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BMC Infectious Diseases, 3.05.2024
Tilføjet 3.05.2024
Abstract Background Neglected tropical diseases (NTDs) such as leprosy, lymphatic filariasis (LF), schistosomiasis and onchocerciasis are endemic in several African countries. These diseases can lead to severe pain and permanent disability, which can negatively affect the economic productivity of the affected person(s), and hence resulting into low economic performance at the macrolevel. Nonetheless, empirical evidence of the effects of these NTDs on economic performance at the macrolevel is sparse. This study therefore investigates the effects of the above-mentioned NTDs on economic performance at the macrolevel in Africa. Methods The study employs a panel design with data comprising 24 to 45 African countries depending on the NTD in question, over the period, 2002 to 2019. Gross domestic product (GDP) is used as the proxy for economic performance (Dependent variable) and the prevalence of the above-mentioned NTDs are used as the main independent variables. The random effects (RE), fixed effects (FE) and the instrumental variable fixed effects (IVFE) panel data regressions are used as estimation techniques. Results We find that, an increase in the prevalence of the selected NTDs is associated with a fall in economic performance in the selected African countries, irrespective of the estimation technique used. Specifically, using the IVFE regression estimates, we find that a percentage increase in the prevalence of leprosy, LF, schistosomiasis and onchocerciasis is associated with a reduction in economic performance by 0.43%, 0.24%, 0.28% and 0.36% respectively, at either 1% or 5% level of significance. Conclusion The findings highlight the need to increase attention and bolster integrated efforts or measures towards tackling these diseases in order to curb their deleterious effects on economic performance. Such measures can include effective mass drug administration (MDA), enhancing access to basic drinking water and sanitation among others.
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedJiankang ZhaoDanni PuZiyao LiYulin ZhangXinmeng LiuXianxia ZhuoBinghuai LuBin Caoa National Center for Respiratory Medicine, Beijing, Chinab State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Health and Multimorbidity, Beijing, Chinac National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Diseases, Beijing, Chinad Institute of Respiratory Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, Chinae Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Center of Respiratory Medicine, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing, Chinaf Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, Chinag Department of Respiratory Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing, Chinah Tsinghua University-Peaking University Joint Center for Life Sciences, Beijing, China
Virulence, 3.05.2024
Tilføjet 3.05.2024
Wes van Voorhis, Joyce Siwila, Jessica C. Kissinger, Natalia Bayona Vásquez, Guy Robinson, Rodrigo Baptista, Asis Khan, Amandine Guérin, Yi-Wei Chang, Zannatun Noor, N. Bishara Marzook, Sumiti Vinayak, Sam Arnold, Chelsea Marie, Robert K.M. Choy, Mattie C. Pawlowic, Rajiv S. Jumani
Trends in Parasitology, 3.05.2024
Tilføjet 3.05.2024
The first biennial Cryptosporidium meeting was held on 10–12 March 2024 in Philadelphia, PA, USA. The organizers, Dr Boris Striepen and Dr Christopher Hunter, welcomed more than 130 attendees to the University of Pennsylvania School of Veterinary Medicine. The meeting opened with a panel discussion featuring a diverse group of researchers, clinicians, non-profit and industry partners who offered unique insights into the problems of cryptosporidiosis. Seven research themed sessions (‘Impact of cryptosporidiosis’, ‘Population genetics’, ‘Genomics and new tools for research and translation’, ‘Parasite cell and developmental biology’, ‘Host–parasite interaction and immunity’, ‘Cryptosporidium metabolism and emerging targets’, and ‘Immunity to Cryptosporidium and vaccines’), as well as two poster sessions completed the meeting.
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedSunil Kumar Dogga, Jesse C. Rop, Juliana Cudini, Elias Farr, Antoine Dara, Dinkorma Ouologuem, Abdoulaye A. Djimdé, Arthur M. Talman, Mara K. N. Lawniczak
Science, 3.05.2024
Tilføjet 3.05.2024
Jane M. Carlton and Aubrey J. Cunnington
Science, 3.05.2024
Tilføjet 3.05.2024
Ikkoh Yasuda, Nobuo Saito, Motoi Suzuki, Dorcas Valencia Umipig, Rontgene M. Solante, Ferdinand De Guzman, Ana Ria Sayo, Michio Yasunami, Nobuo Koizumi, Emi Kitashoji, Kentaro Sakashita, Chris Fook Sheng Ng, Chris Smith, Koya Ariyoshi
PLoS One Infectious Diseases, 3.05.2024
Tilføjet 3.05.2024
by Ikkoh Yasuda, Nobuo Saito, Motoi Suzuki, Dorcas Valencia Umipig, Rontgene M. Solante, Ferdinand De Guzman, Ana Ria Sayo, Michio Yasunami, Nobuo Koizumi, Emi Kitashoji, Kentaro Sakashita, Chris Fook Sheng Ng, Chris Smith, Koya Ariyoshi
