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Emerging Infectious Diseases, 13.04.2022
Tilføjet 13.04.2022
Emerging Infectious Diseases, 13.04.2022
Tilføjet 13.04.2022
Emerging Infectious Diseases, 13.04.2022
Tilføjet 13.04.2022
Meghna Thakur, Sandhya Bista, Shelby D. Foor, Shraboni Dutta, Xiuli Yang, Michael Ronzetti, Vipin S. Rana, Chrysoula Kitsou, Sara B. Linden, Amanda S. Altieri, Bolormaa Baljinnyam, Daniel C. Nelson, Anton Simeonov, Utpal Pal aDepartment of Veterinary Medicine, University of Maryland, College Parkgrid.164295.d, Maryland, USA bNational Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland, USA cInstitute for Bioscience and Biotechnology Research, University of Maryland, Rockville, Maryland, USA dVirginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, College Park, Maryland, USA, Guy H. Palmer
Infection and Immunity, 13.04.2022
Tilføjet 13.04.2022
Junxia Cui, Weiwei Zheng, Yuena Sun, Tianjun Xu aLaboratory of Fish Molecular Immunology, College of Fisheries and Life Science, Shanghai Ocean Universitygrid.412514.7, Shanghai, China bLaboratory of Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, China cKey Laboratory of Exploration and Utilization of Aquatic Genetic Resources (Shanghai Ocean University), Ministry of Education, Shanghai, China dNational Pathogen Collection Center for Aquatic Animals, Shanghai Ocean Universitygrid.412514.7, Shanghai, China, Manuela Raffatellu
Infection and Immunity, 13.04.2022
Tilføjet 13.04.2022
Breanna M. Scorza, Kurayi G. Mahachi, Arin D. Cox, Angela J. Toepp, Danielle Pessoa-Pereira, Phyllis Tyrrell, Jesse Buch, Jennifer A. Foltz, Dean Lee, Christine A. Petersen aDepartment of Epidemiology, University of Iowagrid.214572.7, Iowa City, Iowa, USA bIDEXX Laboratories, Inc., Westbrook, Maine, USA cDivision of Hematology and Oncology, Nationwide Children’s Hospital, Columbus, Ohio, USA, De'Broski R. Herbert
Infection and Immunity, 13.04.2022
Tilføjet 13.04.2022
Katherine LeMasters, Shabbar Ranapurwala, Morgan Maner, Kathryn M. Nowotny, Meghan Peterson, Lauren Brinkley-Rubinstein
PLoS One Infectious Diseases, 13.04.2022
Tilføjet 13.04.2022
by Katherine LeMasters, Shabbar Ranapurwala, Morgan Maner, Kathryn M. Nowotny, Meghan Peterson, Lauren Brinkley-Rubinstein
Background COVID-19 and mass incarceration are closely intertwined with prisons having COVID-19 case rates much higher than the general population. COVID-19 has highlighted the relationship between incarceration and health, but prior work has not explored how COVID-19 spread in communities have influenced case rates in prisons. Our objective was to understand the relationship between COVID-19 case rates in the general population and prisons located in the same county. Methods Using North Carolina’s (NC) Department of Health and Human Services data, this analysis examines all COVID-19 tests conducted in NC from June-August 2020. Using interrupted time series analysis, we assessed the relationship between substantial community spread (50/100,000 detected in the last seven days) and active COVID-19 case rates (cases detected in the past 14 days/100,000) within prisons. Results From June-August 2020, NC ordered 29,605 tests from prisons and detected 1,639 cases. The mean case rates were 215 and 427 per 100,000 in the general and incarcerated population, respectively. Once counties reached substantial COVID-19 spread, the COVID-19 prison case rate increased by 118.55 cases per 100,000 (95% CI: -3.71, 240.81). Conclusions Community COVID-19 spread contributes to COVID-19 case rates in prisons. In counties with prisons, community spread should be closely monitored. Stringent measures within prisons (e.g., vaccination) and decarceration should be prioritized to prevent COVID-19 outbreaks.
