Nyt fra tidsskrifterne
Klik på knappen for at kopiere eller tryk på linket nedenfor.
Kopieret til udklipsholder!
Klik på knappen for at kopiere eller tryk på linket nedenfor.
Kopieret til udklipsholder!
Klik på knappen for at kopiere eller tryk på linket nedenfor.
Kopieret til udklipsholder!
Klik på knappen for at kopiere eller tryk på linket nedenfor.
Kopieret til udklipsholder!
Klik på knappen for at kopiere eller tryk på linket nedenfor.
Kopieret til udklipsholder!
Klik på knappen for at kopiere eller tryk på linket nedenfor.
Kopieret til udklipsholder!
Klik på knappen for at kopiere eller tryk på linket nedenfor.
Kopieret til udklipsholder!
Klik på knappen for at kopiere eller tryk på linket nedenfor.
Kopieret til udklipsholder!
Klik på knappen for at kopiere eller tryk på linket nedenfor.
Kopieret til udklipsholder!
Klik på knappen for at kopiere eller tryk på linket nedenfor.
Kopieret til udklipsholder!
Klik på knappen for at kopiere eller tryk på linket nedenfor.
Kopieret til udklipsholder!
Klik på knappen for at kopiere eller tryk på linket nedenfor.
Kopieret til udklipsholder!
Klik på knappen for at kopiere eller tryk på linket nedenfor.
Kopieret til udklipsholder!
Klik på knappen for at kopiere eller tryk på linket nedenfor.
Kopieret til udklipsholder!
Klik på knappen for at kopiere eller tryk på linket nedenfor.
Kopieret til udklipsholder!
Klik på knappen for at kopiere eller tryk på linket nedenfor.
Kopieret til udklipsholder!
Klik på knappen for at kopiere eller tryk på linket nedenfor.
Kopieret til udklipsholder!
Klik på knappen for at kopiere eller tryk på linket nedenfor.
Kopieret til udklipsholder!
Klik på knappen for at kopiere eller tryk på linket nedenfor.
Kopieret til udklipsholder!
Klik på knappen for at kopiere eller tryk på linket nedenfor.
Kopieret til udklipsholder!
Klik på knappen for at kopiere eller tryk på linket nedenfor.
Kopieret til udklipsholder!
Klik på knappen for at kopiere eller tryk på linket nedenfor.
Kopieret til udklipsholder!
Klik på knappen for at kopiere eller tryk på linket nedenfor.
Kopieret til udklipsholder!
Klik på knappen for at kopiere eller tryk på linket nedenfor.
Kopieret til udklipsholder!
Klik på knappen for at kopiere eller tryk på linket nedenfor.
Kopieret til udklipsholder!
Klik på knappen for at kopiere eller tryk på linket nedenfor.
Kopieret til udklipsholder!
Klik på knappen for at kopiere eller tryk på linket nedenfor.
Kopieret til udklipsholder!
Klik på knappen for at kopiere eller tryk på linket nedenfor.
Kopieret til udklipsholder!
Klik på knappen for at kopiere eller tryk på linket nedenfor.
Kopieret til udklipsholder!
Klik på knappen for at kopiere eller tryk på linket nedenfor.
Kopieret til udklipsholder!
Klik på knappen for at kopiere eller tryk på linket nedenfor.
Kopieret til udklipsholder!
Klik på knappen for at kopiere eller tryk på linket nedenfor.
Kopieret til udklipsholder!
Klik på knappen for at kopiere eller tryk på linket nedenfor.
Kopieret til udklipsholder!
Klik på knappen for at kopiere eller tryk på linket nedenfor.
Kopieret til udklipsholder!
Klik på knappen for at kopiere eller tryk på linket nedenfor.
Kopieret til udklipsholder!
Klik på knappen for at kopiere eller tryk på linket nedenfor.
Kopieret til udklipsholder!
Klik på knappen for at kopiere eller tryk på linket nedenfor.
Kopieret til udklipsholder!
Klik på knappen for at kopiere eller tryk på linket nedenfor.
Kopieret til udklipsholder!
Klik på knappen for at kopiere eller tryk på linket nedenfor.
Kopieret til udklipsholder!
Klik på knappen for at kopiere eller tryk på linket nedenfor.
Kopieret til udklipsholder!
Klik på knappen for at kopiere eller tryk på linket nedenfor.
Kopieret til udklipsholder!
Klik på knappen for at kopiere eller tryk på linket nedenfor.
Kopieret til udklipsholder!
Klik på knappen for at kopiere eller tryk på linket nedenfor.
Kopieret til udklipsholder!
Klik på knappen for at kopiere eller tryk på linket nedenfor.
Kopieret til udklipsholder!
Klik på knappen for at kopiere eller tryk på linket nedenfor.
Kopieret til udklipsholder!
Klik på knappen for at kopiere eller tryk på linket nedenfor.
Kopieret til udklipsholder!
Klik på knappen for at kopiere eller tryk på linket nedenfor.
Kopieret til udklipsholder!
Klik på knappen for at kopiere eller tryk på linket nedenfor.
Kopieret til udklipsholder!
Klik på knappen for at kopiere eller tryk på linket nedenfor.
Kopieret til udklipsholder!
Klik på knappen for at kopiere eller tryk på linket nedenfor.
Kopieret til udklipsholder!
47 ud af 47 tidsskrifter valgt, ingen søgeord valgt, emner højest 7 dage gamle, sorteret efter nyeste først.
254 emner vises.
Clinical Infectious Diseases, 19.03.2024
Tilføjet 19.03.2024
Shishi Wu, Olivia Magwood, Quanfang Dong, Xiaolin Wei
PLoS One Infectious Diseases, 19.03.2024
Tilføjet 19.03.2024
by Shishi Wu, Olivia Magwood, Quanfang Dong, Xiaolin Wei Background Inappropriate antibiotic use contributes significantly to the global challenge of antimicrobial resistance. While government-initiated population-level interventions are fundamental in addressing this issue, their full potential remains to be explored. This systematic review aims to assess the effectiveness of such interventions in reducing inappropriate antibiotic use among antibiotic providers and users in healthcare and community settings. Methods We will conduct a systematic literature search across multiple databases and grey literature sources. We will include studies which evaluate the effectiveness of population-level interventions to reduce inappropriate antibiotic use in healthcare and community settings in both high-income and low- and middle-income countries. This includes government-initiated measures targeting antibiotic use through education, restriction, incentivization, coercion, training, persuasion, context modification, behavior modeling, or barrier reduction. Two reviewers will independently perform screening to select eligible studies, followed by data extraction. The outcomes of interest are various measures of antibiotic prescription and consumption, such as Defined Daily Dose (DDD) or number of prescriptions per year. We anticipate including a broad range of study designs and outcome measures. Therefore, we will narratively synthesize results using the categories of the population-level policy interventions of the Behavior Change Wheel Framework. We will organize outcome data by economic contexts, target populations, and implementation settings. Discussion This review will strengthen the evidence base for the use of population-level interventions to address inappropriate antibiotic use. Drawing lessons from global experiences, the findings will provide valuable guidance to health policymakers, public health authorities, and researchers on tailoring interventions to specific economic contexts, populations, and settings, thereby enhancing their capacity to drive substantial improvement in appropriate antibiotic use.