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedKousuke Umeda, Sachi Tanaka, Fumiaki Ihara, Junya Yamagishi, Yutaka Suzuki, Yoshifumi Nishikawa
PLoS One Infectious Diseases, 3.05.2024
Tilføjet 3.05.2024
by Kousuke Umeda, Sachi Tanaka, Fumiaki Ihara, Junya Yamagishi, Yutaka Suzuki, Yoshifumi Nishikawa
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedRufayda Dawood Manassrah, Rowa Al Ramahi
PLoS One Infectious Diseases, 3.05.2024
Tilføjet 3.05.2024
by Rufayda Dawood Manassrah, Rowa Al Ramahi Background One of the largest problems facing the world today is the morbidity and mortality caused by antibiotic resistance in bacterial infections. A major factor in antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is the irrational use of antibiotics. The objective of this study was to assess the prescribing pattern and cost of antibiotics in two major governmental hospitals in the West Bank of Palestine. Methods A retrospective cohort study was conducted on 428 inpatient prescriptions containing antibiotics from two major governmental hospitals, they were evaluated by some drug use indicators. The cost of antibiotics in these prescriptions was calculated based on the local cost. Descriptive statistics were performed using IBM-SPSS version 21. Results The mean ± SD number of drugs per prescription (NDPP) was 6.72 ± 4.37. Of these medicines, 38.9% were antibiotics. The mean ± SD number of antibiotics per prescription (NAPP) was 2.61 ± 1.54. The average ± SD cost per prescription (CPP) was 392 ± 744 USD. The average ± SD antibiotic cost per prescription (ACPP) was 276 ± 553 USD. The most commonly prescribed antibiotics were ceftriaxone (52.8%), metronidazole (24.8%), and vancomycin (21.0%). About 19% of the antibiotics were prescribed for intra-abdominal infections; followed by 16% used as prophylactics to prevent infections. Almost all antibiotics prescribed were administered intravenously (IV) 94.63%. In general, the average duration of antibiotic therapy was 7.33 ± 8.19 days. The study indicated that the number of antibiotics per prescription was statistically different between the hospitals (p = 0.022), and it was also affected by other variables like the diagnosis (p = 0.006), the duration of hospitalization (p < 0.001), and the NDPP (p < 0.001). The most commonly prescribed antibiotics and the cost of antibiotics per prescription were significantly different between the two hospitals (p < 0.001); The cost was much higher in the Palestinian Medical Complex. Conclusion The practice of prescribing antibiotics in Palestine’s public hospitals may be unnecessary and expensive. This has to be improved through education, adherence to recommendations, yearly immunization, and stewardship programs; intra-abdominal infections were the most commonly seen infection in inpatients and ceftriaxone was the most frequently administered antibiotic.
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedHarun K. Aremu, Christianah A. Dare, Idris A. Adekale, Bukunmi D. Adetunji, Dickson A. Musa, Luqmon A. Azeez, Olu I. Oyewole
PLoS One Infectious Diseases, 3.05.2024
Tilføjet 3.05.2024
by Harun K. Aremu, Christianah A. Dare, Idris A. Adekale, Bukunmi D. Adetunji, Dickson A. Musa, Luqmon A. Azeez, Olu I. Oyewole The incorporation of phytoactive compounds in the management of malarial vectors holds promise for the development of innovative and efficient alternatives. Nevertheless, the molecular and physiological responses that these bioactive substances induce remain underexplored. This present study investigated the toxicity of different concentrations of aqueous and methanol extracts of Ocimum tenuiflorum against larvae of Anopheles gambiae (sensu stricto) and unraveled the possible underlying molecular pathways responsible for the observed physiological effects. FTIR and GCMS analyses of phytoactive compounds in aqueous and methanol crude extracts of O. tenuiflorum showed the presence of OH stretching vibration, C = C stretching modes of aromatics and methylene rocking vibration; ring deformation mode with high levels of trans-β-ocimene, 3,7-dimethyl-1,3,6-octatriene in aqueous extract and 4-methoxy-benzaldehyde, 1,3,5-trimethyl-cyclohexane and o-cymene in methanol extract. The percentage mortality upon exposure to methanol and aqueous extracts of O. tenuiflorum were 21.1% and 26.1% at 24 h, 27.8% and 36.1% at 48 h and 36.1% and 45% at 72 h respectively. Using reverse transcription quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR), down-regulation of ABC transporter, overexpression of CYP6M2, Hsp70, and α-esterase, coupled with significantly increased levels of SOD, CAT, and GSH, were observed in An. gambiae (s.s.) exposed to aqueous and methanol extracts of O. tenuiflorum as compared to the control. Findings from this study have significant implications for our understanding of how An. gambiae (s.s.) larvae detoxify phytoactive compounds.