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedPernille Kihl, Lukasz Krych, Ling Deng, Lars H. Hansen, Karsten Buschard, Søren Skov, Dennis S. Nielsen, Axel Kornerup Hansen
PLoS One Infectious Diseases, 13.04.2022
Tilføjet 13.04.2022
by Pernille Kihl, Lukasz Krych, Ling Deng, Lars H. Hansen, Karsten Buschard, Søren Skov, Dennis S. Nielsen, Axel Kornerup Hansen
The purpose of this study was to compare the effect of a gluten-free diet and/or antibiotics on tetanus vaccine induced immunoglobulin G titers and immune cell levels in BALB/c mice. The gluten-free diet was associated with a reduced anti-tetanus IgG response, and it increased the relative abundance of the anti-inflammatory Bifidobacterium significantly in some of the mice. Antibiotics also led to gut microbiota changes and lower initial vaccine titer. After a second vaccination, neither gluten-free diet nor antibiotics reduced the titers. In the spleen, the gluten-free diet significantly increased regulatory T cell (Treg) fractions, CD4+ T cell activation, and tolerogenic dendritic cell fractions and activation, which extend the downregulating effect of the Treg. Therefore, the systemic effect of the gluten-free diet seems mainly tolerogenic. Antibiotics reduced the fractions of CD4+ T and B cells in the mesenteric lymph nodes. These results suggest that vaccine response in mice is under influence of their diet, the gut microbiota and the interplay between them. However, a gluten-free diet seems to work through mechanisms different from those induced by antibiotics. Therefore, diet should be considered when testing vaccines in mice and developing vaccines for humans.
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedJennifer Velloza, Nicole Poovan, Nontokozo Ndlovu, Nomhle Khoza, Jennifer F. Morton, Jeanne Omony, Edwin Mkwanazi, Cole Grabow, Deborah Donnell, Richard Munthali, Jared M. Baeten, Sybil Hosek, Connie Celum, Sinead Delany-Moretlwe
PLoS One Infectious Diseases, 13.04.2022
Tilføjet 13.04.2022
by Jennifer Velloza, Nicole Poovan, Nontokozo Ndlovu, Nomhle Khoza, Jennifer F. Morton, Jeanne Omony, Edwin Mkwanazi, Cole Grabow, Deborah Donnell, Richard Munthali, Jared M. Baeten, Sybil Hosek, Connie Celum, Sinead Delany-Moretlwe
Introduction Pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) is a highly effective HIV prevention strategy and is recommended for populations at risk of HIV, including adolescent girls and young women (AGYW) in HIV endemic settings. However, PrEP continuation and high adherence remain challenges to its impact. Existing PrEP adherence interventions can be time- and cost-intensive. Widescale PrEP delivery will require the identification of layered PrEP support strategies for AGYW with diverse prevention needs. We describe the design of a sequential multiple assignment randomized trial (SMART) to evaluate a PrEP adherence support model using scalable, stepped interventions in AGYW in South Africa. Methods “PrEP SMART” is a randomized trial in Johannesburg, South Africa, enrolling AGYW who are between 18 and 25 years of age, sexually active, newly initiating PrEP, and have regular access to a mobile phone. Participants are randomized 1:1 to standard-of-care PrEP counseling with either two-way SMS or WhatsApp group adherence support. Adherence is assessed at three months using tenofovir diphosphate (TFV-DP) levels from dried blood spots collected at month 2 to categorize participants as “responders” (TFV-DP ≥500 fmol/punch) or “non-responders” (TFV-DP
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedSarah Chantler, Alex Griffiths, Jamie Matu, Glen Davison, Adrian Holliday, Ben Jones
PLoS One Infectious Diseases, 13.04.2022
Tilføjet 13.04.2022
by Sarah Chantler, Alex Griffiths, Jamie Matu, Glen Davison, Adrian Holliday, Ben Jones
