47 ud af 47 tidsskrifter valgt, søgeord (encephalit) valgt, emner højest 180 dage gamle, sorteret efter nyeste først.
50 emner vises.
1
Phlebotomus perniciosus
Tarcísio de Freitas Milagres, Carla Maia
Trends in Parasitology, 4.05.2024
Tilføjet 4.05.2024
Phlebotomus perniciosus, recognized as the most important phlebotomine sand fly vector in countries of the Western Mediterranean region, is responsible for transmitting the protozoan Leishmania infantum, the causative agent of zoonotic leishmaniasis. This species also serves as a vector for various phleboviruses, with the Toscana virus being the most clinically relevant, associated as one of the main causes of meningitis and encephalitis in this region. Detected in 22 countries, P. perniciosus has a broad distribution in countries located in the Western part of the Mediterranean basin.
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2
Efficacy and Safety of a Tetravalent Dengue Vaccine (TAK-003) in Children With Prior Japanese Encephalitis or Yellow Fever Vaccination
Journal of Infectious Diseases, 2.05.2024
Tilføjet 2.05.2024
Abstract Background We explored the impact of prior Yellow fever (YF) or Japanese encephalitis (JE) vaccination on the efficacy of Takeda’s dengue vaccine candidate, TAK-003 (NCT02747927).Methods Children 4–16 years of age were randomized 2:1 to receive TAK-003 or placebo and were under active febrile surveillance. Symptomatic dengue was confirmed by serotype-specific RT-PCR. YF and JE vaccination history was recorded.Results Of the 20,071 children who received TAK-003 or placebo, 21.1% had a YF and 23.9% had a JE vaccination history at randomization. Fifty-seven months after vaccination, vaccine efficacy was 55.7% (95% CI, 39.7%-67.5%) in those with YF vaccination, 77.8% (70.8%-83.1%) for JE vaccination, and 53.5% (45.4%-60.4%) for no prior YF/JE vaccination. Regional differences in serotype distribution confound these results. The apparent higher vaccine efficacy in the JE vaccination subgroup could be largely explained by serotype-specific efficacy of TAK-003. Within 28 days of any vaccination, the proportions of participants with serious adverse events in the YF/JE prior vaccination population were comparable between the TAK-003 and placebo groups.Conclusions The available data do not suggest a clinically relevant impact of prior JE or YF vaccination on TAK-003 performance. Overall, TAK-003 was well-tolerated and efficacious in different epidemiological settings.
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3
Herpes simplex encephalitis in France: incidence, 6-month rehospitalizations and mortality
Infection, 1.05.2024
Tilføjet 1.05.2024
Abstract Background Herpes simplex encephalitis (HSE) is a disease with unfavorable vital and functional prognoses. There are no recent epidemiological data on HSE at a national level using real-life databases, especially in France. This study aimed to report the incidence, the clinical characteristics and outcomes of the patients with HSE. Methods We conducted a comprehensive retrospective cohort study on all patients hospitalized for HSE in France between 2015 and 2022 using national hospital discharge databases. Incidence, socio-demographic and clinical characteristics (including comorbidities, seizure, stays’ features, intensive care supports) were described. The short- (first stay) and long-term (6-month) outcomes were reported, in terms of mortality and rehospitalizations. Results 1425 HSE patients were included (median age 67 [54–77] years old, M/F sex ratio 1.07), giving a mean yearly hospital incidence of 2.3 [2.1–2.5] per 1,000,000 inhabitants. 51.2% of the patients were admitted in ICU (n = 730), of whom 59.0% were mechanically ventilated. The overall mortality during the first stay was 14.3% (n = 204), up to 17.9% for ICU patients. Within 6 months, among the survivors, 10.1% had at least one rehospitalization related to HSE. At 6 months, 16.5% of all patients had died (n = 235), 20.8% for ICU patients. Conclusion In France, the incidence of hospitalizations for HSE was 2.3 per 1,000,000 inhabitants with more than half of the patients admitted in ICU and a 6-month in-hospital mortality about 16.5%. This real-life update on the characteristics and severe outcomes of the disease raises awareness among care practitioners, of the serious nature of the disease, and thus can lead to higher vigilance.
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4
Efficacy of genotype-matched vaccine against re-emerging genotype V Japanese encephalitis virus
Jae-Deog KimAh-Ra LeeDah-Hyun MoonYoung-Uk ChungSu-Yeon HongHyo Je ChoTae Hyun KangYo Han JangMyung Hyun SohnBaik-Lin SeongSang-Uk Seoa Department of Biomedicine & Health Sciences, Graduate School, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Koreab Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Koreac The Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Integrative Biotechnology & Translational Medicine, Yonsei University, Incheon, Republic of Koread Department of Biochemistry, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Republic of Koreae Department of Biopharmaceutical Chemistry, Kookmin University, Seoul, Republic of Koreaf Department of Vaccine Biotechnology, Andong National University, Andong, Republic of Koreag Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, Yonsei University, Seoul, Republic of Koreah Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine, Yonsei University, Seoul, Republic of Koreai Vaccine Innovative Technology ALliance (VITAL)-Korea, Yonsei University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
Emerg Microbes Infect, 30.04.2024
Tilføjet 30.04.2024
5
Herpes simplex encephalitis in France: incidence, 6-month rehospitalizations and mortality
Infection, 28.04.2024
Tilføjet 28.04.2024
Abstract Background Herpes simplex encephalitis (HSE) is a disease with unfavorable vital and functional prognoses. There are no recent epidemiological data on HSE at a national level using real-life databases, especially in France. This study aimed to report the incidence, the clinical characteristics and outcomes of the patients with HSE. Methods We conducted a comprehensive retrospective cohort study on all patients hospitalized for HSE in France between 2015 and 2022 using national hospital discharge databases. Incidence, socio-demographic and clinical characteristics (including comorbidities, seizure, stays’ features, intensive care supports) were described. The short- (first stay) and long-term (6-month) outcomes were reported, in terms of mortality and rehospitalizations. Results 1425 HSE patients were included (median age 67 [54–77] years old, M/F sex ratio 1.07), giving a mean yearly hospital incidence of 2.3 [2.1–2.5] per 1,000,000 inhabitants. 51.2% of the patients were admitted in ICU (n = 730), of whom 59.0% were mechanically ventilated. The overall mortality during the first stay was 14.3% (n = 204), up to 17.9% for ICU patients. Within 6 months, among the survivors, 10.1% had at least one rehospitalization related to HSE. At 6 months, 16.5% of all patients had died (n = 235), 20.8% for ICU patients. Conclusion In France, the incidence of hospitalizations for HSE was 2.3 per 1,000,000 inhabitants with more than half of the patients admitted in ICU and a 6-month in-hospital mortality about 16.5%. This real-life update on the characteristics and severe outcomes of the disease raises awareness among care practitioners, of the serious nature of the disease, and thus can lead to higher vigilance.