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedWisdom Klutse Azanu, Joseph Osarfo, Gideon Appiah, Yvonne Sefadzi Godonu, Gifty Dufie Ampofo, Verner Orish, Michael Amoh, Evans Kofi Agbeno, Emmanuel Senanu Komla Morhe, Margaret Gyapong
PLoS One Infectious Diseases, 3.05.2024
Tilføjet 3.05.2024
by Wisdom Klutse Azanu, Joseph Osarfo, Gideon Appiah, Yvonne Sefadzi Godonu, Gifty Dufie Ampofo, Verner Orish, Michael Amoh, Evans Kofi Agbeno, Emmanuel Senanu Komla Morhe, Margaret Gyapong Background Female genital schistosomiasis (FGS) is a gynaecological complication of urinary schistosomiasis (US) with an estimated burden of 20–120 million cases in endemic areas. A neglected sexual and reproductive health disease in sub-Saharan Africa, FGS increases susceptibility to sexually transmitted infections including cervical cancer and infertility among other morbidities. However, there appears to be limited FGS knowledge among practicing and pre-service health providers with implications for control. We assessed FGS awareness among final-year midwifery students who would soon be delivering primary maternal and reproductive health care. Methods A cross-sectional study was conducted among 193 randomly selected final-year students from all three midwifery training institutions in the Volta region of Ghana in August/September, 2022. Data on participants’ demographics and knowledge of the transmission, signs and symptoms, complications, treatment and prevention of both FGS and US were collected using structured questionnaires. Summary statistics were presented as frequencies, proportions and percentages. Results Only 23.3% (44/189) of participants had heard about FGS compared to 64% (123/192) for US. Of the former, 42 (95%), 40 (91%) and 36 (81.8%) respectively identified genital itching/burning sensation, bloody vaginal discharge and pelvic pain/pain during intercourse as part of the symptoms of FGS. Less than a third (13/44) and about half (25/44) of those who indicated hearing about FGS knew it can be a risk for ectopic pregnancies and infertility respectively. Majority of these participants, 40 (91%), wrongly selected antibiotics as treatment for FGS while 9 indicated it is prevented by sleeping in insecticide-treated nets. Conclusion Awareness of FGS was limited among the study participants. The high prevalence of knowledge of some FGS symptoms related to the genitalia needs cautious interpretation. Health care training institutions must make deliberate efforts to highlight FGS in the training of midwives as the condition has diagnostic and management implications for some sexual and reproductive health conditions.
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedDariusz Piesik, Natalia Miler, Grzegorz Lemańczyk, Alicja Tymoszuk, Karol Lisiecki, Jan Bocianowski, Krzysztof Krawczyk, Chris A. Mayhew
PLoS One Infectious Diseases, 3.05.2024
Tilføjet 3.05.2024
by Dariusz Piesik, Natalia Miler, Grzegorz Lemańczyk, Alicja Tymoszuk, Karol Lisiecki, Jan Bocianowski, Krzysztof Krawczyk, Chris A. Mayhew This study investigated the effects of Rhizoctonia solani J.G. Kühn infestation on the volatile organic compound (VOC) emissions and biochemical composition of ten cultivars of chrysanthemum (Chrysanthemum × morifolium /Ramat./ Hemsl.) to bring new insights for future disease management strategies and the development of resistant chrysanthemum cultivars. The chrysanthemum plants were propagated vegetatively and cultivated in a greenhouse under semi-controlled conditions. VOCs emitted by the plants were collected using a specialized system and analyzed by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. Biochemical analyses of the leaves were performed, including the extraction and quantification of chlorophylls, carotenoids, and phenolic compounds. The emission of VOCs varied among the cultivars, with some cultivars producing a wider range of VOCs compared to others. The analysis of the VOC emissions from control plants revealed differences in both their quality and quantity among the tested cultivars. R. solani infection influenced the VOC emissions, with different cultivars exhibiting varying responses to the infection. Statistical analyses confirmed the significant effects of cultivar, collection time, and their interaction on the VOCs. Correlation analyses revealed positive relationships between certain pairs of VOCs. The results show significant differences in the biochemical composition among the cultivars, with variations in chlorophyll, carotenoids, and phenolic compounds content. Interestingly, R. solani soil and leaf infestation decreased the content of carotenoids in chrysanthemums. Plants subjected to soil infestation were characterized with the highest content of phenolics. This study unveils alterations in the volatile and biochemical responses of chrysanthemum plants to R. solani infestation, which can contribute to the development of strategies for disease management and the improvement of chrysanthemum cultivars with enhanced resistance to R. solani.
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedMiao Jenny Hua, Gisela Butera, Oluwaseun Akinyemi, Deborah Porterfield
PLoS One Infectious Diseases, 3.05.2024
Tilføjet 3.05.2024
by Miao Jenny Hua, Gisela Butera, Oluwaseun Akinyemi, Deborah Porterfield Background Observational studies form the foundation of Long COVID knowledge, however combining data from Long COVID observational studies has multiple methodological challenges. This umbrella review synthesizes estimates of Long COVID prevalence and risk factors as well as biases and limitations in the primary and review literatures. Methods and findings A systematic literature search was conducted using multiple electronic databases (PubMed, EMBASE, LitCOVID) from Jan 1, 2019 until June 9, 2023. Eligible studies were systematic reviews including adult populations assessed for at least one Long COVID symptom four weeks or more after SARS-CoV-2 infection. Overall and subgroup prevalence and risk factors as well as risk of bias (ROB) assessments were extracted and descriptively analyzed. The protocol was registered with PROSPERO (CRD42023434323). Fourteen reviews of 5–196 primary studies were included: 8 reported on Long COVID prevalence, 5 on risk/protective factors, and 1 on both. Prevalence of at least 1 Long COVID symptom ranged from 21% (IQR: 8.9%-35%) to 74.5% (95% CI: 55.6%-78.0%). Risk factor reviews found significant associations between vaccination status, sex, acute COVID-19 severity, and comorbidities. Both prevalence and risk factor reviews frequently identified selection and ascertainment biases. Using the AMSTAR 2 criteria, the quality of included reviews, particularly the prevalence reviews, were concerning for the adequacy of ROB assessments and justifications for conducting meta-analysis. Conclusion A high level of heterogeneity render the interpretation of pooled prevalence estimates of Long COVID challenging, further hampered by the lack of robust critical appraisals in the included reviews. Risk factor reviews were of higher quality overall and suggested consistent associations between Long COVID risk and patient characteristics.
