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BMC Infectious Diseases, 27.07.2021
Tilføjet 27.07.2021
Abstract
Background
The current emergence of multi-drug resistance among nosocomial pathogens has led to increased use of last-resort agents including Tigecycline (TGC). Availability of reliable methods for testing TGC susceptibility is crucial to accurately predict clinical outcomes. We evaluated the influence of different methodologies and type of media on TGC susceptibility of different gram-negative bacteria of clinical origin.
Methods
The TGC susceptibility of 84 clinical isolates of Klebsiella pneumoniae (n = 29), Escherichia coli (n = 30), and Acinetobacter baumannii (n = 25) was tested by broth microdilution (BMD), Etest, agar dilution (AD) and disk diffusion (DD) methods using Mueller Hinton agar from Difco and Mueller Hinton broth (MHB) from two different manufacturers (Difco and Condalab). FDA TGC susceptibility breakpoints issued for Enterobacteriaceae were used for interpretation of the results.
Results
MICs determined by BMD using MHB from two suppliers showed a good correlation with overall essential agreement (EA) and categorical agreement (CA) being 100% and 95% respectively. However, a twofold rise in BMD-Condalab MICs which was detected in 50% of the isolates, resulted in changes in susceptibility categories of few isolates with MICs close to susceptibility breakpoints leading to an overall minor error (MI) rate of 4.7%. Among the tested methods, Etest showed the best correlation with BMD, being characterized with the lowest error rates (only 1% MI) and highest overall EA (100%) and CA (98.8%) for all subsets of isolates. AD yielded the lowest overall agreement (EA 77%, CA 81%) with BMD in a species dependent manner, with the highest apparent discordance being found among the A. baumannii isolates. While the performance of DD for determination of TGC susceptibility among Enterobacteriaceae was excellent, (CA:100% with no errors), the CA was lower (84%) when it was used for A. baumannii where an unacceptably high minor-error rate was noted (16%). No major error or very major error was detected for any of the tested methods.
Conclusions
Etest can be reliably used for TGC susceptibility testing in the three groups of studied bacteria. For the isolates with close-to-breakpoint MICs, testing susceptibility using the reference method is recommended.
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedBMC Infectious Diseases, 27.07.2021
Tilføjet 27.07.2021
Abstract
Scientists across disciplines, policymakers, and journalists have voiced frustration at the unprecedented polarization and misinformation around coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. Several false dichotomies have been used to polarize debates while oversimplifying complex issues. In this comprehensive narrative review, we deconstruct six common COVID-19 false dichotomies, address the evidence on these topics, identify insights relevant to effective pandemic responses, and highlight knowledge gaps and uncertainties. The topics of this review are: 1) Health and lives vs. economy and livelihoods, 2) Indefinite lockdown vs. unlimited reopening, 3) Symptomatic vs. asymptomatic severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection, 4) Droplet vs. aerosol transmission of SARS-CoV-2, 5) Masks for all vs. no masking, and 6) SARS-CoV-2 reinfection vs. no reinfection. We discuss the importance of multidisciplinary integration (health, social, and physical sciences), multilayered approaches to reducing risk (“Emmentaler cheese model”), harm reduction, smart masking, relaxation of interventions, and context-sensitive policymaking for COVID-19 response plans. We also address the challenges in understanding the broad clinical presentation of COVID-19, SARS-CoV-2 transmission, and SARS-CoV-2 reinfection. These key issues of science and public health policy have been presented as false dichotomies during the pandemic. However, they are hardly binary, simple, or uniform, and therefore should not be framed as polar extremes. We urge a nuanced understanding of the science and caution against black-or-white messaging, all-or-nothing guidance, and one-size-fits-all approaches. There is a need for meaningful public health communication and science-informed policies that recognize shades of gray, uncertainties, local context, and social determinants of health.
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedHomayouni, T. S., Ruth, A., Abbott-Tate, Z., Burger, H., Rahim, S., Murray, C., Wannamaker, R., Chan Carusone, S., O'Brien, K. K.
BMJ Open, 27.07.2021
Tilføjet 27.07.2021
Objective
To explore experiences participating in a group-based physiotherapist (PT)-led exercise programme among people living with HIV and complex multimorbidity.
Design
We conducted a qualitative descriptive study using semistructured interviews.
Recruitment and setting
We recruited community-dwelling adults living with HIV who engaged in a group-based PT-led exercise programme within an HIV-specialty hospital in Toronto, Canada. Interviews were conducted in-person or by telephone.
Participants
Eight men and two women with a median age of 58 years and median of six concurrent conditions in addition to HIV, who had attended ≥2 classes of the exercise programme.
Data collection
Interviews explored (1) reasons for engaging in the programme, (2) experiences with exercise prior to and after joining the programme, (3) facilitators and barriers to engagement and (4) perceived impacts of participation on health and disability. We administered the HIV Disability Questionnaire and a demographic questionnaire.
Results
Experiences spanned perspectives prior to, during and after the PT-led exercise programme. Reasons for engaging in the programme included addressing health-related goals. Participants identified accessibility, the flexible schedule, interprofessional staff and the HIV-specific, group-based environment as facilitators to engagement. Participants reported high attendance rates, but identified episodic health challenges and overcrowded space as potential barriers to attending exercise classes. Perceived impacts on health and disability outcomes included improved physical, mental, social and cognitive health, and activities of daily living. Anticipated or actual experiences transitioning to independent exercise included facilitators (supportive programme leaders) and barriers (challenges motivatiing self to exercise alone).
