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Baatiema, L., de-Graft Aikins, A., Koram, K. K., Kunfah, S. M. P., Allen, L. N., Abimbola, S., Kruk, M.
BMJ Open, 8.05.2024
Tilføjet 8.05.2024
BackgroundThe COVID-19 pandemic has significantly impacted frontline health workers. However, a neglected dimension of this discourse was the extent to which the pandemic impacted frontline healthcare workers providing non-communicable diseases (NCDs) care. This study aims to understand the experiences of healthcare workers with no prior exposure to pandemics who provided care to people living with NCDs (PLWNCDs). MethodsA qualitative study design was employed, using a face-to-face in-depth interviews. Interviews were conducted in primary healthcare facilities in three administrative regions of Ghana, representing the Northern, Southern and Middle Belts. Only frontline health workers with roles in providing care for PLWNCDs were included. Purposive snowballing and convenience sampling methods were employed to select frontline health workers. An open-ended interview guide was used to facilitate data collection, and thematic content analysis was used to analyse the data. ResultsA total of 47 frontline health workers were interviewed. Overall, these workers experienced diverse patient-driven and organisational challenges. Patient-level challenges included a decline in healthcare utilisation, non-adherence to treatment, a lack of continuity, fear and stigma. At the organisational levels, there was a lack of medical logistics, increased infection of workers and absenteeism, increased workload and burnout, limited motivational packages and inadequate guidelines and protocols. Workers coped and responded to the pandemic by postponing reviews and consultations, reducing inpatient and outpatient visits, changing their prescription practices, using teleconsultation and moving to long-shift systems. ConclusionThis study has brought to the fore the experiences that adversely affected frontline health workers and, in many ways, affected the care provided to PLWNCDs. Policymakers and health managers should take these experiences into account in plans to mitigate the impact of future pandemics.
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedTang, J., Ren, J., Wang, H., Shi, M., Jia, X., Zhang, L.
BMJ Open, 8.05.2024
Tilføjet 8.05.2024
ObjectiveThis study aimed to investigate the caregiving behaviours and supportive needs of caregivers of patients with HIV/AIDS and provide a basis for healthcare institutions to carry out caregiver interventions. DesignA purposive sampling method was used to select 11 caregivers of patients with HIV/AIDS in the Infectious Disease Department of a tertiary hospital in Nanjing, China, to conduct semistructured interviews. Colaizzi analysis was used to collate and analyse the interview data. SettingAll interviews were conducted at a tertiary hospital specialising in infectious diseases in Nanjing, Jiangsu Province. ParticipantsWe purposively sampled 11 caregivers of people with HIV/AIDS, including nine women and two men. ResultsAnalysing the results from the perspective of iceberg theory, three thematic layers were identified: behavioural, value and belief. The behavioural layer includes a lack of awareness of the disease, physical and mental coping disorders, and an increased sense of stigma; the values layer includes a heightened sense of responsibility, the constraints of traditional gender norms, the influence of strong family values and the oppression of public opinion and morality and the belief layer includes the faith of standing together through storms and stress. ConclusionHealthcare professionals should value the experiences of caregivers of patients with HIV/AIDS and provide professional support to improve their quality of life.
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedKarim, N., Hod, R., Wahab, M. I. A., Ahmad, N.
BMJ Open, 8.05.2024
Tilføjet 8.05.2024
ObjectivesClimate change is a major global issue with significant consequences, including effects on air quality and human well-being. This review investigated the projection of non-communicable diseases (NCDs) attributable to air pollution under different climate change scenarios. DesignThis systematic review was conducted according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses 2020 flow checklist. A population-exposure-outcome framework was established. Population referred to the general global population of all ages, the exposure of interest was air pollution and its projection, and the outcome was the occurrence of NCDs attributable to air pollution and burden of disease (BoD) based on the health indices of mortality, morbidity, disability-adjusted life years, years of life lost and years lived with disability. Data sourcesThe Web of Science, Ovid MEDLINE and EBSCOhost databases were searched for articles published from 2005 to 2023. Eligibility criteria for selecting studiesThe eligible articles were evaluated using the modified scale of a checklist for assessing the quality of ecological studies. Data extraction and synthesisTwo reviewers searched, screened and selected the included studies independently using standardised methods. The risk of bias was assessed using the modified scale of a checklist for ecological studies. The results were summarised based on the projection of the BoD of NCDs attributable to air pollution. ResultsThis review included 11 studies from various countries. Most studies specifically investigated various air pollutants, specifically particulate matter
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedClinical Infectious Diseases, 7.05.2024
Tilføjet 7.05.2024
Clinical Infectious Diseases, 7.05.2024
Tilføjet 7.05.2024
Clinical Infectious Diseases, 7.05.2024
Tilføjet 7.05.2024
CLSIpharmacokineticspharmacodynamicssusceptibilityantimicrobial susceptibility testingamoxicillin clavulanate
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedClinical Infectious Diseases, 7.05.2024
Tilføjet 7.05.2024
Abstract Antiretrovirals are often approved by the Food and Drug Administration without sufficient safety data regarding their use in pregnancy. To quantify this delay, we calculated the interval from the approval date to their inclusion in the Antiretroviral Pregnancy Registry prospective analysis (≥ 200 first trimester exposures); median delay was six years.