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedMaxwell Philip Omondi
PLoS One Infectious Diseases, 3.05.2024
Tilføjet 3.05.2024
by Maxwell Philip Omondi Introduction The HIV/AIDS continues being a significant global public health priority in the 21st century with social and economic consequences Mother-to-child transmission (MTCT) occurs when an HIV-infected woman passes the virus to her infant and about 90% of these MTCT infections occurs in Africa where children and infants are still dying of HIV. Early definitive diagnosis using Deoxyribonucleic acid reaction of HIV infection in infants is critical to ensuring that HIV-infected infants receive appropriate and timely care and treatment to reduce HIV related morbidity and mortality. Objective To assess the Infant Deoxyribonucleic acid–Polymerase Chain Reaction (DNA-PCR) Turnaround Time (TAT) of dry blood spots and associated factors in Vihiga, Bungoma, Kakamega and Busia counties, in Kenya. Method A mixed methods study using a) retrospectively collected data from Ministry of Health Laboratory registers, Early Infant Diagnosis (EID) database from 28 health facilities and b) 9 key informant interviews with laboratory in-charges were conducted. A total of 2,879 HIV exposed babies’ data were abstracted from January 2012 to June 2013. Results The mean TAT from specimen collection and results received back at the facilities was 46.90 days, Vihiga county having the shortest mean duration at 33.7days and Kakamega county having the longest duration at 51.7days (p = 0.001). In addition, the mean transport time from specimen collection and receipt at Alupe Kenya Medical Research Institute (KEMRI) reference Laboratory was 16.50 days. Vihiga County had the shortest transport time at 13.01 days while Busia had the longest at 18.99 days (p = 0.001). Longer TAT was due to the batching of specimens at the peripheral health facilities and hubbing to the nearest referral hospitals. Conclusion The TAT for DNA-PCR specimen was 46.90 days with Vihiga County having the shortest TAT due to lack of specimen batching and hubbing. Recommendation Discourage specimen batching/hubbing and support point-of-care early infant diagnosis (EID) tests.
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedInfection, 3.05.2024
Tilføjet 3.05.2024
Infection, 3.05.2024
Tilføjet 3.05.2024
Abstract Objectives Mastitis is mainly caused by Gram-positive bacteria and usually involves treatment with beta-lactam antibiotics and clindamycin. Oxazolidinones show good results in the treatment of skin and soft tissue infections (SSTIs) due to its pharmacokinetic characteristics. We aimed to describe clinical characteristics and outcomes of patients who received oxazolidinones for the treatment of SSTIs of the mammary tissue. Methods Retrospective single-centre study of patients with a diagnosis of breast infection who received treatment with oxazolidinones as initial or salvage therapy between September 2016 and November 2022. Patients were identified through the pharmacy database. The primary outcome was clinical cure. Results Twenty-nine patients received oxazolidinones: 27 received linezolid and 2 tedizolid. Median age was 41 years (IQR 31.0–56.5) and 28 patients were female. Ten patients (35%) had a history of breast cancer, while three (10%) had an immunosuppressive condition. Microbiological isolation was obtained in 24 individuals (83%). Predominant isolations were methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (8, 28%) and methicillin-susceptible S. aureus (7, 24%). Twenty-four patients (83%) received oxazolidinones as a salvage therapy, with a median duration of 14 days (IQR 10–17). Clinical cure was achieved in 24 patients (83%), while 4 relapsed after a median of 15 days (IQR 4–34). One was lost to follow-up. Three patients (10%) were taking selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors, and one of them concurrently received linezolid for 4 days with no adverse events recorded. Cytopenia during treatment was observed in 2/12 individuals. Oxazolidinones allowed hospital discharge in 11/13 hospitalized patients. Conclusions Oxazolidinones could be considered as an alternative for treating breast infections.
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedInfection, 3.05.2024
Tilføjet 3.05.2024
Abstract Purpose To analyse recent epidemiological trends of bloodstream infections (BSI) caused by Enterococcus spp. In adult patients admitted to tertiary care centres in Germany. Methods Epidemiological data from the multicentre R-NET study was analysed. Patients presenting with E. faecium or E. faecalis in blood cultures in six German tertiary care university hospitals between October 2016 and June 2020 were prospectively evaluated. In vancomycin-resistant enterococci (VRE), the presence of vanA/vanB was confirmed via molecular methods. Results In the 4-year study period, 3001 patients with BSI due to Enterococcus spp. were identified. E. faecium was detected in 1830 patients (61%) and E. faecalis in 1229 patients (41%). Most BSI occurred in (sub-) specialties of internal medicine. The pooled incidence density of enterococcal BSI increased significantly (4.0–4.5 cases per 10,000 patient days), which was primarily driven by VRE BSI (0.5 to 1.0 cases per 10,000 patient days). In 2020, the proportion of VRE BSI was > 12% in all study sites (range, 12.8–32.2%). Molecular detection of resistance in 363 VRE isolates showed a predominance of the vanB gene (77.1%). Conclusion This large multicentre study highlights an increase of BSI due to E. faecium, which was primarily driven by VRE. The high rates of hospital- and ICU-acquired VRE BSI point towards an important role of prior antibiotic exposure and invasive procedures as risk factors. Due to limited treatment options and high mortality rates of VRE BSI, the increasing incidence of VRE BSI is of major concern.
