of Life Sciencesgrid.418782.0, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India bRegional Centre for Biotechnology, Faridabad, Haryana, India cSchool of Biotechnology, Kalinga Institute of Industrial Technology (KIIT) University, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India dNational Institute of Science Education and Research, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India eHomi Bhabha National Institute, Training School Complex, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India fSchool of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Siksha O Anusandhan Deemed to be University, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India
Antimicrobial Agents And Chemotherapy, 29.06.2022
Tilføjet 29.06.2022
Malaria Journal, 29.06.2022
Tilføjet 29.06.2022
Abstract
Background
Rapid emergence of Plasmodium resistance to anti-malarial drug mainstays has driven a continual effort to discover novel drugs that target different biochemical pathway (s) during infection. Plasma membrane Calcium + 2 ATPase (PMCA4), a novel plasma membrane protein that regulates Calcium levels in various cells, namely red blood cell (RBC), endothelial cell and platelets, represents a new biochemical pathway that may interfere with susceptibility to malaria and/or severe malaria.
Methods
This study identified several pharmacological inhibitors of PMCA4, namely ATA and Resveratrol, and tested for their anti-malarial activities in vitro and in vivo using the Plasmodium falciparum 3D7 strain, the Plasmodium berghei ANKA strain, and Plasmodium yoelii 17XL strain as model.
Results
In vitro propagation of P. falciparum 3D7 strain in the presence of a wide concentration range of the inhibitors revealed that the parasite growth was inhibited in a dose-dependent manner, with IC50s at 634 and 0.231 µM, respectively.
Results
The results confirmed that both compounds exhibit moderate to potent anti-malarial activities with the strongest parasite growth inhibition shown by resveratrol at 0.231 µM. In vivo models using P. berghei ANKA for experimental cerebral malaria and P. yoelii 17XL for the effect on parasite growth, showed that the highest dose of ATA, 30 mg/kg BW, increased survival of the mice. Likewise, resveratrol inhibited the parasite growth following 4 days intraperitoneal injection at the dose of 100 mg/kg BW.
Conclusion
The findings indicate that the PMCA4 of the human host may be a potential target for novel anti-malarials, either as single drug or in combination with the currently available effective anti-malarials.
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Patel, H. M., Khandwala, S., Somani, P., Li, Q., Tovar, S., Montano, A.
BMJ Open, 29.06.2022
Tilføjet 29.06.2022
Objective
Obesity has been recognised as a risk factor for poor outcomes associated with COVID-19. Ethnic minorities with COVID-19 have been independently found to fare poorly. We aim to determine if ethnic minorities with severe obesity—defined as a body mass index (BMI) above 40 kg/m²—experience higher rates of hospitalisation, invasive ventilation and death.
Design and setting
Retrospective cohort study from 1 March 2020 to 28 February 2021 within an integrated healthcare organisation in Southern California.
Participants
We identified 373 831 patients by COVID-19 diagnosis code or positive laboratory test.
Methods
Multivariable Poisson regression with robust error variance estimated adjusted risks of hospitalisation, invasive ventilator use and death within 30 days. Risks were stratified by ethnicity and BMI.
Results
We identified multiple differences in risk of poor outcomes across BMI categories within individual ethnic groups. Hospitalisation risk with a BMI over 45 kg/m² was greater in Asian (RR 2.31, 95% CI 1.53 to 3.49; p<0.001), Hispanic (RR 3.22, 95% CI 2.99 to 3.48; p<0.001) and Pacific Islander (RR 3.79, 95% CI 2.49 to 5.75; p<0.001) patients compared with White (RR 2.04, 95% CI 1.79 to 2.33; p<0.001) and Black (RR 2.00, 95% CI 1.70 to 2.34; p<0.001) patients. A similar trend was observed with invasive ventilation risk. The risk of death was greater in Asian (RR 3.96, 95% CI 1.88 to 8.33; p<0.001), Hispanic (RR 3.03, 95% CI 2.53 to 3.61; p<0.001) and Pacific Islander (RR 4.60, 95% CI 1.42 to 14.92; p=0.011) patients compared with White (RR 1.47, 95% CI 1.13 to 1.91; p=0.005) and Black (RR 2.83, 95% CI 1.99 to 4.02; p<0.001) patients with a BMI over 45 kg/m².