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedHoiTing Leung, Madeline Lim, Wee Onn Lim, Sara-Ann Lee, Jimmy Lee
PLoS One Infectious Diseases, 19.03.2024
Tilføjet 19.03.2024
by HoiTing Leung, Madeline Lim, Wee Onn Lim, Sara-Ann Lee, Jimmy Lee Introduction This study examined the psychological wellbeing of Healthcare Workers (HCWs) during COVID-19 in a mental health setting, associations of psychosocial wellbeing with coping style, and ways that organisations can mitigate the psychosocial burden on HCWs. Methods Thirty-seven Mental HCWs (MHCWs) from infected and non-infected wards (control group), were recruited and assessed at three timepoints. Psychological wellbeing, perceived cohesion, and coping style (Brief-COPE) were assessed. Reports on individual coping and feedback on the organisation were collected through in-depth interview. Comparison between infected and non-infected wards, as well as comparison of psychosocial measures and perceived cohesion, across the three timepoints were made. As there were no significant changes in coping styles across the timepoints, Timepoint 1 (T1) coping style was used to correlate with the psychosocial measures across all timepoints. Thematic analysis was used for qualitative data. Results MHCWs from infected wards reported significantly higher levels of stress, χ2(1) = 6.74, p = 0.009, effect size: medium (ε2 = 0.198), and more severe sleep disturbance (PSQI), χ2(1) = 6.20, p = 0.013, effect size: medium (ε2 = 0.182), as compared to the control group at T2. They also engaged in more problem-focused coping (T2 and T3) and emotion-focused coping (T2). As expected, negative coping style was correlated with negative outcomes except problem-focused coping that was correlated with both negative (sleep disturbance and anxiety symptoms) and positive outcomes (wellbeing). Emotion-focused coping was moderately correlated (Tb = 0.348, p
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedCheyenne C. E. van Hagen, Anne J. Huiberts, Elizabeth N. Mutubuki, Hester E. de Melker, Eric R. A. Vos, Janneke H. H. M. van de Wijgert, Susan van den Hof, Mirjam J. Knol, Albert Jan van Hoek
PLoS One Infectious Diseases, 19.03.2024
Tilføjet 19.03.2024
by Cheyenne C. E. van Hagen, Anne J. Huiberts, Elizabeth N. Mutubuki, Hester E. de Melker, Eric R. A. Vos, Janneke H. H. M. van de Wijgert, Susan van den Hof, Mirjam J. Knol, Albert Jan van Hoek Objectives We describe health-related quality of life during the COVID-19 pandemic in the general Dutch population and correlations with restrictive measures. Methods Data were obtained from 18–85 year-old participants of two population-based cohort studies (February 2021-July 2022): PIENTER Corona (n = 8,019) and VASCO (n = 45,413). Per cohort, mean scores of mental and physical health and health utility from the SF-12 were calculated by age group, sex and presence of a medical risk condition. Spearman correlations with stringency of measures were calculated. Results Both cohorts showed comparable results. Participants
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedHsiao-Hui Tsou, Fang-Jing Lee, Shiow-Ing Wu, Byron Fan, Hsiao-Yu Wu, Yu-Hsuan Lin, Ya-Ting Hsu, Chieh Cheng, Yu-Chieh Cheng, Wei-Ming Jiang, Hung-Yi Chiou, Wei J. Chen, Chao A. Hsiung, Pau-Chung Chen, Huey-Kang Sytwu
PLoS One Infectious Diseases, 19.03.2024
Tilføjet 19.03.2024
by Hsiao-Hui Tsou, Fang-Jing Lee, Shiow-Ing Wu, Byron Fan, Hsiao-Yu Wu, Yu-Hsuan Lin, Ya-Ting Hsu, Chieh Cheng, Yu-Chieh Cheng, Wei-Ming Jiang, Hung-Yi Chiou, Wei J. Chen, Chao A. Hsiung, Pau-Chung Chen, Huey-Kang Sytwu Background Taiwan was a coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) outlier, with an extraordinarily long transmission-free record: 253 days without locally transmitted infections while the rest of the world battled wave after wave of infection. The appearance of the alpha variant in May 2021, closely followed by the delta variant, disrupted this transmission-free streak. However, despite low vaccination coverage (
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedLika Apriani, Susan McAllister, Katrina Sharples, Isni Nurul Aini, Hanifah Nurhasanah, Dwi Febni Ratnaningsih, Agnes Rengga Indrati, Rovina Ruslami, Bachti Alisjahbana, Reinout van Crevel, Philip C. Hill
PLoS One Infectious Diseases, 19.03.2024
Tilføjet 19.03.2024
by Lika Apriani, Susan McAllister, Katrina Sharples, Isni Nurul Aini, Hanifah Nurhasanah, Dwi Febni Ratnaningsih, Agnes Rengga Indrati, Rovina Ruslami, Bachti Alisjahbana, Reinout van Crevel, Philip C. Hill Background No gold standard diagnostic test exists for latent tuberculosis infection (LTBI). The intra-dermal tuberculin skin test (TST) has known limitations and Interferon-gamma release assays (IGRA) have been developed as an alternative. We aimed to assess agreement between IGRA and TST, and risk factors for test positivity, in Indonesian healthcare students. Methods Medical and nursing students starting their clinical training were screened using IGRA and TST. Agreement between the two tests was measured using Cohen’s Kappa coefficient. Logistic regression was used to identify factors associated with test positivity. Results Of 266 students, 43 (16.2%) were IGRA positive and 85 (31.9%) TST positive. Agreement between the two tests was 74.7% (kappa 0.33, 95% CI 0.21–0.45, P
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedMaja Stosic, Dragana Plavsa, Verica Jovanovic, Marko Veljkovic, Dragan Babic, Aleksandra Knezevic, Vladan Saponjic, Dragana Dimitrijevic, Miljan Rancic, Marija Milic, Tatjana Adzic-Vukicevic
PLoS One Infectious Diseases, 19.03.2024
Tilføjet 19.03.2024
by Maja Stosic, Dragana Plavsa, Verica Jovanovic, Marko Veljkovic, Dragan Babic, Aleksandra Knezevic, Vladan Saponjic, Dragana Dimitrijevic, Miljan Rancic, Marija Milic, Tatjana Adzic-Vukicevic Severe acute respiratory infections (SARI) are estimated to be the cause of death in about 19% of all children younger than 5 years globally. The outbreak of coronaviral disease (COVID-19) caused by SARS-CoV-2, increased considerably the burden of SARI worldwide. We used data from a vaccine effectiveness study to identify the factors associated with SARS CoV-2 infection among hospitalized SARI patients. We recruited SARI patients at 3 hospitals in Serbia from 7 April 2022–1 May 2023. We collected demographic and clinical data from patients using a structured questionnaire, and all SARI patients were tested for SARS-CoV-2 by RT-PCR. We conducted an unmatched test negative case-control study. SARS-CoV-2 infected SARI patients were considered cases, while SARS CoV-2 negative SARI patients were controls. We conducted bivariate and multivariable logistic regression analysis in order to identify variables associated with SARS-CoV-2 infection. We included 110 SARI patients: 74 were cases and 36 controls. We identified 5 factors associated with SARS-CoV-2 positivity, age (OR = 1.04; 95% CI = 1.01–1.07), having received primary COVID-19 vaccine series (OR = 0.28; 95% CI = 0.09–0.88), current smoking (OR = 8.64; 95% CI = 2.43–30.72), previous SARS CoV-2 infection (OR = 3.48; 95% CI = 1.50–8.11) and number of days before seeking medical help (OR = 0.81; 95% CI = 0.64–1.02). In Serbia during a period of Omicron circulation, we found that older age, unvaccinated, hospitalized SARI patients, previously infected with SARS CoV-2 virus and those who smoked, were more likely to be SARS-CoV-2-positive; these patient populations should be prioritized for COVID vaccination.
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedMalaria Journal, 19.03.2024
Tilføjet 19.03.2024
Abstract Background Adults infected with Plasmodium spp. in endemic areas need to be re-evaluated in light of global malaria elimination goals. They potentially undermine malaria interventions but remain an overlooked aspect of public health strategies. Methods This study aimed to estimate the prevalence of Plasmodium spp. infections, to identify underlying parasite species, and to assess predicting factors among adults residing in an endemic area from the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC). A community-based cross-sectional survey in subjects aged 18 years and above was therefore carried out. Study participants were interviewed using a standard questionnaire and tested for Plasmodium spp. using a rapid diagnostic test and a nested polymerase chain reaction assay. Logistic regression models were fitted to assess the effect of potential predictive factors for infections with different Plasmodium spp. Results Overall, 420 adults with an estimated prevalence of Plasmodium spp. infections of 60.2% [95% CI 55.5; 64.8] were included. Non-falciparum species infected 26.2% [95% CI 22.2; 30.5] of the study population. Among infected participants, three parasite species were identified, including Plasmodium falciparum (88.5%), Plasmodium malariae (39.9%), and Plasmodium ovale (7.5%) but no Plasmodium vivax. Mixed species accounted for 42.3% of infections while single-species infections predominated with P. falciparum (56.5%) among infected participants. All infected participants were asymptomatic at the time of the survey. Adults belonging to the “most economically disadvantaged” households had increased risks of infections with any Plasmodium spp. (adjusted odds ratio, aOR = 2.87 [95% CI 1.66, 20.07]; p
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedMalaria Journal, 19.03.2024
Tilføjet 19.03.2024
Abstract Background Malaria remains a public health problem in regions of Northeastern India because of favourable bio-geographic transmission conditions, poor access to routine healthcare, and inadequate infrastructure for public health and disease prevention. This study was undertaken to better understand community members’ and health workers’ perceptions of malaria, as well as their knowledge, attitudes, and prevention practices related to the disease in Meghalaya state. Methods The study included participants from three malaria endemic districts: West Khasi Hills, West Jaiñtia Hills, and South Garo Hills from 2019 to 2021. A total of 82 focus group discussions (FGD) involving 694 community members and 63 in-depth interviews (IDI) with health personnel and traditional healers residing within the three districts were conducted. A thematic content analysis approach was employed, using NVivo12 software for data management. Results Most participants reported a perceived reduction in malaria during recent years, attributing this to changes in attitudes and behaviours in health seeking, and to more effective government interventions. Local availability of testing and treatment, and an improved, more responsive health system contributed to changing attitudes. Long-lasting insecticidal nets (LLINs) were largely preferred over indoor residual spraying (IRS), as LLINs were perceived to be effective and more durable. Community members also reported using personal protective measures such as applying repellents, burning neem tree leaves, straw/egg trays, wearing long sleeve clothes, and applying ointments or oils to protect themselves from mosquito bites. While most participants acknowledged the role of mosquitoes in malaria transmission, other conditions that are not mosquito-borne were also attributed to mosquitoes by some participants. The communities surveyed have largely shifted from seeking treatment for malaria from traditional healers to using public facilities, although some participants reported switching between the two or using both simultaneously. Improved understanding of cerebral malaria, which some participants previously attributed to mental illness due to ‘bad spirits’, is an example of how cultural and ritualistic practices have changed. Conclusion The findings reveal diverse perceptions among community members regarding malaria, its prevention, practices to prevent mosquito-transmitted diseases, and their opinions about the healthcare system. A key finding was the shift in malaria treatment-seeking preferences of community members from traditional healers to the public sector. This shift highlights the changing dynamics and increasing acceptance of modern healthcare practices for malaria treatment and prevention within tribal and/or indigenous communities. By recognizing these evolving attitudes, policymakers and healthcare providers can better tailor their interventions and communication strategies to more effectively address ongoing needs and concerns as India faces the ‘last mile’ in malaria elimination.