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedJournal of Infectious Diseases, 3.05.2024
Tilføjet 3.05.2024
Abstract Background Current molecular diagnostics are limited in the number and type of detectable pathogens. Metagenomic next generation sequencing (mNGS) is an emerging, and increasingly feasible, pathogen-agnostic diagnostic approach. Translational barriers prohibit the widespread adoption of this technology in clinical laboratories. We validate an end-to-end mNGS assay for detection of respiratory viruses. Our assay is optimized to reduce turnaround time, lower cost-per-sample, increase throughput, and deploy secure and actionable bioinformatic results.Methods We validated our assay using residual nasopharyngeal swab specimens from Vancouver General Hospital (n = 359), RT-PCR-positive, or negative for Influenza, SARS-CoV-2, and RSV. We quantified sample stability, assay precision, the effect of background nucleic acid levels, and analytical limits of detection. Diagnostic performance metrics were estimated.Results We report that our mNGS assay is highly precise, semi-quantitative, with analytical limits of detection ranging from 103-104 copies/mL. Our assay is highly specific (100%) and sensitive (61.9% Overall: 86.8%; RT-PCR Ct < 30). Multiplexing capabilities enable processing of up to 55-specimens simultaneously on an Oxford Nanopore GridION device, with results reported within 12-hours.Conclusions This study outlines the diagnostic performance and feasibility of mNGS for respiratory viral diagnostics, infection control, and public health surveillance. We addressed translational barriers to widespread mNGS adoption.
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedJournal of Infectious Diseases, 3.05.2024
Tilføjet 3.05.2024
Abstract Background Skeletal muscle injury in Ebola virus disease (EVD) has been reported, but its association with morbidity and mortality remains poorly defined.Methods Retrospective study of patients admitted to two EVD Treatment Units, over an eight-month period in 2019, during a large EVD epidemic in the Democratic Republic of the Congo.Results 333 patients (median age 30 years, 58% female) had at least one creatine kinase (CK) measurement (total 2,229 CK measurements, median 5 (IQR 1-11) per patient). 271 patients (81%) had an elevated CK (>380U/L), 202 (61%) had rhabdomyolysis (CK>1,000 IU/L), and 45 (14%) had severe rhabdomyolysis (≥5,000U/L). Among survivors, the maximum CK level was median 1,600 (IQR 550 to 3,400), peaking 3.4 days after admission (IQR 2.3 to 5.5) and decreasing thereafter. Among fatal cases, the CK rose monotonically until death, with maximum CK level of median 2,900 U/L (IQR 1,500 to 4,900). Rhabdomyolysis at admission was an independent predictor of AKI (aOR 2.2 [95%CI 1.2-3.8], p=0.0065) and mortality (aHR 1.7 [95%CI 1.03-2.9], p=0.037).Conclusions Rhabdomyolysis is associated with AKI and mortality in EVD patients. These findings may inform clinical practice by identifying lab monitoring priorities and highlighting the importance of fluid management.
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedJournal of Infectious Diseases, 3.05.2024
Tilføjet 3.05.2024
Abstract Background Invasive meningococcal isolates in South Africa have in previous years (
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedJournal of Infectious Diseases, 3.05.2024
Tilføjet 3.05.2024
Abstract Studies have reported that prior-season influenza vaccination is associated with higher risk of clinical influenza infection among vaccinees. This effect might arise from incomplete consideration of within-season waning and recent infection. Using data from the US Flu Vaccine Effectiveness (VE) Network (2011-2012 to 2018-2019 seasons), we found that repeat vaccinees were vaccinated earlier in a season by one week. After accounting for waning VE, repeat vaccinees were still more likely to test positive for A(H3N2) (OR=1.11, 95%CI:1.02-1.21) but not for influenza B or A(H1N1). We found that clinical infection influenced individuals’ decision to vaccinate in the following season while protecting against clinical infection of the same (sub)type. However, adjusting for recent clinical infections did not strongly influence the estimated effect of prior-season vaccination. In contrast, we found that adjusting for subclinical infection could theoretically attenuate this effect. Additional investigation is needed to determine the impact of subclinical infections on VE.
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedJournal of Infectious Diseases, 3.05.2024
Tilføjet 3.05.2024
Abstract Proinflammatory cytokine levels and host genetic makeup are key determinants of Clostridioides difficile infection (CDI) outcomes. We previously reported that blocking the inflammatory cytokine macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) ameliorates CDI. Here, we determined kinetics of MIF production and its association with a common genetic variant in leptin receptor (LEPR) using blood from patients with CDI. We found highest plasma MIF early after C difficile exposure and in individuals who express mutant/derived LEPR. Our data suggest that early-phase CDI provides a possible window of opportunity in which MIF targeting, potentially in combination with LEPR genotype, could have therapeutic utility.
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedKyo J.P.H. Renshof, Yorick Sandberg
International Journal of Infectious Diseases, 3.05.2024
Tilføjet 3.05.2024
A 70-year-old man with a healthy history was admitted with weight loss, anemia (hemoglobin 9.8 g/dL) and thrombocytopenia (platelets 111 × 109/L). Physical examination uncovered axillary lymphadenopathy. Peripheral blood (PB) analysis showed leukocytes at 5.3 × 109L (neutrophils 3.1 × 109/L, lymphocytes 1.1 × 109/L), and polyclonal hypergammaglobulinemia (IgG 47.4 g/L, IgA 7.1 g/L, IgM 6.0 g/L). PB smear showed rouleaux formation and 1% plasma cells. Bone marrow (BM) aspirate smear (Figure 1A) and trephine core BM biopsy (Figure 1B) revealed significant plasmacytosis, without light-chain restriction with 15-20% CD138+ plasma cells (Figure 1C).