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6
Central nervous system infections in the tropics
T, Angel Miraclin; Singh, Bhagteshwar; Rupali, Priscilla
Current Opinion in Infectious Diseases, 24.04.2024
Tilføjet 24.04.2024
Purpose of review Emerging and re-emerging central nervous system (CNS) infections are a major public health concern in the tropics. The reasons for this are myriad; climate change, rainfall, deforestation, increased vector density combined with poverty, poor sanitation and hygiene. This review focuses on pathogens, which have emerged and re-emerged, with the potential for significant morbidity and mortality. Recent findings In recent years, multiple acute encephalitis outbreaks have been caused by Nipah virus, which carries a high case fatality. Arboviral infections, predominantly dengue, chikungunya and Zika are re-emerging increasingly especially in urban areas due to changing human habitats, vector behaviour and viral evolution. Scrub typhus, another vector borne disease caused by the bacterium Orientia tsutsugamushi, is being established as a leading cause of CNS infections in the tropics. Summary A syndromic and epidemiological approach to CNS infections in the tropics is essential to plan appropriate diagnostic tests and management. Rapid diagnostic tests facilitate early diagnosis and thus help prompt initiation and focusing of therapy to prevent adverse outcomes. Vector control, cautious urbanization and deforestation, and reducing disturbance of ecosystems can help prevent spread of vector-borne diseases. Regional diagnostic and treatment approaches and specific vaccines are required to avert morbidity and mortality.
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7
Predictors of mortality and poor outcome for patients with severe infectious encephalitis in the intensive care unit: a cross-sectional study
BMC Infectious Diseases, 23.04.2024
Tilføjet 23.04.2024
Abstract Background There are few thorough studies assessing predictors of severe encephalitis, despite the poor prognosis and high mortality associated with severe encephalitis. The study aims to evaluate the clinical predictors of mortality and poor outcomes at hospital discharge in patients with severe infectious encephalitis in intensive care units. Method In two Chinese hospitals, a retrospective cohort study comprising 209 patients in intensive care units suffering from severe infectious encephalitis was carried out. Univariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses were used to identify the factors predicting mortality in all patients and poor outcomes in all survivors with severe infectious encephalitis. Results In our cohort of 209 patients with severe encephalitis, 22 patients died, yielding a mortality rate of 10.5%. Cerebrospinal fluid pressure ≥ 400mmH2O (OR = 7.43), abnormal imaging (OR = 3.51), abnormal electroencephalogram (OR = 7.14), and number of rescues (OR = 1.12) were significantly associated with an increased risk of mortality in severe infectious encephalitis patients. Among the 187 survivors, 122 (65.2%) had favorable outcomes, defined as the modified Rankine Scale (mRS) score (0 ~ 3), and 65(34.8%) had poor outcomes (mRS scores 4 ~ 5). Age (OR = 1.02), number of rescues (OR = 1.43), and tubercular infection (OR = 10.77) were independent factors associated with poor outcomes at discharge in all survivors with severe infectious encephalitis. Conclusions Multiple clinical, radiologic, and electrophysiological variables are independent predictive indicators for mortality and poor outcomes in patients with severe encephalitis in intensive care units. Identifying these outcome predictors early in patients with severe encephalitis may enable the implementation of appropriate medical treatment and help reduce mortality rates.
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8
Detection of virus-specific T cells via ELISpot corroborates early diagnosis in human Borna disease virus 1 (BoDV-1) encephalitis
Infection, 14.04.2024
Tilføjet 14.04.2024
Abstract Background Within endemic regions in southern and eastern Germany, Borna disease virus 1 (BoDV-1) causes rare zoonotic spill-over infections in humans, leading to encephalitis with a high case-fatality risk. So far, intra-vitam diagnosis has mainly been based on RT-qPCR from cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and serology, both being associated with diagnostic challenges. Whilst low RNA copy numbers in CSF limit the sensitivity of RT-qPCR from this material, seroconversion often occurs late during the course of the disease. Case presentation Here, we report the new case of a 40 − 50 year-old patient in whom the detection of virus-specific T cells via ELISpot corroborated the diagnosis of BoDV-1 infection. The patient showed a typical course of the disease with prodromal symptoms like fever and headaches 2.5 weeks prior to hospital admission, required mechanical ventilation from day three after hospitalisation and remained in deep coma until death ten days after admission. Results Infection was first detected by positive RT-qPCR from a CSF sample drawn four days after admission (viral load 890 copies/mL). A positive ELISpot result was obtained from peripheral blood collected on day seven, when virus-specific IgG antibodies were not detectable in serum, possibly due to previous immune adsorption for suspected autoimmune-mediated encephalitis. Conclusion This case demonstrates that BoDV-1 ELISpot serves as additional diagnostic tool even in the first week after hospitalisation of patients with BoDV-1 encephalitis.
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9
Detection of virus-specific T cells via ELISpot corroborates early diagnosis in human Borna disease virus 1 (BoDV-1) encephalitis
Infection, 13.04.2024
Tilføjet 13.04.2024
Abstract Background Within endemic regions in southern and eastern Germany, Borna disease virus 1 (BoDV-1) causes rare zoonotic spill-over infections in humans, leading to encephalitis with a high case-fatality risk. So far, intra-vitam diagnosis has mainly been based on RT-qPCR from cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and serology, both being associated with diagnostic challenges. Whilst low RNA copy numbers in CSF limit the sensitivity of RT-qPCR from this material, seroconversion often occurs late during the course of the disease. Case presentation Here, we report the new case of a 40 − 50 year-old patient in whom the detection of virus-specific T cells via ELISpot corroborated the diagnosis of BoDV-1 infection. The patient showed a typical course of the disease with prodromal symptoms like fever and headaches 2.5 weeks prior to hospital admission, required mechanical ventilation from day three after hospitalisation and remained in deep coma until death ten days after admission. Results Infection was first detected by positive RT-qPCR from a CSF sample drawn four days after admission (viral load 890 copies/mL). A positive ELISpot result was obtained from peripheral blood collected on day seven, when virus-specific IgG antibodies were not detectable in serum, possibly due to previous immune adsorption for suspected autoimmune-mediated encephalitis. Conclusion This case demonstrates that BoDV-1 ELISpot serves as additional diagnostic tool even in the first week after hospitalisation of patients with BoDV-1 encephalitis.
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10
Long-term elevation of complement factors in cerebrospinal fluid of patients with Borna disease virus 1 (BoDV-1) encephalitis
Journal of Infectious Diseases, 9.04.2024
Tilføjet 9.04.2024
Abstract Background Borna disease virus 1 (BoDV-1) causes rare but severe zoonotic infections in humans, presenting as severe encephalitis. The case-fatality risk is very high and no effective countermeasures have been established so far. An immunopathology is presumed, while data on immune responses in humans are limited. Evidence of a role of the complement system in various neurological disorders and central nervous viral infections is increasing and specific inhibitors are available as therapeutic options.Methods In this study, we investigated factors of the complement system in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of patients with BoDV-1 infections (n = 17) in comparison to non-inflammatory control CSF samples (n = 11), using a bead-based multiplex assay. In addition, immunohistochemistry was performed using post-mortem brain tissue samples.Results We found an intrathecal elevation of complement factors of all complement pathways and an active cascade during human BoDV-1 infections. The increase of certain complement factors such as C1q was persistent and C3 complement deposits were detected in post-mortem brain sections. Intrathecal complement levels were negatively correlated with survival.Conclusion Further investigations are warranted to clarify, whether targeting the complement cascade by specific inhibitors might be beneficial for patients suffering from severe BoDV-1 encephalitis.