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedInternational Journal for Parasitology, 7.05.2024
Tilføjet 7.05.2024
Publication date: Available online 6 May 2024 Source: International Journal for Parasitology Author(s): Kashif Mohammad, Sri Lalana Appasani, Mai Ito, Caroline Percopo, Sanjay A. Desai
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedInfection and Immunity, 7.05.2024
Tilføjet 7.05.2024
Meaghan T. HartJoseph S. RomYoann Le BretonLara L. HauseAshton T. BelewNajib M. El-SayedKevin S. McIver1Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Genetics, Maryland Pathogen Research Institute, College Park, Maryland, USA2Center for Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, USA, Nancy E. Freitag
Infection and Immunity, 7.05.2024
Tilføjet 7.05.2024
Yining Liang, Jiayue Zhang, Dehong Luo, Lixin Cheng, Yijin Wang, Chinese Consortium for the Study of Hepatitis E (CCSHE)
Journal of Medical Virology, 7.05.2024
Tilføjet 7.05.2024
Cesare Ernesto Maria Gruber, Fabio Giovanni Tucci, Emanuela Giombini, Valentina Mazzotta, Pietro Giorgio Spezia, Martina Rueca, Ilaria Mastrorosa, Lavinia Fabeni, Giulia Berno, Ornella Butera, Silvia Rosati, Eliana Specchiarello, Fabrizio Carletti, Daniele Focosi, Emanuele Nicastri, Enrico Girardi, Andrea Antinori, Fabrizio Maggi
Journal of Medical Virology, 7.05.2024
Tilføjet 7.05.2024
Jean‐Marc Costanzi, Milan S. Stosic, Alexander H. Løvestad, Ole H. Ambur, Trine B. Rounge, Irene K. Christiansen
Journal of Medical Virology, 7.05.2024
Tilføjet 7.05.2024
Lu Yao, Yuan Shi, Jiaji Fu, Xiaowei Fang, Hongling Zhang, Dengli Luo, Yi Zhou, Aijun Pan, Yuan Yu, Xiaobo Yang, Huaqing Shu, Xiaojing Zou, Jiqian Xu, You Shang
Journal of Medical Virology, 7.05.2024
Tilføjet 7.05.2024
Journal of Infectious Diseases, 7.05.2024
Tilføjet 7.05.2024
Journal of Infectious Diseases, 7.05.2024
Tilføjet 7.05.2024
Journal of Infectious Diseases, 7.05.2024
Tilføjet 7.05.2024
Abstract Tools to evaluate and accelerate tuberculosis (TB) vaccine development are needed to advance global TB control strategies. Validated human infection studies for TB have the potential to facilitate breakthroughs in understanding disease pathogenesis, identify correlates of protection, develop diagnostic tools, and accelerate and de-risk vaccine and drug development. However, key challenges remain for realizing the clinical utility of these models, which require further discussion and alignment amongst key stakeholders. In March 2023, the Wellcome Trust and the International AIDS Vaccine Initiative (IAVI) convened international experts involved in developing both TB and Bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG) human infection studies (including mucosal and intradermal challenge routes) to discuss the status of each of the models and the key enablers to move the field forward. This report provides a summary of the presentations and discussion from the meeting. Discussions identified key issues, including demonstrating model validity, to provide confidence for vaccine developers, which may be addressed through demonstration of known vaccine effects, e.g. BCG vaccination in specific populations, and by comparing results from field efficacy and human infection studies. The workshop underscored the importance of establishing safe and acceptable studies in high-burden settings, and the need to validate more than one model to allow for different scientific questions to be addressed as well as to provide confidence to vaccine developers and regulators around use of human infection study data in vaccine development and licensure pathways.
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedJournal of Infectious Diseases, 7.05.2024
Tilføjet 7.05.2024
Abstract Background Approximately 5% of people infected with Mycobacterium tuberculosis progress to tuberculosis (TB) disease without preventive therapy. There is a need for a prognostic test to identify those at highest risk of incident TB, so that therapy can be targeted. We evaluated host blood transcriptomic signatures for progression to TB disease.Methods Close contacts (≥4 hours exposure per week) of adult patients with culture-confirmed pulmonary TB were enrolled in Brazil. Investigation for incident, microbiologically-confirmed or clinically-diagnosed pulmonary or extra-pulmonary TB disease through 24 months of follow-up was symptom-triggered. Twenty previously validated blood TB transcriptomic signatures were measured at baseline by real-time quantitative PCR. Prognostic performance for incident TB was tested using receiver operating characteristic curve (ROC) analysis at 6, 9, 12, and 24 months of follow-up.Results Between June 2015 and June 2019, 1,854 close contacts were enrolled; Twenty-five progressed to incident TB, of whom 13 had microbiologically-confirmed disease. Baseline transcriptomic signature scores were measured in 1,789 close contacts. Prognostic performance for all signatures was best within 6 months of diagnosis. Seven signatures (Gliddon4, Suliman4, Roe3, Roe1, Penn-Nicholson6, Francisco2, and Rajan5) met the minimum World Health Organization target product profile (TPP) for a prognostic test through 6 months; three (Gliddon4, Rajan5, and Duffy9) through 9 months. None met the TPP threshold through 12 or more months of follow-up.Conclusions Blood transcriptomic signatures may be useful for predicting TB risk within 9 months of measurement among TB-exposed contacts, to target preventive therapy administration.
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedLeyi Zhang, Yongqiang Shao, Yi Li, Shengkai Li, Huihuang Lou, Yuqin Hu, Panchi Shao, Xuewei Liu, Yuejin Wu, Yuwen Zhang, Tiejun Song, Lei Fang
International Journal of Infectious Diseases, 7.05.2024
Tilføjet 7.05.2024
Campylobacteriosis, the prevailing cause of foodborne gastroenteritis in high-income countries, has seen a global surge. The majority (around 95%) of these Campylobacter infections are caused by Campylobacter jejuni, and to a lesser extent, Campylobacter coli [1].
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedMarie Sylvianne Rabodoarivelo, Ana Belén Gómez, Ana Picó Marco, Carlos Martin, Santiago Ramón-García
Clinical Microbiology and Infection, 7.05.2024
Tilføjet 7.05.2024
BCG is currently the only licensed tuberculosis (TB) vaccine with more than 100 years of use. It is a live attenuated vaccine based on a Mycobacterium bovis strain, which causes TB in cattle. While BCG provides moderate efficacy in preventing severe forms of TB in infants and young children, it does not adequately protect adolescents and adults, who account for the majority (>90%) of TB transmission globally. The development of new TB vaccines is an important unmet medical need and a priority for the World Health Organization (WHO).