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedJournal of Infectious Diseases, 19.03.2024
Tilføjet 19.03.2024
Abstract Background In 2022–2023, 15- and 20-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccines (PCV15/PCV20) were recommended for infants. We aimed to estimate the incidence of outpatient visits and antibiotic prescriptions in U.S. children (≤17 years) from 2016–2019 for acute otitis media, pneumonia, and sinusitis associated with PCV15- and PCV20-additional (non-PCV13) serotypes to quantify PCV15/20 potential impacts.Methods We estimated the incidence of PCV15/20-additional serotype-attributable visits and antibiotic prescriptions as the product of all-cause incidence rates, derived from national healthcare surveys and MarketScan databases, and PCV15/20-additional serotype-attributable fractions. We estimated serotype-specific attributable fractions using modified vaccine-probe approaches incorporating incidence changes post-PCV13 and ratios of PCV13 versus PCV15/20 serotype frequencies, estimated through meta-analyses.Results Per 1000 children annually, PCV15-additional serotypes accounted for an estimated 2.7 (95% confidence interval 1.8–3.9) visits and 2.4 (1.6–3.4) antibiotic prescriptions. PCV20-additional serotypes resulted in 15.0 (11.2–20.4) visits and 13.2 (9.9–18.0) antibiotic prescriptions annually per 1,000 children. PCV15/20-additional serotypes account for 0.4% (0.2–0.6%) and 2.1% (1.5–3.0%) of pediatric outpatient antibiotic use.Conclusions Compared with PCV15-additional serotypes, PCV20-additional serotypes account for >5 times the burden of visits and antibiotic prescriptions. Higher-valency PCVs, especially PCV20, may contribute to preventing pediatric pneumococcal respiratory infections and antibiotic use.
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedJournal of Infectious Diseases, 19.03.2024
Tilføjet 19.03.2024
The 8 most recent years have been the warmest on record [1]. In 2022, the global 10-year average temperature soared to 1.15 °C above preindustrial levels. The climate change impacts from heat waves, floods, and droughts are more apparent and direct when compared with the circuitous and indirect climate change impacts from infectious diseases (Figure 1). Yet, their contagious nature and epidemic potential pose a latent threat to public health, particularly to marginalized and vulnerable populations. These groups, despite contributing the least to greenhouse gas emissions, are disproportionately affected by the consequences of climate disruption. The transmission potential of many vector-, water-, and foodborne infections is determined by the nexus of climate hazards, vulnerability, and exposure [2]. Some of these complex relationships are discussed here.
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedJournal of Infectious Diseases, 19.03.2024
Tilføjet 19.03.2024
BMC Infectious Diseases, 18.03.2024
Tilføjet 18.03.2024
Abstract Background Our aim was to examine the prevalence and characteristics of difficult-to-treat HIV in the current Swedish HIV cohort and to compare treatment outcomes between people with difficult and non-difficult-to-treat HIV. Methods In this cross-sectional analysis of the Swedish HIV cohort, we identified all people with HIV currently in active care in 2023 from the national register InfCareHIV. We defined five categories of difficult-to-treat HIV: 1) advanced resistance, 2) four-drug regimen, 3) salvage therapy, 4) virologic failure within the past 12 months, and 5) ≥ 2 regimen switches following virologic failure since 2008. People classified as having difficult-to-treat HIV were compared with non-difficult for background characteristics as well as treatment outcomes (viral suppression and self-reported physical and psychological health). Results Nine percent of the Swedish HIV cohort in 2023 (n = 8531) met at least one criterion for difficult-to-treat HIV. Most of them had ≥ 2 regimen switches (6%), and the other categories of difficult-to-treat HIV were rare (1–2% of the entire cohort). Compared with non-difficult, people with difficult-to-treat HIV were older, had an earlier first year of positive HIV test and lower CD4 counts, and were more often female. The viral suppression rate among people with difficult-to-treat HIV was 84% compared with 95% for non-difficult (p = 0.001). People with difficult-to-treat HIV reported worse physical (but not psychological) health, and this remained statistically significant after adjustment for age, sex, and transmission group. Conclusions Although 9% of the HIV cohort in Sweden in 2023 were classified as having difficult-to-treat HIV, a large proportion of these were virally suppressed, and challenges such as advanced resistance and need for salvage therapy are rare in the current Swedish cohort.
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedBMC Infectious Diseases, 18.03.2024
Tilføjet 18.03.2024
Abstract Background Currently, culture methods are commonly used in clinical tests to detect pathogenic fungi including Candida spp. Nonetheless, these methods are cumbersome and time-consuming, thereby leading to considerable difficulties in diagnosis of pathogenic fungal infections, especially in situations that respiratory samples such as alveolar lavage fluid and pleural fluid contain extremely small amounts of microorganisms. The aim of this study was to elucidate the utility and practicality of microfluidic chip technology in quick detection of respiratory pathogenic fungi. Methods DNAs of clinical samples (mainly derived from sputa, alveolar lavage fluid, and pleural fluid) from 64 coastal patients were quickly detected using microfluidic chip technology with 20 species of fungal spectrum and then validated by Real-time qPCR, and their clinical baseline data were analyzed. Results Microfluidic chip results showed that 36 cases infected with Candida spp. and 27 cases tested negative for fungi, which was consistent with Real-time qPCR validation. In contrast, only 16 cases of fungal infections were detected by the culture method; however, one of the culture-positive samples tested negative by microfluidic chip and qPCR validation. Moreover, we found that the patients with Candida infections had significantly higher rates of platelet count reduction than fungi-negative controls. When compared with the patients infected with C. albicans alone, the proportion of males in the patients co-infected with multiple Candidas significantly increased, while their platelet counts significantly decreased. Conclusions These findings suggest that constant temperature amplification-based microfluidic chip technology combined with routine blood tests can increase the detection speed and accuracy (including sensitivity and specificity) of identifying respiratory pathogenic fungi.
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedClinical Infectious Diseases, 18.03.2024
Tilføjet 18.03.2024
Abstract Objective To investigate the effect of standard care (SoC) combined with supervised in-bed cycling (Bed-Cycle) or booklet exercises (Book-Exe) versus SoC in community-acquired pneumonia (CAP).Methods In this randomised controlled trial, 186 patients with CAP were assigned to SoC (n = 62), Bed-Cycle (n = 61), or Book-Exe (n = 63). Primary outcome length of stay (LOS) was analysed with analysis of covariance. Secondary outcomes, 90-day readmission and 180-day mortality, were analysed with Cox proportional hazard regression and readmission days with negative-binominal regression.Results LOS was -2% (95% CI -24 to 25%) and -1% (95% CI -22 to 27%) for Bed-Cycle and Book-Exe, compared to SoC. 90-day readmission was 35.6% for SoC, 27.6% for Bed-Cycle, and 21.3% for Book-Exe. Adjusted hazard ratio (aHR) for 90-day readmission was 0.63 (95% CI 0.33–1.21) and 0.54 (95% CI 0.27–1.08) for Bed-Cycle and Book-Exe compared to SoC. aHR for 90-day readmission for combined exercise was 0.59 (95% CI 0.33–1.03) compared to SoC. aHR for 180-day mortality was 0.84 (95% CI 0.27–2.60) and 0.82 (95% CI 0.26–2.55) for Bed-Cycle and Book-Exe compared to SoC. Number of readmission days was 226 for SoC, 161 for Bed-Cycle, and 179 for Book-Exe. Incidence rate ratio for readmission days was 0.73 (95% CI 0.48–1.10) and 0.77 (95% CI 0.51–1.15) for Bed-Cycle and Book-Exe compared to SoC.Conclusion Although supervised exercise training during admission with CAP did not reduce LOS or mortality, this trial suggests its potential to reduce readmission risk and number of readmission days.