Conclusions
Features of the programme that facilitated engagement included the interprofessional, group-based environment that offered tailored exercise in an HIV-specific facility, whereby participants perceived benefits in domains of health and disability. However, challenges transitioning to independent exercise remain. Group-based PT-led exercise programmes may facilitate engagement in exercise among adults living with HIV and complex multimorbidity.
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedStocker, R., Russell, S., Liddle, J., Barker, R. O., Remmer, A., Gray, J., Hanratty, B., Adamson, J.
BMJ Open, 27.07.2021
Tilføjet 27.07.2021
Background
The COVID-19 pandemic has taken a heavy toll on the care home sector, with residents accounting for up to half of all deaths in Europe. The response to acute illness in care homes plays a particularly important role in the care of residents during a pandemic. Digital recording of a National Early Warning Score (NEWS), which involves the measurement of physical observations, started in care homes in one area of England in 2016. Implementation of a NEWS intervention (including equipment, training and support) was accelerated early in the pandemic, despite limited evidence for its use in the care home setting.
Objectives
To understand how a NEWS intervention has been used in care homes in one area of North-East England during the COVID-19 pandemic, and how it has influenced resident care, from the perspective of stakeholders involved in care delivery and commissioning.
Methods
A qualitative interview study with care home (n=10) and National Health Service (n=7) staff. Data were analysed using thematic analysis.
Results
Use of the NEWS intervention in care homes in this area accelerated during the COVID-19 pandemic. Stakeholders felt that NEWS, and its associated education and support package, improved the response of care homes and healthcare professionals to deterioration in residents’ health during the pandemic. Healthcare professionals valued the ability to remotely monitor resident observations, which facilitated triage and treatment decisions. Care home staff felt empowered by NEWS, providing a common clinical language to communicate concerns with external services, acting as an adjunct to staff intuition of resident deterioration.
Conclusions
The NEWS intervention formed an important part of the care home response to COVID-19 in the study area. Positive staff perceptions now need to be supplemented with data on the impact on resident health and well-being, workload, and service utilisation, during the pandemic and beyond.
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedMessenger, L. A., Furnival-Adams, J., Pelloquin, B., Rowland, M.
BMJ Open, 27.07.2021
Tilføjet 27.07.2021
Introduction
Humanitarian emergencies, of either natural or anthropogenic origins, are equivalent to major disasters, which can lead to population displacement, food insecurity and health system disruptions. Almost two-thirds of people affected by humanitarian emergencies inhabit malaria endemic regions, particularly the WHO African Region, which currently accounts for 93% and 94% of malaria cases and deaths, respectively. As of late 2020, the United Nations Refugee Agency estimates that there are globally 79.5 million forcibly displaced people, including 45.7 million internally displaced people, 26 million refugees, 4.2 million asylum-seekers and 3.6 million Venezuelans displaced abroad.
Methods and analyses
A systematic review and meta-analysis will be conducted to evaluate the impact of different vector control interventions on malaria disease burden during humanitarian emergencies. Published and grey literatures will be systematically retrieved from 10 electronic databases and 3 clinical trials registries. A systematic approach to screening, reviewing and data extraction will be applied based on the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis guidelines. Two review authors will independently assess full-text copies of potentially relevant articles based on inclusion criteria. Included studies will be assessed for risk of bias according to Cochrane and certainty of evidence using the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation (GRADE) approach. Eligible studies with reported or measurable risk ratios or ORs with 95% CIs will be included in a meta-analysis. Subgroup analyses, including per study design, emergency phase and primary mode of intervention, may be performed if substantial heterogeneity is encountered.
Ethics and dissemination
Ethical approval is not required by the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine to perform secondary analyses of existing anonymous data. Study findings will be disseminated via open-access publications in peer-reviewed journals, presentations to stakeholders and international policy makers, and will contribute to the latest WHO guidelines for malaria control during humanitarian emergencies.
PROSPERO registration number
CRD42020214961.
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedLaw, R.-J., Langley, J., Hall, B., Burton, C., Hiscock, J., Williams, L., Morrison, V., Lemmey, A., Lovell-Smith, C., Gallanders, J., Cooney, J. K., Williams, N.
BMJ Open, 27.07.2021
Tilføjet 27.07.2021
Objectives
To develop a taxonomy of interventions and a programme theory explaining how interventions improve physical activity and function in people with long-term conditions managed in primary care. To co-design a prototype intervention informed by the programme theory.
Design
Realist synthesis combining evidence from a wide range of rich and relevant literature with stakeholder views. Resulting context, mechanism and outcome statements informed co-design and knowledge mobilisation workshops with stakeholders to develop a primary care service innovation.
Results
A taxonomy was produced, including 13 categories of physical activity interventions for people with long-term conditions.
Abridged realist programme theory
Routinely addressing physical activity within consultations is dependent on a reinforcing practice culture, and targeted resources, with better coordination, will generate more opportunities to address low physical activity. The adaptation of physical activity promotion to individual needs and preferences of people with long-term conditions helps affect positive patient behaviour change. Training can improve knowledge, confidence and capability of practice staff to better promote physical activity. Engagement in any physical activity promotion programme will depend on the degree to which it makes sense to patients and professions, and is seen as trustworthy.
