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Malaria Journal, 26.04.2024
Tilføjet 26.04.2024
Malaria Journal, 26.04.2024
Tilføjet 26.04.2024
Abstract Background There are giant steps taken in the introduction of the novel malaria vaccine poised towards reducing mortality and morbidity associated with malaria. Objectives This study aimed to determine the knowledge of malaria vaccine and factors militating against willingness to accept the vaccine among mothers presenting in nine hospitals in Enugu metropolis. Methods This was a cross-sectional study carried out among 491 mothers who presented with their children in nine hospitals in Enugu metropolis, South-East Nigeria. A pre-tested and interviewer-administered questionnaire was used in this study. Results A majority of the respondents, 72.1% were aware of malaria vaccine. A majority of the respondents, 83.1% were willing to receive malaria vaccine. Similarly, a majority of the mothers, 92.9%, were willing to vaccinate baby with the malaria vaccine, while 81.1% were willing to vaccinate self and baby with the malaria vaccine. The subjects who belong to the low socio-economic class were five times less likely to vaccinate self and baby with malaria vaccine when compared with those who were in the high socio-economic class (AOR = 0.2, 95% CI 0.1–0.5). Mothers who had good knowledge of malaria vaccination were 3.3 times more likely to vaccinate self and baby with malaria vaccine when compared with those who had poor knowledge of malaria vaccination (AOR = 3.3, 95% CI 1–6–6.8). Conclusion Although the study documented a high vaccine acceptance among the mothers, there exists a poor knowledge of the malaria vaccine among them.
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedMalaria Journal, 26.04.2024
Tilføjet 26.04.2024
Abstract Background Pregnancy Associated Malaria (PAM) include malaria in pregnancy (MiP), placental malaria (PM), and congenital malaria (CM). The evidence available in Colombia on PAM focuses on one of the presentations (MiP, PM or CM), and no study longitudinally analyses the infection from the pregnant woman, passing through the placenta, until culminating in the newborn. This study determined the frequency of MiP, PM, and CM caused by Plasmodium vivax, Plasmodium falciparum, or mixed infections, according to Thick Blood Smear (TBS) and quantitative Polymerase Chain Reaction (qPCR). Identifying associated factors of PAM and clinical-epidemiological outcomes in northwestern Colombia. Methods Prospective study of 431 pregnant women, their placenta, and newborns registered in the data bank of the research Group “Salud y Comunidad César Uribe Piedrahíta” which collected information between 2014 and 2020 in endemic municipalities of the departments of Córdoba and Antioquia. The frequency of infection was determined with 95% confidence intervals. Comparisons were made with the Chi-square test, Student t-test, prevalence ratios, and control for confounding variables by log-binomial regression. Results The frequency of MiP was 22.3% (4.6% using TBS), PM 24.8% (1.4% using TBS), and CM 11.8% (0% using TBS). Using TBS predominated P. vivax. Using qPCR the proportions of P. vivax and P. falciparum were similar for MiP and PM, but P. falciparum predominated in CM. The frequency was higher in nulliparous, and women with previous malaria. The main clinical effects of PAM were anaemia, low birth weight, and abnormal APGAR score. Conclusions The magnitude of infections was not detected with TBS because most cases were submicroscopic (TBS-negative, qPCR-positive). This confirmed the importance of improving the molecular detection of cases. PAM continue being underestimated in the country due to that in Colombia the control programme is based on TBS, despite its outcomes on maternal, and congenital health.
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedInfection, 26.04.2024
Tilføjet 26.04.2024
Abstract Background This retrospective study focused on analyzing community-acquired respiratory virus (CARV) infections, in particular human parainfluenza virus (hPIV) after allogeneic stem cell transplant (allo-SCT) in adults recipients. It aimed to assess the impact of ribavirin treatment, clinical characteristics, and risk factors associated with lower respiratory tract disease (LRTD) progression and all-cause mortality. Patients and methods The study included 230 allo-SCT recipients diagnosed with hPIV between December 2013 and June 2023. Risk factors for the development of LRTD, disease severity, and mortality were analyzed. Ribavirin treatment was administered at physician discretion in 61 out of 230 cases (27%). Results Risk factors for LRTD progression in multivariate analysis were corticosteroids > 30 mg/day (Odds ratio (OR) 3.5, 95% Confidence Interval (C.I.) 1.3–9.4, p = 0.013), fever at the time of hPIV detection (OR 3.89, 95% C.I. 1.84–8.2, p
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedInfection, 26.04.2024
Tilføjet 26.04.2024
Abstract Purpose Antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 spike (anti-S) may confer protection against symptomatic COVID-19. Whether their level predicts progression among those with COVID-19 pneumonia remains unclear. Methods We conducted a retrospective cohort study to assess predictors of anti-S levels and whether anti-S titer is associated with death or mechanical ventilation (MV). Adults hospitalized for COVID-19 pneumonia between July 2021 and July 2022 were enrolled if anti-S had been measured within 72 h of admission. Predictors of anti-S level were explored using multivariable quantile regression. The association between anti-S levels and 30-day death/MV was investigated via multivariable logistic regression. Analyses were stratified by vaccine status. Results The median anti-S level was 1370 BAU/ml in 328 vaccinated and 15.5 BAU/ml in 206 unvaccinated individuals. Among the vaccinated, shorter symptom duration (p = 0.001), hematological malignancies (p = 0.002), and immunosuppressive therapy (p = 0.004) were associated with lower anti-S levels. In the unvaccinated group, symptom duration was the only predictor of anti-S levels (p