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11
Langat virus, a prototypic tick‐borne encephalitis virus, impacts IL‐6 signaling by downregulating gp130 expression
Morgan Brisse, Hinh Ly
Journal of Medical Virology, 28.03.2024
Tilføjet 28.03.2024
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A systematic review: is Anopheles vagus a species complex?
Malaria Journal, 27.03.2024
Tilføjet 27.03.2024
Abstract Background Anopheles vagus (subgenus Cellia) has been identified as a vector for malaria, filariasis, and Japanese encephalitis in Asia. Sporozoites of Plasmodium falciparum and Plasmodium vivax have been found in this zoophilic mosquito in Asia and Indonesia. This study systematically reviews publications regarding An. vagus species, variation, bio-ecology, and malaria transmission in various localities in Asia, especially Indonesia, to determine whether the current data support An. vagus as a species complex. Methods The databases Pubmed, Scopus, Europe PMC, and Proquest were searched to identify information regarding the morphology, karyotypes, polytene chromosome, cross-mating, ecology, and molecular identification of An. vagus was then evaluated to determine whether there were possible species complexes. Results Of the 1326 articles identified, 15 studies were considered for synthesis. The Anopheles spp. samples for this study came from Asia. Eleven studies used morphology to identify An. vagus, with singular studies using each of karyotype identification, chromosomal polytene identification, and cross-breeding experiments. Ten studies used molecular techniques to identify Anopheles spp., including An. vagus. Most studies discovered morphological variations of An. vagus either in the same or different areas and ecological settings. In this review, the members of An. vagus sensu lato grouped based on morphology (An. vagus, An. vagus vagus, An. vagus limosus, and An. limosus), karyotyping (form A and B), and molecular (An. vagus genotype A and B, An. vagus AN4 and AN5). Genetic analysis revealed a high conservation of the ITS2 fragment among members except for the An. vagus genotype B, which was, in fact, Anopheles sundaicus. This review also identified that An. vagus limosus and An. vagus vagus were nearly identical to the ITS2 sequence. Conclusion Literature review studies revealed that An. vagus is conspecific despite the distinct morphological characteristic of An. vagus and An. limosus. Further information using another barcoding tool, such as mitochondrial COI and ND6 and experimental cross-mating between the An. vagus and An. limosus may provide additional evidence for the status of An. vagus as a species complex.
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13
Characteristics, management and outcome of Herpes Simplex and Varicella-Zoster virus encephalitis: a multicenter prospective cohort study
Léa Poussier, Alexandra Mailles, Pierre Tattevin, Jean Paul Stahl, Pierre Fillatre, the scientific committee and investigators group, The investigators’ group are, The scientific committee are
Clinical Microbiology and Infection, 23.03.2024
Tilføjet 23.03.2024
To characterize differences between Herpes Simplex Virus and Varicella-Zoster Virus encephalitis (HSVE and VZVE) and other aetiologies of infectious encephalitis (IE), and to investigate the impact of time-to-aciclovir (ACV) start, ACV dose and duration on outcome.
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14
Research Letter - Successful Treatment of Confirmed Naegleria fowleri Primary Amebic Meningoencephalitis
Emerging Infectious Diseases, 21.03.2024
Tilføjet 21.03.2024
Research Letter - Successful Treatment of Confirmed Naegleria fowleri Primary Amebic Meningoencephalitis
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15
Differential susceptibility of geographically distinct Ixodes ricinus populations to tick-borne encephalitis virus and louping ill virus
Julian W. BakkerHelen J. EsserHein SprongGert-Jan GodekeTabitha E. HoornwegWillem F. de BoerGorben P. PijlmanConstantianus J. M. Koenraadta Laboratory of Entomology, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, Netherlandsb Wildlife Ecology and Conservation Group, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, Netherlandsc Centre for Infectious Disease Control, National Institute of Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, Netherlandsd Laboratory of Virology, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, Netherlands
Emerg Microbes Infect, 15.03.2024
Tilføjet 15.03.2024
16
The structure of inactivated mature tick-borne encephalitis virus at 3.0 Å resolution
Evgeny B. PichkurMikhail F. VorovitchAlla L. IvanovaElena V. ProtopopovaValery B. LoktevDmitry I. OsolodkinAydar A. IshmukhametovValeriya R. Samyginaa NRC «Kurchatov Institute», Moscow, Russian Federationb FSASI “Chumakov FSC R&D IBP RAS” (Institute of Poliomyelitis), Moscow, Russian Federationc Institute of Translational Medicine and Biotechnology, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russian Federationd State Research Center of Virology and Biotechnology “Vector”, Novosibirsk, Russian Federation
Emerg Microbes Infect, 12.03.2024
Tilføjet 12.03.2024
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Structural diversity of tick-borne encephalitis virus particles in the inactivated vaccine based on strain Sofjin
Andrey MoiseenkoYichen ZhangMikhail F. VorovitchAlla L. IvanovaZheng LiuDmitry I. OsolodkinAlexey M. EgorovAydar A. IshmukhametovOlga S. Sokolovaa Faculty of Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russiab Faculty of Biology, Shenzhen MSU-BIT University, Shenzhen, People’s Republic of Chinac FSASI “Chumakov FSC R&D IBP RAS” (Institute of Poliomyelitis), Moscow, Russiad Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russiae Kobilka Institute of Innovative Drug Discovery, School of Medicine, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, People’s Republic of Chinaf Department of Chemistry, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
Emerg Microbes Infect, 12.03.2024
Tilføjet 12.03.2024
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Mosquitoes (Culicidae) as a vector of Encephalitozoon hellem (Microsporidia)
Artur TrzebnyOlena NahimovaNatalia VolkovaDenys HryhorievAnna Slodkowicz-KowalskaMiroslawa Daberta Molecular Biology Techniques Laboratory, Faculty of Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University, Poznan, Polandb Genetics and Cytology Department, School of Biology, V.N. Karazin Kharkiv National University, Kharkiv, Ukrainec Department of Biology and Medical Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine I, University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland
Emerg Microbes Infect, 6.03.2024
Tilføjet 6.03.2024
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Dissecting autoimmune encephalitis through the lens of intrathecal B cells
Rasmus IversenLudvig M. SollidaNorwegian Centre for Coeliac Disease Research, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo 0372, NorwaybDepartment of Immunology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo 0372, Norway
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 28.02.2024
Tilføjet 28.02.2024
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Poor virus-specific T-cell responses early after tick-borne encephalitis virus infection correlate with disease severity
Amare AregayJan SlunečkoPetra BogovicMiša KorvaKatarina Resman RusNataša KnapJana BeichtMareike KubinskiGiulietta SalettiImke SteffenFranc StrleTatjana Avšič-ŽupancAlbert D.M.E. OsterhausGuus F. Rimmelzwaana Research Center for Emerging Infections and Zoonoses (RIZ), University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Hannover, Germanyb Faculty of Medicine, Institute for Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Sloveniac Department of Infectious Diseases, University Medical Centre Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Sloveniad Institute of Biochemistry, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Hannover, Germany
Emerg Microbes Infect, 22.02.2024
Tilføjet 22.02.2024
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[Clinical Picture] 18fluorodeoxyglucose PET/CT as possible early diagnostic tool preceding MRI changes in Borna disease virus 1 encephalitis
Antonios Bayas, Martina Menacher, Constantin Lapa, Dennis Tappe, Christoph Maurer, Friederike Liesche-Starnecker, Hauke Schneider, Markus Naumann
Lancet, 16.02.2024
Tilføjet 16.02.2024
A 71-year-old woman attended our hospital with a 2-week history of fluctuating confusion.