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedSheeba Santhini Manoharan-Basil, Zina Gestels, Saïd Abdelatti, Irith De Baetselier, Thibaut Vanbaelen, Armin Hinterwirth, Thuy Doan, Thomas Lietman, Chris Kenyon
International Journal of Infectious Diseases, 3.05.2024
Tilføjet 3.05.2024
Numerous studies have confirmed the association between antimicrobial use and antimicrobial resistance (AMR), pheno- or genotypically [1]. One such study, the MORDOR trial, showed a 7-fold increase in the abundance of macrolide resistance genes in preschool children in Niger following azithromycin mass distribution that reduced childhood mortality [2,3]. In another study, a single course of antibiotic (1.5 g of azithromycin) increased the proportion of oral streptococci with macrolide resistance from 30% to 80% [4].
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedFeng, J., Yu, L., Fang, Y., Zhang, X., Li, S., Dou, L.
BMJ Open, 2.05.2024
Tilføjet 2.05.2024
ObjectiveWe aimed to provide a comprehensive assessment of health-related quality of life (HRQoL) in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) of different activities and to evaluate the correlation between clinical activity measures and HRQoL instruments. This research also analysed the extent to which different aspects of HRQoL (physical, psychological and social) were affected. DesignCross-sectional, observational, non-interventional study. SettingThe study was conducted at the Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University. MethodsFrom December 2019 to October 2020, a total of 340 RA patients participated in the survey using convenient sampling. Three generic instruments, EQ-5D-5L,SF-12 and the AQoL-4D, as well as an RA-specific instrument,the Stanford Health Assessment Questionnaire Disability Index (HAQ-DI), were administered to assess patients’ HRQoL. The Disease Activity Score 28-Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate (DAS28-ESR) was used by doctors to measure patients’ clinical activity. Multivariable linear regression was used to compare patients’ HRQoL across different levels of activity. Spearman’s correlation was used to assess the correlation between doctor-reported clinical activity and HRQoL. ResultsA total of 314 patients with RA participated in this study. The mean score of HAQ-DI was 0.87 (SD: 0.91). Using patients in the clinical remission group as a reference, patients in the moderate and high disease activity groups showed significantly reduced health state utility values and HRQoL scores (all p
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedAnsah, E. W., Salu, P. K., Daanko, M. S., Banaaleh, D. N., Amoadu, M.
BMJ Open, 2.05.2024
Tilføjet 2.05.2024
IntroductionSARS-CoV-2 pandemic has caused global devastations in the social, economic and health systems of every nation, but disproportionately the nations in Africa. Apart from its grave effects on the global systems, is the persistence of post-COVID-19 condition in individuals infected with the virus. Therefore, the aim of this scoping review is to collate and summarise the existing research evidence about the prevalence and health effects of post-COVID-19 infection conditions in Africa. Methods and analysisFive main databases will be thoroughly searched from 1 September 2023 to 30 April 2024, for eligible articles based on the inclusion and exclusion criteria. These databases include PubMed, Central, Scopus, Dimensions AI and JSTOR. Meanwhile, Arksey and O’Malley guidelines will guide this scoping review using article published between 1 January 2020 and 30 April 2024. This review will provide a useful insight into the prevalence of the post-COVID-19 symptoms and their health effects within the population in Africa. The results and findings of the review will be valuable for health system interventions, including restructuring and reorientation of health systems in the continent. Ethics and disseminationThis scoping review will involve analysis of secondary data, therefore, no ethical approval is needed. Dissemination of the results will be done through international journals and available research conferences.
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedOmale, U. I., Ogbonnaya, L. U., Iyare, O., Nnachi, O. O.
BMJ Open, 2.05.2024
Tilføjet 2.05.2024
ObjectivesThe burden of malaria has persistently been high in Ebonyi state and Nigeria despite long-standing collaborations with international partners with huge and increased amounts of financial investments. We explored the system-wide governance challenges of the Ebonyi State Malaria Elimination Programme (SMEP) and the factors responsible in order to make recommendations for malaria health system strengthening. DesignWe did a qualitative study informed by the health system governance framework by Mikkelsen-Lopez et al and Savedoff’s concept of governance. Setting and participantsBetween 18 October 2022 and 8 November 2022, 25 semistructured face-to-face in-depth interviews were conducted in English with purposively selected key stakeholders in the Ebonyi SMEP aged 18 years or older with at least 2 years of involvement in the SMEP and who gave consent. AnalysisData were analysed deductively and the analytical strategy was informed by the framework method for the analysis of qualitative data by Gale et al. ResultsMany system-wide governance challenges of the SMEP were identified including the absence of state’s strategic vision and plans for malaria elimination; very weak primary and secondary healthcare systems; inadequate financial allocation and untimely release of budgeted funds by the state government; lack of human resources for health and very poor mosquito net distribution system. Other challenges were inadequate stakeholders’ participation; poor accountability culture; impaired transparency and corruption and impaired ability to address corruption. The fundamental responsible factors were the lack of state government’s concern for people’s welfare and lack of interest and commitment to the malaria elimination effort, chronic non-employment of staff and lack of human resources in the entire health sector including SMEP, and nepotism and godfatherism. ConclusionsThe system-wide governance challenges and the responsible factors call for changing the ‘business as usual’ and refocusing on strengthening malaria health system governance in addressing the persisting malaria health problems in Ebonyi state (and Nigeria).
