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1
Cross-kingdom vitamin B5 biosynthesis and cyst nematode susceptibility
Trends in Parasitology, 25.11.2022
Tilføjet 26.11.2022
Vitamin deficiencies are known to cause disorders in human beings. Siddique et al. discovered that vitamin B5 biosynthesis in cyst nematodes requires steps in their host plants. Disruption of an Arabidopsis thaliana ‘susceptibility gene’, which is involved in the production of vitamin B5 precursors, results in reduced parasitism.
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2
Quantifying and predicting ongoing Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 (HIV-1) transmission dynamics in Switzerland using a distance-based clustering approach
Journal of Infectious Diseases, 26.11.2022
Tilføjet 26.11.2022
AbstractBackgroundDespite effective prevention approaches, ongoing HIV-1 transmission remains a public health concern indicating a need for identifying its drivers.MethodsWe combine a network-based clustering method using evolutionary distances between viral sequences with statistical learning approaches to investigate the dynamics of HIV-1 transmission in the Swiss HIV Cohort Study and to predict the drivers of ongoing transmission.ResultsWe find that only a minority of clusters and patients acquire links to new infections between 2007 and 2020. While the growth of clusters and the probability of individual patients acquiring new links in the transmission network was associated with epidemiological, behavioral and virological predictors, the strength of these associations decreased substantially when adjusting for network characteristics. Thus, these network characteristics can capture major heterogeneities beyond classical epidemiological parameters. When modeling the probability of a newly diagnosed patient being linked with future infections, we found that the best predictive performance (median AUCROC = 0.77) was achieved by models including characteristics of the network as predictors and that models excluding them performed substantially worse (median AUCROC = 0.54).ConclusionsThese results highlight the utility of molecular epidemiology-based network approaches for analysing and predicting ongoing HIV-1-transmission dynamics. This approach may serve for real-time prospective assessment of HIV-1-transmission.
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3
Production of a versatile SARS‐CoV‐2 main protease biosensor based on a dimerization‐dependent red fluorescent protein
Journal of Medical Virology, 24.11.2022
Tilføjet 26.11.2022
4
2022 Uganda Ebola outbreak: early descriptions and open data
Journal of Medical Virology, 24.11.2022
Tilføjet 26.11.2022
5
Molecular characterization of circulating DENV‐2 during outbreak in Northern Senegal's Saint‐Louis region in 2018
Journal of Medical Virology, 24.11.2022
Tilføjet 26.11.2022
6
Dengue surge in Pakistan amidst the torrential rains: the threat of a potential outbreak
Journal of Medical Virology, 24.11.2022
Tilføjet 26.11.2022
7
Development of an HiBiT‐tagged reporter H3N2 influenza A virus and its utility as an antiviral screening platform
Journal of Medical Virology, 24.11.2022
Tilføjet 26.11.2022
8
Early warning signals for Omicron outbreaks in China: a retrospective study
Journal of Medical Virology, 24.11.2022
Tilføjet 26.11.2022
9
The role of PRDM1 gene polymorphism in progression of Hepatocellular carcinoma in Egyptians patients
Journal of Medical Virology, 24.11.2022
Tilføjet 26.11.2022
10
Immune Repertoire Sequencing Reveals an Abnormal Adaptive Immune System in COVID‐19 Survivors
Journal of Medical Virology, 24.11.2022
Tilføjet 26.11.2022
11
Social network correlates of free and purchased insecticide-treated bed nets in rural Uganda
Malaria Journal, 26.11.2022
Tilføjet 26.11.2022
Abstract Background Malaria is a major cause of mortality and morbidity in Uganda. Despite Uganda’s efforts to distribute bed nets, only half of households have achieved the World Health Organization (WHO) Universal Coverage Criteria (one bed net for every two household members). The role of peer influence on bed net ownership remains underexplored. Data on the complete social network of households were collected in a rural parish in southwestern Uganda to estimate the association between household bed net ownership and peer household bed net ownership. Methods Data on household sociodemographics, bed net ownership, and social networks were collected from all households across one parish in southwestern Uganda. Bed nets were categorized as either purchased or free. Purchased and free bed net ownership ratios were calculated based on the WHO