Conclusions
Ethnic minorities with severe obesity, particularly Asian, Hispanic and Pacific Islander patients, had a statistically significant higher risk of hospitalisation, invasive ventilator use and death due to COVID-19. Potential explanations include differences in adipose tissue deposition, overall inflammation and ACE-2 receptor expression.
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Epaulard Olivier, Abgrall Sophie, Lefebvre Maeva, Faucher Jean-François, Michon Jocelyn, Frentiu Emilia, Blanchi Sophie, Janssen Cécile, Charbonnier Gabrielle, Fresse Audrey, Laurent Simon, Sandjakian Lena, Casez Pierre, Mahamat Aba, Beraud Guillaume
Clinical Microbiology and Infection, 29.06.2022
Tilføjet 29.06.2022
The diffusion of the SARS-CoV-2 delta (B.1.617.2) variant and the waning of immune response after primary Covid-19 vaccination favoured the breakthrough SARS-CoV-2 infections in vaccinated subjects. To assess the impact of vaccination, we determined the severity of infection in hospitalised patients according to vaccine status.
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedImmunity, 26.10.2022
Tilføjet 29.06.2022
Publication date: Available online 28 June 2022Source: ImmunityAuthor(s): Claude Gregoire, Lionel Spinelli, Sergio Villazala-Merino, Laurine Gil, María Pía Holgado, Myriam Moussa, Chuang Dong, Ana Zarubica, Mathieu Fallet, Jean-Marc Navarro, Bernard Malissen, Pierre Milpied, Mauro Gaya
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedBMC Infectious Diseases, 29.06.2022
Tilføjet 29.06.2022
Abstract
Background
In Japan, Mycobacterium avium complex lung disease (MAC-LD) is the most common in nontuberculous mycobacterial lung disease. Patients often experience adverse events, resulting in the discontinuation of treatment, which causes treatment failure. The JADER (Japanese Adverse Drug Event Report) database is a database of adverse events that allows us to collect real-world data on adverse events. We can collect large-scale data cost-effectively and detect signals of potential adverse events such as reporting odds ratio (ROR) by using spontaneous reporting systems. In this study, we aimed to elucidate the adverse events of clarithromycin (CAM), ethambutol (EB), and rifampicin (RFP) using the JADER database.
Methods
We included cases of MAC-LD between April 2004 and June 2017. We investigated sex, age, and medications that may have caused the adverse events, outcomes, and time of onset. We calculated the safety signal index as the ROR. Time-to-event analysis was performed using the Weibull distribution.
Results
The total number of adverse events of CAM, EB, and RFP was 2780, with 806 patients. In the overall adverse events, hematologic and lymphatic disorders were the most common adverse events, with 17.3%, followed by eye disorders (16.6%), and hepatobiliary disorders (14.0%). The outcomes were as follows: recovery, 40.0%; remission, 27.1%; non-recovery, 11.2%; and death, 7.1%. Regarding the most common onset time of CAM, EB, and RFP was within 120 days at 40%, 181–300 days at 43.6%, and within 120 days at 88.5%. For CAM, the RORs of infections and infestations, hepatobiliary system disorders, and immune system disorders were 4.13 (95% confidence interval [CI], 2.3–7.44), 2.61 (95% CI, 1.39–4.91), and 2.38 (95% CI, 1.04–5.44). For EB, the ROR of eye disorders was 215.79 (95% CI, 132.62–351.12). For RFP, the RORs of renal and urinary tract disorders and investigations were 7.03 (95% CI, 3.35–14.77) and 6.99 (95% CI, 3.22–15.18). The β value of EB was 2.07 (95% CI, 1.48–2.76), which was classified as a wear-out failure type.
Conclusions
For MAC-LD, the adverse event which has the highest ROR is infections and infestations in CAM, eye disorders in EB, renal and urinary tract disorders in RFP. Adverse events of EB occur after 180 days, whereas the adverse events of CAM and RFP occur early in the course of treatment.
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BMC Infectious Diseases, 29.06.2022
Tilføjet 29.06.2022
Abstract
Background
Antimicrobial resistance is a major threat to global health and the world economy. The economic burden of carbapenem-resistant infections has not previously been evaluated. We aimed to compare the potential economic burden and clinical outcomes between carbapenem-resistant infections and carbapenem-susceptible infections in Japan.