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedTropical Medicine & International Health, 7.05.2024
Tilføjet 7.05.2024
Tropical Medicine &International Health, Volume 29, Issue 5, Page i-iv, May 2024.
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedOle Skouvig Pedersen, Victor Naestholt Dahl, Søren Sperling, Anders Norman, Troels Lillebaek, Andreas Fløe
International Journal of Infectious Diseases, 7.05.2024
Tilføjet 7.05.2024
Establishing the link between a potential occupational tuberculosis (TB) case and an index patient has historically been difficult [1]. During the last two decades, however, the application of continuously improving molecular genotyping techniques for Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB) has increased our knowledge of transmission events.
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedLiao, C.-Y., Chung, C.-H., Wei, K.-Y., Tseng, M.-F., Lin, F.-H., Tsao, C.-H., Chien, W.-C., Chu, P., Wu, C.-C.
BMJ Open, 7.05.2024
Tilføjet 7.05.2024
ObjectivesTo evaluate whether nephrotic syndrome (NS) and further corticosteroid (CS) use increase the risk of osteoporosis in Asian population during the period January 2000–December 2010. DesignNationwide population-based retrospective cohort study. SettingAll healthcare facilities in Taiwan. ParticipantsA total of 28 772 individuals were enrolled. Interventions26 614 individuals with newly diagnosed NS between 2000 and 2010 were identified and included in out study. 26 614 individuals with no NS diagnosis prior to the index date were age matched as controls. Diagnosis of osteoporosis prior to the diagnosis of NS or the same index date was identified, age, sex and NS-associated comorbidities were adjusted. Primary outcome measureTo identify risk differences in developing osteoporosis among patients with a medical history of NS. ResultsAfter adjusting for covariates, osteoporosis risk was found to be 3.279 times greater in the NS cohort than in the non-NS cohort, when measured over 11 years after NS diagnosis. Stratification revealed that age older than 18 years, congestive heart failure, hyperlipidaemia, chronic kidney disease, liver cirrhosis and NS-related disease including diabetes mellitus, hepatitis B infection, hepatitis C infection, lymphoma and hypothyroidism, increased the risk of osteoporosis in the NS cohort, compared with the non-NS cohort. Additionally, osteoporosis risk was significantly higher in NS patients with CS use (adjusted HR (aHR)=3.397). The risk of osteoporosis in NS patients was positively associated with risk of hip and vertebral fracture (aHR=2.130 and 2.268, respectively). A significant association exists between NS and subsequent risk for osteoporosis. ConclusionNS patients, particularly those treated with CS, should be evaluated for subsequent risk of osteoporosis.
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedRolfsen, M. P., Gammelsrud, K. W., Espeland, A., Braten, L. C., Mjones, S. B., Austevoll, I., Dolatowski, F. C., Arrestad, M. B., Toppe, M. K., Orlien, I. E., Holberg-Petersen, M., Fagerland, M., Zwart, J.-A., Storheim, K., Hellum, C.
BMJ Open, 7.05.2024
Tilføjet 7.05.2024
IntroductionBacterial infection and Modic changes (MCs) as causes of low back pain (LBP) are debated. Results diverged between two randomised controlled trials examining the effect of amoxicillin with and without clavulanic acid versus placebo on patients with chronic LBP (cLBP) and MCs. Previous biopsy studies have been criticised with regard to methods, few patients and controls, and insufficient measures to minimise perioperative contamination. In this study, we minimise contamination risk, include a control group and optimise statistical power. The main aim is to compare bacterial growth between patients with and without MCs. Methods and analysisThis multicentre, case–control study examines disc and vertebral body biopsies of patients with cLBP. Cases have MCs at the level of tissue sampling, controls do not. Previously operated patients are included as a subgroup. Tissue is sampled before antibiotic prophylaxis with separate instruments. We will apply microbiological methods and histology on biopsies, and predefine criteria for significant bacterial growth, possible contamination and no growth. Microbiologists, surgeons and pathologist are blinded to allocation of case or control. Primary analysis assesses significant growth in MC1 versus controls and MC2 versus controls separately. Bacterial disc growth in previously operated patients, patients with large MCs and growth from the vertebral body in the fusion group are all considered exploratory analyses. Ethics and disseminationThe Regional Committees for Medical and Health Research Ethics in Norway (REC South East, reference number 2015/697) has approved the study. Study participation requires written informed consent. The study is registered at ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT03406624). Results will be disseminated in peer-reviewed journals, scientific conferences and patient fora. Trial registration number NCT03406624.
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedDjiadeu, P., Begum, H., Archibald, C., Ekmekjian, T., Busa, G., Dansoh, J., Van Nguyen, P., Merckx, J., Fleurant, A.
BMJ Open, 7.05.2024
Tilføjet 7.05.2024
IntroductionHIV is a major public health issue affecting millions globally. Women and girls account for 46% of new HIV infections in 2022 and approximately 1.3 million females become pregnant every year. Vertical transmission of HIV from persons living with HIV (PLHIV) to infants may occur through different modalities, such as through breast/chest feeding. Notably, 82% of PLHIV who chose to breast/chest feed are on antiretroviral therapy (ART) when feeding their infants. Precise estimates of the risk of postpartum transmission to infants during breast/chest feeding at varying viral load levels remain a significant gap in the literature. Methods and analysisA rapid systematic search of electronic databases will be conducted from January 2005 to the present, including Medline, Embase and Global Health. The objective of this rapid review is to explore and assess the available evidence on the effect of varying viral load levels on the risk of HIV transmission to infants during breast/chest feeding when the birthing or gestational parent living with HIV is on ART. Study characteristics will be summarised and reported to support the narrative summary of the findings. The focus will be on the absolute risk of HIV transmission from birthing parent to infant during chest/breast feeding. The findings will also be stratified by month, including the risk of HIV transmission for 6 months and greater than 6 months postpartum. We will ascertain the risk of bias using A Measurement Tool to Assess Systematic Reviews 2, Quality of Prognosis Studies and Downs and Black checklist for the appropriate study type. A summary score will not be calculated, rather the strengths and limitations of the studies will be narratively described. Ethics and disseminationNo human subjects will be involved in the research. The findings of this rapid review will inform a future systematic review and will be disseminated through peer-reviewed publications, presentations and conferences. PROSPERO registration numberCRD42024499393.
