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Journal of Medical Virology, Accepted Article.

Journal of Medical Virology, Accepted Article.

Journal of Medical Virology, Accepted Article.

Journal of Medical Virology, Accepted Article.

Nature Medicine, Published online: 03 April 2020; doi:10.1038/s41591-020-0843-2A study of 246 individuals with seasonal respiratory virus infections randomized to wear or not wear a surgical face mask showed that masks can significantly reduce detection of coronavirus and influenza virus in exhaled breath and may help interrupt virus transmission.

Nature Medicine, Published online: 03 April 2020; doi:10.1038/d41591-020-00008-yNature Medicine summarizes all the research you need to know this week to keep on top of how science is responding to the COVID-19 pandemic.

Journal of Medical Virology, Accepted Article.

Journal of Medical Virology, Accepted Article.

Journal of Medical Virology, Accepted Article.

Journal of Medical Virology, Accepted Article.

Journal of Medical Virology, Accepted Article.

Journal of Medical Virology, Accepted Article.

Journal of Medical Virology, Accepted Article.

Journal of Medical Virology, Accepted Article.

Journal of Medical Virology, Accepted Article.

AbstractBackgroundAs part of the Household Influenza Vaccine Evaluation (HIVE) study, acute respiratory infections (ARI) have been identified in children and adults over 8 years.MethodsAnnually, 890 to 1441 individuals were followed and contacted weekly to report ARIs. Specimens collected during illness were tested for human coronaviruses (HCoV) types OC43, 229E, HKU1, and NL63.ResultsIn total, 993 HCoV infections were identified over 8 years, with OC43 most commonly seen and 229E the least. HCoVs were detected in a limited time period, between December and April/May, and peaked in January/February. Highest infection frequency was in children

AbstractBackgroundInfluenza A virus (IAV) causes a wide range of extra-respiratory complications. However, the role of host factors in these complications of influenza virus infection remains to be defined.MethodsHere, we sought to use transcriptional profiling, virology, histology and echocardiograms to investigate the role of a high fat diet in IAV associated cardiac damage.ResultsTranscriptional profiling showed that, compared to their low fat (LF) counterparts, mice fed a high fat (HF) diet had impairments in inflammatory signalling in the lung and heart after IAV infection. This was associated with increased viral titres in the heart, increased left ventricular mass and thickening of the left ventricular wall in IAV-infected HF mice compared to both IAV-infected LF mice and uninfected HF mice. Retrospective analysis of clinical trials revealed that cardiac complications were more common in patients with excess weight, an association which was significant in 2 out of 4 studies.ConclusionsTogether, these data provide the first evidence that a high fat diet may be a risk factor for the development of IAV-associated cardiovascular damageand emphasises the need for further clinical research in this area.

AbstractBackgroundMultidrug-resistant (MDR) bacteria are frequently defined using the criteria established by Magiorakos et al. (Clin Microbiol Infect 2012;18:268-81). Difficult-to-treat resistance (DTR) (Kadri et al., Clin Infect Dis 2018;67:1803-14) is a novel approach to defining resistance in Gram-negative bacilli which focuses on treatment-limiting resistance to all first-line agents (all β-lactams and fluoroquinolones).MethodsCLSI-defined broth microdilution MICs were determined for imipenem/relebactam, ceftolozane/tazobactam, and comparators against respiratory, intraabdominal, and urinary isolates of Enterobacterales (n=10516) and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (n=2732) collected in 26 United States hospitals in 2015-2017. Imipenem/relebactam MICs were interpreted using FDA identified breakpoints.ResultsAmong all Enterobacterales, 1.0% of isolates were DTR and 15.6% were MDR; 8.4% of P. aeruginosa isolates were DTR and 32.4% were MDR. MDR rates for Enterobacterales, and DTR and MDR rates for P. aeruginosa were significantly higher (P

AbstractBackgroundA locally developed Case-Based Reasoning (CBR) algorithm, designed to augment antimicrobial prescribing in secondary care was evaluated.MethodsPrescribing recommendations made by a CBR algorithm were compared to decisions made by physicians in clinical practice. Comparisons were examined in two patient populations. Firstly, in patients with confirmed Escherichia coli blood stream infections (‘E.coli patients’), and secondly in ward-based patients presenting with a range of potential infections (‘ward patients’). Prescribing recommendations were compared against the Antimicrobial Spectrum Index (ASI) and the WHO Essential Medicine List Access, Watch, Reserve (AWaRe) classification system. Appropriateness of a prescription was defined as the spectrum of the prescription covering the known, or most-likely organism antimicrobial sensitivity profile.ResultsIn total, 224 patients (145 E.coli patients and 79 ward patients) were included. Mean (SD) age was 66 (18) years with 108/224 (48%) female gender. The CBR recommendations were appropriate in 202/224 (90%) compared to 186/224 (83%) in practice (OR: 1.24 95%CI:0.392-3.936;p=0.71). CBR recommendations had a smaller ASI compared to practice with a median (range) of 6 (0-13) compared to 8 (0-12) (p

AbstractAs the outbreak of COVID-19 has spread globally, determining how to prevent the spread is of paramount importance. We reported the effectiveness of different responses of four affected cities in preventing the COVID-19 spread. We expect Wenzhou anti-COVID-19 measures may provide experience for cities around the world that are experiencing this epidemic.