Universal Coverage Criteria. Using network name generators and complete census of parish residents, the complete social network of households in the parish was generated. Linear regression models that account for network autocorrelation were fitted to estimate the association between households’ bed net ownership ratios and bed net ownership ratios of network peer households, adjusting for sociodemographics and network centrality. Results One thousand seven hundred forty-seven respondents were interviewed, accounting for 716 households. The median number of peer households to which a household was directly connected was 7. Eighty-six percent of households owned at least one bed net, and 41% of households met the WHO Universal Coverage Criterion. The median bed net ownership ratios were 0.67 for all bed nets, 0.33 for free bed nets, and 0.20 for purchased bed nets. In adjusted multivariable models, purchased bed net ownership ratio was associated with average household wealth among peer households (b = 0.06, 95% CI 0.03, 0.10), but not associated with average purchased bed net ownership ratio of peer households. Free bed net ownership ratio was associated with the number of children under 5 (b = 0.08, 95% CI 0.05, 0.10) and average free bed net ownership ratios of peer households (b = 0.66, 95% CI 0.46, 0.85). Conclusions Household bed net ownership was associated with bed net ownership of peer households for free bed nets, but not for purchased bed nets. The findings suggest that public health interventions may consider leveraging social networks as tools for dissemination, particularly for bed nets that are provided free of charge.
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12
Direct evidence gap on fixed versus adjusted‐dose benznidazole for adults with chronic Chagas disease without cardiomyopathy: Systematic review and individual patient data meta‐analysis
Tropical Medicine & International Health, 24.11.2022
Tilføjet 26.11.2022
13
Prevention of long-term catheter-related bloodstream infection with prophylactic antimicrobial lock solutions: why so little use?
Clinical Microbiology and Infection, 25.11.2022
Tilføjet 26.11.2022
For many years, I have been contacted by clinicians for advice managing adult and pediatric patients who have repeated catheter-related bloodstream infections (CRBSIs) and whose lives depend on long-term central venous access for chemotherapy, hemodialysis, or parenteral nutrition. Despite these repeated infections, these patients did not have the benefit of prophylactic antimicrobial lock therapy. This may be a missed opportunity as there is an abundance of data in the literature to support this preventative measure for such patients, many of whom have limited alternative access sites.
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14
A man with a prepared mind1 – In commemoration of the bicentenary of the birth of louis pasteur
Clinical Microbiology and Infection, 25.11.2022
Tilføjet 26.11.2022
This year marks the 200th anniversary of birth of Louis Pasteur, the scientist whose name has been immortalized by a series of ground-breaking discoveries that have revolutionized our understanding of life and have brought a tremendous insight into the field of life sciences, including microbiology, chemistry, medicine, agriculture, and many others (Fig. 1).
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15
The heavy burden of covid-19-related mortality among the elderly in Corsica, 2020-2021
Clinical Microbiology and Infection, 25.11.2022
Tilføjet 26.11.2022
First cases of the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic were identified in France in January 2020 and on February 28, 2020, in Corsica, an island situated in the Mediterranean Sea. A major outbreak hit early the ultra-peripheral region in the following of three imported cases returning from religious gathering in mainland France. Corsica has one of the oldest population in the world and a limited beds capacity in its 2 hospitals. Therefore, the healthcare systems were rapidly overwhelmed by influx of difficult-to-transfer patients in particular elderly cases.
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16
Omicron variant: assessing the duration of viral shedding and its implications
Clinical Microbiology and Infection, 24.11.2022
Tilføjet 26.11.2022
The Omicron variant was first reported in South Africa on November 24, 2021 and has now spread to many countries [1]. Early evidence suggested reduced neutralisation antibody response of vaccines against infection with Omicron [2], raising a critical question about the infectiousness period following vaccination.