Co-design
The programme theory informed the co-design of a prototype intervention to: improve physical literacy among practice staff; describe/develop the role of a physical activity advisor who can encourage the use of local opportunities to be more active; and provide materials to support behaviour change.
Conclusions
Previous physical activity interventions in primary care have had limited effect. This may be because they have only partially addressed factors emerging in our programme theory. The co-designed prototype intervention aims to address all elements of this emergent theory, but needs further development and consideration alongside current schemes and contexts (including implications relevant to COVID-19), and testing in a future study. The integration of realist and co-design methods strengthened this study.
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedMacdonald, J. A., Francis, L. M., Skouteris, H., Youssef, G. J., Graeme, L. G., Williams, J., Fletcher, R. J., Knight, T., Milgrom, J., Di Manno, L., Olsson, C. A., Greenwood, C. J.
BMJ Open, 27.07.2021
Tilføjet 27.07.2021
Purpose
The Men and Parenting Pathways (MAPP) Study is a prospective investigation of men’s mental health and well-being across the normative age for transitioning to fatherhood. This includes trajectories and outcomes for men who do and do not become fathers across five annual waves of the study.
Participants
Australian resident, English-speaking men aged 28–32 years at baseline were eligible. Recruitment was over a 2-year period (2015–2017) via social and traditional media and through engagement with study partners. Eight hundred and eighteen eligible men consented to participate. Of these, 664 men completed the first online survey of whom 608 consented to ongoing participation. Of the ongoing sample, 83% have participated in at least two of the first three annual online surveys.
Findings to date
Three waves of data collection are complete. The first longitudinal analysis of MAPP data, published in 2020, identified five profiles that characterise men’s patterns of depressive symptom severity and presentations of anger. Profiles indicating pronounced anger and depressive symptoms were associated with fathers’ lack of perceived social support, and problems with coparenting and bonding with infants. In a second study, MAPP data were combined with three other Australian cohorts in a meta-analysis of associations between fathers’ self-reported sleep problems up to 3 years postpartum and symptoms of depression, anxiety and stress. Adjusted meta-analytic associations between paternal sleep and mental health risk ranged from 0.25 to 0.37.
Future plans
MAPP is an ongoing cohort study. Waves 4 and 5 data will be ready for analyses at the end of 2021. Future investigations will include crossed-lagged and trajectory analyses that assess inter-relatedness and changing social networks, mental health, work and family life. A nested study of COVID-19 pandemic-related mental health and coping will add two further waves of data collection in a subsample of MAPP participants.
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedBrown Wilson, J., Deckert, A., Shah, R., Kyei, N., Copeland Dahn, L., Doe-Rogers, R., Hinneh, A. B., Johnson, L. W., Natt, G. D., Verdier, J. A., Vosper, A., Louis, V. R., Dambach, P., Thomas-Connor, I.
BMJ Open, 27.07.2021
Tilføjet 27.07.2021
Objectives
To examine the knowledge, attitudes and practices (KAP) of COVID-19 of rural and urban residents in Liberia to inform the development of local social and behaviour change communication strategies.
Design
Cross-sectional, mixed-mode (online and telephone) survey using non-probability sampling.
Setting
All 15 counties in Liberia with a focus on Maryland County.
Participants
From 28 May to 28 June 2020, data were collected from a total of 431 adults aged 18 years and older (telephone 288 (66.8%); online 143 (33.2%)) out of a total of 741 contacts.
Main outcome measures
KAP scores. Frequencies and proportions were calculated, followed by univariate and multivariable analyses to examine the association between KAP scores and the sociodemographic variables.
Results
Around 69% of the online survey respondents were younger than 35 years of age, compared with 56% in the telephone interviews. The majority (87%) of online respondents had completed tertiary education, compared with 77% of the telephone respondents. Male participants, on average, achieved higher knowledge (52%) and attitude scores (72%), in contrast to females (49% and 67%, respectively). Radio (71%) was the most cited source for COVID-19 information, followed by social media (63%). After controlling for sociodemographic variables, adaptive regression modelling revealed that survey mode achieved 100% importance for predicting knowledge and practice levels with regard to COVID-19.
Conclusions
The survey population demonstrated moderate COVID-19 knowledge, with significant differences between survey mode and educational level. Correct knowledge of COVID-19 was associated with appropriate practices in Maryland County. Generalisation of survey findings must be drawn carefully owing to the limitations of the sampling methods. Yet, given the differences in knowledge gaps between survey modes, sex, education, occupation and place of residence, it is recommended that information is tailored to different audiences.