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedSorensen, A. I. V., Bager, P., Nielsen, N. M., Koch, A., Spiliopoulos, L., Hviid, A., Ethelberg, S.
BMJ Open, 7.05.2024
Tilføjet 7.05.2024
PurposeTo follow SARS-CoV-2-infected persons up to 18 months after a positive test in order to assess the burden and nature of post acute symptoms and health problems. ParticipantsPersons in Denmark above 15 years of age, who were tested positive for SARS-CoV-2 during 1 September 2020 to 21 February 2023 using a RT-PCR test. As a reference group, three test-negative individuals were selected for every two test-positive individuals by matching on test date. Findings to dateIn total, 2 427 913 invitations to baseline questionnaires have been sent out and 839 528 baseline questionnaires (34.5%) have been completed. Females, the age group 50–69 years, Danish-born and persons, who had received at least one SARS-CoV-2 vaccination booster dose were more likely to participate. Follow-up questionnaires were sent at 2, 4, 6, 9, 12 and 18 months after the test, with response rates at 42%–54%. Future plansNew participants have been recruited on a daily basis from 1 August 2021 to 23 March 2023. Data collection will continue until the last follow-up questionnaires (at 18 months after test) have been distributed in August 2024.
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedCamila Marques-da-Silva, Clyde Schmidt-Silva, Samarchith P. Kurup
Trends in Parasitology, 7.05.2024
Tilføjet 7.05.2024
The Plasmodium parasites that cause malaria undergo asymptomatic development in the parenchymal cells of the liver, the hepatocytes, prior to infecting erythrocytes and causing clinical disease. Traditionally, hepatocytes have been perceived as passive bystanders that allow hepatotropic pathogens such as Plasmodium to develop relatively unchallenged. However, now there is emerging evidence suggesting that hepatocytes can mount robust cell-autonomous immune responses that target Plasmodium, limiting its progression to the blood and reducing the incidence and severity of clinical malaria. Here we discuss our current understanding of hepatocyte cell-intrinsic immune responses that target Plasmodium and how these pathways impact malaria.
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedMichal Juraska, Angela M Early, Li Li, Stephen F Schaffner, Marc Lievens, Akanksha Khorgade, Brian Simpkins, Nima S Hejazi, David Benkeser, Qi Wang, Laina D Mercer, Samuel Adjei, Tsiri Agbenyega, Scott Anderson, Daniel Ansong, Dennis K Bii, Patrick B Y Buabeng, Sean English, Nicholas Fitzgerald, Jonna Grimsby, Simon K Kariuki, Kephas Otieno, François Roman, Aaron M Samuels, Nelli Westercamp, Christian F Ockenhouse, Opokua Ofori-Anyinam, Cynthia K Lee, Bronwyn L MacInnis, Dyann F Wirth, Peter B Gilbert, Daniel E Neafsey
Lancet Infectious Diseases, 7.05.2024
Tilføjet 7.05.2024
All tested dosing regimens blocked some infections to a similar degree. Improved vaccine efficacy in participants infected during vaccination could suggest new strategies for highly efficacious malaria vaccine development and implementation.
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedClinical Infectious Diseases, 6.05.2024
Tilføjet 6.05.2024
Abstract Significant events impacting healthcare over the last several years have been associated with escalating rates of healthcare-associated infections. This has resulted in increased efforts to reinstitute well-established and evidence-based infection prevention practices, particularly for central line associated bloodstream infections. However, implementation of prevention initiatives beyond central lines has not received the same level of acknowledgement and response as being a considerable risk to patients. This article, authored by infection prevention, infectious disease, and vascular access professionals, provides emerging perspectives and technical aspects associated with the complete lifecycle of a vascular access device. The intent is to provide insight and perspective into enhancing current IP practices in the acute care hospital setting. This will also help prepare hospitals for upcoming broader surveillance and intervention activities aimed at reducing Hospital Onset Bacteremia and Fungemia (HOB) associated with all types of vascular access devices.
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedClinical Infectious Diseases, 6.05.2024
Tilføjet 6.05.2024
Abstract This case report describes bimonthly LAI CAB/RPV prior to and throughout pregnancy. CAB concentration was comparable to non-pregnant individuals, RPV was 70-75% lower. No virologic failure orvertical transmission occurred. Despite placental transfer, no congenital malformations were noted. Bimonthly CAB/RPV LAI may not be suitable for pregnant women and monitoring of exposed infants is warranted.
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedClinical Infectious Diseases, 6.05.2024
Tilføjet 6.05.2024
Abstract This case-control study explored cumulative tenofovir exposure among patients with HIV/HBV co-infection with HIV viral suppression. Among patients taking tenofovir disoproxil fumarate, median TFV-DP levels in dried blood spots were ∼3-fold lower among patients with incomplete HBV viral suppression (n=4) compared to those with complete suppression (n=5) (516 vs.1456 fmol/punch).