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedBMC Infectious Diseases, 17.03.2024
Tilføjet 17.03.2024
Abstract Background Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is frequntly accompanied by venous thromboembolism (VTE), and its mechanism may be related to the abnormal inflammation and immune status of COVID-19 patients. It has been proved that interleukin-6 (IL-6), ferritin and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) may play an important role in the occurrence of VTE in COVID-19 infection. But whether they can server as predictors for VTE in COVID-19 is still unclear. In this study, we performed a systematic review and meta-analysis to compare IL-6, ferritin and LDH in VTE and non-VTE COVID-19 patients in order to shed light on the prevention and treatment of VTE. Methods Related literatures were searched in PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, Google Scholar, China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI), WANGFANG. COVID-19 patients were divided into VTE group and non-VTE group. Meta-analysis was then conducted to compare levels of IL-6, ferritin and LDH between the two groups. Results We finally included and analyzed 17 literatures from January 2019 to October 2022. There was a total of 7,035 COVID-19 patients, with a weighted mean age of 60.01 years. Males accounted for 62.64% and 61.34% patients were in intensive care unit (ICU). Weighted mean difference (WMD) of IL-6, ferritin and LDH was 31.15 (95% CI: 9.82, 52.49), 257.02 (95% CI: 51.70, 462.33) and 41.79 (95% CI: -19.38, 102.96), respectively. The above results indicated that than compared with non-VTE group, VTE group had significantly higher levels of IL-6 and ferritin but similar LDH. Conclusion This systematic review and meta-analysis pointed out that elevated levels of IL-6 and ferritin were significantly possitive associated with VTE, thus could be used as biological predictive indicators of VTE among COVID-19 patients. However, no association was found between level of LDH and VTE. Therefore, close monitoring of changes in IL-6 and ferritin concentrations is of great value in assisting clinicans to rapidly identify thrombotic complications among COVID-19 patients, hence facilitating the timely effective managment. Further studies are required in terms of the clinical role of cytokines in the occurrence of VTE among COVID-19 infection, with more reliable systematic controls and interventional trials.
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedBMC Infectious Diseases, 17.03.2024
Tilføjet 17.03.2024
Abstract Background The outbreaks of circulating Vaccine Derived Polio Viruses (cVDPVs) have emerged as a major challenge for the final stage of polio eradication. In Yemen, an explosive outbreak of cVDPV2 was reported from August 2021 to December 2022. This study aims to compare the patterns of cVDPV2 outbreak, response measures taken by health authorities, and impacts in southern and northern governorates. Method A retrospective descriptive study of confirmed cases of VDPV2 was performed. The data related to cVDPV2 as well as stool specimens and environmental samples that were shipped to WHO-accredited labs were collected by staff of surveillance. Frequencies and percentages were used to characterize and compare the confirmed cases from the southern and northern governorates. The average delayed time as a difference in days between the date of sample collection and lab confirmation was calculated. Results The cVDPV2 was isolated from 227 AFP cases reported from 19/23 Yemeni governorates and from 83% (39/47) of environmental samples with an average of 7 months delayed from sample collection. However, the non-polio AFP (NPAFP) and adequate stool specimen rates in the north were 6.7 and 87% compared to 6.4 and 87% in the south, 86% (195) and 14%(32) out of the total 227 confirmed cases were detected from northern and southern governorates, respectively. The first and second cases of genetically linked isolates experienced paralysis onset on 30 August and 1st September 2021. They respectively were from Taiz and Marib governorates ruled by southern authorities that started vaccination campaigns as a response in February 2022. Thus, in contrast to 2021, the detected cases in 2022 from the total cases detected in the south were lower accounting for 22% (7 of 32) of compared to 79% (155 of 195) of the total cases the north. Conclusion A new emerging cVDPV2 was confirmed in Yemen. The result of this study highlighted the impact of vaccination campaigns in containing the cVDPV2 outbreak. Maintaining a high level of immunization coverage and switching to nOPV2 instead of tOPV and mOPV2 in campaigns are recommended and environmental surveillance should be expanded in such a risky country.
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedBMC Infectious Diseases, 17.03.2024
Tilføjet 17.03.2024
Abstract Objective Multisystem Inflammatory Syndrome in Children (MIS-C) associated with COVID-19 is a rare and serious medical condition. This study aims to review the clinical presentation, laboratory parameters, outcomes, and management of MIS-C cases in a pediatric hospital in Syria. Methods This retrospective observational study aimed to investigate MIS-C between May 2020 and October 2021. Data collection involved extracting information from medical records, and patients were identified based on the case definition established by the World Health Organization (WHO). Various laboratory investigations, diagnostic evaluations, clinical presentations, and treatments were performed to assess patients. Descriptive statistical analysis was conducted using Microsoft Excel. Results A total of 232 COVID-19 cases were reported with COVID-19 Infection. Among these cases, 25 (10.77%) were identified as MIS-C. The median age of the patients was 5.5 years, with the majority being male patients (72%). Patients experienced fever (100%), bilateral conjunctivitis (88%), rash (84%), gastrointestinal symptoms (76%), and cardiac dysfunction (72%). Other notable findings included oral cavity changes (64%), edema (36%), cervical lymphadenopathy (36%), and neurological manifestations (28%). Respiratory symptoms were uncommon (16%). All patients recovered, with no recorded deaths. Conclusion The predominant presence of positive SARS-CoV-2 IgG in the majority of patients in this study supports the post-infectious nature of MIS-C. Respiratory symptoms were less prevalent in both pediatric COVID-19 and MIS-C patients. Early supportive care is crucial in management, although additional research is needed to establish definitive guidelines. Larger studies are necessary to overcome the limitations of this study and to enhance our understanding of MIS-C in pediatric COVID-19 patients.
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedBMC Infectious Diseases, 17.03.2024
Tilføjet 17.03.2024
Abstract Background Pasteurella multocida is a zoonotic pathogen that mainly causes local skin and soft tissue infections in the human body through cat and dog bites. It rarely causes bacteraemia (or sepsis) and meningitis. We reported a case of septic shock and meningitis caused by P. multocida in a patient without a history of cat and dog bites. Case presentation An 84-year-old male patient was urgently sent to the emergency department after he was found with unclear consciousness for 8 h, accompanied by limb tremors and urinary incontinence. In the subsequent examination, P. multocida was detected in the blood culture and wound secretion samples of the patient. However, it was not detected in the cerebrospinal fluid culture, but its DNA sequence was detected. Therefore, the patient was clearly diagnosed with septic shock and meningitis caused by P. multocida. The patient had no history of cat or dog contact or bite. The patient was subsequently treated with a combination of penicillin G, doxycycline, and ceftriaxone, and he was discharged after 35 days of hospitalisation. Conclusion This report presented a rare case of septic shock and meningitis caused by P. multocida, which was not related to a cat or dog bite. Clinical doctors should consider P. multocida as a possible cause of sepsis or meningitis and should be aware of its potential seriousness even in the absence of animal bites.
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedHoma Zamani, Naghmeh Poorinmohammad, Amin Azimi, Reza Salavati
Trends in Parasitology, 17.03.2024
Tilføjet 17.03.2024
Significant variations in the abundance of mitochondrial RNA processing proteins and their target RNAs across trypanosome life stages present an opportunity to explore the regulatory mechanisms that drive these changes. Utilizing omics approaches can uncover unconventional targets, aiding our understanding of the parasites’ adaptation and enabling targeted interventions for differentiation.