Methods
We conducted a retrospective cohort study using electronic medical records. Patients aged 15 years or older and with the diagnosis of pneumonia, urinary tract infection, biliary infection, and sepsis were included. Multivariable regression models with random effects were used to estimate the impact of carbapenem resistance on cost, length of hospital stay, and in-hospital mortality.
Results
Among the 9,517 patients, 86 (0.9%) had carbapenem-resistant (CR) infections. Compared to carbapenem-susceptible (CS) infections, the patients with the CR infections were significantly more likely to receive mechanical ventilation (37.2 vs. 21.2%, P-value = 0.003), antibiotics (88.4 vs. 63.0%, P-value < 0.001), and especially carbapenem (31.4 vs. 8.3%, P-value < 0.001), before the bacterial culture test positive. Significantly higher median costs were found for the CR infections than the CS infections in the categories of medications (3477 US dollars vs. 1609 US dollars), laboratory tests (2498 US dollars, vs. 1845 US dollars), and hospital stay (14,307 US dollars vs. 10,560 US dollars). In the multivariable regression analysis, the length of stay was 42.1% longer and the cost was 50.4% higher in the CR infections than in the CS infections. The risk of in-hospital mortality did not differ between the two groups (odds ratio 1.24, 95% CI 0.72–2.11), due to the small sample size. The result was robust with a similar trend in the analysis using the inverse probability treatment weighting method.
Conclusions
Compared to carbapenem-susceptible infections, carbapenem-resistant infections were associated with a higher cost and a longer length of stay. Detailed cost analysis showed significant differences in the categories of medication, laboratory tests, and hospital stay. To our knowledge, this study is the first to assess the potential economic burden of carbapenem-resistant infections using a large hospital-based database.
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Infection, 28.06.2022
Tilføjet 29.06.2022
Abstract
Background
Cancer treatments suppress immune function and are associated with increased risk of infections, but the overall burden of serious infectious diseases in treated patients has not been clearly elucidated.
Methods
All patients treated for solid malignant tumours with radiotherapy (RT) and/or standard first-line chemotherapy (C) at the Department of Oncology at Rigshospitalet between 01/1/2010 and 31/12/2016 were included. Patients were followed from treatment initiation until the first of new cancer treatment, 1 year after treatment initiation, end of follow-up or death. Incidence rates (IR) of positive blood culture (PBC) per 1000 person-years follow-up (PYFU) were calculated.
Findings
12,433 individuals were included, 3582 (29%), 6349 (51%), and 2502 (20%) treated with RT, C, or both RT & C, respectively, contributing 8182 PYFU. 429 (3%) individuals experienced 502 unique episodes of PBC, incidence rate (95% CI) 52.43 (47.7, 57.6) per 1000 PYFU. The 30-day mortality rate after PBC was 24% independent of treatment modality. Adjusted incidence rate ratios in the first 3 months (95% CI) after PBC significantly varied by treatment: 2.89 (1.83, 4.55) and 2.52 (1.53, 4.14) for C and RT & C compared to RT. Escherichia coli (n = 127, 25%) was the top microorganism identified.
Interpretation
PBCs are not common, but when they occur, mortality is high.
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Lulu Han, Yi Zheng, Jian Deng, Mei‐Ling Nan, Yang Xiao, Meng‐Wei Zhuang, Jing Zhang, Wei Wang, Chengjiang Gao, Pei‐Hui Wang
Journal of Medical Virology, 29.06.2022
Tilføjet 29.06.2022
Christian Alfredo Cruz, Paul Mark Medina
Journal of Medical Virology, 29.06.2022
Tilføjet 29.06.2022
De Paschale Massimo, Pavia Claudia, Teresa Cerulli, Debora Cagnin, Maria Teresa Manco, Luisa Belvisi, Alessia Paganin, Pogliani Laura, Ceriani Elena, Porta Alessandro, Parola Luciana, Mirri Paola, Osnaghi Bianca, Vismara Laura, Clerici Pierangelo
Journal of Medical Virology, 29.06.2022
Tilføjet 29.06.2022
Wallace, S., Hall, V., Charlett, A., Kirwan, P. D., Cole, M., Gillson, N., Atti, A., Timeyin, J., Foulkes, S., Taylor-Kerr, A., Andrews, N., Shrotri, M., Rokadiya, S., Oguti, B., Vusirikala, A., Islam, J., Zambon, M., Brooks, T. J. G., Ramsay, M., Brown, C. S., Chand, M., Hopkins, S.