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedTatiana Castro Abreu Pinto, Laura Maria Andrade Oliveira, Natália Silva da Costa, Amanda de Assis Rocha, André Rio Tinto de Matos Freire, Carollina Moreira Franquelino Gutierrez, Crislaine Mateus dos Santos, Danielle Cristina dos Santos Silva Alvim, Débora da Costa Morato Nery, Isabella Bittencourt Ferreira Pinto, Leandro Corrêa Simões, Lucas Cecílio Vilar, Luísa de Miranda Basto Silva, Luiz Marcelo Rocha da Silva Júnior, Maria Luiza Rios Santos, Natália Alves de Araújo, Tatiane Nobre Pinto, Victoria Caroline Neves Leite, Streptococcus Laboratory Team
International Journal of Infectious Diseases, 27.07.2021
Tilføjet 27.07.2021
Group B Streptococcus (GBS) is a leading cause of maternal, fetal and neonatal morbidity and mortality worldwide, being associated with 3.5 million preterm births, 319,000 neonatal infections and 147,000 neonatal deaths annually (Seale et al., 2017; Steer et al., 2020). Asymptomatic anovaginal colonization of pregnant women is the main risk factor for neonatal GBS infections, which are usually derived from vertical transmission. An estimated 18% of pregnant women worldwide are asymptomatically colonized by GBS (Seale et al., 2017), but this rate varies from 10 to 40% according to the country.
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedBMC Infectious Diseases, 27.07.2021
Tilføjet 27.07.2021
Abstract
Background
Prevalence data on viral hepatitis B (HBV), hepatitis C (HCV), and HIV infection in prison are often scarce or outdated. There is currently no systematic screening for these blood-borne viral infections (BBV) in Belgian prisons. There is an urgency to assess the prevalence of these BBV to inform policymakers and public healthcare.
Methods
This was a multicentre, interventional study to assess the prevalence of BBV using opt-in screening in prisons across Belgium, April 2019 – March 2020. Prisoners were tested using a finger prick and BBV risk factors were assessed using a questionnaire. A generalized linear mixed model was used to investigate the association between the various risk factors and HCV.
Results
In total, 886 prisoners from 11 Belgian prisons were screened. Study uptake ranged from 16.9 to 35.4% in long-term facilities. The prevalence of HCV antibodies (Ab), hepatitis B surface antigen (Ag) and HIV Ab/Ag was 5.0% (44/886), 0.8% (7/886), and 0.2% (2/886). The adjusted odds for HCV Ab were highest in prisoners who ever injected (p < 0.001; AOR 24.6 CI 95% (5.5–215.2). The prevalence of detectable HCV RNA in the total cohort was 2.1% (19/886). Thirteen (68.4%) prisoners were redirected for follow-up of their HCV infection.
Conclusions
Opt-in testing for viral hepatitis B, C and HIV was relatively well-accepted in prisons. Compared with the general population, prisoners have a higher prevalence of infection with BBV, especially for HCV. Systematic screening for these BBV should be recommended in all prisons, preferably using opt-out to optimize screening uptake.
Trial registration
Retrospectively registered at clinical trials NCT04366492 April 29, 2020.
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedBMC Infectious Diseases, 27.07.2021
Tilføjet 27.07.2021
Abstract
Background
The main strategy to contain the current SARS-CoV-2 pandemic remains to implement a comprehensive testing, tracing and quarantining strategy until vaccination of the population is adequate. Scent dogs could support current testing strategies.
Methods
Ten dogs were trained for 8 days to detect SARS-CoV-2 infections in beta-propiolactone inactivated saliva samples. The subsequent cognitive transfer performance for the recognition of non-inactivated samples were tested on three different body fluids (saliva, urine, and sweat) in a randomised, double-blind controlled study.
Results
Dogs were tested on a total of 5242 randomised sample presentations. Dogs detected non-inactivated saliva samples with a diagnostic sensitivity of 84% (95% CI: 62.5–94.44%) and specificity of 95% (95% CI: 93.4–96%). In a subsequent experiment to compare the scent recognition between the three non-inactivated body fluids, diagnostic sensitivity and specificity were 95% (95% CI: 66.67–100%) and 98% (95% CI: 94.87–100%) for urine, 91% (95% CI: 71.43–100%) and 94% (95% CI: 90.91–97.78%) for sweat, 82% (95% CI: 64.29–95.24%), and 96% (95% CI: 94.95–98.9%) for saliva respectively.
Conclusions
The scent cognitive transfer performance between inactivated and non-inactivated samples as well as between different sample materials indicates that global, specific SARS-CoV-2-associated volatile compounds are released across different body secretions, independently from the patient’s symptoms. All tested body fluids appear to be similarly suited for reliable detection of SARS-CoV-2 infected individuals.
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedMalaria Journal, 27.07.2021
Tilføjet 27.07.2021
Abstract
Background
Larviciding against malaria vectors in Africa has been limited to indoor residual spraying and insecticide-treated nets, but is increasingly being considered by some countries as a complementary strategy. However, despite progress towards improved larvicides and new tools for mapping or treating mosquito-breeding sites, little is known about the optimal deployment strategies for larviciding in different transmission and seasonality settings.
Methods
A malaria transmission model, OpenMalaria, was used to simulate varying larviciding strategies and their impact on host-seeking mosquito densities, entomological inoculation rate (EIR) and malaria prevalence. Variations in coverage, duration, frequency, and timing of larviciding were simulated for three transmission intensities and four transmission seasonality profiles. Malaria transmission was assumed to follow rainfall with a lag of one month. Theoretical sub-Saharan African settings with Anopheles gambiae as the dominant vector were chosen to explore impact. Relative reduction compared to no larviciding was predicted for each indicator during the simulated larviciding period.