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedMalaria Journal, 16.03.2024
Tilføjet 16.03.2024
Abstract Background Vector surveillance is among the World Health Organization global vector control response (2017–2030) pillars. Human landing catches are a gold standard but difficult to implement and potentially expose collectors to malaria infection. Other methods like light traps, pyrethrum spray catches and aspiration are less expensive and less risky to collectors. Methods Three mosquito sampling methods (UV light traps, CDC light traps and Prokopack aspiration) were evaluated against human landing catches (HLC) in two villages of Rarieda sub-county, Siaya County, Kenya. UV-LTs, CDC-LTs and HLCs were conducted hourly between 17:00 and 07:00. Aspiration was done indoors and outdoors between 07:00 and 11:00 a.m. Analyses of mosquito densities, species abundance and sporozoite infectivity were performed across all sampling methods. Species identification PCR and ELISAs were done for Anopheles gambiae and Anopheles funestus complexes and data analysis was done in R. Results Anopheles mosquitoes sampled from 608 trapping efforts were 5,370 constituting 70.3% Anopheles funestus sensu lato (s.l.), 19.7% Anopheles coustani and 7.2% An. gambiae s.l. 93.8% of An. funestus s.l. were An. funestus sensu stricto (s.s.) and 97.8% of An. gambiae s.l. were Anopheles arabiensis. Only An. funestus were sporozoite positive with 3.1% infection prevalence. Indoors, aspiration captured higher An. funestus (mean = 6.74; RR = 8.83, P
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedMalaria Journal, 16.03.2024
Tilføjet 16.03.2024
Abstract Background Vector surveillance is among the World Health Organization global vector control response (2017–2030) pillars. Human landing catches are a gold standard but difficult to implement and potentially expose collectors to malaria infection. Other methods like light traps, pyrethrum spray catches and aspiration are less expensive and less risky to collectors. Methods Three mosquito sampling methods (UV light traps, CDC light traps and Prokopack aspiration) were evaluated against human landing catches (HLC) in two villages of Rarieda sub-county, Siaya County, Kenya. UV-LTs, CDC-LTs and HLCs were conducted hourly between 17:00 and 07:00. Aspiration was done indoors and outdoors between 07:00 and 11:00 a.m. Analyses of mosquito densities, species abundance and sporozoite infectivity were performed across all sampling methods. Species identification PCR and ELISAs were done for Anopheles gambiae and Anopheles funestus complexes and data analysis was done in R. Results Anopheles mosquitoes sampled from 608 trapping efforts were 5,370 constituting 70.3% Anopheles funestus sensu lato (s.l.), 19.7% Anopheles coustani and 7.2% An. gambiae s.l. 93.8% of An. funestus s.l. were An. funestus sensu stricto (s.s.) and 97.8% of An. gambiae s.l. were Anopheles arabiensis. Only An. funestus were sporozoite positive with 3.1% infection prevalence. Indoors, aspiration captured higher An. funestus (mean = 6.74; RR = 8.83, P
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedMalaria Journal, 16.03.2024
Tilføjet 16.03.2024
Abstract Background Vector surveillance is among the World Health Organization global vector control response (2017–2030) pillars. Human landing catches are a gold standard but difficult to implement and potentially expose collectors to malaria infection. Other methods like light traps, pyrethrum spray catches and aspiration are less expensive and less risky to collectors. Methods Three mosquito sampling methods (UV light traps, CDC light traps and Prokopack aspiration) were evaluated against human landing catches (HLC) in two villages of Rarieda sub-county, Siaya County, Kenya. UV-LTs, CDC-LTs and HLCs were conducted hourly between 17:00 and 07:00. Aspiration was done indoors and outdoors between 07:00 and 11:00 a.m. Analyses of mosquito densities, species abundance and sporozoite infectivity were performed across all sampling methods. Species identification PCR and ELISAs were done for Anopheles gambiae and Anopheles funestus complexes and data analysis was done in R. Results Anopheles mosquitoes sampled from 608 trapping efforts were 5,370 constituting 70.3% Anopheles funestus sensu lato (s.l.), 19.7% Anopheles coustani and 7.2% An. gambiae s.l. 93.8% of An. funestus s.l. were An. funestus sensu stricto (s.s.) and 97.8% of An. gambiae s.l. were Anopheles arabiensis. Only An. funestus were sporozoite positive with 3.1% infection prevalence. Indoors, aspiration captured higher An. funestus (mean = 6.74; RR = 8.83, P
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedMalaria Journal, 16.03.2024
Tilføjet 16.03.2024
Abstract Background Malaria vector control activities in Sudan rely largely on Long-Lasting Insecticidal Nets (LLINs), Indoor Residual Spray (IRS) and Larval Source Management (LSM). The present study attempted to determine cost effectiveness of inputs and operations of vector control interventions applied in different environmental settings in central and eastern Sudan, as well as their impact. Methods The inputs utilized and cost of each vector control activity, operational achievements and impact of the applied malaria vector control activities; IRS, LLINs and LSM were determined for eight sites in Al Gazira state (central Sudan) and Al Gadarif state (eastern Sudan). Operational costs were obtained from data of the National Malaria Control Program in 2017. Impact was measured using entomological indicators for Anopheles mosquitoes. Results The total cost per person per year was $1.6, $0.85, and $0.32 for IRS, LLINs and LSM, respectively. Coverage of vector control operations was 97%, 95.2% and 25–50% in IRS, LLINs and LSM, respectively. Vectorial capacity of malaria vectors showed statistically significant variations (P
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedMalaria Journal, 16.03.2024
Tilføjet 16.03.2024
Abstract Background Malaria vector control activities in Sudan rely largely on Long-Lasting Insecticidal Nets (LLINs), Indoor Residual Spray (IRS) and Larval Source Management (LSM). The present study attempted to determine cost effectiveness of inputs and operations of vector control interventions applied in different environmental settings in central and eastern Sudan, as well as their impact. Methods The inputs utilized and cost of each vector control activity, operational achievements and impact of the applied malaria vector control activities; IRS, LLINs and LSM were determined for eight sites in Al Gazira state (central Sudan) and Al Gadarif state (eastern Sudan). Operational costs were obtained from data of the National Malaria Control Program in 2017. Impact was measured using entomological indicators for Anopheles mosquitoes. Results The total cost per person per year was $1.6, $0.85, and $0.32 for IRS, LLINs and LSM, respectively. Coverage of vector control operations was 97%, 95.2% and 25–50% in IRS, LLINs and LSM, respectively. Vectorial capacity of malaria vectors showed statistically significant variations (P
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedMalaria Journal, 16.03.2024
Tilføjet 16.03.2024
Abstract Background Malaria vector control activities in Sudan rely largely on Long-Lasting Insecticidal Nets (LLINs), Indoor Residual Spray (IRS) and Larval Source Management (LSM). The present study attempted to determine cost effectiveness of inputs and operations of vector control interventions applied in different environmental settings in central and eastern Sudan, as well as their impact. Methods The inputs utilized and cost of each vector control activity, operational achievements and impact of the applied malaria vector control activities; IRS, LLINs and LSM were determined for eight sites in Al Gazira state (central Sudan) and Al Gadarif state (eastern Sudan). Operational costs were obtained from data of the National Malaria Control Program in 2017. Impact was measured using entomological indicators for Anopheles mosquitoes. Results The total cost per person per year was $1.6, $0.85, and $0.32 for IRS, LLINs and LSM, respectively. Coverage of vector control operations was 97%, 95.2% and 25–50% in IRS, LLINs and LSM, respectively. Vectorial capacity of malaria vectors showed statistically significant variations (P
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedMegan Janse van Rensburg, Janet Mans, Rendani T. Mafuyeka, Kathy‐Anne Strydom, Marcelle Myburgh, Walda B. van Zyl
Journal of Medical Virology, 16.03.2024
Tilføjet 16.03.2024
Minji Lee, Chi‐Hwan Choi, Jin‐Won Kim, Gyuri Sim, Sang Eun Lee, Hwachul Shin, Jeong hyun Lee, Myung‐Min Choi, Hwajung Yi, Yoon‐Seok Chung
Journal of Medical Virology, 16.03.2024
Tilføjet 16.03.2024
Infection, 16.03.2024
Tilføjet 16.03.2024
Abstract Purpose The risk of developing active tuberculosis (TB) is considerably increased in people living with HIV/AIDS (PLWH). However, incidence of HIV/TB coinfection is difficult to assess as surveillance data are lacking in many countries. Here, we aimed to perform a quantitative analysis of HIV/TB coinfections within the Cologne/Bonn HIV cohort and to determine risk factors for active TB. Methods We systematically evaluated data of patients with HIV/TB coinfection between 2006 and 2017. In this retrospective analysis, we compared HIV/TB-coinfected patients with a cohort of HIV-positive patients. The incidence density rate (IDR) was calculated for active TB cases at different time points. Results During 2006–2017, 60 out of 4673 PLWH were diagnosed with active TB. Overall IDR was 0.181 cases/100 patient-years and ranged from 0.266 in 2006–2009 to 0.133 in 2014–2017. Patients originating from Sub-Saharan Africa had a significantly (p
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedTammy Allen, Maria Eugenia Castellanos, Paul Giacomin, Nadira D Karunaweera, Andreas Kupz, Juan Carlos LoL, Dileep Sharma, Suchandan Sikder, Bemnet Tedla, Liza van Eijk, Danica Vojisavljevic, Guangzu Zhao, Saparna Pai
International Journal of Infectious Diseases, 16.03.2024
Tilføjet 16.03.2024
Tropical infectious diseases impact on the quality of life across a large proportion of the global population. To meet the objectives of the World Health Organisation (WHO) Neglected Tropical Diseases and Malaria 2021-2030 roadmaps [1], the building of widespread capacity for the successful control and elimination of tropical infectious diseases over the next decade remains crucial. Ongoing advancements in the development of novel, effective and targeted vaccines play an integral role in the success of infectious diseases management worldwide [1].
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedJuliana Inoue, Annika Galys, Miriam Rodi, Dorothea Ekoka Mbassi, Ghyslain Mombo-Ngoma, Ayôla A. Adegnika, Michael Ramharter, Rella Zoleko-Manego, Peter G. Kremsner, Benjamin Mordmüller, Jana Held
International Journal of Infectious Diseases, 16.03.2024
Tilføjet 16.03.2024
With 249 million estimated cases and 608,000 deaths worldwide in 2022 [1], malaria remains a public health concern. In endemic areas, individuals can be infected by different Plasmodium species and distinct genotypes of the same species. In serially collected samples, alleles disappearance and reappearance over time was described in asymptomatic infections, raising the question of whether a single blood sample is sufficient to characterize parasite diversity within-host [2].