BMJ Open, 29.06.2022
Tilføjet 29.06.2022
Introduction
Understanding the effectiveness and durability of protection against SARS-CoV-2 infection conferred by previous infection and COVID-19 is essential to inform ongoing management of the pandemic. This study aims to determine whether prior SARS-CoV-2 infection or COVID-19 vaccination in healthcare workers protects against future infection.
Methods and analysis
This is a prospective cohort study design in staff members working in hospitals in the UK. At enrolment, participants are allocated into cohorts, positive or naïve, dependent on their prior SARS-CoV-2 infection status, as measured by standardised SARS-CoV-2 antibody testing on all baseline serum samples and previous SARS-CoV-2 test results. Participants undergo monthly antibody testing and fortnightly viral RNA testing during follow-up and based on these results may move between cohorts. Any results from testing undertaken for other reasons (eg, symptoms, contact tracing) or prior to study entry will also be captured. Individuals complete enrolment and fortnightly questionnaires on exposures, symptoms and vaccination. Follow-up is 12 months from study entry, with an option to extend follow-up to 24 months.
The primary outcome of interest is infection with SARS-CoV-2 after previous SARS-CoV-2 infection or COVID-19 vaccination during the study period. Secondary outcomes include incidence and prevalence (both RNA and antibody) of SARS-CoV-2, viral genomics, viral culture, symptom history and antibody/neutralising antibody titres.
Ethics and dissemination
The study was approved by the Berkshire Research Ethics Committee, Health Research Authority (IRAS ID 284460, REC reference 20/SC/0230) on 22 May 2020; the vaccine amendment was approved on 12 January 2021. Participants gave informed consent before taking part in the study.
Regular reports to national and international expert advisory groups and peer-reviewed publications ensure timely dissemination of findings to inform decision making.
Trial registration number
ISRCTN11041050.
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Alhaddad, F., Abdulkareem, A., Alsharrah, D., Alkandari, A., Bin-Hasan, S., Al-Ahmad, M., Al Hashemi, H., Alghounaim, M.
BMJ Open, 29.06.2022
Tilføjet 29.06.2022
Objective
Subsequent protection from SARS-CoV-2 infection in paediatrics is not well reported in the literature. We aimed to describe the clinical characteristics and dynamics of SARS-CoV-2 PCR repositivity in children.
Design
This is a population-level retrospective cohort study.
Setting
Patients were identified through multiple national-level electronic COVID-19 databases that cover all primary, secondary and tertiary centres in Kuwait.
Participants
The study included children 12 years and younger between 28 February 2020 and 6 March 2021. SARS-CoV-2 reinfection was defined as having two or more positive SARS-CoV-2 PCR tests done on a respiratory sample, at least 45 days apart. Clinical data were obtained from the Pediatric COVID-19 Registry in Kuwait.
Primary and secondary outcome measures
The primary measure is to estimate SARS-CoV-2 PCR repositivity rate. The secondary objective was to establish average duration between first and subsequent SARS-CoV-2 infection. Descriptive statistics were used to present clinical data for each infection episode. Also, incidence-sensitivity analysis was performed to evaluate 60-day and 90-day PCR repositivity intervals.
Results
Thirty paediatric patients with COVID-19 had SARS-CoV-2 reinfection at an incidence of 1.02 (95% CI 0.71 to 1.45) infection per 100 000 person-days and a median time to reinfection of 83 (IQR 62–128.75) days. The incidence of reinfection decreased to 0.78 (95% CI 0.52 to 1.17) and 0.47 (95% CI 0.28 to 0.79) per person-day when the minimum interval between PCR repositivity was increased to 60 and 90 days, respectively. The mean age of reinfected subjects was 8.5 (IQR 3.7–10.3) years and the majority (70%) were girls. Most children (55.2%) had asymptomatic reinfection. Fever was the most common presentation in symptomatic patients. One immunocompromised experienced two reinfection episodes.
Conclusion
SARS-CoV-2 reinfection is uncommon in children. Previous confirmed COVID-19 in children seems to result in a milder reinfection.