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedInfection, 26.04.2024
Tilføjet 26.04.2024
Abstract Purpose A German multicentre study BLOOMY was the first to use machine learning approach to develop mortality prediction scores for bloodstream infection (BSI) patients, but the scores have not been assessed in other cohorts. Our aim was to assess how the BLOOMY 14-day and 6-month scores estimate mortality in our cohort of 497 cases with BSI. Methods Clinical data, laboratory data, and patient outcome were gathered retrospectively from patient records. The scores were calculated as presented in the BLOOMY study with the exception in the day of the evaluation. Results In our cohort, BLOOMY 14-day score estimated death by day 14 with an area under curve (AUC) of 0.87 (95% Confidence Interval 0.80–0.94). Using ≥ 6 points as a cutoff, sensitivity was 68.8%, specificity 88.1%, positive predictive value (PPV) 39.3%, and negative predictive value (NPV) 96.2%. These results were similar in the original BLOOMY cohort and outweighed both quick Sepsis-Related Organ Failure Assessment (AUC 0.76) and Pitt Bacteraemia Score (AUC 0.79) in our cohort. BLOOMY 6-month score to estimate 6-month mortality had an AUC of 0.79 (0.73–0.85). Using ≥ 6 points as a cutoff, sensitivity was 98.3%, specificity 10.7%, PPV 25.7%, and NPV 95.2%. AUCs of 6-month score to estimate 1-year and 5-year mortality were 0.80 (0.74–0.85) and 0.77 (0.73–0.82), respectively. Conclusion The BLOOMY 14-day and 6-month scores performed well in the estimations of mortality in our cohort and exceeded some established scores, but their adoption in clinical work remains to be seen.
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedInfection, 26.04.2024
Tilføjet 26.04.2024
Abstract Purpose Physicians may administer Nirmatrelvir-ritonavir to patients who have been symptomatic for more than 5 days. There is currently no clear evidence to support this approach. Methods A real-world study was conducted to investigate the potential relationship between the administration of Nirmatrelvir-ritonavir and the rates of intubation or in-hospital mortality among COVID-19 patients who experienced symptoms for more than 5 days. The end point was a composite event of intubation or in-hospital mortality. The outcomes between those patients who received Nirmatrelvir-ritonavir and those who did not were compared. Results A total of 847 patients were included in the analysis. Among them, 312 patients (36.84%) received Nirmatrelvir-ritonavir. Within the entire population, 86 patients (10.15%) experienced intubation or in-hospital mortality. The main analysis indicated that there was a significant association between the application of Nirmatrelvir-ritonavir and intubation or in-hospital mortality, with an odds ratio of 0.50 (95% confidence interval, 0.28 to 0.87; P = 0.0153) using inverse probability of treatment weighting. The finding was consistent with multiple sensitivity analyses. Conclusions The application of Nirmatrelvir-ritonavir was associated with a significantly reduced risk of intubation or death in hospitalized COVID-19 patients who experienced symptoms for more than 5 days as compared to those who did not receive the treatment.
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedInfection, 26.04.2024
Tilføjet 26.04.2024
Abstract Background Sepsis is a recognized global health challenge that places a considerable disease burden on countries. Although there has been some progress in the study of sepsis, the mortality rate of sepsis remains high. The relationship between serum osmolality and the prognosis of patients with sepsis is unclear. Method Patients with sepsis who met the criteria in the Medical Information Mart for Intensive Care IV database were included in the study. Hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were determined using multivariable Cox regression. The relationship between serum osmolality and the 28-day mortality risk in patients with sepsis was investigated using curve fitting, and inflection points were calculated. Results A total of 13,219 patients with sepsis were enrolled in the study; the mean age was 65.1 years, 56.9 % were male, and the 28-day mortality rate was 18.8 %. After adjusting for covariates, the risk of 28-day mortality was elevated by 99% (HR 1.99, 95%CI 1.74-2.28) in the highest quintile of serum osmolality (Q5 >303.21) and by 59% (HR 1.59, 95%CI 1.39-1.83) in the lowest quintile (Q1 ≤285.80), as compared to the reference quintile (Q3 291.38-296.29). The results of the curve fitting showed a U-shaped relationship between serum osmolality and the risk of 28-day mortality, with an inflection point of 286.9 mmol/L. Conclusion There is a U-shaped relationship between serum osmolality and the 28-day mortality risk in patients with sepsis. Higher or lower serum osmolality is associated with an increased risk of mortality in patients with sepsis. Patients with sepsis have a lower risk of mortality when their osmolality is 285.80-296.29 mmol/L.