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22
Dissecting autoimmune encephalitis through the lens of intrathecal B cells
Rasmus IversenLudvig M. SollidaNorwegian Centre for Coeliac Disease Research, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo 0372, NorwaybDepartment of Immunology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo 0372, Norway
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences: Immunology and Inflammation, 15.02.2024
Tilføjet 15.02.2024
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Ultrahigh frequencies of peripherally matured LGI1- and CASPR2-reactive B cells characterize the cerebrospinal fluid in autoimmune encephalitis
Jakob TheorellRuby HarrisonRobyn WilliamsMatthew I. J. RaybouldMeng ZhaoHannah FoxAndrew FowerGeorgina MillerZoe WuEleanor BrowneVictor MgbachiBo SunRohini MopuriYing LiPatrick WatersCharlotte M. DeaneAdam HandelMateusz MakuchSarosh R. IraniaOxford Autoimmune Neurology Group, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DU, United KingdombDepartment of Medicine Huddinge, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm 17177, SwedencDepartment of Neurology, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm 17176, SwedendDepartment of Neurology, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford University Hospitals, Oxford OX3 9DU, United KingdomeDepartment of Statistics, Oxford Protein Informatics Group, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3LB, United KingdomfDepartment of Quantitative Health Sciences, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL 32224gDepartments of Neurology and Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL 32224
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 14.02.2024
Tilføjet 14.02.2024
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Pediatric anti-N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor (NMDAR) encephalitis: Exploring psychosis, related risk factors, and hospital outcomes in a nationwide inpatient sample: A cross-sectional study
Sanobar Jaka, Sukhnoor Singh, Sreshatha Vashist, Sandesh Pokhrel, Ericka Saldana, Albulena Sejdiu, Sanjana Taneja, Abimbola Arisoyin, Raja Mogallapu, Sasidhar Gunturu, Anil Bachu, Rikinkumar S. Patel
PLoS One Infectious Diseases, 13.02.2024
Tilføjet 13.02.2024
by Sanobar Jaka, Sukhnoor Singh, Sreshatha Vashist, Sandesh Pokhrel, Ericka Saldana, Albulena Sejdiu, Sanjana Taneja, Abimbola Arisoyin, Raja Mogallapu, Sasidhar Gunturu, Anil Bachu, Rikinkumar S. Patel Objective Our study aims to examine the risk factors for comorbid psychosis in pediatric patients hospitalized for anti-N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor (NMDAR) encephalitis and its impact on hospital outcomes. Methods We conducted a cross-sectional study using the nationwide inpatient sample (NIS 2018–2019). We included 3,405 pediatric inpatients (age 6–17 years) with a primary discharge diagnosis of anti-NMDAR encephalitis. We used binomial logistic regression model to evaluate the odds ratio (OR) of variables (demographic and comorbidities) associated with comorbid psychosis. Results The prevalence of comorbid psychosis in anti-NMDAR encephalitis inpatients was 5.3%, and majorly constituted of adolescents (72.2%) and females (58.3%). In terms of race, Blacks (OR 2.41), and Hispanics (OR 1.80) had a higher risk of comorbid psychosis compared to Whites. Among comorbidities, encephalitis inpatients with depressive disorders (OR 4.60), sleep-wake disorders (OR 3.16), anxiety disorders (OR 2.11), neurodevelopmental disorders (OR 1.95), and disruptive behavior disorders (OR 2.15) had a higher risk of comorbid psychosis. Anti-NMDAR encephalitis inpatients with comorbid psychosis had a longer median length of stay at 24.6 days (vs. 9.8 days) and higher median charges at $262,796 (vs. $135,323) compared to those without psychotic presentation. Conclusion Adolescents, females, and Blacks with encephalitis have a higher risk of psychotic presentation leading to hospitalization for anti-NMDAR encephalitis. Identification of demographic predictors and comorbidities can aid in early recognition and intervention to optimize care and potentially reduce the healthcare burden.
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25
Seroprevalence of Japanese encephalitis virus-specific antibodies in Australia following novel epidemic spread: protocol for a national cross-sectional study
Winkler, N. E., Koirala, A., Kaur, G., Prasad, S., Hirani, R., Baker, J., Hoad, V., Gosbell, I. B., Irving, D. O., Hueston, L., O'Sullivan, M. V., Kok, J., Dwyer, D. E., Macartney, K., on behalf of the Australian Japanese Encephalitis Virus Serosurvey Group, on behalf of the Australian Japanese encephalitis virus serosurvey group, Lambert, Williamson, Baker, Snelling, Glasgow, Hope, Luscombe, Notaras, Baldwin, Case, Thomson, Marsland, OBrien, Deborah Friedman, Carroll, Holland, Kitchener, Ratsch, Chor, Sykes, Khandaker, Smoll, Walker, Flynn, Krause, Williams, Hinchcliff, Nelson, Currie, Flood, Beazley, Spurrier, Hayward, Worley
BMJ Open, 8.02.2024
Tilføjet 8.02.2024
IntroductionJapanese encephalitis virus (JEV) is a mosquito-borne flavivirus that causes encephalitis and other morbidity in Southeast Asia. Since February 2022, geographically dispersed JEV human, animal and vector detections occurred on the Australian mainland for the first time. This study will determine the prevalence of JEV-specific antibodies in human blood with a focus on populations at high risk of JEV exposure and determine risk factors associated with JEV seropositivity by location, age, occupation and other factors. MethodSamples are collected using two approaches: from routine blood donors (4153 samples), and active collections targeting high-risk populations (convenience sampling). Consent-based sampling for the latter includes a participant questionnaire on demographic, vaccination and exposure data. Samples are tested for JEV-specific total antibody using a defined epitope-blocking ELISA, and total antibody to Australian endemic flaviviruses Murray Valley encephalitis and Kunjin viruses. AnalysisTwo analytic approaches will occur: descriptive estimates of seroprevalence and multivariable logistic regression using Bayesian hierarchical models. Descriptive analyses will include unadjusted analysis of raw data with exclusions for JEV-endemic country of birth, travel to JEV-endemic countries, prior JEV-vaccination, and sex-standardised and age-standardised analyses. Multivariable logistic regression will determine which risk factors are associated with JEV seropositivity likely due to recent transmission within Australia and the relative contribution of each factor when accounting for effects within the model. EthicsNational Mutual Acceptance ethical approval was obtained from the Sydney Children’s Hospitals Network Human Research Ethics Committee (HREC). Local approvals were sought in each jurisdiction. Ethical approval was also obtained from the Australian Red Cross Lifeblood HREC. DisseminationFindings will be communicated to participants and their communities, and human and animal health stakeholders and policy-makers iteratively and after final analyses. Understanding human infection rates will inform procurement and targeted allocation of limited JEV vaccine, and public health strategies and communication campaigns, to at-risk populations.