Results
Larviciding immediately reduced the predicted host-seeking mosquito densities and EIRs to a maximum that approached or exceeded the simulated coverage. Reduction in prevalence was delayed by approximately one month. The relative reduction in prevalence was up to four times higher at low than high transmission. Reducing larviciding frequency (i.e., from every 5 to 10 days) resulted in substantial loss in effectiveness (54, 45 and 53% loss of impact for host-seeking mosquito densities, EIR and prevalence, respectively). In seasonal settings the most effective timing of larviciding was during or at the beginning of the rainy season and least impactful during the dry season, assuming larviciding deployment for four months.
Conclusion
The results highlight the critical role of deployment strategies on the impact of larviciding. Overall, larviciding would be more effective in settings with low and seasonal transmission, and at the beginning and during the peak densities of the target species populations. For maximum impact, implementers should consider the practical ranges of coverage, duration, frequency, and timing of larviciding in their respective contexts. More operational data and improved calibration would enable models to become a practical tool to support malaria control programmes in developing larviciding strategies that account for the diversity of contexts.
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedMalaria Journal, 27.07.2021
Tilføjet 27.07.2021
Abstract
Background
Malaria continues to be a major disease of public health concern affecting several million people worldwide. The World Health Organization (WHO) started a pilot study on a malaria vaccine (RTS,S) in Ghana and two other countries in 2019. This study aimed at assessing the factors associated with uptake of the vaccine in the Sunyani Municipality of Ghana.
Methods
The study was a cross-sectional study employing a quantitative approach. Stratified sampling technique was used to select respondents. A structured questionnaire was administered to parents/caregivers with children eligible to have taken the first three doses of the malaria vaccine by December 2019. The Child Welfare Clinic (CWC) cards of the eligible children were also inspected. Ordinal logistic regression analysis was done to determine the association between the independent variables and full vaccine uptake.
Results
Uptake of RTS,S 1 was 94.1%. However, this figure reduced to 90.6% for RTS,S 2, and 78.1% for RTS,S 3. Children with a parent who had been educated up to the tertiary level had 4.72 (AOR: 4.72, 95% CI 1.27–17.55) increased odds of full uptake as compared to those who completed secondary education. Parents whose children had experienced fever as an adverse reaction were more likely to send their children for the malaria vaccine as compared to those whose children had ever suffered abscess as an adverse reaction (AOR: 2.27, 95% CI 1.13–5.10). Children with parents who thought vaccines were becoming too many for children had 71% (AOR: 0.29, 95% CI 0.14–0.61) reduced odds of full uptake as compared to those who thought otherwise.
Conclusion
Uptake of RTS,S 1 and RTS,S 2 in Sunyani Municipality meets the WHO’s target coverage for vaccines, however, RTS,S 3 uptake does not. Furthermore, there is a growing perception amongst parents/caregivers that vaccines are becoming too many for children which negatively affects uptake.
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedMalaria Journal, 27.07.2021
Tilføjet 27.07.2021
Abstract
Background
Seasonal malaria chemoprevention (SMC) consists of administration of sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine (SP) + amodiaquine (AQ) at monthly intervals to children during the malaria transmission period. Whether the addition of azithromycin (AZ) to SMC could potentiate the benefit of the intervention was tested through a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial. The effect of SMC and the addition of AZ, on malaria transmission and on the life history traits of Anopheles gambiae mosquitoes have been investigated.
Methods
The study included 438 children randomly selected from among participants in the SMC + AZ trial and 198 children from the same area who did not receive chemoprevention. For each participant in the SMC + AZ trial, blood was collected 14 to 21 days post treatment, examined for the presence of malaria sexual and asexual stages and provided as a blood meal to An. gambiae females using a direct membrane-feeding assay.
Results
The SMC treatment, with or without AZ, significantly reduced the prevalence of asexual Plasmodium falciparum (LRT X22 = 69, P < 0.0001) and the gametocyte prevalence (LRT X22 = 54, P < 0.0001). In addition, the proportion of infectious feeds (LRT X22 = 61, P < 0.0001) and the prevalence of oocysts among exposed mosquitoes (LRT X22 = 22.8, P < 0.001) was reduced when mosquitoes were fed on blood from treated children compared to untreated controls. The addition of AZ to SPAQ was associated with an increased proportion of infectious feeds (LRT X21 = 5.2, P = 0.02), suggesting a significant effect of AZ on gametocyte infectivity. There was a slight negative effect of SPAQ and SPAQ + AZ on mosquito survival compared to mosquitoes fed with blood from control children (LRTX22 = 330, P < 0.0001).
Conclusion
This study demonstrates that SMC may contribute to a reduction in human to mosquito transmission of P. falciparum, and the reduced mosquito longevity observed for females fed on treated blood may increase the benefit of this intervention in control of malaria. The addition of AZ to SPAQ in SMC appeared to enhance the infectivity of gametocytes providing further evidence that this combination is not an appropriate intervention.