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedInfection, 26.04.2024
Tilføjet 26.04.2024
Abstract Background Mycoplasma genitalium (MG) is an emerging sexually transmitted infection, often harboring resistance-associated mutations to azithromycin (AZM). Global surveillance has been mandated to tackle the burden caused by MG, yet no data are available for Austria. Thus, we aimed to investigate the prevalence of MG, disease characteristics, and treatment outcomes at the largest Austrian HIV—and STI clinic. Methods All MG test results at the Medical University of Vienna from 02/2019 to 03/2022 were evaluated. Azithromycin resistance testing was implemented in 03/2021. Results Among 2671 MG tests, 199 distinct and mostly asymptomatic (68%; 135/199) MG infections were identified, affecting 10% (178/1775) of all individuals. This study included 83% (1479/1775) men, 53% (940/1775) men who have sex with men (MSM), 31% (540/1754) HIV+, and 15% (267/1775) who were using HIV pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP). In logistic regression analysis, ‘MSM’ (aOR 2.55 (95% CI 1.65–3.92)), ‘use of PrEP’ (aOR 2.29 (95% CI 1.58–3.32)), and ‘history of syphilis’ (aOR 1.57 (95% CI 1.01–2.24) were independent predictors for MG infections. Eighty-nine percent (178/199) received treatment: 11% (21/178) doxycycline (2 weeks), 52% (92/178) AZM (5 days), and 37% ( 65/178) moxifloxacin (7–10 days) and 60% (106/178) had follow-up data available showing negative tests in 63% (5/8), 76% (44/58) and 85% (34/40), respectively. AZM resistance analysis was available for 57% (114/199)) and detected in 68% (78/114). Resistance-guided therapy achieved a cure in 87% (53/61), yet, empiric AZM-treatment (prior to 03/2021) cleared 68% (26/38). Conclusions Mycoplasma genitalium was readily detected in this Austrian observational study, affected predominantly MSM and often presented as asymptomatic disease. We observed a worryingly high prevalence of AZM resistance mutations; however, empiric AZM treatment cleared twice as many MG infections as expected.
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedJulie E. RaabDesmond J. HamiltonTucker B. HarjuThao N. HuynhBrian C. Russo1Department of Immunology and Microbiology, School of Medicine, University of Colorado—Anschutz Medical Campus, Denver, Colorado, USA, Anthony R. Richardson
Infection and Immunity, 26.04.2024
Tilføjet 26.04.2024
Clinical & Experimental Immunology, 26.04.2024
Tilføjet 26.04.2024
Abstract Cerebral aneurysm (CA) represent a significant clinical challenge, characterized by pathological dilation of cerebral arteries. Recent evidence underscores the crucial involvement of immune cells in CA pathogenesis. This study aims to explore the complex interplay between immune cells and CA formation. We analyzed single-cell RNA sequencing data from the GSE193533 dataset, focusing on unruptured CA and their controls. Comprehensive cell-type identification and pseudotime trajectory analyses were conducted to delineate the dynamic shifts in immune cell populations. Additionally, a two-sample Mendelian Randomization (MR) approach was employed to investigate the causal influence of various immunophenotypes on CA susceptibility and the reciprocal effect of CA formation on immune phenotypes. Single-cell transcriptomic analysis revealed a progressive loss of vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) and an increase in monocytes/macrophages (Mo/MΦ) and other immune cells, signifying a shift from a structural to an inflammatory milieu in CA evolution. MR analysis identified some vital immunophenotypes, such as CD64 on CD14+ CD16+ monocytes (OR: 1.236, 95% CI: 1.064 to 1.435, p=0.006), as potential risk factors for CA development, while others, like CD28- CD8br %CD8br (OR: 0.883, 95% CI: 0.789 to 0.988, p=0.030), appeared protective. Reverse MR analysis demonstrated that CA formation could modulate specific immunophenotypic expressions, highlighting a complex bidirectional interaction between CA pathology and immune response. This study underscores the pivotal role of immune cells in this process through the integration of single-cell transcriptomics with MR analysis, offering a comprehensive perspective on CA pathogenesis, potentially guiding future therapeutic strategies targeting specific immune pathways.
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedClinical & Experimental Immunology, 26.04.2024
Tilføjet 26.04.2024
SUMMARY CD8 T cells are crucial adaptive immune cells with cytotoxicity to fight against pathogens or abnormal self-cells via major histocompatibility complex class I-dependent priming pathways. The composition of the memory CD8 T cell pool is influenced by various factors. Physiological aging, chronic viral infection, and autoimmune diseases promote the accumulation of CD8 T cells with highly differentiated memory phenotypes. Accumulating studies have shown that some of these memory CD8 T cells also exhibit innate-like cytotoxicity and upregulate the expression of receptors associated with natural killer (NK) cells. Further analysis shows that these NK-like CD8 T cells have transcriptional profiles of both NK and CD8 T cells, suggesting the transformation of CD8 T cells into NK cells. However, the specific induction mechanism underlying NK-like transformation and the implications of this process for CD8 T cells are still unclear. This review aimed to deduce the possible differentiation model of NK-like CD8 T cells, summarize the functions of major NK cell receptors expressed on these cells and provide a new perspective for exploring the role of these CD8 T cells in health and disease.