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26
Case Report: A Series of Three Meningoencephalitis Cases Caused by Acanthamoeba spp. from Eastern India
American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, 8.02.2024
Tilføjet 8.02.2024
Journal Name: The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene Volume: 110 Issue: 2 Pages: 246-249
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27
Ultrahigh frequencies of peripherally matured LGI1- and CASPR2-reactive B cells characterize the cerebrospinal fluid in autoimmune encephalitis
Jakob TheorellRuby HarrisonRobyn WilliamsMatthew I. J. RaybouldMeng ZhaoHannah FoxAndrew FowerGeorgina MillerZoe WuEleanor BrowneVictor MgbachiBo SunRohini MopuriYing LiPatrick WatersCharlotte M. DeaneAdam HandelMateusz MakuchSarosh R. IraniaOxford Autoimmune Neurology Group, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DU, United KingdombDepartment of Medicine Huddinge, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm 17177, SwedencDepartment of Neurology, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm 17176, SwedendDepartment of Neurology, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford University Hospitals, Oxford OX3 9DU, United KingdomeDepartment of Statistics, Oxford Protein Informatics Group, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3LB, United KingdomfDepartment of Quantitative Health Sciences, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL 32224gDepartments of Neurology and Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL 32224
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences: Immunology and Inflammation, 8.02.2024
Tilføjet 8.02.2024
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Chronic and neurotropic: A paradigm-challenging case of dengue virus encephalitis in patient with advanced human immunodeficiency virus infection
Clinical Infectious Diseases, 7.02.2024
Tilføjet 7.02.2024
Abstract A 32-year-old female with advanced HIV infection presented to an Australian hospital with subacute but worsening symptoms of encephalitis. Metagenomic sequencing and Dengue NS3 antigen staining of brain tissue confirmed active Dengue virus (DENV) encephalitis. The most recent possible DENV exposure was months prior in West Africa, indicating chronicity.
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29
[Clinical Picture] Anti-GABAA receptor encephalitis 14 months after allogeneic haematopoietic stem-cell transplant for acute myeloid leukaemia
Thilo Rusche, Özgür Yaldizli, Riccardo Galbusera, Matthias Mutke, Jörg P Halter, Johanna Lieb, Francesca Matteazzi, Anne Stelmes, Jan Bittner, Pascale Grzonka, Nicole Frank, Dominik Cordier, Jürgen Hench, Stephan Frank, Hans H Hirsch, Urs Fischer, Jens Kuhle, Raoul Sutter, Stephan Rüegg, Urs Fisch
Lancet, 2.02.2024
Tilføjet 2.02.2024
A 61-year-old man was admitted to our hospital with a 5-day history of sudden-onset, persistent myocloni in his left leg and the left side of his abdomen. Previously, the patient had been fit and well. He reported no recent fever, headache, or trauma.
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30
Detection of bornavirus-reactive antibodies and BoDV-1 RNA only in encephalitis patients from virus endemic areas: a comparative serological and molecular sensitivity, specificity, predictive value, and disease duration correlation study
Infection, 27.01.2024
Tilføjet 27.01.2024
Abstract Purpose Human Borna disease virus (BoDV-1) encephalitis is an emerging disease in Germany. This study investigates the spectrum of human BoDV-1 infection, characterizes anti-BoDV-1-antibodies and kinetics, and compares laboratory test performances. Methods Three hundred four encephalitis cases, 308 nation-wide neuropsychiatric conditions, 127 well-defined psychiatric cases from Borna disease-endemic areas, and 20 persons with contact to BoDV-1 encephalitis patients or animals were tested for BoDV-1 infections by serology and PCR. Results BoDV-1 infections were only found in encephalitis patients with residence in, or recent travel to, virus-endemic areas. Antibodies were detected as early as 12 days after symptom onset. Serum antibody levels correlated with disease duration. Serology was ordered after 50% of the disease duration had elapsed, reflecting low awareness. BoDV-1-antibodies were of IgG1 subclass, and the epitope on BoDV-1 antigens was determined. Specificity of the indirect immunofluorescence antibody test (IFAT) and lineblot (LB) from serum and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), as well as PCR testing from CSF, was 100%. Sensitivity, depending on first or all samples, reached 75–86% in serum and 92–94% in CSF for the IFAT, and 33–57% in serum and 18–24% in CSF for the LB. Sensitivity for PCR in CSF was 25–67%. Positive predictive values were 100% each, while negative predictive values were 99% (IFAT), 91–97% (LB), and 90% (PCR). Conclusions There is no hint that BoDV-1 causes other diseases than encephalitis in humans. Awareness has to be increased in virus-endemic areas. Tests are robust but lack sensitivity. Detection of IgG1 against specific peptides may facilitate diagnosis. Screening of healthy individuals is likely not beneficial.
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31
Multiplex real-time PCR FilmArray performance in the diagnosis of meningoencephalitis: lights and shadows
Infection, 27.01.2024
Tilføjet 27.01.2024
Abstract Purpose We aimed to evaluate the performance of the FilmArray (FA) meningitis/encephalitis (ME) panel. Secondarily, we analyzed the false positive (FP) and false negative (FN) results, as well as the predictive values of the technique, regarding the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) characteristics. Methods FA is a multiplex real-time PCR detecting 14 of the most common ME pathogens in CSF. All FA performed at our hospital (2018–2022) were retrospectively reviewed. FA was compared to conventional techniques and its performance was assessed based on the final diagnosis of the episode. Results FA was performed in 313 patients with suspicion of ME. Most patients had altered mental status (65.2%) and fever (61%). Regarding CSF characteristics, 49.8% and 53.7% presented high CSF proteins and pleocytosis, respectively. There were 84 (26.8%) positive FA results, mainly for HSV-1 (10.9%), VZV (5.1%), Enterovirus (2.6%), and S. pneumoniae (1.9%). In the 136 cases where both FA and routine methods were performed, there was a 25.7% lack of agreement. We identified 6.6% FN results, but 28.6% FP, mainly due to HSV-1. This resulted in a high negative predictive value (NPV) of 93.4%, but a positive predictive value (PPV) of 73%. Remarkably, PPV as low as 36.9%, and 70.2%, were found in cases without pleocytosis, or lack of high CSF protein levels, respectively. Conclusion FA was associated with high NPV, but frequent FP results and low PPV, particularly for HSV-1, and especially in patients without high CSF protein levels or pleocytosis.
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32
A retrospective analysis of 20,178 adult neurological infection admissions to United Kingdom critical care units from 2001 to 2020
BMC Infectious Diseases, 26.01.2024
Tilføjet 26.01.2024
Abstract Background Neurological infection is an important cause of critical illness, yet little is known on the epidemiology of neurological infections requiring critical care. Methods We analysed data on all adults with proven or probable neurological infection admitted to UK (NHS) critical care units between 2001 and 2020 reported to the Intensive Care National Audit and Research Centre. Diagnoses, physiological variables, organ support and clinical outcomes were analysed over the whole period, and for consecutive 5-year intervals within it. Predictors of in-hospital mortality were identified using a backward stepwise regression model. Results We identified 20,178 critical care admissions for neurological infection. Encephalitis was the most frequent presentation to critical care, comprising 6725 (33.3%) of 20,178 cases. Meningitis– bacterial, viral or unspecified cases - accounted for 10,056 (49.8%) of cases. In-hospital mortality was high, at 3945/19,765 (20.0%) overall. Over the four consecutive 5-year periods, there were trends towards higher Glasgow Coma Scale scores on admission, longer critical care admissions (from median 4 [IQR 2–8] to 5 days [IQR 2–10]), and reduced in-hospital mortality (from 24.9 to 18.1%). We identified 12 independent predictors of in-hospital death which when used together showed good discrimination between patients who die and those who survive (AUC = 0.79). Conclusions Admissions with neurological infection to UK critical care services are increasing and the mortality, although improving, remains high. To further improve outcomes from severe neurological infection, novel approaches to the evaluation of risk stratification, monitoring and management strategies are required.