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedClinical Infectious Diseases, 6.05.2024
Tilføjet 6.05.2024
Abstract Background Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) vaccination has been associated with reduced outpatient antibiotic prescribing among older adults with laboratory-confirmed severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). We assessed the impact of COVID-19 vaccination on outpatient antibiotic prescribing in the broader population of older adults, regardless of SARS-CoV-2 infection status.Methods We included adults aged ≥65 years who received their first, second, and/or third COVID-19 vaccine dose from December 2020 to December 2022. We used a self-controlled risk-interval design and included cases who received an antibiotic prescription 2–6 weeks before vaccination (pre-vaccination or control interval) or after vaccination (post-vaccination or risk interval). We used conditional logistic regression to estimate the odds of being prescribed (1) any antibiotic, (2) a typical “respiratory” infection antibiotic, or (3) a typical “urinary tract” infection antibiotic (negative control) in the post-vaccination interval versus the pre-vaccination interval. We accounted for temporal changes in antibiotic prescribing using background monthly antibiotic prescribing counts.Results 469 923 vaccine doses met inclusion criteria. The odds of receiving any antibiotic or a respiratory antibiotic prescription were lower in the post-vaccination versus pre-vaccination interval (aOR, .973; 95% CI, .968–.978; aOR, .961; 95% CI, .953–.968, respectively). There was no association between vaccination and urinary antibiotic prescriptions (aOR, .996; 95% CI, .987–1.006). Periods with high (>10%) versus low (
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedRoza Ernest, Nsiande Lema, Sued Yassin, Agricola Joachim, Mtebe Majigo
PLoS One Infectious Diseases, 6.05.2024
Tilføjet 6.05.2024
by Roza Ernest, Nsiande Lema, Sued Yassin, Agricola Joachim, Mtebe Majigo Background Urinary tract infections (UTI) are common in under-five children, with significant consequences leading to bacteremia, dehydration, kidney scarring, and renal failure. The incidence of UTI varies with patients’ demographics and geographic location. Limited studies have addressed UTI issues, particularly in children. We determined the proportion of UTI, bacterial aetiology, and antimicrobial susceptibility patterns and associated factors among under-five children at the district hospital between March and April 2023 Methods We conducted a cross-sectional study using a convenient non-probability sampling technique to collect urine samples from participants with signs and symptoms of UTI. Written informed consent was obtained from parents or guardians. We collected Participants’ information using a pretested structured questionnaire. Urine samples were processed at the Regional Referral Hospital. All analyses were conducted using STATA version 15.0. We determined the factors associated with UTI using a modified Poisson model multivariable analysis of the modified Poisson model. The results were presented as a prevalence ratio and 95% confidence interval. The level of significance was specified at 0.05. Result The study recruited 368 under-five children; 194 (52.7%) were males, and the median age (interquartile range) was 24 (13–36) months. Of all, 28.8% (95% CI-24.3–33.6) had culture-confirmed UTI. One hundred and six pathogens were isolated, the majority being Escherichia coli (E. coli), 37 (34.9%), and Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus), 26 (24.5%). The susceptibility of E. coli to cefepime, piperacillin-tazobactam, nitrofurantoin, and meropenem ranged from 81.1% to 97.3%. S. aureus was most susceptible to nitrofurantoin (96.2%) and ciprofloxacin (92.3%). Multidrug resistance was observed in 33.0% of isolates. The proportion of Methicillin-resistant S. aureus and extended-spectrum beta-lactamases was 23.1% and 25%, respectively. UTI was observed more in patients presenting with vomiting, dysuria, and abdominal pain, patients below 24 months of age, nappy users, and uncircumcised males. Conclusion Our study found a relatively high proportion of UTI among under-five children associated with vomiting, dysuria, abdominal pain, nappy use, and uncircumcision in males. The pathogens were least susceptible to (trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, gentamycin, ampicillin, and penicillin) the commonly used antibiotic. We advocate a thorough clinical analysis to detect the predictors of UTI and a periodic review of empirical treatment of UTI based on the antibiotic susceptibility pattern.
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedDries De Witte, Ariel Alonso Abad, Thomas Neyens, Geert Verbeke, Geert Molenberghs
PLoS One Infectious Diseases, 6.05.2024
Tilføjet 6.05.2024
by Dries De Witte, Ariel Alonso Abad, Thomas Neyens, Geert Verbeke, Geert Molenberghs One of the key tools to understand and reduce the spread of the SARS-CoV-2 virus is testing. The total number of tests, the number of positive tests, the number of negative tests, and the positivity rate are interconnected indicators and vary with time. To better understand the relationship between these indicators, against the background of an evolving pandemic, the association between the number of positive tests and the number of negative tests is studied using a joint modeling approach. All countries in the European Union, Switzerland, the United Kingdom, and Norway are included in the analysis. We propose a joint penalized spline model in which the penalized spline is reparameterized as a linear mixed model. The model allows for flexible trajectories by smoothing the country-specific deviations from the overall penalized spline and accounts for heteroscedasticity by allowing the autocorrelation parameters and residual variances to vary among countries. The association between the number of positive tests and the number of negative tests is derived from the joint distribution for the random intercepts and slopes. The correlation between the random intercepts and the correlation between the random slopes were both positive. This suggests that, when countries increase their testing capacity, both the number of positive tests and negative tests will increase. A significant correlation was found between the random intercepts, but the correlation between the random slopes was not significant due to a wide credible interval.