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedClinical & Experimental Immunology, 26.04.2024
Tilføjet 26.04.2024
Abstract Patients with very early-onset inflammatory bowel disease (VEO-IBD) may present because of underlying monogenic inborn errors of immunity (IEI). Strong differences have been observed in the causes of monogenic IBD among ethnic populations. This multi-center study was carried out on 16 Iranian patients with VEO-IBD. We reviewed clinical and basic immunologic evaluation including flow cytometry and immunoglobulin levels. All patients underwent clinical whole exome sequencing (WES). Sixteen patients (8 females and 8 males) with a median age of 43.5 months were enrolled. The median age at the onset of symptoms was 4 months. Most patients (12, 75%) had consanguineous parents. Chronic non-bloody diarrhea (13, 81.3%) and perianal diseases including perianal abscess (6, 37.5%), anal fissure (6, 37.5%), or anal fistula (2, 12.5%) were the most common manifestations.WES identified a spectrum of genetic variants in 13 patients (81.3%): IL10RB (6, 37.5%), MVK (3, 18.8%), and CASP8, SLC35C1, G6PC3, and IKBKB in one patient, respectively. In 3 patients (18.7%) no variant was identified. Flow cytometry identified a spectrum of abnormalities that helped to assess the evidence of genetic diagnosis. At the end of the survey, 3 (18.8%) patients were deceased. This high rate of monogenic defects with a broad spectrum of genes reiterates the importance of investigating IEI in patients with infantile-onset IBD.
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedEvangelos Giampazolias, Mariana Pereira da Costa, Khiem C. Lam, Kok Haw Jonathan Lim, Ana Cardoso, Cécile Piot, Probir Chakravarty, Sonja Blasche, Swara Patel, Adi Biram, Tomas Castro-Dopico, Michael D. Buck, Richard R. Rodrigues, Gry Juul Poulsen, Susana A. Palma-Duran, Neil C. Rogers, Maria A. Koufaki, Carlos M. Minutti, Pengbo Wang, Alexander Vdovin, Bruno Frederico, Eleanor Childs, Sonia Lee, Ben Simpson, Andrea Iseppon, Sara Omenetti, Gavin Kelly, Robert Goldstone, Emma Nye, Alejandro Suárez-Bonnet, Simon L. Priestnall, James I. MacRae, Santiago Zelenay, Kiran Raosaheb Patil, Kevin Litchfield, James C. Lee, Tine Jess, Romina S. Goldszmid, Caetano Reis e Sousa
Science, 25.04.2024
Tilføjet 25.04.2024
Deus S. Ishengoma, Roly Gosling, Rosario Martinez-Vega, Khalid B. Beshir, Jeffrey A. Bailey, John Chimumbwa, Colin Sutherland, Melissa D. Conrad, Fitsum G. Tadesse, Jonathan J. Juliano, Moses R. Kamya, Wilfred F. Mbacham, Didier Ménard, Philip J. Rosenthal, Jaishree Raman, Allison Tatarsky, Sofonias K. Tessema, David A. Fidock, Abdoulaye A. Djimde
Nature, 25.04.2024
Tilføjet 25.04.2024
Marília Antônia Oliveira da Trindade, Álvaro Luan Santana Fonseca, Isabelle Helena Lima Dias, Sergei Rodrigo Magalhães de Sousa, Martin Johannes Enk, Karla Valéria Batista Lima, Ricardo Jose de Paula Souza e Guimarães
Tropical Medicine & International Health, 25.04.2024
Tilføjet 25.04.2024
Clinical Infectious Diseases, 25.04.2024
Tilføjet 25.04.2024
Abstract We report identification of 5 patients with infections caused by NDM-5-producing E. coli harboring PBP3 mutations that showed reduced susceptibility to aztreonam-avibactam and cefiderocol. Durlobactam, a novel diazabicyclooctane β-lactamase inhibitor, demonstrated minimum inhibitory concentrations ranging from 0.5 to 2 µg/mL supporting future investigations into a potential role in clinical management.
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedInfectious Disease Modelling, 25.04.2024
Tilføjet 25.04.2024
Publication date: September 2024 Source: Infectious Disease Modelling, Volume 9, Issue 3 Author(s): Carlos Andreu-Vilarroig, Rafael J. Villanueva, Gilberto González-Parra
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedNew England Journal of Medicine, 25.04.2024
Tilføjet 25.04.2024
New England Journal of Medicine, Volume 390, Issue 16, Page 1532-1533, April 25, 2024.
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedNew England Journal of Medicine, 25.04.2024
Tilføjet 25.04.2024
New England Journal of Medicine, Volume 390, Issue 16, Page 1533-1535, April 25, 2024.