Nutrition strategies and supplements may have a role to play in diminishing exercise associated gastrointestinal cell damage and permeability. The aim of this systematic review was to determine the influence of dietary supplements on markers of exercise-induced gut endothelial cell damage and/or permeability. Five databases were searched through to February 2021. Studies were selected that evaluated indirect markers of gut endothelial cell damage and permeability in response to exercise with and without a specified supplement, including with and without water. Acute and chronic supplementation protocols were included. Twenty-seven studies were included. The studies investigated a wide range of supplements including bovine colostrum, glutamine, probiotics, supplemental carbohydrate and protein, nitrate or nitrate precursors and water across a variety of endurance exercise protocols. The majority of studies using bovine colostrum and glutamine demonstrated a reduction in selected markers of gut cell damage and permeability compared to placebo conditions. Carbohydrate intake before and during exercise and maintaining euhydration may partially mitigate gut damage and permeability but coincide with other performance nutrition strategies. Single strain probiotic strains showed some positive findings, but the results are likely strain, dosage and duration specific. Bovine colostrum, glutamine, carbohydrate supplementation and maintaining euhydration may reduce exercise-associated endothelial damage and improve gut permeability. In spite of a large heterogeneity across the selected studies, appropriate inclusion of different nutrition strategies could mitigate the initial phases of gastrointestinal cell disturbances in athletes associated with exercise. However, research is needed to clarify if this will contribute to improved athlete gastrointestinal and performance outcomes.
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedAgnieszka Bieńkowska, Anna Koszela, Anna Sałamacha, Katarzyna Tworek
PLoS One Infectious Diseases, 13.04.2022
Tilføjet 13.04.2022
by Agnieszka Bieńkowska, Anna Koszela, Anna Sałamacha, Katarzyna Tworek
The COVID-19 crisis forced many changes to occur within organizations, which were necessary to keep the continuance of the organization’s operations. Job performance seems to be an important factor determining such continuance, through its influence on the performance of entire organization. Shaping and keeping job performance in times of COVID-19 pandemic was a challenge for organizations, due to its negative impact on employees, causing their stress or lack of sense of security. There is a growing role of HRM specialists in appropriately shaping HRM strategies that can positively shape job-related attitudes, resulting in enhanced job performance during such difficult times. Therefore, this study aims to explain the role of COVID-19 oriented HRM strategies in shaping job performance through job-related attitudes such as work motivation, job satisfaction, and organizational commitment in a time of crisis occurring in the organization due to the COVID-19 pandemic. The study was conducted among 378 organizations operating in Poland during 2nd wave of COVID-19 pandemic. To verify the hypotheses, descriptive statistics were calculated using IBM SPSS and path analysis was performed using IBM AMOS. The result shows that combined set of 'hard' HRM strategies related to the financial aspects and 'soft' HRM strategies related to keeping employees’ wellbeing during the crisis gives the best results in shaping job performance through job-related attitudes and consequently strengthening organizational performance. This study contributes to the knowledge concerning the development of COVID-19 oriented HRM strategies, which may also have practical application.