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17
Host nucleases generate prespacers for primed adaptation in the E. coli type I-E CRISPR-Cas system
Science Advances, 25.11.2022
Tilføjet 26.11.2022
18
Gammaherpesvirus infection drives age-associated B cells toward pathogenicity in EAE and MS
Science Advances, 25.11.2022
Tilføjet 26.11.2022
19
Hydrogel-guided strategies to stimulate an effective immune response for vaccine-based cancer immunotherapy
Science Advances, 25.11.2022
Tilføjet 26.11.2022
20
SARS-CoV-2 Vaccine Strain Selection: Guidance from Influenza
Journal of Infectious Diseases, 26.11.2022
Tilføjet 26.11.2022
AbstractWhen first approved, many hoped that the SARS-CoV-2 vaccine would provide long-term protection after a primary series. Waning of immunity and continued appearance of new variants has made booster inoculations necessary. The process is becoming increasingly similar to that used for annual updating of the influenza vaccine. The similarity has become even more apparent with selection of BA.4/BA.5 as the Omicron strain of the updated bivalent (Original + Omicron) Covid-19 vaccines. It is hoped that, if Covid-19 develops winter seasonality, SARS-CoV-2 vaccines will require only annual review to determine if updates are necessary. Recommendations on whom should receive the booster would be based on conditions at that time.
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21
The EPCR rs867186 gene polymorphism is associated with increased level of soluble EPCR and high risk of severe malaria and fatality in Beninese children
Journal of Infectious Diseases, 26.11.2022
Tilføjet 26.11.2022
AbstractThe EPCR-rs867186-G allele has been linked to high plasma level of soluble-EPCR and controversially associated with either susceptibility or resistance to severe and cerebral malaria. In this study, quantitative-ELISA and sequencing were used to assess sEPCR levels and EPCR-rs867186 polymorphism in blood samples from Beninese children with different clinical presentations of malaria. Our findings show that sEPCR levels were higher at admission to hospital than during convalescence and that EPCR-rs867186-G-allele was associated with increased sEPCR plasma levels, severe malaria and mortality (p-values < .0001, = .03 and = .04, respectively), suggesting a role of sEPCR in the pathogenesis of severe malaria.
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22
Deployment of a reservoir-targeted vaccine against Borreliella burgdorferi reduces the prevalence of Babesia microti coinfection in Ixodes scapularis ticks
Journal of Infectious Diseases, 26.11.2022
Tilføjet 26.11.2022
AbstractIn the northeastern and upper Midwestern United States, Babesia microti and Borreliella burgdorferi use Ixodes scapularis ticks as vector and Peromyscus leucopus mice as major reservoir host. We previously established, in a 5-year field trial, that a reservoir-targeted OspA vaccine reduces the prevalence of B. burgdorferi-infected ticks. We accessed ticks and mouse blood samples collected during the trial, extracted DNA and amplified the B. microti 18S rRNA gene. Vaccine deployment reduced the prevalence of ticks coinfected with B. microti and that of mice infected with B. microti. Breaking the enzootic cycle of B. burgdorferi may reduce the incidence of babesiosis.
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23
Impact of Undernutrition on Tuberculosis Treatment Outcomes in India: A Multicenter Prospective Cohort Analysis
Clinical Infectious Diseases, 26.11.2022
Tilføjet 26.11.2022
ABSTRACTBackgroundUndernutrition is the leading risk factor for tuberculosis (TB) globally. Its impact on treatment outcomes is poorly defined.MethodsWe conducted a prospective cohort analysis of adults with drug-sensitive pulmonary TB at five sites in the Regional Prospective Observational Research on Tuberculosis (RePORT) India consortium (2015-2019). Using multivariable Poisson regression, we assessed independent associations between unfavorable outcomes and nutritional status based on body mass index (BMI) nutritional status at treatment initiation, BMI prior to TB disease, stunting, and stagnant or declining BMI after two months of TB treatment. Unfavorable outcome was defined as a composite of treatment failure, death, or relapse within 6 months of treatment completion.FindingsSevere undernutrition (BMI < 16 kg/m2) at treatment initiation and severe undernutrition before the onset of TB disease were both associated with unfavorable outcomes (adjusted incidence rate ratio [aIRR]: 2.05; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.42-2.91 and 2.20; 95% CI: 1.16-3.94, respectively). Additionally, lack of BMI increase after treatment initiation was associated with increased unfavorable outcomes (aIRR: 1.81; 95% CI: 1.27-2.61). Severe stunting (height-for-age z-score < -3) was associated with unfavorable outcomes (aIRR: 1.52; 95% CI: 1.00-2.24). Severe undernutrition at treatment initiation and lack of BMI increase during treatment were associated with a four and five-fold higher rate of death, respectively.InterpretationsPremorbid undernutrition, undernutrition at treatment initiation, lack of BMI increase after intensive therapy, and severe stunting are associated with unfavorable TB treatment outcomes. These data highlight the need for addressing this widely prevalent TB comorbidity. Nutritional assessment should be integrated into standard TB care.