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedJournal of Infectious Diseases, 16.03.2024
Tilføjet 16.03.2024
Abstract The most recent Sudan virus (SUDV) outbreak in Uganda was first detected in September 2022 and resulted in 164 laboratory-confirmed cases and 77 deaths. There are no approved vaccines against SUDV. Here, we investigated the protective efficacy of ChAdOx1-biEBOV in cynomolgus macaques using a prime or a prime-boost regimen. ChAdOx1-biEBOV is a replication-deficient simian adenovirus vector encoding SUDV and Ebola virus (EBOV) glycoproteins (GPs). Intramuscular vaccination induced SUDV and EBOV GP-specific IgG responses and neutralizing antibodies. Upon challenge with SUDV, vaccinated animals showed signs of disease like those observed in control animals, and no difference in survival outcomes were measured among all three groups. Viral load in blood samples and in tissue samples obtained after necropsy were not significantly different between groups. Overall, this study highlights the importance of evaluating vaccines in multiple animal models and demonstrates the importance of understanding protective efficacy in both animal models and human hosts.
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedJournal of Infectious Diseases, 16.03.2024
Tilføjet 16.03.2024
Anna Zimmermann, Julian E. Prieto-Vivas, Karin Voordeckers, Changhao Bi, Kevin J. Verstrepen
Trends in Microbiology, 16.03.2024
Tilføjet 16.03.2024
The natural process of evolutionary adaptation is often exploited as a powerful tool to obtain microbes with desirable traits. For industrial microbes, evolutionary engineering is often used to generate variants that show increased yields or resistance to stressful industrial environments, thus obtaining superior microbial cell factories. However, even in large populations, the natural supply of beneficial mutations is typically low, which implies that obtaining improved microbes is often time-consuming and inefficient. To overcome this limitation, different techniques have been developed that boost mutation rates. While some of these methods simply increase the overall mutation rate across a genome, others use recent developments in DNA synthesis, synthetic biology, and CRISPR-Cas techniques to control the type and location of mutations. This review summarizes the most important recent developments and methods in the field of evolutionary engineering in model microorganisms. It discusses how both in vitro and in vivo approaches can increase the genetic diversity of the host, with a special emphasis on in vivo techniques for the optimization of metabolic pathways for precision fermentation.
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedAmrita Singh, Samantha Ottavi, Inna Krieger, Kyle Planck, Andrew Perkowski, Takushi Kaneko, Andrew M. Davis, Christine Suh, David Zhang, Laurent Goullieux, Alexander Alex, Christine Roubert, Mark Gardner, Marian Preston, Dave M. Smith, Yan Ling, Julia Roberts, Bastien Cautain, Anna Upton, Christopher B. Cooper, Natalya Serbina, Zaid Tanvir, John Mosior, Ouathek Ouerfelli, Guangli Yang, Ben S. Gold, Kyu Y. Rhee, James C. Sacchettini, Nader Fotouhi, Jeffrey Aubé, Carl Nathan
Science Advances, 16.03.2024
Tilføjet 16.03.2024
Elitza S. TheelJames E. KirbyNira R. Pollock1Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA2Department of Pathology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, USA3Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA4Department of Laboratory Medicine, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA, Ferric C. Fang
Clinical Microbiology Reviews, 16.03.2024
Tilføjet 16.03.2024
Clinical Infectious Diseases, 16.03.2024
Tilføjet 16.03.2024
Abstract Background The role of serologic testing for SARS-CoV-2 has evolved during the pandemic as seroprevalence in global populations has increased. The Infectious Diseases Society of America (IDSA) convened an expert panel to perform a systematic review of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) serology literature and construct updated best practice guidance related to SARS-CoV-2 serologic testing. This guideline is an update to the fourth in a series of rapid, frequently updated COVID-19 guidelines developed by IDSA.Objective To develop evidence-based recommendations and identify unmet research needs pertaining to the use of anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibody tests for diagnosis, decisions related to vaccination and administration of monoclonal antibodies or convalescent plasma in immunocompromised patients, and identification of a serologic correlate of immunity.Methods A multidisciplinary panel of infectious diseases clinicians, clinical microbiologists and experts in systematic literature reviewed, identified, and prioritized clinical questions related to the use of SARS-CoV-2 serologic tests. Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation (GRADE) methodology was used to assess the certainty of evidence and make testing recommendations.Results The panel recommends against serologic testing to diagnose SARS-CoV-2 infection in the first two weeks after symptom onset (strong recommendations, low certainty of evidence). Serologic testing should not be used to provide evidence of COVID-19 in symptomatic patients with a high clinical suspicion and repeatedly negative nucleic acid amplification test results (strong recommendation, very low certainty of evidence). Serologic testing may assist with the diagnosis of multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children (strong recommendation, very low certainty of evidence). To seek evidence for prior SARS-CoV-2 infection, the panel suggests testing for IgG, IgG/IgM, or total antibodies to nucleocapsid protein three to five weeks after symptom onset (conditional recommendation, low certainty of evidence). In individuals with previous SARS-CoV-2 infection or vaccination, we suggest against routine serologic testing given no demonstrated benefit to improving patient outcomes (conditional recommendation, very low certainty of evidence.) The panel acknowledges further that a negative spike antibody test may be a useful metric to identify immunocompromised patients who are candidates for immune therapy.Conclusions The high seroprevalence of antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 worldwide limits the utility of detecting anti-SARS CoV-2 antibody. The certainty of available evidence supporting the use of serology for diagnosis was graded as very low to low. Future studies should use serologic assays calibrated to a common reference standard.
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedClinical Infectious Diseases, 16.03.2024
Tilføjet 16.03.2024
Abstract Background Oral pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) with emtricitabine/tenofovir disoproxil fumarate (F/TDF) has high efficacy against HIV-1 acquisition. Seventy-two prospective studies of daily oral F/TDF PrEP were conducted to evaluate HIV-1 incidence, drug resistance, adherence, and bone and renal safety in diverse settings.Methods HIV-1 incidence was calculated from incident HIV-1 diagnoses after PrEP initiation and within 60 days of discontinuation. Tenofovir concentration in dried blood spots (DBS), drug resistance, and bone/renal safety indicators were evaluated in a subset of studies.Results Among 17,274 participants, there were 101 cases with new HIV-1 diagnosis (0.77 per 100 person-years; 95% CI 0.63–0.94). In 78 cases with resistance data, 18 (23%) had M184I or V, one (1.3%) had K65R, and three (3.8%) had both mutations. In 54 cases with tenofovir concentration data from DBS, 45 (83.3%), 2 (3.7%), 6 (11.1%), and 1 (1.9%) had average adherence of
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedClinical Infectious Diseases, 16.03.2024
Tilføjet 16.03.2024
Abstract Background There are no systematic measures of central line-associated bloodstream infections (CLABSIs) in patients maintaining central venous catheters (CVCs) outside acute care hospitals. To improve understanding of the burden of CLABSIs outside acute care hospitals, we characterized patients with CLABSI present on hospital admission (POA).Methods Retrospective cross-sectional analysis of patients with CLABSI-POA in three health systems covering eleven hospitals across Maryland, Washington DC, and Missouri from November 2020 to October 2021. CLABSI-POA was defined using an adaptation of the acute care CLABSI definition. Patient demographics, clinical characteristics, and outcomes were collected via chart review. Cox proportional hazard analysis was used to assess factors associated with all-cause mortality within 30 days.Results 461 patients were identified as having CLABSI-POA. CVCs were most commonly maintained in home infusion therapy (32.8%) or oncology clinics (31.2%). Enterobacterales were the most common etiologic agent (29.2%). Recurrent CLABSIs occurred in a quarter of patients (25%). Eleven percent of patients died during the hospital admission. Among CLABSI-POA patients, mortality risk increased with age (versus ages
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedClinical Infectious Diseases, 16.03.2024
Tilføjet 16.03.2024
Abstract Background Growing evidence indicates antimicrobial resistance disproportionately affects individuals living in socially vulnerable areas. This study evaluated the association between Streptococcus pneumoniae (SP) antimicrobial resistance (AMR) and the CDC/ATSDR Social Vulnerability Index (SVI) in the United States.Methods Adult patients ≥ 18 years with 30-day nonduplicate SP isolates from ambulatory/hospital settings from January 2011–December 2022 with zip codes of residence were evaluated across 177 facilities in the BD Insights Research Database. Isolates were identified as SP AMR if they were non-susceptible to ≥ 1 antibiotic class (macrolide, tetracycline, extended-spectrum cephalosporins, or penicillin). Associations between SP AMR and SVI score (overall and themes) were evaluated using generalized estimating equations with repeated measurements within county to account for within-cluster correlations.Results Of 8,008 unique SP isolates from 574 US counties across 39 states, the overall proportion of AMR was 49.9%. A significant association between socioeconomic status (SES) theme and SP AMR was detected with higher SES theme SVI score (indicating greater social vulnerability) associated with greater risk of AMR. On average, a decile increase of SES, indicating greater vulnerability, was associated with a 1.28% increased risk of AMR (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.61%, 1.95%; P=0.0002). A decile increase of household characteristic score was associated with a 0.81% increased risk in SP AMR (95% CI,0.13%, 1.49%; P=0.0197). There was no association between racial/ethnic minority status, housing type and transportation theme, or overall SVI score and SP AMR.Conclusions SES and household characteristics were the SVI themes most associated with SP AMR.