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedAlan Y. Hsu, Chun‐Ju Lin, Ning‐Yi Hsia, Yu‐Hsun Wang, Jing‐Xing Li, Huan‐Sheng Chen, James Cheng‐Chung Wei, Yi‐Yu Tsai
Journal of Medical Virology, 25.04.2024
Tilføjet 25.04.2024
Guilherme S. Lira, Victor A. Ota, Mariana Q. S. Melo, Anna C. P. Castiñeiras, Isabela C. Leitão, Bianca O. Silva, Diana Mariani, Cássia C. A. Gonçalves, Liane J. Ribeiro, Marcia Halpern, Thalita F. Abreu, Fabiana A. Carneiro, Helena T. Scheid, Leonardo A. V. Souza, Débora G. M. Rodrigues, Nádia V. G. Cruz, Andrea Cony, Silvia Carvalho, Loyze P. O. de Lima, Vincent L. Viala, Lucio A. Caldas, Wanderley de Souza, Luiza M. Higa, Carolina M. Voloch, Orlando C. Ferreira Jr., Clarissa R. Damaso, Rafael M. Galliez, Débora S. Faffe, Amilcar Tanuri, Terezinha M. P. P. Castiñeiras
Journal of Medical Virology, 25.04.2024
Tilføjet 25.04.2024
Charlotte Hewel, Hanno Schmidt, Stefan Runkel, Wolfgang Kohnen, Susann Schweiger‐Seemann, André Michel, Sven‐Ernö Bikar, Bettina Lieb, Bodo Plachter, Thomas Hankeln, Matthias Linke, Susanne Gerber
Journal of Medical Virology, 25.04.2024
Tilføjet 25.04.2024
Wenjie Wang, Zijian Wang, Zumin Chen, Manman Liang, Aiping Zhang, Haoyu Sheng, Mingyue Ni, Jianghua Yang
Journal of Medical Virology, 25.04.2024
Tilføjet 25.04.2024
Seifu, B. L., Tesema, G. A., Tebeje, T., Legesse, B. T., Yehuala, T. Z., Wuneh, A. G., Tadese, Z. B., Mare, K. U.
BMJ Open, 25.04.2024
Tilføjet 25.04.2024
BackgroundLow haemoglobin level in children is linked with short-term and long-term consequences including developmental delay. Globally, over half of the children under the age of five years had low haemoglobin concentration. However, there is limited research on the prevalence and determinants of normal haemoglobin concentration among under-five children in sub-Saharan Africa. ObjectiveTo assess determinants of normal haemoglobin concentration among under-five children in SSA. DesignCross-sectional study design using a positive deviance approach Setting33 SSA countries. Participants129 408 children aged 6–59 months Primary and secondary outcome measuresA multilevel Poisson regression model with robust variance was fitted to identify determinants of normal haemoglobin concentration. An adjusted prevalence ratio with a 95% CI was reported to declare the statistical significance. ResultThe pooled prevalence of normal haemoglobin concentration among under-five children in SSA was 34.9% (95% CI: 34.6% to 35.1%). High maternal education, middle and rich household wealth, female child, frequent antenatal care visits, non-anaemic mothers, taking anthelmintic drugs and normal nutritional status were associated with increased odds of normal haemoglobin concentration. On the other hand, higher birth order, having fever and diarrhoea, rural residence were associated with lower odds of normal haemoglobin levels. ConclusionAccording to our finding, only four out of 10 under-five children in SSA had a normal haemoglobin level. This finding proved that anaemia among children in SSA remains a serious public health concern. Therefore, improving maternal education, provision of drugs for an intestinal parasite and early detection and treatment of maternal anaemia, febrile illness and diarrhoeal disease is important.
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedXu CaoLan HuangMin TangYue LiangXinpeng LiuHuijin HouShufang LiangDepartment of Biotherapy, Cancer Center and State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
Virulence, 25.04.2024
Tilføjet 25.04.2024
Zheng LvXuan ZhangKelei ZhaoLianming DuXinrong WangYiwen ChuTing Huanga Antibiotics Research and Re-evaluation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, School of pharmacy, Chengdu University, Chengdu, Chinab Institute for Advanced Study, Chengdu University, Chengdu, Chinac Antiinfective Agent Creation Engineering Research Centre of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Industrial Institute of Antibiotics, School of pharmacy, Chengdu University, Chengdu, China
Virulence, 25.04.2024
Tilføjet 25.04.2024
Elise Biquand, Sandra Khau, Nicolas Papon, Benoit Briard
Trends in Microbiology, 25.04.2024
Tilføjet 25.04.2024
Invasive fungal infections represent millions of deaths per year, but their pathophysiology remains insufficiently understood. Host–fungi interplay has been recently shown to include extracellular vesicles derived from fungi and host infected cells. In this forum article we discuss their emerging role in modulating the host immune response with particular emphasis on their regulatory involvement during Candida albicans infection.