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24
Linezolid Population Pharmacokinetics to Improve Dosing in Cardiosurgical Patients: Factoring a New Drug-Drug Interaction Pathway
Clinical Infectious Diseases, 26.11.2022
Tilføjet 26.11.2022
AbstractBackgroundLinezolid-induced myelosuppression limits optimal therapy in cardiosurgical patients with deep-seated infections at current doses.MethodsAdult patients who received a cardiac surgery intervention and linezolid for a documented or presumed serious Gram-positive infection were evaluated. Therapeutic monitoring data, dosing, concomitant medications, and other pertinent laboratory data were collected retrospectively. A population pharmacokinetic model was constructed to identify covariates and test potential drug-drug interactions that may account for interpatient variability. Simulations from the final model identified doses that achieve a target therapeutic trough concentration of 2-8 mg/L.ResultsThis study included 150 patients (79.3% male) with sepsis and hospital acquired pneumonia in 71.7% as the primary indication. The population had a median (min-max) age, body weight and estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) of 66 (30–85) years, 76 (45–130) kg and 46.8 (4.9–153.7) mL/min, respectively. The standard linezolid dosage regimen achieved the therapeutic range in only 54.7% of patients. Lower than standard doses were necessary in the majority of patients (77%). A two-compartment Michaellis-Menten clearance model with weight, kidney function, and the number of interacting drugs were identified as covariates that best fit the concentration-time data. Cyclosporine had the greatest effect on lowering the maximum elimination rate (Vmax) of linezolid. Empiric linezolid doses of 300 to 450 mg every 12 hours based on eGFR and the number of interacting medications is suggested by this analysis.ConclusionsLower empiric linezolid doses in cardiosurgical patients may avoid toxicities. Confirmatory studies are necessary to verify these potential drug interactions.
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25
Rectal culture-based versus empirical antibiotic prophylaxis to prevent infectious complications in men undergoing transrectal prostate biopsy: a randomized, non-blinded multicenter trial
Clinical Infectious Diseases, 26.11.2022
Tilføjet 26.11.2022
AbstractBackgroundAn increase of infections after transrectal prostate biopsy (PB), related to an increasing number of patients with ciprofloxacin-resistant rectal flora, necessitates the exploration of alternatives for the traditionally standard used empirical prophylaxis with ciprofloxacin. We compared infectious complication rates after transrectal PB using empirical ciprofloxacin prophylaxis versus culture-based prophylaxis.MethodsIn this non-blinded, randomized trial, between April 4, 2018 to July 30, 2021, we enrolled 1538 patients from 11 Dutch hospitals undergoing transrectal PB. After rectal swab collection, patients were 1:1 randomized to receive empirical prophylaxis with oral ciprofloxacin (control group; CG), or culture-based prophylaxis (intervention group; IG). Primary outcome was any infectious complication within seven days post-biopsy. Secondary outcomes were infectious complications within 30 days, and bacteremia and bacteriuria within seven and 30 days post-biopsy. For primary outcome analysis, the Chi-square test stratified for hospital was used. Trial registration number: NCT03228108.ResultsData from 1288 patients (83.7%) were available for analysis (CG: 652 and IG: 636). Infection rates within seven days post-biopsy were 4.3% (n = 28) (CG) and 2.5% (n = 16) (IG) (p-value: 0.08; reduction: -1.8%; 95% CI -0.004 to 0.040). Ciprofloxacin-resistant bacteria were detected in 15.2% (n = 1288). In the CG, the presence of ciprofloxacin-resistant rectal flora resulted in a 6.2 fold higher risk of early post-biopsy infection.ConclusionsOur study supports the use of culture-based prophylaxis to reduce infectious complications after transrectal PB. Despite adequate prophylaxis, post-biopsy infections can still occur. Therefore, culture-based prophylaxis must be weighed against other strategies that could reduce post-biopsy infections.