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedMiso S. Park, SangSoo Park, Jie-Yoon Kang, In Chul Jung, HoRyong Yoo
PLoS One Infectious Diseases, 6.05.2024
Tilføjet 6.05.2024
by Miso S. Park, SangSoo Park, Jie-Yoon Kang, In Chul Jung, HoRyong Yoo Background Parkinson’s disease (PD) patients face a substantial unmet need for disease-modifying interventions. Potential approaches such as exercise and acupuncture have been investigated to slow PD progression. To address this unmet need, we developed a novel therapeutic approach that integrates acupuncture and exercise: the Meridian Activation Remedy System for PD patients (MARS-PD). Building upon promising outcomes observed in our preliminary pilot study, where MARS-PD exhibited a large clinically important difference on the Movement Disorder Society Unified Parkinson’s Disease Rating Scale Part III (MDS-UPDRS Part III), we embark on a randomized controlled trial with the primary objective of examining the efficacy, safety, and economic impact of MARS-PD. Methods In this single-center, assessor and statistician-blinded, parallel-group randomized controlled trial, we aim to investigate the clinical efficacy of MARS-PD through 16 interventions administered over 8 weeks in 88 PD patients. Participants will be randomly assigned to the experimental (n = 44) or control (n = 44) groups. The experimental group will receive MARS-PD intervention alongside standard care, while the control group will solely receive standard care. The intervention period spans 8 weeks, followed by a 12-week post-intervention follow-up. The primary endpoint is the change in MDS-UPDRS Part III score from baseline to the conclusion of the 8-week intervention. Secondary outcomes encompass various assessments, including MDS-UPDRS, International Physical Activity Questionnaire Short Form, Parkinson Self Questionnaire, Parkinson’s Disease Sleep Scale, Timed Up and Go test, GAITRite metrics, Functional Near-Infrared Spectroscopy measurements, smart band outcomes, gut microbiome analysis results, and iris connective tissue texture. Discussion Previous studies by the authors have indicated MARS-PD’s safety and benefits for PD patients. Building upon this foundation, our current study aims to provide a more comprehensive and detailed confirmation of the efficacy of MARS-PD. Trial registration cris.nih.go.kr KCT0006646 –First posted on 7 October 2021; ClinicalTrials.gov NCT05621772 –First posted on 11 November 2022.
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedReina Engle-Stone, K Ryan Wessells, Marjorie J. Haskell, Sika M. Kumordzie, Charles D. Arnold, Jennie N. Davis, Emily R. Becher, Ahmed D. Fuseini, Kania W. Nyaaba, Xiuping Tan, Katherine P. Adams, Georg Lietz, Stephen A. Vosti, Seth Adu-Afarwuah
PLoS One Infectious Diseases, 6.05.2024
Tilføjet 6.05.2024
by Reina Engle-Stone, K Ryan Wessells, Marjorie J. Haskell, Sika M. Kumordzie, Charles D. Arnold, Jennie N. Davis, Emily R. Becher, Ahmed D. Fuseini, Kania W. Nyaaba, Xiuping Tan, Katherine P. Adams, Georg Lietz, Stephen A. Vosti, Seth Adu-Afarwuah Introduction Micronutrient deficiencies are prevalent in West Africa, particularly among women of reproductive age (WRA) and young children. Bouillon is a promising food fortification vehicle due to its widespread consumption. This study aims to evaluate the impact of multiple micronutrient-fortified bouillon cubes, compared to control bouillon cubes (fortified with iodine only), on micronutrient status and hemoglobin concentrations among lactating and non-lactating WRA and young children in northern Ghana. Methods This randomized, controlled doubly-masked trial will be conducted in the Kumbungu and Tolon districts in the Northern Region of Ghana, where prior data indicate multiple micronutrient deficiencies are common. Participants will be: 1) non-pregnant non-lactating WRA (15–49 y), 2) children 2–5 y, and 3) non-pregnant lactating women 4–18 months postpartum. Eligible participants will be randomly assigned to receive household rations of one of two types of bouillon cubes: 1) a multiple micronutrient-fortified bouillon cube containing vitamin A, folic acid, vitamin B12, iron, zinc, and iodine, or 2) a control cube containing iodine only.Each participant’s household will receive a ration of bouillon cubes every 2 weeks, and households will be advised to prepare meals as usual, using the study-provided cubes. The trial duration will be 9 months for non-pregnant non-lactating WRA and children, and 3 months for lactating women. The primary outcomes will be changes in biomarkers of micronutrient status and hemoglobin among WRA and children and milk micronutrient concentrations among lactating women. Secondary outcomes will include change in prevalence of micronutrient deficiency and anemia; dietary intake of bouillon and micronutrients; inflammation, malaria, and morbidity symptoms; and child growth and development. Discussion Evidence from this study will inform discussions about bouillon fortification in Ghana and West Africa. Trial registration The trial was registered on ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT05178407) and the Pan-African Clinical Trial Registry (PACTR202206868437931). This manuscript reflects protocol version 4 (August 29, 2022).