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedPhrutsamon Wongnak, William H K Schilling, Podjanee Jittamala, Simon Boyd, Viravarn Luvira, Tanaya Siripoon, Thundon Ngamprasertchai, Elizabeth M Batty, Shivani Singh, Jindarat Kouhathong, Watcharee Pagornrat, Patpannee Khanthagan, Borimas Hanboonkunupakarn, Kittiyod Poovorawan, Mayfong Mayxay, Kesinee Chotivanich, Mallika Imwong, Sasithon Pukrittayakamee, Elizabeth A Ashley, Arjen M Dondorp, Nicholas P J Day, Mauro M Teixeira, Watcharapong Piyaphanee, Weerapong Phumratanaprapin, Nicholas J White, James A Watson, PLATCOV Collaborative Group
Lancet Infectious Diseases, 25.04.2024
Tilføjet 25.04.2024
SARS-CoV-2 viral clearance kinetics in symptomatic, vaccinated individuals accelerated substantially over 2 years of the pandemic, necessitating a change to how new SARS-CoV-2 antivirals are compared (ie, shortening the period of pharmacodynamic assessment). As of writing (October, 2023), antiviral efficacy in COVID-19 can be efficiently assessed in vivo using serial qPCRs from duplicate oropharyngeal swab eluates taken daily for 5 days after drug administration.
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedInfection, 25.04.2024
Tilføjet 25.04.2024
Abstract Background This retrospective study focused on analyzing community-acquired respiratory virus (CARV) infections, in particular human parainfluenza virus (hPIV) after allogeneic stem cell transplant (allo-SCT) in adults recipients. It aimed to assess the impact of ribavirin treatment, clinical characteristics, and risk factors associated with lower respiratory tract disease (LRTD) progression and all-cause mortality. Patients and methods The study included 230 allo-SCT recipients diagnosed with hPIV between December 2013 and June 2023. Risk factors for the development of LRTD, disease severity, and mortality were analyzed. Ribavirin treatment was administered at physician discretion in 61 out of 230 cases (27%). Results Risk factors for LRTD progression in multivariate analysis were corticosteroids > 30 mg/day (Odds ratio (OR) 3.5, 95% Confidence Interval (C.I.) 1.3–9.4, p = 0.013), fever at the time of hPIV detection (OR 3.89, 95% C.I. 1.84–8.2, p
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedJournal of Infectious Diseases, 25.04.2024
Tilføjet 25.04.2024
Abstract In Norway, single cohort vaccination with quadrivalent HPV (qHPV) vaccine targeting 12-year-old girls took place from 2009-2016. In 2020, the oldest vaccinated cohort was 23 years old and had approached the age where risk of being diagnosed with cervical intraepithelial lesion grade 2 or worse (CIN2+) increases rapidly. The aim of this cohort study was to assess direct qHPV vaccine effectiveness (VE) against CIN2+ among Norwegian women aged 16-30 in 2007-2020. By using population-based health registries and individual-level data on vaccination status and potential subsequent CIN2+ incidence, we found 82% qHPV VE among women vaccinated before the age of 17.
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedJournal of Infectious Diseases, 25.04.2024
Tilføjet 25.04.2024
Abstract Background Cancer-related deaths for people living with HIV (PWH) are increasing due to longer life expectancies and disparately poor cancer-related outcomes. We hypothesize that advanced biological aging contributes to cancer-related morbidity and mortality for PWH and cancer. We sought to determine the impact of clonal hematopoiesis (CH) on cancer disparities in PWH.Methods We conducted a retrospective study to compare the prevalence and clinical outcomes of CH in PWH and people without HIV (PWoH) and cancer. Included in the study were PWH and similar PWoH based on tumor site, age, tumor sequence, and cancer treatment status. Biological aging was also measured using epigenetic methylation clocks.Results In 136 patients with cancer, PWH had twice the prevalence of CH compared to similar PWoH (23% vs 11%, p=0.07). After adjusting for patient characteristics, PWH were four-times more likely to have CH than PWoH (OR 4.1, 95% CI 1.3-13.9, p=0.02). The effect of CH on survival was most pronounced in PWH, who had a 5-year survival rate of 38% if they had CH (vs 59% if no CH), compared to PWoH who had a 5-year survival rate of 75% if they had CH (vs 83% if no CH).Conclusion This study provides the first evidence that PWH may have a higher prevalence of CH than PWoH with the same cancers. CH may be an independent biological aging risk factor contributing to inferior survival for PWH and cancer.