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26
Pandemic fatigue impedes mitigation of COVID-19 in Hong Kong
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 23.11.2022
Tilføjet 25.11.2022
27
Monkeypox virus: A sexual transmission and beyond
Journal of Medical Virology, 23.11.2022
Tilføjet 25.11.2022
28
What is the role of aerosol transmission in SARS-Cov-2 Omicron spread in Shanghai?
BMC Infectious Diseases, 25.11.2022
Tilføjet 25.11.2022
Abstract The Omicron transmission has infected nearly 600,000 people in Shanghai from March 26 to May 31, 2022. Combined with different control measures taken by the government in different periods, a dynamic model was constructed to investigate the impact of medical resources, shelter hospitals and aerosol transmission generated by clustered nucleic acid testing on the spread of Omicron. The parameters of the model were estimated by least square method and MCMC method, and the accuracy of the model was verified by the cumulative number of asymptomatic infected persons and confirmed cases in Shanghai from March 26 to May 31, 2022. The result of numerical simulation demonstrated that the aerosol transmission figured prominently in the transmission of Omicron in Shanghai from March 28 to April 30. Without aerosol transmission, the number of asymptomatic subjects and symptomatic cases would be reduced to 130,000 and 11,730 by May 31, respectively. Without the expansion of shelter hospitals in the second phase, the final size of asymptomatic subjects and symptomatic cases might reach 23.2 million and 4.88 million by May 31, respectively. Our results also revealed that expanded vaccination played a vital role in controlling the spread of Omicron. However, even if the vaccination rate were 100%, the transmission of Omicron should not be completely blocked. Therefore, other control measures should be taken to curb the spread of Omicron, such as widespread antiviral therapies, enhanced testing and strict tracking quarantine measures. This perspective could be utilized as a reference for the transmission and prevention of Omicron in other large cities with a population of 10 million like Shanghai.
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29
Investigation on an outbreak of cutaneous anthrax in a county of Shandong Province, China, 2021
BMC Infectious Diseases, 25.11.2022
Tilføjet 25.11.2022
Abstract Background In order to verify the existence of an anthrax outbreak, determine its scope, grasp the epidemiological characteristics and find out the cause of the outbreak and recommend preventive and control measures. Methods Etiological hypothesis was developed through descriptive epidemiological methods. Hypotheses were tested by analyzing epidemiological methods by comparing the differences in the incidence of different exposure types. Nucleic acid detection and bacterial isolation and culture in the BSL-2 laboratories. SPSS 21 was used to conduct statistical analysis. Results A total of 126 family, workshop, shop environment samples and meat samples were collected, and 6 samples were collected from skin lesions of suspected cutaneous anthrax cases. 41 samples were positive by rPCR and 8 strains of Bacillus anthracis were cultivated. Participated in slaughtering, cutting beef of sick cattles was significantly associated with cutaneous anthrax (RR 3.75, 95% CI 1.08–13.07), this behavior is extremely dangerous. Conclusions Comprehensive analysis of laboratory results and epidemiological survey results and environmental assessments, we judge this epidemic to be an outbreak of cutaneous anthrax, associated with slaughtering and other processes from infected cattle imported from other province.