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedKelebie, M. A., Tinsae, T., Alemayehu, B. F., Walelign, G. K., Takelle, G. M.
BMJ Open, 2.05.2024
Tilføjet 2.05.2024
ObjectiveTo assess the prevalence and associated factors of neurocognitive disorder among people living with HIV/AIDS in South Gondar primary hospitals, North-West Ethiopia, 2023. DesignInstitution-based cross-sectional study design. SettingSouth Gondar primary hospitals, North-West Ethiopia. Participants608 participants were recruited using the systematic random sampling technique. MeasurementData were collected using an interviewer-administered questionnaire and medical chart reviews. The International HIV Dementia Scale was used to screen for neurocognitive disorder. The data were entered through EPI-DATA V.4.6 and exported to SPSS V.21 statistical software for analysis. In the bivariable logistic regression analyses, variables with a value of p
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedInfectious Disease Modelling, 2.05.2024
Tilføjet 2.05.2024
Publication date: Available online 1 May 2024 Source: Infectious Disease Modelling Author(s): C. Hameni Nkwayep, R. Glèlè Kakaï, S. Bowong
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedAlex J. Holloway, Tais B. Saito, Kubra F. Naqvi, Matthew B. Huante, Xiuzhen Fan, Joshua G. Lisinicchia, Benjamin B. Gelman, Janice J. Endsley and Mark A. Endsley
Retrovirology, 2.05.2024
Tilføjet 2.05.2024
The study of HIV infection and pathogenicity in physical reservoirs requires a biologically relevant model. The human immune system (HIS) mouse is an established model of HIV infection, but defects in immune t...
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedSteven K. GrinspoonMassachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA sgrinspoon@mgh.harvard.edu, Heather J. RibaudoHarvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, Pamela S. DouglasDuke Clinical Research Institute, Durham, NC
New England Journal of Medicine, 2.05.2024
Tilføjet 2.05.2024
New England Journal of Medicine, Volume 390, Issue 17, Page 1626-1628, May 2, 2024.
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedImmunity, 2.05.2024
Tilføjet 2.05.2024
Publication date: Available online 1 May 2024 Source: Immunity Author(s): Matthew P. Mulè, Andrew J. Martins, Foo Cheung, Rohit Farmer, Brian A. Sellers, Juan A. Quiel, Arjun Jain, Yuri Kotliarov, Neha Bansal, Jinguo Chen, Pamela L. Schwartzberg, John S. Tsang
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedImmunity, 2.05.2024
Tilføjet 2.05.2024
Publication date: Available online 1 May 2024 Source: Immunity Author(s): Alexander D. Gitlin, Allie Maltzman, Yuzuka Kanno, Klaus Heger, Rohit Reja, Alexander F. Schubert, Linsey J. Wierciszewski, Homer Pantua, Sharookh B. Kapadia, Seth F. Harris, Joshua D. Webster, Kim Newton, Vishva M. Dixit
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedJournal of Infectious Diseases, 2.05.2024
Tilføjet 2.05.2024
Abstract Background Within a year of the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic, vaccines inducing a robust humoral and cellular immune response were implemented worldwide. However, emergence of novel variants and waning vaccine induced immunity led to implementation of additional vaccine boosters.Methods This prospective study evaluated the temporal profile of cellular and serological responses in a cohort of 639 SARS-CoV-2 vaccinated participants, of whom a large proportion experienced a SARS-CoV-2 infection. All participants were infection naïve at the time of their first vaccine dose. Proportions of SARS-CoV-2 Spike-specific T cells were determined after each vaccine dose using the Activation Induced Markers (AIM) assay, while levels of circulating SARS-CoV-2 antibodies were determined by the Meso Scale serology assay.Results We found a significant increase in SARS-CoV-2 Spike-specific CD4+ and CD8+ T cell responses following the third dose of a SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccine as well as enhanced CD8+ T cell responses after the fourth dose. Further, increased age was associated with a poorer response. Finally, we observed that SARS-CoV-2 infection boosts both the cellular and humoral immune response, relative to vaccine-induced immunity alone.Conclusion Our findings highlight the boosting effect on T cell immunity of repeated vaccine administration. The combination of multiple vaccine doses and SARS-CoV-2 infections maintains population T cell immunity although with reduced levels in the elderly.
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedJournal of Infectious Diseases, 2.05.2024
Tilføjet 2.05.2024
Abstract Background We explored the impact of prior Yellow fever (YF) or Japanese encephalitis (JE) vaccination on the efficacy of Takeda’s dengue vaccine candidate, TAK-003 (NCT02747927).Methods Children 4–16 years of age were randomized 2:1 to receive TAK-003 or placebo and were under active febrile surveillance. Symptomatic dengue was confirmed by serotype-specific RT-PCR. YF and JE vaccination history was recorded.Results Of the 20,071 children who received TAK-003 or placebo, 21.1% had a YF and 23.9% had a JE vaccination history at randomization. Fifty-seven months after vaccination, vaccine efficacy was 55.7% (95% CI, 39.7%-67.5%) in those with YF vaccination, 77.8% (70.8%-83.1%) for JE vaccination, and 53.5% (45.4%-60.4%) for no prior YF/JE vaccination. Regional differences in serotype distribution confound these results. The apparent higher vaccine efficacy in the JE vaccination subgroup could be largely explained by serotype-specific efficacy of TAK-003. Within 28 days of any vaccination, the proportions of participants with serious adverse events in the YF/JE prior vaccination population were comparable between the TAK-003 and placebo groups.Conclusions The available data do not suggest a clinically relevant impact of prior JE or YF vaccination on TAK-003 performance. Overall, TAK-003 was well-tolerated and efficacious in different epidemiological settings.