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedMalaria Journal, 27.07.2021
Tilføjet 27.07.2021
Abstract
Malaria is one of the most prevalent parasitic diseases and the foremost cause of morbidity in the tropical regions of the world. Strategies for the efficient management of this parasitic infection include adequate treatment with anti-malarial therapeutics and vaccination. However, the emergence and spread of resistant strains of malaria parasites to the majority of presently used anti-malarial medications, on the other hand, complicates malaria treatment. Other shortcomings of anti-malarial drugs include poor aqueous solubility, low permeability, poor bioavailability, and non-specific targeting of intracellular parasites, resulting in high dose requirements and toxic side effects. To address these limitations, liposome-based nanotechnology has been extensively explored as a new solution in malaria management. Liposome technology improves anti-malarial drug encapsulation, bioavailability, target delivery, and controlled release, resulting in increased effectiveness, reduced resistance progression, and fewer adverse effects. Furthermore, liposomes are exploited as immunological adjuvants and antigen carriers to boost the preventive effectiveness of malaria vaccine candidates. The present review discusses the findings from studies conducted over the last 40 years (1980–2020) using in vitro and in vivo settings to assess the prophylactic and curative anti-malarial potential of liposomes containing anti-malarial agents or antigens. This paper and the discussion herein provide a useful resource for further complementary investigations and may pave the way for the research and development of several available and affordable anti-malarial-based liposomes and liposomal malaria vaccines by allowing a thorough evaluation of liposomes developed to date for the management of malaria.
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedMalaria Journal, 27.07.2021
Tilføjet 27.07.2021
Abstract
Background
The selection and the spread of insecticide resistance in malaria vectors to the main classes of insecticides used in vector control tools are a major and ongoing challenge to malaria vector control programmes. This study aimed to determine the intensity of vector resistance to insecticides in three regions of Benin with different agro-ecological characteristics.
Methods
Larvae of Anopheles gambiae sensu lato (s.l.) were collected from September to November 2017 in different larval sites in three northern Benin communes: Parakou, Kandi and Malanville. Two to five-day-old, non-blood-fed, female mosquitoes were exposed to papers impregnated with deltamethrin, permethrin and bendiocarb at dosages of 1 × the diagnostic dose, 5 × and 10 × to determine the intensity of resistance in these vectors. Molecular frequencies of the kdr L1014F and ace-1R G119S insecticide resistance mutations and levels of detoxification enzymes were determined for mosquitoes sampled at each study site.
Results
Resistance to pyrethroids (permethrin and deltamethrin) was recorded in all three communes with mortality rates below 60% using the diagnostic dose (1x). The results obtained after exposure of An. gambiae to permethrin 10 × were 99% in Kandi, 98% in Malanville and 99% in Parakou. With deltamethrin 10x, mortality rates were 100% in Kandi, 96% in Malanville and 73% in Parakou. For the diagnostic dose of bendiocarb, suspected resistance was recorded in the communes of Malanville (97%) and Kandi (94%) while sensitivity was observed in Parakou (98%).Using the 10 × dose, mortality was 98% in Kandi, 100% in Malanville and 99% in Parakou. The frequencies of the kdr L1014F allele varied between 59 and 83% depending on the sites and species of the An. gambiae complex, while the frequency of the ace-1R G119S gene varied between 0 and 5%. Biochemical tests showed high levels of oxidase and esterase activity compared to the susceptible colony strain of An. gambiae sensu stricto (Kisumu strain).
Conclusion
Anopheles gambiae showed a generalized loss of susceptibility to permethrin and deltamethrin but also showed moderate to high intensity of resistance in different regions of Benin. This high intensity of resistance is a potential threat to the effectiveness of vector control.
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedBienvenu Salim Camara, Lenka Benova, Thérèse Delvaux, Sidikiba Sidibé, Alison Marie El Ayadi, Koen Peeters Grietens, Alexandre Delamou
Tropical Medicine & International Health, 26.07.2021
Tilføjet 27.07.2021
Hilary Whitworth, John Changalucha, Kathy Baisley, Deborah Watson‐Jones
Tropical Medicine & International Health, 26.07.2021
Tilføjet 27.07.2021
Mathieu Nacher, Audrey Valdes, Antoine Adenis, Romain Blaizot, Françoise Ugo, Philippe Abboud, Magalie Demar, Félix Djossou, Loïc Epelboin, Caroline Misslin, Denis Blanchet, Pierre Couppié, Kinan Drak Alsibai
Tropical Medicine & International Health, 26.07.2021
Tilføjet 27.07.2021
Ndubuisi O. Onyemaechi, William Nii Ayitey Menson, Xan Goodman, Samantha Slinkard, Obinna E. Onwujekwe, Ugochukwu N. Enweani, Okechukwu E. Nwankwo, Benedict C. Nwomeh, Fiemu E. Nwariaku, Echezona E. Ezeanolue
Tropical Medicine & International Health, 26.07.2021
Tilføjet 27.07.2021
Elena Latysheva
Frontiers in Immunology, 26.10.2022
Tilføjet 27.07.2021
Allergen-specific immunotherapy (AIT) is a safe, effective treatment for respiratory allergies (such as moderate-to-severe allergic rhinoconjunctivitis) that are not controlled by symptomatic medications. The indications and contraindications for AIT have been defined in international guidelines and consensus statements. However, some of these contraindications are not evidenced- based but have been deduced from the theoretical risk of an interaction between AIT disease-modifying effect and immune or inflammatory comorbidities. In the absence of clinical trial evidence, the accumulation of experience as case reports can narrow the spectrum of absolute contraindications. The majority of international guidelines list HIV infection as a contraindication to AIT. Here, we describe two cases of safe, effective sublingual birch pollen AIT in HIV-positive patients undergoing concomitant antiretroviral therapy. A 32-year-old female and a 63-year-old male sensitized to tree pollen and with clinically confirmed birch pollen allergy underwent pre- and co-seasonal sublingual birch pollen AIT for three and two pollen seasons, respectively. The therapy was associated with a marked reduction in the frequency and intensity of allergic symptoms, and the reduced use of (symptomatic) rescue medication. Mild, local, treatment-emergent adverse events were noted throughout the course of treatment but resolved spontaneously. No serious adverse events were reported. In particular, there were no obvious harmful effects on the patients’ immune status or viral load. Hence, sublingual birch pollen AIT proved to be effective and safe in two HIV-positive patients.