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30
Coating formulation change leads to inferior performance of long-lasting insecticidal nets in Papua New Guinea
Malaria Journal, 25.11.2022
Tilføjet 25.11.2022
Abstract Background Long-lasting insecticidal nets (LLINs) play a key role in reducing malaria transmission in endemic countries. In a previous study, the authors demonstrated a substantial decrease in the bioefficacy of LLINs for malaria prevention delivered to Papua New Guinea (PNG) between 2013 and 2019. This coincided with a rise in malaria cases in the country. The present study was aimed at determining the underlying cause of the reduced bioefficacy observed in these LLINs. The main hypothesis was that a change in the coating formulation of the respective LLIN product was responsible, and had led to significantly altered product properties and performance. Methods A set of PermaNet® 2.0 LLIN samples (n = 12) manufactured between 2007 and 2019 was subjected to combustion ion chromatography in order to understand the chemistry of the LLIN polymer coating formulation. In addition, World Health Organization (WHO) LLIN standard wash tests and cone bioassays were conducted to further characterize the change in product performance that occurred between 2012 and 2013. Results High polymer fluorine content (average 3.2 g/kg) was measured in PermaNet® 2.0 manufactured up to 2012, whereas nets which were manufactured after 2012 contained very little polymer fluorine (average 0.04 g/kg) indicating a coating formulation change from a fluorocarbon (FC)-based to a non-FC-based formulation. The coating formulation change as part of the manufacturing process thus resulted in a significant reduction in bioefficacy. In addition, the manufacturing change affected wash resistance leading to a faster reduction in 24 h mosquito mortality in the non-FC-coated product with consecutive washes. Conclusion A change in coating formulation of PermaNet® 2.0 resulted in reduced product performance in PNG. Post-2012 PermaNet® 2.0 LLINs should not be considered to be the same product as PermaNet® 2.0 LLINs produced prior to and in 2012. Coating formulation changes should be validated to not impact LLIN product performance.
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31
Point‐of‐Care Ultrasound Needs Assessment in a Pediatric Acute Care Setting in Malawi
Tropical Medicine & International Health, 23.11.2022
Tilføjet 25.11.2022
32
Experience of using expired lyophilized snake antivenom during a medical emergency situation in Lao People's Democratic Republic – a possible untapped resource to tackle antivenom shortage in Southeast Asia
Tropical Medicine & International Health, 23.11.2022
Tilføjet 25.11.2022
33
Climate Change and Vectorborne Diseases
New England Journal of Medicine, 23.11.2022
Tilføjet 25.11.2022
34
Audio Interview: Making Choices about Covid-19
New England Journal of Medicine, 23.11.2022
Tilføjet 25.11.2022
35
Mucosal IgA against SARS-CoV-2 Omicron Infection
New England Journal of Medicine, 23.11.2022
Tilføjet 25.11.2022
36
Incidence of pulmonary tuberculosis in suburban Bissau, Guinea-Bissau between 2004 and 2020: a prospective cohort study
Infection, 25.11.2022
Tilføjet 25.11.2022
Abstract Objectives Previous studies have found declining incidence of tuberculosis (TB) in Bissau, Guinea-Bissau. This study aimed to report incidence rates of TB for the period 2004–2020, stratifying by sex, smear-status, and HIV-status, as well as describe developments in TB case fatality rate and diagnostic delay. Design and methods Data from the Bandim Health Project HDSS and the TB registry from Jan 1st, 2004 to Dec 31st, 2020 were used. Incidence rates were calculated for each year and for smear-positive, smear-negative, HIV-positive, HIV-negative, and unknown HIV-status. Incidence rate ratio and test for trend were done using a one-step Newton approximation to the log-linear Poisson regression coefficient. Results Overall TB incidence declined only slightly over the period from 294 per 100,000 in 2004 to 273 in 2020. TB/HIV coinfection declined from 108 in 2004 to 14 in 2020, as did incidence among females and smear-negative cases. Conclusions Incidence of PTB in Bissau, Guinea-Bissau is declining slowly, if at all. TB incidence among females, smear-negative TB, TB case fatality rate, and TB/HIV coinfection and diagnostic delay are declining.
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