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedJournal of Infectious Diseases, 2.05.2024
Tilføjet 2.05.2024
Abstract Background Nipah virus (NiV), a highly lethal virus in humans, circulates in Pteropus bats throughout South and Southeast Asia. Difficulty in obtaining viral genomes from bats means we have a poor understanding of NiV diversity.Methods We develop phylogenetic approaches applied to the most comprehensive collection of genomes to date (N=257, 175 from bats, 73 from humans) from six countries over 22 years (1999-2020). We divide the four major NiV sublineages into 15 genetic clusters. Using Approximate Bayesian Computation fit to a spatial signature of viral diversity, we estimate the presence and the average size of genetic clusters per area.Results We find that, within any bat roost, there are an average of 2.4 co-circulating genetic clusters, rising to 5.5 clusters at areas of 1500-2000km2. We estimate that each genetic cluster occupies an average area of 1.3million km2 (95%CI: 0.6-2.3 million), with 14 clusters in an area of 100,000km2 (95%CI: 6-24). In the few sites in Bangladesh and Cambodia where genomic surveillance has been concentrated, we estimate that most clusters have been identified, but only ∼15% of overall NiV diversity has been uncovered.Conclusion Our findings are consistent with entrenched co-circulation of distinct lineages, even within roosts, coupled with slow migration over larger spatial scales.
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedJournal of Infectious Diseases, 2.05.2024
Tilføjet 2.05.2024
antibiofilm agentsantimicrobial resistancebacterial vaginosisbiofilmvaginitis
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedJournal of Infectious Diseases, 2.05.2024
Tilføjet 2.05.2024
Abstract Background Bacterial vaginosis (BV) is difficult to eradicate due to BV biofilms protecting BV bacteria (Gardnerella, Prevotella, and other genera). With the growing understanding of biofilms, we systematically reviewed the current knowledge on the efficacy of anti-BV biofilm agents.Methods We searched literature in the Scopus, Medline, and Embase databases for empirical studies investigating substances for the treatment of BV biofilms or prevention of their recurrence and their efficacy and/or safety.Results Of 201 unique titles, 35 satisfied the inclusion criteria. Most studies (89%) reported on preclinical laboratory research on the efficacy of experimental antibiofilm agents (80%) rather than their safety. Over 50% were published within the past 5 years. Agents were classified into 7 groups: antibiotics, antiseptics, cationic peptides, enzymes, plant extracts, probiotics, and surfactants/surfactant components. Enzymes and probiotics were most commonly investigated. Earlier reports of antibiotics having anti-BV biofilm activity have not been confirmed. Some compounds from other classes demonstrated promising anti-BV biofilm efficacy in early studies.Conclusions Further research is anticipated on successful antibiofilm agents. If confirmed as effective and safe in human clinical trials, they may offer a breakthrough in BV treatment. With rising antibiotic resistance, antibiofilm agents will significantly improve the current standard of care for BV management.
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedJournal of Infectious Diseases, 2.05.2024
Tilføjet 2.05.2024
Abstract Rotavirus is linked to severe childhood gastroenteritis and neurological complications, but its impact on neurodevelopment remains uncertain. We examined data from 1,420,941 Korean children born between 2009 and 2011, using the Korean National Health Insurance System. At age 6, we assessed neurodevelopmental outcomes using the validated Korean Developmental Test, covering six major domains. Utilizing propensity score-based Inverse Probability Weighting to ensure covariates including considering covariates including sex, birth weight, changes in body weight from birth to 4–6 months of age, head circumference at 4–6 months of age, residence at birth, economic status, infant feeding types, and birth year. The main analysis that encompassed 5,451 children with rotavirus hospitalization and 310,874 unexposed individuals reveled heightened odds of suspected delays in fine motor skills and cognition among exposed children. Our results suggest an association between rotavirus-related hospitalization in infancy and suspected delays in fine motor function and cognition in 6-year-olds.
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedJournal of Infectious Diseases, 2.05.2024
Tilføjet 2.05.2024
Abstract Streptococcus pneumoniae is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality in children and older adults. Yet knowledge on the development of pneumococcal protein-specific antibody responses throughout life is limited. To investigate this, we measured serum IgG levels to 55 pneumococcal proteins in 11-month old infants (n=73), 24-month old children (n=101), parents (n=99), adults without children 60 years (n=100). Our findings revealed low IgG levels in infancy, with distinct development patterns peaking in adults. A decrease in levels was observed for 27 antigens towards older age. Adults and older adults had increased IgG levels during pneumococcal carriage and at increased exposure risk to S. pneumoniae. Carriage was a stronger predictor than exposure or age for antibody responses. These findings highlight the dynamic nature of naturally acquired humoral immunity to pneumococcal proteins throughout life, offering insights for age-targeted interventions.
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