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Mugo, P. M., Mumbi, A., Munene, D., Nzinga, J., Molyneux, S., Barasa, E., PSK COVID-19 Response Taskforce, Jaguga, Odhiambo, Ominde-Ogaja, Maina, Mungoma, Butt, Matendechero, Kahiga, Sedah, Opanga
BMJ Open, 29.06.2022
Tilføjet 29.06.2022
Objectives
To assess experiences of and response to the COVID-19 pandemic at community pharmacies in Kenya.
Design, setting and participants
This was a mixed-methods study conducted from November 2020 to April 2021, targeting service providers in three counties (Nairobi, Mombasa and Kisumu), selected purposively to represent the main urban centres; pharmacies were selected randomly from a list of licensed pharmacies.
Results
Of 195 sampled pharmacies, 108 (55%) completed a questionnaire and 103 (53%) received a simulated client call; 18 service providers were interviewed. The initial weeks of the pandemic were characterised by fear and panic among service providers and a surge in client flow. Subsequently, 65 (60%) of 108 pharmacies experienced a dip in demand to below prepandemic levels and 34 (31%) reported challenges with unavailability, high price and poor quality of products. Almost all pharmacies were actively providing preventive materials and therapies; educating clients on prevention measures; counselling anxious clients; and handling and referring suspect cases. Fifty-nine pharmacies (55% (95% CI 45% to 65%)) reported receiving a client asking for COVID-19 testing and a similar proportion stated they would support pharmacy-based testing if implemented. For treatment of simulated clients, most pharmacies (71%, 73 of 103) recommended alternative therapies and nutritional supplements such as vitamin C; the rest recommended conventional therapies such as antibiotics. While 52 (48%) of 108 pharmacies had at least one staff member trained on COVID-19, a general feeling of disconnection from the national programme prevailed.
Conclusions
Private pharmacies in Kenya were actively contributing to the COVID-19 response, but more deliberate engagement, support and linkages are required. Notably, there is an urgent need to develop guidelines for pharmacy-based COVID-19 testing, a service that is clearly needed and which could greatly increase test coverage. Pharmacy-based COVID-19 programmes should be accompanied with implementation research to inform current and future pandemic responses.
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Naushad, V. A., Purayil, N. K., Chandra, P., Saeed, A. A. M., Radhakrishnan, P., Varikkodan, I., Mathew, J. V., Sirajudeen, J., Hammamy, R. A., Badi, A. M., Suliman, A. M., Badawi, M. N., Arya, S., AlMotawa, M., Al-Baker, A., Alatom, R., Kartha, A.
BMJ Open, 29.06.2022
Tilføjet 29.06.2022
Objective
To compare the patient profile and outcomes in Qatar during the first and second waves of the COVID-19 pandemic.
Setting
A retrospective observational study was conducted comparing the demographic, clinical and laboratory characteristics of patients with COVID-19 infection admitted to a secondary care hospital, during the first and second waves of the pandemic.
Participants
1039 patients from the first wave and 991 from the second wave who had pneumonia on chest X-ray and had a confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection by a real-time PCR test of a nasopharyngeal swab were included. Patients with a normal chest X-ray and those who had a negative PCR test despite a positive COVID-19 antigen test were excluded.
Outcome
Length of stay, need for mechanical ventilation, final disposition and mortality were the key outcomes studied
Results
Influenza like symptoms (18.5% in the first wave vs 36.1% in the second wave, p 0.001), cough (79.2% vs 87%, p<0.001) and dyspnoea (27.5% vs 38% p<0.001) were more common in the second wave. Second wave patients had significantly higher respiratory rate, lower peripheral oxygen saturation, needed more supplemental oxygen and had higher incidence of pulmonary embolism. More patients received hydroxychloroquine and antibiotics during the first wave and more received steroids, antivirals and interleukin-1 antagonist during the second wave. The second wave had a shorter length of stay (14.58±7.75 vs 12.61±6.16, p<0.001) and more patients were discharged home (22% vs 10%, p<0.001).
Conclusions
Patients who presented during the second wave of COVID-19 pandemic appeared to be more ill clinically and based on their laboratory parameters. They required shorter hospitalisation and were more likely to be discharged home. This could represent greater expertise in handling such patients that was acquired during the first wave as well as use of more appropriate and combination therapies during the second wave.