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedJournal of Infectious Diseases, 25.04.2024
Tilføjet 25.04.2024
Abstract Background Although antivirals remain important for the treatment COVID-19, methods to assess treatment efficacy are lacking. Here, we investigated the impact of remdesivir on viral dynamics and their contribution to understanding antiviral efficacy in the multicenter ACTT-1 clinical trial that randomized patients to remdesivir or placebo.Methods Longitudinal specimens collected during hospitalization from a substudy of 642 COVID-19 patients were measured for viral RNA (upper respiratory tract and plasma), viral nucleocapsid antigen (serum), and host immunologic markers. Associations with clinical outcomes and response to therapy were assessed.Results Higher baseline plasma viral loads were associated with poorer clinical outcomes, and decreases in viral RNA and antigen in blood but not the upper respiratory tract correlated with enhanced benefit from remdesivir. The treatment effect of remdesivir was most pronounced in patients with elevated baseline nucleocapsid antigen levels: the recovery rate ratio was 1.95 (95%CI 1.40-2.71) for levels >245 pg/ml vs 1.04 (95%CI 0.76-1.42) for levels
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedJournal of Infectious Diseases, 25.04.2024
Tilføjet 25.04.2024
Abstract Background Understanding the association between the immune response and the risk of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection has implications for forthcoming prevention strategies. We evaluated the association between antibody titers and the risk of infection for the general population during the Omicron-dominant phase.Methods This was a prospective cohort study of residents or people affiliated with institutions in Bizen City, which included 1,899 participants. We measured the titers of antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 repeatedly every 2 months from June 2022 to March 2023. Infection status was obtained from self-reported questionnaires and the official registry. We estimated risk ratios (RRs) for infection within 2 months of the date of each antibody measurement with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) based on antibody titer categories and spline functions.Results Compared with the
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedJournal of Infectious Diseases, 25.04.2024
Tilføjet 25.04.2024
Abstract Background Hepatitis C virus (HCV) and hepatitis B virus (HBV) cause chronic hepatitis with important clinical differences. HCV causes hepatic steatosis and insulin resistance, while HBV confers increased risk of liver cancer. We hypothesised these differences may be due to virus-specific effects on mitochondrial function.Methods Seahorse technology was utilised to investigate effects of virus infection on mitochondrial function. Cell based assays were used to measure mitochondrial membrane potential and quantify pyruvate and lactate. Mass spectrometry was performed on mitochondria isolated from HBV expressing, HCV infected and control cells cultured with isotope-labelled amino acids, to identify proteins with different abundance. Altered expression of key mitochondrial proteins was confirmed by real time PCR and western blot.Results Reduced mitochondrial function and ATP production were observed with HCV infection and HBV expression. HCV impairs glycolysis and reduces expression of genes regulating fatty acid oxidation, promoting lipid accumulation. HBV causes lactate accumulation by increasing expression of lactate dehydrogenase A, which converts pyruvate to lactate. In HBV expressing cells there was marked enrichment of pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase, inhibiting conversion of pyruvate to acetyl-CoA and thereby reducing its availability for mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation.Conclusions HCV and HBV impair mitochondrial function and reduce ATP production. HCV reduces acetyl-CoA availability for energy production by impairing fatty acid oxidation, causing lipid accumulation and hepatic steatosis. HBV has no effect on fatty oxidation but reduces acetyl-CoA availability by disrupting pyruvate metabolism. This promotes lactic acidosis and oxidative stress, increasing the risk of disease progression and liver cancer.
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedJournal of Infectious Diseases, 25.04.2024
Tilføjet 25.04.2024
Abstract Background On-demand topical products could be an important tool for HIV prevention. We evaluated the safety, pharmacokinetics, and ex vivo pharmacodynamics of a tenofovir alafenamide/elvitegravir (TAF/EVG; 16 mg/20 mg) insert administered rectally.Methods MTN-039 was a Phase 1, open-label, single-arm, 2-dose study. Blood, rectal fluid (RF), and rectal tissue (RT) were collected over 72 hours (hr) following rectal administration of one and two TAF/EVG inserts for each participant. ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT04047420Results TAF/EVG inserts were safe and well tolerated. EVG and tenofovir (TFV) were detected in blood plasma at low concentrations: median peak concentrations after 2 inserts were EVG 2.4 ng/mL and TFV 4.4 ng/mL. RT EVG peaked at 2-hr (median 2 inserts= 9 ng/mg) but declined to BLQ in the majority of samples at 24-hr, whereas TFV-DP remained high >2,000 fmol/million cells for 72-hr with 2 inserts. Compared to baseline, median cumulative log10 HIV p24 antigen of ex vivo rectal tissue HIV infection was reduced at each timepoint for both 1 and 2 inserts (p
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedRebecca Akunzirwe, Simone Carter, Brenda N. Simbwa, Mercy W. Wanyana, Sherry R. Ahirirwe, Saudah K. Namubiru, Mackline Ninsiima, Allan Komakech, Alex R. Ario, Daniel Kadobera, Benon Kwesiga, Richard Migisha, Lilian Bulage, Helen N. Naiga, Jane F. Zalwango, Brian Agaba, Zainah Kabami, Marie G. Zalwango, Patrick King, Thomas Kiggundu, Peter C. Kawungezi, Doreen N. Gonahasa, Irene B. Kyamwine, Immaculate Atuhaire, Alice Asio, Sarah Elayeete, Edirisa J. Nsubuga, Veronica Masanja, Stella M. Migamba, Petranilla Nakamya, Rose Nampeera, Andrew Kwiringira, Mary Choi, Terrence Lo, Julie R. Harris
International Journal of Infectious Diseases, 25.04.2024
Tilføjet 25.04.2024
Both the case-fatality and the transmission of Ebola Disease (EBOD) can be reduced with early isolation of and appropriate care and treatment for EBOD patients at Ebola Treatment Units (ETUs) [1]. This requires active case finding, monitoring of contacts, and rapid isolation of contacts who become ill, [2,3] as well as strong health-seeking behavior of persons with EBOD symptoms [2,4]. As such, communities must be aware of EBOD-related symptoms, both the early non-specific symptoms as well as the late EBOD-related symptoms.