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedTrond Mogens Aaløkken, Haseem Ashraf, Gunnar Einvik, Tøri Vigeland Lerum, Carin Meltzer, Jezabel Rivero Rodriguez, Ole Henning Skjønsberg, Knut Stavem
PLoS One Infectious Diseases, 6.05.2024
Tilføjet 6.05.2024
by Trond Mogens Aaløkken, Haseem Ashraf, Gunnar Einvik, Tøri Vigeland Lerum, Carin Meltzer, Jezabel Rivero Rodriguez, Ole Henning Skjønsberg, Knut Stavem Objectives To investigate changes in chest CT between 3 and 12 months and associations with disease severity in patients hospitalized for COVID-19 during the first wave in 2020. Materials and methods Longitudinal cohort study of patients hospitalized for COVID-19 in 2020. Chest CT was performed 3 and 12 months after admission. CT images were evaluated using a CT severity score (CSS) (0–12 scale) and recoded to an abbreviated version (0–3 scale). We analyzed determinants of the abbreviated CSS with multivariable mixed effects ordinal regression. Results 242 patients completed CT at 3 months, and 124 (mean age 62.3±13.3, 78 men) also at 12 months. Between 3 and 12 months (n = 124) CSS (0–12 scale) for ground-glass opacities (GGO) decreased from median 3 (25th–75th percentile: 0–12) at 3 months to 0.5 (0–12) at 12 months (p
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedZahra Mirsanei, Yahya Asemani, Milad Derakhshanjazari, Vahid Gharibi, Pirasteh Norouzi, Sepideh Mahdavi, Rosanna Cousins
PLoS One Infectious Diseases, 6.05.2024
Tilføjet 6.05.2024
by Zahra Mirsanei, Yahya Asemani, Milad Derakhshanjazari, Vahid Gharibi, Pirasteh Norouzi, Sepideh Mahdavi, Rosanna Cousins Heat exposure exceeding the ISO7243:1989 standard limit can contribute to health problems among employees in a variety of workplaces. Ignoring heat standard requirements in hot working conditions such as bakeries results in physiologic and health problems, as well as an elevated risk of later illnesses. In this analytical case-control study, the serum levels of four inflammatory factors (interleukin-1 beta, interleukin-6, tumor necrosis factor-α, and C-reactive protein) were assessed using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. 105 male artisan bakers (in four job classifications in bakeries and staff) were compared based on demographic characteristics and inflammatory factors. The findings of the study showed correlations between serum interleukin-1β, interleukin-6, and C-reactive protein levels and thermal exposure in the occupational environment and employment type. Moreover, some differences in serum level of interleukin-1β and job type were observed. Heat overexposure affected the increase of interleukin-1β and C-reactive protein secretion. As a result of years of working in high-temperature conditions, inflammation can lead to subsequent diseases in workers. To protect their health from this occupational hazard, additional safeguards are needed. Our recommendations could also be applied to overly hot work environments that may cause heat stress in workers.
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedEmilia König, Shea Beasley, Paulina Heponiemi, Sanni Kivinen, Jaakko Räkköläinen, Seppo Salminen, Maria Carmen Collado, Tuomas Borman, Leo Lahti, Virpi Piirainen, Anna Valros, Mari Heinonen
PLoS One Infectious Diseases, 6.05.2024
Tilføjet 6.05.2024
by Emilia König, Shea Beasley, Paulina Heponiemi, Sanni Kivinen, Jaakko Räkköläinen, Seppo Salminen, Maria Carmen Collado, Tuomas Borman, Leo Lahti, Virpi Piirainen, Anna Valros, Mari Heinonen The early gut microbiota composition is fundamentally important for piglet health, affecting long-term microbiome development and immunity. In this study, the gut microbiota of postparturient dams was compared with that of their offspring in three Finnish pig farms at three growth phases. The differences in fecal microbiota of three study development groups (Good, Poorly, and PrematureDeath) were analyzed at birth (initial exposure phase), weaning (transitional phase), and before slaughter (stable phase). Dam Lactobacillaceae abundance was lower than in piglets at birth. Limosilactobacillus reuteri and Lactobacillus amylovorus were dominantly expressed in dams and their offspring. Altogether 17 piglets (68%) were identified with Lactobacillaceae at the initial exposure phase, divided unevenly among the development groups: 85% of Good, 37.5% of Poorly, and 75% of PrematureDeath pigs. The development group Good was identified with the highest microbial diversity, whereas the development group PrematureDeath had the lowest diversity. After weaning, the abundance and versatility of Lactobacillaceae in piglets diminished, shifting towards the microbiome of the dam. In conclusion, the fecal microbiota of pigs tends to develop towards a similar alpha and beta diversity despite development group and rearing environment.
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedHasnain Akmal, Shabbir Ahmad, Muddasir Hassan Abbasi, Farhat Jabeen, Khurram Shahzad
PLoS One Infectious Diseases, 6.05.2024
Tilføjet 6.05.2024
by Hasnain Akmal, Shabbir Ahmad, Muddasir Hassan Abbasi, Farhat Jabeen, Khurram Shahzad Parabens are being used as preservatives due to their antifungal and antimicrobial effects. They are emerging as aquatic pollutants due to their excessive use in many products. The purpose of this study was to determine the toxic effect of ethyl paraben (C9H10O3) on the hematobiochemical, histological, oxidative, and anti-oxidant enzymatic and non-enzymatic activity; the study also evaluates the potential of ethyl paraben to cause genotoxicity in Rohu Labeo rohita. A number of 15 fish with an average weight of 35.45±1.34g were placed in each group and exposed to ethyl paraben for 21 days. Three different concentrations of ethyl paraben, i.e., T1 (2000μg/L), T2 (4000 μg/L), andT3 (6000 μg/L) on which fish were exposed as compared to the control T0 (0.00 μg/L). Blood was used for hematobiochemical and comet assay. Gills, kidneys, and liver were removed for histological alterations. The results showed a significant rise in all hemato-biochemical parameters such as RBCs, WBCs, PLT count, blood sugar, albumin, globulin, and cholesterol. An increase in aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alanine transaminase (ALT) levels directed the hepatocytic damage. Histological alterations in the liver, gills and kidneys of fish were found. Ethylparaben induces oxidative stress by suppressing antioxidant enzyme activity such as SOD, GSH, CAT and POD. Based on the comet assay, DNA damage was also observed in blood cells, resulting in genotoxicity. Findings from the present study indicate that ethyl paraben induces hemato-biochemical alterations, tissue damage, oxidative stress, and genotoxicity.