AbstractBackgroundIn our previous study in Luanda, Angola, initial continuous β-lactam infusion for 24 hours combined with oral acetaminophen for 48 hours showed promising results as a new treatment for childhood bacterial meningitis. We investigated whether extending this treatment regimen to 4 days would improve the outcomes further.MethodsWe conducted a randomized, double-blind, parallel-group study at the same hospital in Luanda. Children aged 2 months to 15 years presenting to hospital with symptoms and signs of bacterial meningitis were randomized to receive, for the first 4 days, a continuous infusion of cefotaxime (250mg/kg/day) with simultaneous oral acetaminophen (first dose 30 mg/kg, then 20 mg/kg every 6 hours), or cefotaxime conventionally as boluses (62.5 mg/kg, 4 times per day) with placebo orally. All children received also glycerol orally. The primary outcome was mortality by day 7.ResultsIn all, 375 patients were included in the study between January 22, 2012 and January 21, 2017. As two children succumbed before treatment initiation, 187 vs. 186 participants remained in the intervention and control groups, respectively. On day 7, 61/187 (32.6%) children in the intervention group versus 64/186 (34.4%) in the control group had died (risk ratio 0.95, 95% confidence interval [95% CI] 0.71 –1.26; absolute risk difference 1.8%, 95% CI -7.8 – 11.4). At discharge from hospital, the corresponding numbers were 71/187 (38.0%) and 75/186 (40.3%).ConclusionsProlonged continuous β-lactam infusion combined with oral acetaminophen did not improve the gloomy outcomes of childhood bacterial meningitis in Angola.

The outbreak of COVID-19 caused by SARS-CoV-2 virus has now become a pandemic, but there is currently very little understanding of the antigenicity of the virus. We therefore determined the crystal structure of CR3022, a neutralizing antibody previously isolated from a convalescent SARS patient, in complex with the receptor-binding domain (RBD) of the SARS-CoV-2 spike (S) protein to 3.1 Å. CR3022 targets a highly conserved epitope, distal from the receptor-binding site, that enables cross-reactive binding between SARS-CoV-2 and SARS-CoV. Structural modeling further demonstrates that the binding epitope can only be accessed by CR3022 when at least two RBD on the trimeric S protein are in the "up" conformation and slightly rotated. Overall, this study provides molecular insights into antibody recognition of SARS-CoV-2.…

We thank Ennio Favalli and colleagues for their Correspondence regarding our suggestion to use baricitinib for the treatment of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infections.1,2 We also appreciate their recognition that inhibition of numb-associated kinase enzymes could indeed be beneficial in preventing virus infectivity via inhibition of clathrin-mediated endocytosis.

As rheumatologists used to treating rheumatoid arthritis with Janus kinase (JAK) inhibitors and working in an area (Lombardy, Italy) with a high incidence of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), we read with great interest the Comment in The Lancet Infectious Diseases by Justin Stebbing and colleagues1 about the potential use of baricitinib for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection. The described mechanism affecting viral endocytosis mediated by two members of the numb-associated kinase family is one of the many unfamiliar effects of a relatively recent drug class, the real safety profile of which still remains to be definitively clarified.

Rotavirus vaccines reduce the number of hospital admissions for diarrhoea caused by rotavirus in children younger than 5 years and are cost-effective when implemented within national immunisation programmes.1,2 Yet only 35% of eligible infants worldwide receive rotavirus vaccination, leaving 89 million children unprotected.3 Although funding from Gavi, the Vaccine Alliance, has facilitated the introduction of rotavirus vaccines in low-income countries, countries with transitioning economies and middle-income countries have struggled to prioritise rotavirus vaccines for inclusion in infant vaccination programmes because of demand for other vaccines and increasing health-care costs.

The trivalent P2-VP8 vaccine was well tolerated, with promising anti-P2-VP8 IgG and neutralising antibody responses across the three vaccine P types. Our findings support advancing the vaccine to efficacy testing.

Currently, malaria and dengue fever remain the most life-threatening parasitic diseases across the tropical and subtropical areas, mainly in the Greater Mekong Subregion (GMS). Malaria remained prevalent in as many as 91 countries around the world by the start to 2016. Fifteen countries accounted for as high as 80% of global malaria cases in 2016, and approximately 90% of the cases and 91% of the malaria deaths were reported from countries in Sub-Saharan Africa, as well as 7% from South-East Asia Region (WHO, 2016).

The outbreak and spread of novel coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) that began in Wuhan, China, has attracted worldwide attention (Li et al., 2020; Marc Lipsitch et al., 2020; Zou et al., 2020). As of 24:00 on February 24, 2020, a total of 77658 confirmed cases have been reported in China, and 641742 cases of close contacts were tracked, including 87902 cases under medical observation. Most close contacts are still subject to home isolation, especially in Wuhan, the center of the epidemic. Isolation at home is mainly suitable for people who are healthy in the past, have no history of basic diseases and have no symptoms or mild symptoms at present (WHO, 2020).

Hepatitis E virus (HEV) is a common cause of viral hepatitis worldwide. Previously considered a disease of the developing world, it is increasingly recognised that locally acquired HEV infection is common in industrialised countries.

In vitro models showing synergism between polymyxins and carbapenems support combination treatment for carbapenem-resistant Gram-negative (CRGN) infections. We tested the association between the presence of in vitro synergism and clinical outcomes in patients treated with colistin plus meropenem.

Describe the clinical characteristics of patients in Fangcang Hospital.

I read with interest the recently published article by Doesschate et al [1], suggesting that fosfomycin may be a more effective treatment option compared to nitrofurantoin for uncomplicated cystitis in patients with eGFR below 60 mL/min. However, according to other studies mild/moderate reduction in eGFR (30-60ml/min) was not associated with decreased efficacy of nitrofurantoin [2-4].

Journal of Medical Virology, EarlyView.

Journal of Medical Virology, EarlyView.