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Kristan A Schneider, Martin Eichner
Lancet Infectious Diseases, 29.06.2022
Tilføjet 29.06.2022
Recently, many cases of monkeypox were reported worldwide. Although most of these cases seem to be associated with the community of men who have sex with men (MSM), not all of them are.1 Cases with west and central African monkeypox virus clades have been rising in the past 20 years.2 The current spread, due to the less transmissible and less virulent west African clade, was unexpected because observations on earlier outbreaks, mostly in African villages,3 indicated that monkeypox outbreaks are self-limiting.
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedSantiago Oviedo Rouco, Pamela E Rodriguez, Esteban A Miglietta, Pablo Rall, María M Gonzalez Lopez Ledesma, Augusto Varese, Carla A Pascuale, Diego S Ojeda, Bianca Mazzitelli, Lautaro Sanchez, Ana Ceballos, Eduardo Perez, Jorge Geffner, Yanina Miragaya, Andrés H Rossi, Andrea V Gamarnik
Lancet Infectious Diseases, 29.06.2022
Tilføjet 29.06.2022
Whole-virion inactivated SARS-CoV-2 vaccines are one of the most widely used vaccines worldwide. However, compared with the mRNA-based and adenovirus-based platforms,1 little information is available about the immune response that is induced by inactivated virus vaccines2 and the convenience of applying heterologous boosters to reach an improved response against variants of concern, including omicron (B.1.1.529). Particularly scarce are data for older people (ie, age >60 years).
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedPrerna Arora, Amy Kempf, Inga Nehlmeier, Sebastian R Schulz, Anne Cossmann, Metodi V Stankov, Hans-Martin Jäck, Georg M N Behrens, Stefan Pöhlmann, Markus Hoffmann
Lancet Infectious Diseases, 29.06.2022
Tilføjet 29.06.2022
The SARS-CoV-2 omicron (B.1.1.529) variant is highly resistant against antibody-mediated neutralisation due to many mutations in the spike (S) protein.1 Several omicron subvariants have been detected, with BA.2.12.1 (first detected in the USA) and BA.4 and BA.5 (first detected in South Africa) currently outcompeting the previously circulating BA.1 and BA.2 subvariants in several countries. The S proteins of BA.4 and BA.5, which are identical on the protein level, and BA.2.12.1 harbour unique mutations (appendix pp 1–2), but it is largely unknown whether they differ from BA.1 and BA.2 regarding neutralisation sensitivity.
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedTalha Burki
Lancet Respiratory Medicine, 25.05.2022
Tilføjet 29.06.2022
In comments to Bloomberg published on May 3, 2022, Pfizer chief executive officer Albert Bourla suggested that patients who experience a relapse of symptoms after finishing a course of the company's COVID-19 antiviral, Paxlovid, should take a second course of the drug. Yet the emergency use authorisation issued by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) stipulates that Paxlovid is “not authorized for use longer than five consecutive days”. On May 4, John Farley, director of the Office of Infectious Diseases at the FDA, reiterated this message.
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedPriya Venkatesan
Lancet Respiratory Medicine, 24.05.2022
Tilføjet 29.06.2022
Global attention is still focused on coronaviruses as the COVID-19 pandemic continues. In a keynote lecture at the European Congress of Clinical Microbiology & Infectious Diseases (ECCMID) 2022, Malik Peiris (The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China) discussed the emergence of coronaviruses and the threats that they pose.
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedMunyaradzi Makoni
Lancet Respiratory Medicine, 25.05.2022
Tilføjet 29.06.2022
At the end of March, 2022, many African countries had partially reduced COVID-19 surveillance and quarantine measures. The number of COVID-19 cases across the continent have declined since the peak of the fourth wave, driven by the omicron variant in early January, 2022.
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedLancet Respiratory Medicine, 11.05.2022
Tilføjet 29.06.2022
Ling RR, Ramanathan K, Tan FL, et al. Myopericarditis folloswing COVID-19 vaccination and non-COVID-19 vaccination: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet Respir Med 2022; 10: 679–88—In the table of this Article, under the “Age” category, the subcategory “>30 years” should have been labelled “≥30 years”, and the subcategory “≥30 years” should have been labelled “
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedLancet Respiratory Medicine, 11.05.2022
Tilføjet 29.06.2022
Daynes E. Treating COVID-19-related breathlessness with novel interventions. Lancet Respir Med 2022; published online April 27. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2213-2600(22)00161-8. The copyright license for this Comment has been updated to Crown Copyright. This correction has been made to the online version as of May 10, 2022, and will be made to the printed version.