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedClinical Infectious Diseases, 16.03.2024
Tilføjet 16.03.2024
Marina Prisca de Marguerite Nombot-Yazenguet, Abdou Fatawou Modiyinji, Vianney Tricou, Alexandre Manirakiza, Richard Njouom, Narcisse Patrice Joseph Komas
PLoS One Infectious Diseases, 15.03.2024
Tilføjet 15.03.2024
by Marina Prisca de Marguerite Nombot-Yazenguet, Abdou Fatawou Modiyinji, Vianney Tricou, Alexandre Manirakiza, Richard Njouom, Narcisse Patrice Joseph Komas Background Hepatitis E virus (HEV) is a major cause of enterotropic viral hepatitis, a major public health problem in many developing countries. In Central African Republic (CAR), HEV genotypes 1, 2, and 3 have been found to have an impact on human health. However, data on HEV in animal reservoirs are still lacking for CAR. Here, we investigated the presence of HEV in farmed pigs and goats in Bangui, the capital city of CAR, using molecular methods. Methodology In a prospective study, fecal samples from 61 pigs and 39 goats from farms in five districts (2nd, 4th, 6th, 7th, 8th) of Bangui were collected and tested for HEV RNA by real-time RT-PCR. The samples were further analyzed by nested-PCR and sequenced to determine the genotype and subtype to which the virus belong. Results In total, 22/100 (22.0%) feces samples were successfully amplified for HEV RNA by real time RT-PCR. All positive samples were from pigs (22/61; 36.1%), while all goat samples were negative (0/39). Twelve HEV RNA samples (12/22 or 54.5%) were successfully amplified by nested RT-PCR, and subsequently sequenced. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that the obtained sequences clustered with subtype 3h and were genetically related to the human HEV sequences from CAR. Conclusion This study confirms that pigs constitute an HEV reservoir, with genotype 3 being the major circulating strain. Further studies are needed to investigate other local reservoirs and to improve knowledge of the molecular epidemiology of HEV in CAR.
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedFahimeh Saeed, Elaheh Ghalehnovi, Mahdieh Saeidi, Neda Ali beigi, Mohsen Vahedi, Mohammadreza Shalbafan, Leila Kamalzadeh, Ali Nazeri Astaneh, Amir Hossein Jalali Nadoushan, Sheikh Shoib
PLoS One Infectious Diseases, 15.03.2024
Tilføjet 15.03.2024
by Fahimeh Saeed, Elaheh Ghalehnovi, Mahdieh Saeidi, Neda Ali beigi, Mohsen Vahedi, Mohammadreza Shalbafan, Leila Kamalzadeh, Ali Nazeri Astaneh, Amir Hossein Jalali Nadoushan, Sheikh Shoib Background The mental health of medical residents, challenged by their intensive training, is of utmost concern. In light of reported suicides among Iranian medical residents in 2021, this study investigates the factors behind suicidal ideation among medical residents during the COVID-19 pandemic in Tehran. Methods This study conducted a cross-sectional online survey among medical residents in various specialties in Tehran, Iran, amidst the COVID-19 pandemic. Suicidal ideation was assessed using the Beck Scale for Suicidal Ideation (BSSI), while depression, anxiety, and stress were measured using the DASS-21. It also collected demographic and clinical data from the participants. The data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, the Chi-square test, and multiple linear regression to examine the prevalence and determinants of suicidal ideation among medical residents. Results The study enrolled 353 medical residents and found that 34.3% of them had suicidal ideation, with 10.2% indicating a high risk. The study also found high levels of depression, anxiety, and stress among the participants. The variables that significantly predicted suicidal ideation were depression, history of alcohol/substance use, personal history of suicide attempts, history of self-mutilation, family history of suicide attempts, number of shifts in a month, death of close persons because of COVID-19, and income. Depression was the strongest predictor of suicidal ideation. Conclusion These findings underscore the urgent need for effective interventions and support systems to address the mental health needs of medical residents in Iran. The strategies should prioritize destigmatizing mental health, promoting access to mental health services, fostering a supportive training environment, and enhancing income opportunities.
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedOsnat Grinstein-Koren, Michal Lusthaus, Hilla Tabibian-Keissar, Ilana Kaplan, Amos Buchner, Ron Ilatov, Marilena Vered, Ayelet Zlotogorski-Hurvitz
PLoS One Infectious Diseases, 15.03.2024
Tilføjet 15.03.2024
by Osnat Grinstein-Koren, Michal Lusthaus, Hilla Tabibian-Keissar, Ilana Kaplan, Amos Buchner, Ron Ilatov, Marilena Vered, Ayelet Zlotogorski-Hurvitz Background Expression of angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE)-2 and co-factors like furin, play key-roles in entry of SARS-CoV-2 into host cells. Furin is also involved in oral carcinogenesis. We investigated their expression in oral pre-malignant/malignant epithelial pathologies to evaluate whether ACE2 and furin expression might increase susceptibility of patients with these lesions for SARS-CoV-2 infection. Methods Study included normal oral mucosa (N = 14), epithelial hyperplasia-mild dysplasia (N = 27), moderate-to-severe dysplasia (N = 24), squamous cell carcinoma (SCC, N = 34) and oral lichen planus (N = 51). Evaluation of ACE2/furin membranous/membranous-cytoplasmic immunohistochemical expression was divided by epithelial thirds (basal/middle/upper), on a 5-tier scale (0, 1—weak, 1.5 –weak-to-moderate, 2—moderate, 3—strong). Total score per case was the sum of all epithelial thirds, and the mean staining score per group was calculated. Real time-polymerase chain reaction was performed for ACE2-RNA. Statistical differences were analyzed by One-way ANOVA, significance at p
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedRumbidzai Chireshe, Tawanda Manyangadze, Keshena Naidoo
PLoS One Infectious Diseases, 15.03.2024
Tilføjet 15.03.2024
by Rumbidzai Chireshe, Tawanda Manyangadze, Keshena Naidoo Background Integrated health care is an approach characterized by a high degree of collaboration and communication among health professionals. Integration of HIV/NCD is recommended to enhance the quality of healthcare services being provided. Duplication of limited resources is minimized, and a holistic care approach is promoted by shifting from acute and reactive care to care that embraces patient-centredness that includes promotive health and disease surveillance. The high burden of HIV disease in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) combined with the increasing prevalence of chronic non-communicable diseases (NCDs) necessitates a review of how health systems has been doing to deliver quality integrated care for people living with HIV (PLWH) and comorbid chronic NCDs. Methods A scoping review was conducted to identify and describe all publications on integrated chronic care management models at the primary care level in the SSA context, particularly those that addressed the care of PLHIV with co-morbid chronic NCDs. The inclusion and exclusion criteria were applied, and duplicates were removed. Results A total of twenty-one articles were included in the final review. Integrated healthcare systems were reported in only eight SSA countries–(South Africa, Uganda, Kenya, the United Republic of Tanzania, Zambia, Malawi, Zimbabwe and Swaziland). Integrated care systems adopted one of three health models. These included added-on NCD services to previously dedicated HIV care facilities, expansion of primary care facilities to include HIV care and establishment of integrated care services. Short-term benefits included staff capacitation, improved retention of patients and improved screening and detection of NCDs. However, the expansion of existing services resulted in an increased workload with no additional staff. A significant positive change noted by communities was that there was less or no stigmatisation of people living with HIV when attending dedicated HIV clinics. Conclusion Evidence of integrated healthcare services for PLWH and co-morbid of NCDs in SSA is scanty. Data on some short-term benefits of integrated care was available, but evidence was absent on the long-term outcomes. Randomized clinical trials with clearly defined comparator groups and standardized measures of HIV and NCD outcomes are needed to demonstrate non-inferiority of integrated against non-integrated care.
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedRobin Wollast, Mathias Schmitz, Alix Bigot, Marie Brisbois, Olivier Luminet
PLoS One Infectious Diseases, 15.03.2024
Tilføjet 15.03.2024
by Robin Wollast, Mathias Schmitz, Alix Bigot, Marie Brisbois, Olivier Luminet We investigated the social, emotional, and cognitive predictors of adherence to four health behaviors (handwashing, mask wearing, social contact limitations, and physical distancing) during one critical phase of the COVID-19 pandemic. We collected data (N = 5803, mean age = 53; 57% women) in Belgium at five time points between April and July 2021, a time during which infections evolved from high (third wave of the pandemic) to low numbers of COVID-19 cases. The results show that the social, emotional, and cognitive predictors achieved high levels of explained variance (R2 > .60). In particular, the central components of behavioral change (attitudes, intentions, control, habits, norms, and risk) were the strongest and most consistent predictors of health behaviors over time. Likewise, autonomous motivation and empathetic emotions (e.g., attentive, compassionate) had a positive impact on health behavior adherence, whereas it was the opposite for lively emotions (e.g., active, enthusiastic). These results offer policymakers actionable insights into the most potent and stable factors associated with health behaviors, equipping them with effective strategies to curtail the spread of future infectious diseases.