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedArinjay Banerjee, Karen Mossman, Nathalie Grandvaux
Trends in Microbiology, 26.07.2021
Tilføjet 27.07.2021
SARS-CoV-2 evolution is expected given the nature of virus replication. Selection and establishment of variants in the human population depend on viral fitness, and molecular and immunological selection pressures. Here we discuss how mechanisms of replication and recombination may contribute to the emergence of current and future variants of SARS-CoV-2.
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedTrends in Parasitology, 26.07.2021
Tilføjet 27.07.2021
Despite the long path we have travelled in the past 30 years to unveil the mysteries of Blastocystis, we realize that there is still a long way to go, and many questions await satisfactory answers. Above all, do we really need to treat it or just live with it? To answer this very important question we need a better understanding of the biology, diversity, and ecological roles of Blastocystis. In this TrendsTalk we invite the scientific committee of the 3rd International Blastocystis Conference to reflect on the most recent advances presented during the virtual meeting on 2–4 June this year.
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedYotaro Nishikawa
Frontiers in Immunology, 26.10.2022
Tilføjet 27.07.2021
Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a common pruritic inflammatory skin disease characterized by impaired epidermal barrier function and dysregulation of Thelper-2 (TH2)-biased immune responses. While the lineage of conventional dendritic cells (cDCs) are implicated to play decisive roles in T-cell immune responses, their requirement for the development of AD remains elusive. Here, we describe the impact of the constitutive loss of cDCs on the progression of AD-like inflammation by using binary transgenic (Tg) mice that constitutively lacked CD11chi cDCs. Unexpectedly, the congenital deficiency of cDCs not only exacerbates the pathogenesis of AD-like inflammation but also elicits immune abnormalities with the increased composition and function of granulocytes and group 2 innate lymphoid cells (ILC2) as well as B cells possibly mediated through the breakdown of the Fms-related tyrosine kinase 3 ligand (Flt3L)-mediated homeostatic feedback loop. Furthermore, the constitutive loss of cDCs accelerates skin colonization of Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus), that associated with disease flare. Thus, cDCs maintains immune homeostasis to prevent the occurrence of immune abnormalities to maintain the functional skin barrier for mitigating AD flare.
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedShipo Wu, Jianying Huang, Zhe Zhang, Jianyuan Wu, Jinlong Zhang, Hanning Hu, Tao Zhu, Jun Zhang, Lin Luo, Pengfei Fan, Busen Wang, Chang Chen, Yi Chen, Xiaohong Song, Yudong Wang, Weixue Si, Tianjian Sun, Xinghuan Wang, Lihua Hou, Wei Chen
Lancet Infectious Diseases, 27.07.2021
Tilføjet 27.07.2021
Aerosolised Ad5-nCoV is well tolerated, and two doses of aerosolised Ad5-nCoV elicited neutralising antibody responses, similar to one dose of intramuscular injection. An aerosolised booster vaccination at 28 days after first intramuscular injection induced strong IgG and neutralising antibody responses. The efficacy and cost-effectiveness of aerosol vaccination should be evaluated in future studies.
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedHua Bai Wei Zou Wenhui Zhou Keqin Zhang Xiaowei Huang 1State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources, and College of Life Science, Yunnan University, Kunming, 650091, China 2College of Public Health, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, 650500, China 3School of Medicine, Yunnan University, Kunming, 650091, China
Infection and Immunity, 26.07.2021
Tilføjet 27.07.2021
Infection and Immunity, <a href="https://journals.asm.org/toc/iai/0/ja">Volume 0, Issue ja</a>, -Not available-.
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedTravis B. Nielsen Jun Yan Matthew Slarve Peggy Lu Rachel Li Juan Ruiz Bosul Lee Elizabeth Burk Yuli Talyansky Peter Oelschlaeger Kyle Hurth William Win Brian M. Luna Robert A. Bonomo Brad Spellberg aStritch School of Medicine and bParkinson School of Health Sciences and Public Health, Loyola University Chicago, Maywood, IL; cDepartment of Molecular Microbiology & Immunology, Keck School of Medicine at the University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA; dDepartment of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, CA; eDepartment of Pathology, Keck School of Medicine at the University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA; fLouis Stokes Cleveland Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Cleveland, OH; gDepartment of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH; hDepartments of Pharmacology, Molecular Biology and Microbiology, Biochemistry, and Proteomics and Bioinformatics, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH; iLos Angeles County + University of Southern California Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA
Infection and Immunity, 26.07.2021
Tilføjet 27.07.2021
Infection and Immunity, <a href="https://journals.asm.org/toc/iai/0/ja">Volume 0, Issue ja</a>, -Not available-.