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedTalha Burki
Lancet Respiratory Medicine, 12.05.2022
Tilføjet 29.06.2022
“With respect to your illegal act of publishing untruthful information on the internet, this letter serves as a warning and a reprimand. Your behaviour has seriously violated social order. Your behaviour has gone beyond the limit permitted by law.” Letter issued to Li Wenliang by the Wuchang District Police Station, after Li told members of his WeChat network about the appearance of a novel coronavirus in late 2019. Li, an ophthalmologist at Wuhan Central Hospital, died from COVID-19 early in February, 2020.
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedRyan Ruiyang Ling, Kollengode Ramanathan, Felicia Liying Tan, Bee Choo Tai, Jyoti Somani, Dale Fisher, Graeme MacLaren
Lancet Respiratory Medicine, 12.04.2022
Tilføjet 29.06.2022
The overall risk of myopericarditis after receiving a COVID-19 vaccine is low. However, younger males have an increased incidence of myopericarditis, particularly after receiving mRNA vaccines. Nevertheless, the risks of such rare adverse events should be balanced against the risks of COVID-19 infection (including myopericarditis).
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedSara Y Tartof, Jeff M Slezak, Laura Puzniak, Vennis Hong, Fagen Xie, Bradley K Ackerson, Srinivas R Valluri, Luis Jodar, John M McLaughlin
Lancet Respiratory Medicine, 23.04.2022
Tilføjet 29.06.2022
Three doses of BNT162b2 conferred high protection against hospital and emergency department admission due to both the delta and omicron variants in the first 3 months after vaccination. However, 3 months after receipt of a third dose, waning was apparent against SARS-CoV-2 outcomes due to the omicron variant, including hospital admission. Additional doses of current, adapted, or novel COVD-19 vaccines might be needed to maintain high levels of protection against subsequent waves of SARS-CoV-2 caused by the omicron variant or future variants with similar escape potential.
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedJonathan D Casey, Laura M Beskow, Jeremy Brown, Samuel M Brown, Étienne Gayat, Michelle Ng Gong, Michael O Harhay, Samir Jaber, Jacob C Jentzer, Pierre-François Laterre, John C Marshall, Michael A Matthay, Todd W Rice, Yves Rosenberg, Alison E Turnbull, Lorraine B Ware, Wesley H Self, Alexandre Mebazaa, Sean P Collins
Lancet Respiratory Medicine, 14.06.2022
Tilføjet 29.06.2022
Unique challenges arise when conducting trials to evaluate therapies already in common clinical use, including difficulty enrolling patients owing to widespread open-label use of trial therapies and the need for large sample sizes to detect small but clinically meaningful treatment effects. Despite numerous successes in trials evaluating novel interventions such as vaccines, traditional explanatory trials have struggled to provide definitive answers to time-sensitive questions for acutely ill patients with COVID-19.
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedDaniel Munblit, Timothy Nicholson, Athena Akrami, Christian Apfelbacher, Jessica Chen, Wouter De Groote, Janet V Diaz, Sarah L Gorst, Nicola Harman, Alisa Kokorina, Piero Olliaro, Callum Parr, Jacobus Preller, Nicoline Schiess, Jochen Schmitt, Nina Seylanova, Frances Simpson, Allison Tong, Dale M Needham, Paula R Williamson, PC-COS project steering committee
Lancet Respiratory Medicine, 15.06.2022
Tilføjet 29.06.2022
Health consequences that persist beyond the acute infection phase of COVID-19, termed post-COVID-19 condition (also commonly known as long COVID), vary widely and represent a growing global health challenge. Research on post-COVID-19 condition is expanding but, at present, no agreement exists on the health outcomes that should be measured in people living with the condition. To address this gap, we conducted an international consensus study, which included a comprehensive literature review and classification of outcomes for post-COVID-19 condition that informed a two-round online modified Delphi process followed by an online consensus meeting to finalise the core outcome set (COS).
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