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedGina Stella Garcia-Romo, Glustein Pozo-Molina, Julia Reyes-Reali, Claudia Fabiola Mendez-Catala, Efrain Garrido, Adolfo Rene Mendez-Cruz, Patricia Alanis-Lopez, Maria Isabel Mendoza-Ramos, Oscar Nieto‐Yañez, Nelly Rivera-Yañez, Alexander Pedroza-Gonzalez
PLoS One Infectious Diseases, 6.05.2024
Tilføjet 6.05.2024
by Gina Stella Garcia-Romo, Glustein Pozo-Molina, Julia Reyes-Reali, Claudia Fabiola Mendez-Catala, Efrain Garrido, Adolfo Rene Mendez-Cruz, Patricia Alanis-Lopez, Maria Isabel Mendoza-Ramos, Oscar Nieto‐Yañez, Nelly Rivera-Yañez, Alexander Pedroza-Gonzalez University students are at high risk of sexually transmitted infections due to the lack of adequate sexual education, as well as multiple associated factors, which lead to risky sexual practices. It is important to update data about sexual behaviors to identify the main factors associated with sexually risky behaviors. The present study aimed to evaluate the current prevalence of sexually risky practices in medical students. A cross-sectional study was conducted among medical students through an anonymous self-administered online questionnaire including demographic characteristics and sexual behaviors. We used descriptive statistics and multivariable regression to analyze the data collected. A total of 1520 undergraduate medical students aged between 18 and 28 years old were included in the study. Sixty percent of the students were sexually active with a higher proportion in men (70%), likewise, they had an earlier sexual debut (16.5 vs 16.9 years old), and a greater number of lifetime sexual partners than women (3.8 vs 2.2). The main sexual activity in both groups was vaginal sex with high use of condoms (75%), however, most of them (67%) reported having unprotected oral sex. Logistic regression analysis showed that condomless sex was associated with having oral sex, anal sex, and being female. The findings of this study showed that medical university students are involved in risky sexual behaviors, the major risk factor was unprotected oral sex. Based on these results, we recommended designing interventions to improve sexual education and preventive approaches from early stages such as in middle school students to mitigate sexually transmitted infections among medical university students.
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedHiroko Yahara, Souichi Yanamoto, Miho Takahashi, Yuji Hamada, Takuya Asaka, Yoshimasa Kitagawa, Kuniyasu Moridera, Kazuma Noguchi, Yutaka Maruoka, Koji Yahara
PLoS One Infectious Diseases, 6.05.2024
Tilføjet 6.05.2024
by Hiroko Yahara, Souichi Yanamoto, Miho Takahashi, Yuji Hamada, Takuya Asaka, Yoshimasa Kitagawa, Kuniyasu Moridera, Kazuma Noguchi, Yutaka Maruoka, Koji Yahara Osteomyelitis of the jaw is a severe inflammatory disorder that affects bones, and it is categorized into two main types: chronic bacterial and nonbacterial osteomyelitis. Although previous studies have investigated the association between these diseases and the oral microbiome, the specific taxa associated with each disease remain unknown. In this study, we conducted shotgun metagenome sequencing (≥10 Gb from ≥66,395,670 reads per sample) of bulk DNA extracted from saliva obtained from patients with chronic bacterial osteomyelitis (N = 5) and chronic nonbacterial osteomyelitis (N = 10). We then compared the taxonomic composition of the metagenome in terms of both taxonomic and sequence abundances with that of healthy controls (N = 5). Taxonomic profiling revealed a statistically significant increase in both the taxonomic and sequence abundance of Mogibacterium in cases of chronic bacterial osteomyelitis; however, such enrichment was not observed in chronic nonbacterial osteomyelitis. We also compared a previously reported core saliva microbiome (59 genera) with our data and found that out of the 74 genera detected in this study, 47 (including Mogibacterium) were not included in the previous meta-analysis. Additionally, we analyzed a core-genome tree of Mogibacterium from chronic bacterial osteomyelitis and healthy control samples along with a reference complete genome and found that Mogibacterium from both groups was indistinguishable at the core-genome and pan-genome levels. Although limited by the small sample size, our study provides novel evidence of a significant increase in Mogibacterium abundance in the chronic bacterial osteomyelitis group. Moreover, our study presents a comparative analysis of the taxonomic and sequence abundances of all genera detected using deep salivary shotgun metagenome data. The distinct enrichment of Mogibacterium suggests its potential as a marker to distinguish between patients with chronic nonbacterial osteomyelitis and chronic bacterial osteomyelitis, particularly at the early stages when differences are unclear.
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedHeidi Pullmann-Lindsley, Robert Mark Huff, John Boyi, Ronald Jason Pitts
PLoS One Infectious Diseases, 6.05.2024
Tilføjet 6.05.2024
by Heidi Pullmann-Lindsley, Robert Mark Huff, John Boyi, Ronald Jason Pitts Adult mosquitoes require regular sugar meals, including nectar, to survive in natural habitats. Both males and females locate potential sugar sources using sensory proteins called odorant receptors (ORs) activated by plant volatiles to orient toward flowers or honeydew. The yellow fever mosquito, Aedes aegypti (Linnaeus, 1762), possesses a large gene family of ORs, many of which are likely to detect floral odors. In this study, we have uncovered ligand-receptor pairings for a suite of Aedes aegypti ORs using a panel of environmentally relevant, plant-derived volatile chemicals and a heterologous expression system. Our results support the hypothesis that these odors mediate sensory responses to floral odors in the mosquito’s central nervous system, thereby influencing appetitive or aversive behaviors. Further, these ORs are well conserved in other mosquitoes, suggesting they function similarly in diverse species. This information can be used to assess mosquito foraging behavior and develop novel control strategies, especially those that incorporate mosquito bait-and-kill technologies.
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedKoji TakemotoRyo NakayamaKoichi FujimotoYumiko SuzukiYukiko TakarabeMasako HonshoSachiko KitaharaYoshihiko NoguchiHidehito MatsuiTomoyasu HiroseYukihiro AsamiJun HidakaToshiaki SunazukaHideaki Hanaki1Drug Research Division, Sumitomo Pharma Co., Ltd., Osaka, Japan2Ōmura Satoshi Memorial Institute, Kitasato University, Tokyo, Japan3Graduate School of Infection Control Sciences, Kitasato University, Tokyo, Japan, Laurent Poirel
Antimicrobial Agents And Chemotherapy, 6.05.2024
Tilføjet 6.05.2024