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedHui Xie, Junnan Zhang, Shuang Bai, Min Lv, Juan Li, Weixin Chen, Luodan Suo, Meng Chen, Wei Zhao, Shanshan Zhou, Jian Wang, Ao Zhang, Jianxin Ma, Fengshuang Wang, Le Yan, Dongmei Li, Jiang Wu
International Journal of Infectious Diseases, 25.04.2024
Tilføjet 25.04.2024
The Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is a novel coronavirus responsible for the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) global pandemic [1-3]. As the pandemic progressed, new, more transmissible but less virulent variants, like the Omicron variant, emerged and became more dominant, further reducing the mortality rate [4-8]. The World Health Organization (WHO) eventually declared that the COVID-19 pandemic no longer constitutes a public health emergency of international concern on May 2023 [9].
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedWinston L. Winkler, Ige A. Geroge, Sumanth Gandra, Jonathan C. Baker, Anderanik Tomasian, Benjamin Northrup, Theodore L. Vander Velde, Travis J. Hillen, Chongliang Luo, Resten Imaoka, Gino M. Dettorre, Jack W. Jennings
International Journal of Infectious Diseases, 25.04.2024
Tilføjet 25.04.2024
Vertebral osteomyelitis diagnosis and etiologic identification is best accomplished by surgical sampling or by image-guided core needle biopsy and/or aspiration to obtain tissue for histopathologic examination and microbiological cultures [1,2]. The identification and antimicrobial susceptibility data of a causative microorganism is crucial, as the current standard of care is to treat patients with at least 6 weeks of antimicrobials, along with surgical therapy whenever possible [3,4].
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedBMC Infectious Diseases, 25.04.2024
Tilføjet 25.04.2024
Abstract Background Soil-transmitted helminthiasis (STH) refers to a set of parasitic illnesses caused by nematode worms and spread to people through faeces-contaminated soil. It is highly prevalent in low- and middle-income countries due to a lack of environmental sanitation and personal hygiene. Pregnant women are among the risk groups for infection by soil-transmitted helminths. Former studies of the disease burden among pregnant women in Ethiopia didn’t indicate the intensity of parasitic infection. The aim of this study was to assess the prevalence and associated factors of soil-transmitted helminths among pregnant women. Methods An institution-based cross-sectional study was conducted among 416 randomly selected pregnant women. The data were collected using a structured interview-administered questionnaire and a laboratory test. The Kato-Katz technique was used to diagnose soil-transmitted helminthiasis and determine the intensity of the infection. The collected data were entered into Epi-Data version 4.6 and exported to SPSS version 25 for analysis. Multivariate logistic regression analysis was used to identify independent predictors of soil-transmitted helminths at a p-value
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedBMC Infectious Diseases, 25.04.2024
Tilføjet 25.04.2024
Abstract Background Herpes Zoster is an age dependent disease and as such it represents a problem in the Italian social context, where the demographic curve is characterized by an overrepresentation of the elderly population. Vaccines against Herpes Zoster are available, safe and effective, however coverage remains sub-optimal. This study was therefore conducted to examine the variations in Herpes Zoster vaccine uptake and confidence across different regions in Italy. Methods This study utilized a cross-sectional computer-assisted web interview (CAWI) methodology. The survey was conducted by Dynata, an online panel provider, and involved 10,000 respondents recruited in Italy between April 11 and May 29, 2022. The sample was stratified based on geographic region, gender, and age group. Data management adhered to European Union data protection regulations, and the survey covered demographics, living conditions, and vaccination against herpes zoster (HZ), following the BeSD framework. Results The findings indicate regional disparities in herpes zoster vaccine uptake across Italy. Notably, the Islands region exhibits a particularly low vaccination rate (2.9%), highlighting the need for targeted interventions. The multivariate regression analysis showed that sociodemographic factors, limited access to healthcare services, and inadequate awareness of vaccine eligibility contribute to the lower uptake observed in this region. Conclusion In conclusion, this research emphasizes regional disparities in herpes zoster (HZ) vaccination uptake in Italy. Demographic, socioeconomic, and geographic factors impact individuals’ willingness to receive the vaccine. The study highlights the importance of awareness of vaccine eligibility and accessible vaccination facilities in increasing uptake rates.
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedBMC Infectious Diseases, 25.04.2024
Tilføjet 25.04.2024
Abstract Background Immunodeficient patients, particularly HIV patients, are at risk of opportunistic infections. Nontuberculous mycobacteria can cause severe complications in immunodeficient patients. Case Presentation We describe a 57-year-old HIV patient, primarily presented with coughs and constitutional symptoms, with a unique Mycobacterium genavense abdominal, pulmonary, and central nervous system infection, accompanied by intracranial masses. Conclusion The diagnosis of NTM, including M. genavense, must always be considered by clinicians in immunodeficient patients, especially those with HIV, who have a compromised immune system.
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