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedTian Yan, Fang Liu
PLoS One Infectious Diseases, 15.03.2024
Tilføjet 15.03.2024
by Tian Yan, Fang Liu Background As the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic winds down, both individuals and society are gradually returning to life and activities before the pandemic. This study aims to explore how people’s emotions have changed from the pre-pandemic period during the pandemic to this post-emergency period and whether the sentiment level nowadays has returned to the pre-pandemic level. Method We collected Reddit social media data in 2019 (pre-pandemic), 2020 (peak period of the pandemic), 2021, and 2022 (late stages of the pandemic, transitioning period to the post-emergency period) from the subreddits communities in 128 universities/colleges in the U.S., and a set of school-level baseline characteristics such as location, enrollment, graduation rate, selectivity, etc. We predicted two sets of sentiments from a pre-trained Robustly Optimized BERT pre-training approach (RoBERTa) and a graph attention network (GAT) that leverages both the rich semantic information and the relational information among posted messages and then applied model stacking to obtain the final sentiment classification. After obtaining the sentiment label for each message, we employed a generalized linear mixed-effects model to estimate the temporal trend in sentiment from 2019 to 2022 and how the school-level factors may affect the sentiment. Results Compared to the year 2019, the odds of negative sentiment in years 2020, 2021, and 2022 are 25%. 7.3%, and 6.3% higher, respectively, which are all statistically significant at the 5% significance level based on the multiplicity-adjusted p-values. Conclusions Our study findings suggest a partial recovery in the sentiment composition (negative vs. non-negative) in the post-pandemic-emergency era. The results align with common expectations and provide a detailed quantification of how sentiments have evolved from 2019 to 2022 in the sub-population represented by the sample examined in this study.
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedMargaret L. Walsh-Buhi, Rebecca F. Houghton, Danny Valdez, Eric R. Walsh-Buhi
PLoS One Infectious Diseases, 15.03.2024
Tilføjet 15.03.2024
by Margaret L. Walsh-Buhi, Rebecca F. Houghton, Danny Valdez, Eric R. Walsh-Buhi The purpose of this research was to examine individual differences related to fear of, perceived susceptibility to, and perceived severity of mpox as well as mpox knowledge, fear, perceived susceptibility, and perceived severity as predictors of vaccine intention in a national survey of U.S. adults (aged ≥18 years). Address-based sampling (ABS) methods were used to ensure full coverage of all households in the nation, reflecting the 2021 March Supplement of the Current Population Survey. Internet-based surveys were self-administered by Ipsos between September 16–26, 2022. N = 1018 participants completed the survey. The survey included items, based partially on the Health Belief Model, assessing vaccine intention (1 item; responses from 1 [Definitely not] to 5 [Definitely]), fear of mpox (7-item scale; α = .89; theoretical mean = 7–35), perceived susceptibility to mpox (3-item scale; α = .85; theoretical mean = 3–15), and perceived severity of mpox (4-item scale; α = .65; theoretical mean = 4–20). Higher scores indicate greater fear, susceptibility, and severity. One-way ANOVAs were run to examine mean score differences by demographic groups (e.g., gender, race/ethnicity, sexual orientation), and multiple regression analyses assessed the relationship between predictors (mpox knowledge, susceptibility/severity, fear) and a single outcome (vaccination intention), while controlling for demographic covariates. Sampling weights were applied to all analyses. Only 1.8% (n = 18) of respondents reported having received the mpox vaccine. While mpox vaccine intention was low (M = 2.09, SD = 0.99), overall differences between racial/ethnic, sexual orientation, education, and household income groups were statistically significant. Fear of mpox was very low (M = 13.13, SD = 5.33), and there were overall statistically significant differences in both fear and perceived severity among gender, race/ethnicity, sexual orientation, education, and household income groups. While respondents reported not feeling very susceptible to mpox (M = 5.77, SD = 2.50), they generally rated mpox as just above the theoretical mean in terms of severity (M = 11.01, SD = 2.85). Mpox knowledge, fear, severity, and susceptibility, as well as race/ethnicity, were all statistically significant predictors of intention to vaccinate, with susceptibility representing the strongest predictor. Overall, Americans’ vaccination for mpox/vaccine intent was low. Gay/lesbian and racial/ethnic minority respondents felt more susceptible to and viewed mpox more severely, compared with heterosexual and White respondents, respectively. These data may be used to tailor risk and prevention (e.g., vaccination) interventions, as cases continue to surge in the current global mpox outbreak. Greater perceptions of susceptibility, severity, and fear about mpox exist largely among minority populations. While public health messaging to promote mpox vaccination can focus on improving knowledge, as well as addressing fear and perceived severity of, and susceptibility to, mpox, such messages should be carefully crafted to prevent disproportionate negative effects on marginalized communities.
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedMalaria Journal, 15.03.2024
Tilføjet 15.03.2024
Abstract Background Tanzania is currently implementing therapeutic efficacy studies (TES) in areas of varying malaria transmission intensities as per the World Health Organization (WHO) recommendations. In TES, distinguishing reinfection from recrudescence is critical for the determination of anti-malarial efficacy. Recently, the WHO recommended genotyping polymorphic coding genes, merozoite surface proteins 1 and 2 (msp1 and msp2), and replacing the glutamate-rich protein (glurp) gene with one of the highly polymorphic microsatellites in Plasmodium falciparum to adjust the efficacy of antimalarials in TES. This study assessed the polymorphisms of six neutral microsatellite markers and their potential use in TES, which is routinely performed in Tanzania. Methods Plasmodium falciparum samples were obtained from four TES sentinel sites, Kibaha (Pwani), Mkuzi (Tanga), Mlimba (Morogoro) and Ujiji (Kigoma), between April and September 2016. Parasite genomic DNA was extracted from dried blood spots on filter papers using commercial kits. Genotyping was done using six microsatellites (Poly-α, PfPK2, TA1, C3M69, C2M34 and M2490) by capillary method, and the data were analysed to determine the extent of their polymorphisms and genetic diversity at the four sites. Results Overall, 83 (88.3%) of the 94 samples were successfully genotyped (with positive results for ≥ 50.0% of the markers), and > 50.0% of the samples (range = 47.6–59.1%) were polyclonal, with a mean multiplicity of infection (MOI) ranging from 1.68 to 1.88 among the four sites. There was high genetic diversity but limited variability among the four sites based on mean allelic richness (RS = 7.48, range = 7.27–8.03, for an adjusted minimum sample size of 18 per site) and mean expected heterozygosity (He = 0.83, range = 0.80–0.85). Cluster analysis of haplotypes using STRUCTURE, principal component analysis, and pairwise genetic differentiation (FST) did not reveal population structure or clustering of parasites according to geographic origin. Of the six markers, Poly-α was the most polymorphic, followed by C2M34, TA1 and C3M69, while M2490 was the least polymorphic. Conclusion Microsatellite genotyping revealed high polyclonality and genetic diversity but no significant population structure. Poly-α, C2M34, TA1 and C3M69 were the most polymorphic markers, and Poly-α alone or with any of the other three markers could be adopted for use in TES in Tanzania.
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedMalaria Journal, 15.03.2024
Tilføjet 15.03.2024
Abstract Background Vegetation health (VH) is a powerful characteristic for forecasting malaria incidence in regions where the disease is prevalent. This study aims to determine how vegetation health affects the prevalence of malaria and create seasonal weather forecasts using NOAA/AVHRR environmental satellite data that can be substituted for malaria epidemic forecasts. Methods Weekly advanced very high-resolution radiometer (AVHRR) data were retrieved from the NOAA satellite website from 2009 to 2021. The monthly number of malaria cases was collected from the Ministry of Health of Benin from 2009 to 2021 and matched with AVHRR data. Pearson correlation was calculated to investigate the impact of vegetation health on malaria transmission. Ordinary least squares (OLS), support vector machine (SVM) and principal component regression (PCR) were applied to forecast the monthly number of cases of malaria in Northern Benin. A random sample of proposed models was used to assess accuracy and bias. Results Estimates place the annual percentage rise in malaria cases at 9.07% over 2009–2021 period. Moisture (VCI) for weeks 19–21 predicts 75% of the number of malaria cases in the month of the start of high mosquito activities. Soil temperature (TCI) and vegetation health index (VHI) predicted one month earlier than the start of mosquito activities through transmission, 78% of monthly malaria incidence. Conclusions SVM model D is more effective than OLS model A in the prediction of malaria incidence in Northern Benin. These models are a very useful tool for stakeholders looking to lessen the impact of malaria in Benin.
Læs mere Tjek på PubMed