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedYuding Weng Edith G. Fields Thomas F. Bina James A. Budnick Dillon E. Kunkle X. Renee Bina James E. Bina 1 University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Pittsburgh, PA 2 University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA
Infection and Immunity, 26.07.2021
Tilføjet 27.07.2021
Infection and Immunity, <a href="https://journals.asm.org/toc/iai/0/ja">Volume 0, Issue ja</a>, -Not available-.
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedEllen E. Higginson Aruna Panda Franklin R. Toapanta Matthew C. Terzi Jennifer A. Jones Sunil Sen Jasnehta Permala-Booth Marcela F. Pasetti Marcelo B. Sztein Louis DeTolla Myron M. Levine Sharon M. Tennant a Center for Vaccine Development and Global Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA b Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA c Department of Pathology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA d Program of Comparative Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA e Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA f Department of Pediatrics, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
Infection and Immunity, 26.07.2021
Tilføjet 27.07.2021
Infection and Immunity, <a href="https://journals.asm.org/toc/iai/0/ja">Volume 0, Issue ja</a>, -Not available-.
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedShaji Daniel Alexander Pichugin Holly Torano Jonathan P. Renn Jennifer Kwan Matthew Cowles Solomon Conteh Lynn E. Lambert Nada Alani Nicholas J. MacDonald Weili Dai Kendrick Highsmith Charles Anderson J. Patrick Gorres Javonn Musgrove Brandi Butler Nouf Althubaiti Saurabh Dixit Stasya Zarling-Bejma Urszula Krzych Patrick E. Duffy 1Laboratory of Malaria Immunology and Vaccinology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA. 2Department of Cellular Immunology, Malaria Biologics Branch, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD, USA 3Epidemiology Unit, Laboratory of Clinical Infectious Disease, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
Infection and Immunity, 26.07.2021
Tilføjet 27.07.2021
Infection and Immunity, <a href="https://journals.asm.org/toc/iai/0/ja">Volume 0, Issue ja</a>, -Not available-.
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedManmeet Bhalla Lauren R. Heinzinger Olanrewaju B. Morenikeji Brandon Marzullo Bolaji N. Thomas Elsa N. Bou Ghanem aDepartment of Microbiology Immunology, State University of New York at Buffalo School of Medicine, 14203, Buffalo, NY, USA bDepartment of Biomedical Sciences, College of Health Sciences and Technology, Rochester Institute of Technology, 14623, Rochester, NY, USA cDivision of Biological and Health Sciences, University of Pittsburgh-Bradford, Bradford, PA 16701 dDepartment of Biochemistry and Center of Excellence in Bioinformatics and Life Sciences, State University of New York at Buffalo, 14203, Buffalo, NY, USA
Infection and Immunity, 26.07.2021
Tilføjet 27.07.2021
Infection and Immunity, <a href="https://journals.asm.org/toc/iai/0/ja">Volume 0, Issue ja</a>, -Not available-.
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedMatthew K. Muramatsu Jianli Zhou Bryna L. Fitzgerald Ranjit K. Deka John T. Belisle Michael V. Norgard a Department of Microbiology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA. b Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA.
Infection and Immunity, 26.07.2021
Tilføjet 27.07.2021
Infection and Immunity, <a href="https://journals.asm.org/toc/iai/0/ja">Volume 0, Issue ja</a>, -Not available-.
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedM. Lorena Harvey Aung Soe Lin Lili Sun Tatsuki Koyama Jennifer H. B. Shuman John T. Loh Holly M. Scott Algood Matthew B. Scholz Mark S. McClain Timothy L. Cover Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology1, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, USA; Vanderbilt Institute for Infection, Immunology and Inflammation2, Department of Medicine3, Vanderbilt Technologies for Advanced Genetics (VANTAGE)4, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, USA; Department of Biostatistics5, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA; Veterans Affairs Tennessee Valley Healthcare System6, Nashville, TN.
Infection and Immunity, 26.07.2021
Tilføjet 27.07.2021
Infection and Immunity, <a href="https://journals.asm.org/toc/iai/0/ja">Volume 0, Issue ja</a>, -Not available-.
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedPeng Li Xiuran Wang Xiangwan Sun Jesse Cimino Ziqiang Guan Wei Sun 1Department of Immunology and Microbial Disease, Albany Medical College, Albany, NY, 12208, USA. 2Department of Biochemistry, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA.
Infection and Immunity, 26.07.2021
Tilføjet 27.07.2021
Infection and Immunity, <a href="https://journals.asm.org/toc/iai/0/ja">Volume 0, Issue ja</a>, -Not available-.
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedBobbi S. Pritt, Emily C. Fernholz, Adam J. Replogle, Luke C. Kingry, Michael P. Sciotto, Jeannine M. Petersen
Clinical Microbiology and Infection, 26.07.2021
Tilføjet 27.07.2021
A previously healthy 42-year-old male from the upper Midwestern United States presented with a 1-day history of fever, fatigue, headache, myalgias, and arthralgias. He reported removing a “wood tick” the day of admission. His temperature was 38.4°C. No swollen joints, rash, or neurological abnormalities were noted on physical examination.
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedWooyoung Jang, Hyeonjun Hwang, Hyun-uk Jo, Yong-Han Cha, Bongyoung Kim
Clinical Microbiology and Infection, 26.07.2021
Tilføjet 27.07.2021
This study aimed to analyze the effect of discontinuation of antimicrobial stewardship program (ASP) activity on the usage pattern of antibiotics.
Læs mere Tjek på PubMed