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33
Detection of bornavirus-reactive antibodies and BoDV-1 RNA only in encephalitis patients from virus endemic areas: a comparative serological and molecular sensitivity, specificity, predictive value, and disease duration correlation study
Infection, 25.01.2024
Tilføjet 25.01.2024
Abstract Purpose Human Borna disease virus (BoDV-1) encephalitis is an emerging disease in Germany. This study investigates the spectrum of human BoDV-1 infection, characterizes anti-BoDV-1-antibodies and kinetics, and compares laboratory test performances. Methods Three hundred four encephalitis cases, 308 nation-wide neuropsychiatric conditions, 127 well-defined psychiatric cases from Borna disease-endemic areas, and 20 persons with contact to BoDV-1 encephalitis patients or animals were tested for BoDV-1 infections by serology and PCR. Results BoDV-1 infections were only found in encephalitis patients with residence in, or recent travel to, virus-endemic areas. Antibodies were detected as early as 12 days after symptom onset. Serum antibody levels correlated with disease duration. Serology was ordered after 50% of the disease duration had elapsed, reflecting low awareness. BoDV-1-antibodies were of IgG1 subclass, and the epitope on BoDV-1 antigens was determined. Specificity of the indirect immunofluorescence antibody test (IFAT) and lineblot (LB) from serum and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), as well as PCR testing from CSF, was 100%. Sensitivity, depending on first or all samples, reached 75–86% in serum and 92–94% in CSF for the IFAT, and 33–57% in serum and 18–24% in CSF for the LB. Sensitivity for PCR in CSF was 25–67%. Positive predictive values were 100% each, while negative predictive values were 99% (IFAT), 91–97% (LB), and 90% (PCR). Conclusions There is no hint that BoDV-1 causes other diseases than encephalitis in humans. Awareness has to be increased in virus-endemic areas. Tests are robust but lack sensitivity. Detection of IgG1 against specific peptides may facilitate diagnosis. Screening of healthy individuals is likely not beneficial.
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34
Multiplex real-time PCR FilmArray performance in the diagnosis of meningoencephalitis: lights and shadows
Infection, 25.01.2024
Tilføjet 25.01.2024
Abstract Purpose We aimed to evaluate the performance of the FilmArray (FA) meningitis/encephalitis (ME) panel. Secondarily, we analyzed the false positive (FP) and false negative (FN) results, as well as the predictive values of the technique, regarding the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) characteristics. Methods FA is a multiplex real-time PCR detecting 14 of the most common ME pathogens in CSF. All FA performed at our hospital (2018–2022) were retrospectively reviewed. FA was compared to conventional techniques and its performance was assessed based on the final diagnosis of the episode. Results FA was performed in 313 patients with suspicion of ME. Most patients had altered mental status (65.2%) and fever (61%). Regarding CSF characteristics, 49.8% and 53.7% presented high CSF proteins and pleocytosis, respectively. There were 84 (26.8%) positive FA results, mainly for HSV-1 (10.9%), VZV (5.1%), Enterovirus (2.6%), and S. pneumoniae (1.9%). In the 136 cases where both FA and routine methods were performed, there was a 25.7% lack of agreement. We identified 6.6% FN results, but 28.6% FP, mainly due to HSV-1. This resulted in a high negative predictive value (NPV) of 93.4%, but a positive predictive value (PPV) of 73%. Remarkably, PPV as low as 36.9%, and 70.2%, were found in cases without pleocytosis, or lack of high CSF protein levels, respectively. Conclusion FA was associated with high NPV, but frequent FP results and low PPV, particularly for HSV-1, and especially in patients without high CSF protein levels or pleocytosis.
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35
Dispatch - Tick-Borne Encephalitis, Lombardy, Italy
Emerging Infectious Diseases, 25.01.2024
Tilføjet 25.01.2024
36
Novel antiviral discoveries for Japanese encephalitis virus infections through reporter virus‐based high‐throughput screening
Chunhong Yin, Peipei Yang, Qingcui Xiao, Peng Sun, Xuekai Zhang, Jiaxuan Zhao, Xue Hu, Chao Shan
Journal of Medical Virology, 19.01.2024
Tilføjet 19.01.2024
37
Monkeypox virus-associated meningoencephalitis diagnosed by detection of intrathecal antibody production
BMC Infectious Diseases, 18.01.2024
Tilføjet 18.01.2024
Abstract Background In the 2022 mpox-outbreak most patients presented with mild symptoms. Central nervous system (CNS) involvement has previously been described as a rare and severe complication of mpox; however, diagnostic findings in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) analysis and neuroimaging studies have only been reported in one case previously. Case presentation We report a previously healthy 37-year-old man with mpox complicated by encephalitis. He first presented with painful skin lesions and genital ulcers; polymerase chain reaction (PCR) from the lesions was positive for mpox. Twelve days later he was admitted with fever and confusion. Neuroimaging and CSF analysis indicated encephalitis. The CSF was PCR-negative for monkeypox virus but intrathecal antibody production was detected. He spontaneously improved over a few days course and recovered fully. Conclusions This case of mpox-associated encephalitis shows that CNS involvement in mpox infection may have a relatively mild clinical course, and that detection of intrathecal antibody production can be used to establish the diagnosis if CSF monkeypox virus-PCR is negative.
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38
Modelling the risk of Japanese encephalitis virus in Victoria, Australia, using an expert-systems approach
BMC Infectious Diseases, 8.01.2024
Tilføjet 8.01.2024
Abstract Predictive models for vector-borne diseases (VBDs) are instrumental to understanding the potential geographic spread of VBDs and therefore serve as useful tools for public health decision-making. However, predicting the emergence of VBDs at the micro-, local, and regional levels presents challenges, as the importance of risk factors can vary spatially and temporally depending on climatic factors and vector and host abundance and preferences. We propose an expert-systems-based approach that uses an analytical hierarchy process (AHP) deployed within a geographic information system (GIS), to predict areas susceptible to the risk of Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) emergence. This modelling approach produces risk maps, identifying micro-level risk areas with the potential for disease emergence. The results revealed that climatic conditions, especially the minimum temperature and precipitation required for JEV transmission, contributed to high-risk conditions developed during January and March of 2022 in Victora. Compared to historical climate records, the risk of JEV emergence was increased in most parts of the state due to climate. Importantly, the model accurately predicted 7 out of the 8 local government areas that reported JEV-positive cases during the outbreak of 2022 in Victorian piggeries. This underscores the model’s potential as a reliable tool for supporting local risk assessments in the face of evolving climate change.
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39
Magnetic resonance imaging of human variegated squirrel bornavirus 1 (VSBV-1) encephalitis reveals diagnostic pattern indistinguishable from Borna disease virus 1 (BoDV-1) encephalitis but typical for bornaviruses
Monika HuhndorfJulia JuhaszMike P. WattjesAndreas SchillingStefan SchobIngmar KadenGünter KlaßDennis Tappea Clinic of Radiology and Neuroradiology, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel, Germanyb Department of Neuroradiology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germanyc Institut für diagnostische und interventionelle Neuroradiologie, Medizinische Hochschule Hannover, Hannover, Germanyd Klinikum Frankfurt/Oder, Frankfurt (Oder), Germanye Universitätsklinik und Poliklinik für Radiologie Halle, Halle (Saale), Germanyf BG Klinikum Bergmannstrost, Halle (Saale), Germanyg Mathias-Spital Rheine, Rheine, Germanyh Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, Hamburg, Germany
Emerg Microbes Infect, 30.12.2023
Tilføjet 30.12.2023
40
Risk factors for Borna disease virus 1 encephalitis in Germany – a case–control study
Kirsten PörtnerHendrik WilkingChristina FrankMerle M. BöhmerKlaus StarkDennis Tappea Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Robert Koch Institute, Berlin, Germanyb Postgraduate Training for Applied Epidemiology (PAE), Robert Koch Institute, Berlin, Germany affiliated with the ECDC Fellowship Programme, Field Epidemiology path (EPIET), European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (ECDC), Solna, Swedenc Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Bavarian Health and Food Safety Authority, Munich, Germanyd Institute of Social Medicine and Health Systems Research, Otto-von-Guericke-University, Magdeburg, Germanye Research Group Zoonoses, National Reference Centre for Tropical Pathogens, Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, Hamburg, Germany
Emerg Microbes Infect, 30.12.2023
Tilføjet 30.12.2023
41
Place of magistral preparations to continue the treatment if the drug is commercially stopped worldwide? A case report of a 10-year-old child with subacute sclerosing panencephalitis (SSPE) requiring inosiplex
Renan Le CrasRoseline MazetFanny Dubois-TeklaliCécile SabourdySébastien ChanoineAudrey LehmannAgathe MorinJulien LeenhardtMarjorie DurandMarie-Dominique DesruetPierrick Bedoucha Pharmacy Department, Grenoble University Hospital, Grenoble, Franceb Pediatric Neurology Unit, Grenoble University Hospital, Grenoble, Francec Neurology Unit, Grenoble University Hospital, Grenoble, Franced Université Grenoble Alpes TIMC, CNRS UMR 5525, Grenoble, Francee Université Grenoble Alpes, INSERM, LRB, Grenoble, France
Emerg Microbes Infect, 30.12.2023
Tilføjet 30.12.2023
42
Diagnosing arthropod-borne flaviviruses: non-structural protein 1 (NS1) as a biomarker
Martina Ceconi, Kevin K. Ariën, Peter Delputte
Trends in Microbiology, 22.12.2023
Tilføjet 22.12.2023
In recent decades, the presence of flaviviruses of concern for human health in Europe has drastically increased,exacerbated by the effects of climate change – which has allowed the vectors of these viruses to expand into new territories. Co-circulation of West Nile virus (WNV), Usutu virus (USUV), and tick-borne encephalitis virus (TBEV) represents a threat to the European continent, and this is further complicated by the difficulty of obtaining an early and discriminating diagnosis of infection. Moreover, the possibility of introducing non-endemic pathogens, such as Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV), further complicates accurate diagnosis. Current flavivirus diagnosis is based mainly on RT-PCR and detection of virus-specific antibodies. Yet, both techniques suffer from limitations, and the development of new assays that can provide an early, rapid, low-cost, and discriminating diagnosis of viral infection is warranted. In the pursuit of ideal diagnostic assays, flavivirus non-structural protein 1 (NS1) serves as an excellent target for developing diagnostic assays based on both the antigen itself and the antibodies produced against it. This review describes the potential of such NS1-based diagnostic methods, focusing on the application of flaviviruses that co-circulate in Europe.
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43
Measles Outbreaks Grow Amid Declining Vaccination Rates
Journal of the American Medical Association, 19.12.2023
Tilføjet 19.12.2023
Although the proportion of people vaccinated against measles grew to 86% worldwide between 2000 and 2019, that number fell to 81% during the COVID-19 pandemic and still has not returned to prepandemic levels. The decline has left millions vulnerable to the virus, which can cause complications including encephalitis and death, the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and World Health Organization wrote in a joint report.
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44
Climate change and the rising incidence of vector-borne diseases globally
Angella M. George, Rashid Ansumana, Dziedzom K. de Souza, Vettakkara Kandy Muhammed Niyas, Alimuddin Zumla, Moses J Bockarie
International Journal of Infectious Diseases, 13.12.2023
Tilføjet 13.12.2023
As the world experiences warmer weather, heat waves and flooding, the climate change is leading to the geographical expansion of mosquitos, which are known vectors of a range of infectious diseases like dengue, malaria, chikungunya, yellow fever, rift valley fever, West Nile fever, Japanese encephalitis and Zika which affect millions of people worldwide (1). Climate change now threatens the spread of vector-borne diseases to previously low-risk areas in Africa, Asia, Europe, and the Americas (2-7) According to the World Health Organization (WHO), an additional 250,000 deaths per year will occur in the next decades as a result of malnutrition, heat stress and vector-borne diseases (8).
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45
Case Report: Late Reactivation of Herpes B Virus After a Monkey Bite: A Case of Severe Meningoencephalitis
American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, 7.12.2023
Tilføjet 7.12.2023
Journal Name: The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene Volume: 109 Issue: 6 Pages: 1277-1281
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46
Effect of previous heterologous flavivirus vaccinations on human antibody responses in tick‐borne encephalitis and dengue virus infections
Lena Roßbacher, Stefan Malafa, Kristina Huber, Melissa Thaler, Stephan W. Aberle, Judith H. Aberle, Franz X. Heinz, Karin Stiasny
Journal of Medical Virology, 28.11.2023
Tilføjet 28.11.2023
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Electroencephalographic findings post‐COVID‐19 vaccination: A systematic review of case reports and case series
Asra Fazlollahi; Mahdi Zahmatyar; Ali Shamekh; Alireza Motamedi; Fatemeh Seyedi; Homa Seyedmirzaei; Seyed Ehsan Mousavi; Seyed Aria Nejadghaderi; Mark J. M. Sullman; Ali‐Asghar Kolahi; Shahnam Arshi; Saeid Safiri;
Reviews in Medical Virology, 11.11.2023
Tilføjet 11.11.2023
A number of different neurological complications have been reported following vaccination against the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19). Electroencephalogram (EEG) is one of the modalities used to evaluate the neurological complications of diseases. The aim of the present study was to identify the EEG changes in participants vaccinated against COVID‐19. PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, medRxiv, and Google Scholar were searched up to 1 September 2022, with terms related to COVID‐19 vaccines, EEG, neurological signs/symptoms, or neurological disorders. All case reports and case series were included if the participants had received at least one dose of a COVID‐19 vaccine and a post vaccination EEG report was also reported. We used the Joanna Briggs Institute (JBI) Critical Appraisal Checklist for case reports and case series to appraise the methodological quality of the included studies. Thirty‐one studies were included, which were comprised of 24 case reports and seven case series and a total of 36 participants. Generalised slowing and non‐convulsive focal status epilepticus were the most common EEG findings post‐COVID‐19 vaccination. The most frequent symptoms were headache, fatigue, generalised weakness, and vomiting. In addition, the most common signs were encephalopathy, post‐ictal phases, and confusion. Encephalitis, acute disseminated encephalomyelitis, and post‐vaccinal encephalopathy were the most commonly diagnosed adverse events. Furthermore, most of the imaging studies appeared normal. The EEG reports mainly showed background slowing and epileptiform discharges, encephalitis, encephalopathies, and demyelinating disorders. Future studies with larger samples and more vaccine types may help to further unravel the potential neurological effects of COVID‐19 vaccinations on recipients.
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48
Intravenous immunoglobulin treatment in childhood encephalitis (IgNiTE): a randomised controlled trial
Hill, M., Iro, M., Sadarangani, M., Absoud, M., Cantrell, L., Chong, K., Clark, C., Easton, A., Gray, V., Kneen, R., Lim, M., Liu, X., Pike, M., Solomon, T., Vincent, A., Willis, L., Yu, L.-M., Pollard, A. J., The IgNiTE study team, Pollard, Lim, Solomon, Kneen, Absoud, Pike, Sadarangani, Chong, Clark, Gray, Iro, Willis, Kerr, Bradshaw, Milca, Kerridge, Plested, Mujadidi, Herwitker, Wan, Cameron, Warris, Martinon-Torres, Bale, Bale, Percival, Easton, Warlow, Haviland, Pace, Nadel, Yu, Voysey, Liu, Cantrell, Bibi, Beveridge, Thompson, OConnor, Irani, Waters, Burke, Gray, Plested, Alley, Bhate, Heath, Riddell, Desurkar, Stephen, Welch, McMaster, Jollands, Shetty, Vijayakumar, Mewasingh, Whitehouse, Mehta, Alexander, Livingston, Goede, Smith, Collinson
BMJ Open, 9.11.2023
Tilføjet 9.11.2023
ObjectiveTo investigate whether intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG) improves neurological outcomes in children with encephalitis when administered early in the illness. DesignPhase 3b multicentre, double-blind, randomised placebo-controlled trial. SettingTwenty-one hospitals in the UK. ParticipantsChildren aged 6 months to 16 years with a diagnosis of acute or subacute encephalitis, with a planned sample size of 308. InterventionTwo doses (1 g/kg/dose) of either IVIG or matching placebo given 24–36 hours apart, in addition to standard treatment. Main outcome measureThe primary outcome was a ‘good recovery’ at 12 months after randomisation, defined as a score of≤2 on the Paediatric Glasgow Outcome Score Extended. Secondary outcome measuresThe secondary outcomes were clinical, neurological, neuroimaging and neuropsychological results, identification of the proportion of children with immune-mediated encephalitis, and IVIG safety data. Results18 participants were recruited from 12 hospitals and randomised to receive either IVIG (n=10) or placebo (n=8) between 23 December 2015 and 26 September 2017. The study was terminated early following withdrawal of funding due to slower than anticipated recruitment, and therefore did not reach the predetermined sample size required to achieve the primary study objective; thus, the results are descriptive. At 12 months after randomisation, 9 of the 18 participants (IVIG n=5/10 (50%), placebo n=4/8 (50%)) made a good recovery and 5 participants (IVIG n=3/10 (30%), placebo n=2/8 (25%)) made a poor recovery. Three participants (IVIG n=1/10 (10%), placebo n=2/8 (25%)) had a new diagnosis of epilepsy during the study period. Two participants were found to have specific autoantibodies associated with autoimmune encephalitis. No serious adverse events were reported in participants receiving IVIG. ConclusionsThe IgNiTE (ImmunoglobuliN in the Treatment of Encephalitis) study findings support existing evidence of poor neurological outcomes in children with encephalitis. However, the study was halted prematurely and was therefore underpowered to evaluate the effect of early IVIG treatment compared with placebo in childhood encephalitis. Trial registration numberClinical Trials.gov NCT02308982; ICRCTN registry ISRCTN15791925.
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49
Tick‐borne encephalitis: A comprehensive review of the epidemiology, virology, and clinical picture
Gabriele Chiffi; Denis Grandgirard; Stephen L. Leib; Aleš Chrdle; Daniel Růžek;
Reviews in Medical Virology, 8.09.2023
Tilføjet 8.09.2023
Tick‐borne encephalitis virus (TBEV) is a flavivirus commonly found in at least 27 European and Asian countries. It is an emerging public health problem, with steadily increasing case numbers over recent decades. Tick‐borne encephalitis virus affects between 10,000 and 15,000 patients annually. Infection occurs through the bite of an infected tick and, much less commonly, through infected milk consumption or aerosols. The TBEV genome comprises a positive‐sense single‐stranded RNA molecule of ∼11 kilobases. The open reading frame is > 10,000 bases long, flanked by untranslated regions (UTR), and encodes a polyprotein that is co‐ and post‐transcriptionally processed into three structural and seven non‐structural proteins. Tick‐borne encephalitis virus infection results in encephalitis, often with a characteristic biphasic disease course. After a short incubation time, the viraemic phase is characterised by non‐specific influenza‐like symptoms. After an asymptomatic period of 2–7 days, more than half of patients show progression to a neurological phase, usually characterised by central and, rarely, peripheral nervous system symptoms. Mortality is low—around 1% of confirmed cases, depending on the viral subtype. After acute tick‐borne encephalitis (TBE), a minority of patients experience long‐term neurological deficits. Additionally, 40%–50% of patients develop a post‐encephalitic syndrome, which significantly impairs daily activities and quality of life. Although TBEV has been described for several decades, no specific treatment exists. Much remains unknown regarding the objective assessment of long‐lasting sequelae. Additional research is needed to better understand, prevent, and treat TBE. In this review, we aim to provide a comprehensive overview of the epidemiology, virology, and clinical picture of TBE.
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50
Virus infection participates in the occurrence and development of human diseases through monoamine oxidase
Yujie Sun; Wen Liu; Bing Luo;
Reviews in Medical Virology, 8.09.2023
Tilføjet 8.09.2023
Monoamine oxidase (MAO) is a membrane‐bound mitochondrial enzyme that maintains the steady state of neurotransmitters and other biogenic amines in biological systems through catalytic oxidation and deamination. MAO dysfunction is closely related to human neurological and psychiatric diseases and cancers. However, little is known about the relationship between MAO and viral infections in humans. This review summarises current research on how viral infections participate in the occurrence and development of human diseases through MAO. The viruses discussed in this review include hepatitis C virus, dengue virus, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2, human immunodeficiency virus, Japanese encephalitis virus, Epstein‐Barr virus, and human papillomavirus. This review also describes the effects of MAO inhibitors such as phenelzine, clorgyline, selegiline, M‐30, and isatin on viral infectious diseases. This information will not only help us to better understand the role of MAO in the pathogenesis of viruses but will also provide new insights into the treatment and diagnosis of these viral diseases.
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