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedSaba Ahmed, Nadeem Iqbal, Xiaoyan Tang, Rafiq Ahmad, Muhammad Irshad, Usman Irshad
PLoS One Infectious Diseases, 13.04.2022
Tilføjet 13.04.2022
by Saba Ahmed, Nadeem Iqbal, Xiaoyan Tang, Rafiq Ahmad, Muhammad Irshad, Usman Irshad
Functioning of ecosystems depends on the nutrient dynamics across trophic levels, largely mediated by microbial interactions in the soil food web. The present study investigated the use of phosphate solubilizing bacteria (PSB) and poultry manure (PM) for maintaining labile P in the soil for an extensive fertility enhancement and as a substitution of chemical fertilizers. Based on the different P solubilizing capabilities of Bacillus and Pseudomonas, a quadruple consortium of Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus cereus, Bacillus thuringiensis and Pseudomonas fluorescens, and their grazer nematodes (soil free living) supplemented with PM were studied. This study was carried out on the trophic levels of soil communities to assess the growth and availability of P to the wheat plants. Experiment was performed for 90 days. Comparing the unamended and amended predator results showed that nematode addition beyond bacterial treatment substantially increased the net available P by ≈2 times, and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity by 3.3 times. These results demonstrated the nematodes association with increasing nutrient availability or P mineralization. The interactive effect of PM as substrate and biological drivers was more noticeable on plant dry biomass (1.6 times) and plant P concentration (3.5times) compared to the similar unamended treatment. It is concluded that the biological drivers significantly enhanced the soil ALP and available P while the substrate and biological drivers enhanced dry biomass and plant P concentration. Bacterivore nematodes enhanced the effect of PSB for P mineralization via microbial loop and could be used for the enhancement of wheat production.
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedMila Nu Nu Htay, Laurence Lloyd Parial, Ma. Carmen Tolabing, Kevin Dadaczynski, Orkan Okan, Angela Yee Man Leung, Tin Tin Su
PLoS One Infectious Diseases, 13.04.2022
Tilføjet 13.04.2022
by Mila Nu Nu Htay, Laurence Lloyd Parial, Ma. Carmen Tolabing, Kevin Dadaczynski, Orkan Okan, Angela Yee Man Leung, Tin Tin Su
During the COVID-19 pandemic, there is a growing interest in online information about coronavirus worldwide. This study aimed to investigate the digital health literacy (DHL) level, information-seeking behaviour, and satisfaction of information on COVID-19 among East and South-East Asia university students. This cross-sectional web-based study was conducted between April to June 2020 by recruiting students from universities in China, Malaysia, and the Philippines. University students who have Internet access were invited to participate in the study. Items on sociodemographic variables, DHL, information-seeking behaviour, and information satisfaction were included in the questionnaire. Descriptive statistics and logistic regression analysis were conducted. A total of 5302 university students responded to the survey. The overall mean score across the four DHL subscales was 2.89 (SD: 0.42). Search engines (e.g., Google, Bing, Yahoo) (92.0%) and social media (88.4%) were highly utilized by the students, whereas Websites of doctors or health insurance companies were of lower utilization (64.7%). Across the domains (i.e., adding self-generated content, determining relevance, evaluating reliability, and protecting privacy) higher DHL was positively associated with higher usage of trustworthy resources. Providing online information on COVID-19 at official university websites and conducting health talks or web-based information dissemination about the strategies for mental health challenges during pandemic could be beneficial to the students. Strengthening DHL among university students will enhance their critical thinking and evaluation of online resources, which could direct them to the quality and trustworthy information sources on COVID-19.
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedTimo Spinde, Christin Jeggle, Magdalena Haupt, Wolfgang Gaissmaier, Helge Giese
PLoS One Infectious Diseases, 13.04.2022
Tilføjet 13.04.2022
by Timo Spinde, Christin Jeggle, Magdalena Haupt, Wolfgang Gaissmaier, Helge Giese
Media bias has a substantial impact on individual and collective perception of news. Effective communication that may counteract its potential negative effects still needs to be developed. In this article, we analyze how to facilitate the detection of media bias with visual and textual aids in the form of (a) a forewarning message, (b) text annotations, and (c) political classifiers. In an online experiment, we randomized 985 participants to receive a biased liberal or conservative news article in any combination of the three aids. Meanwhile, their subjective perception of media bias in this article, attitude change, and political ideology were assessed. Both the forewarning message and the annotations increased media bias awareness, whereas the political classification showed no effect. Incongruence between an articles’ political position and individual political orientation also increased media bias awareness. Visual aids did not mitigate this effect. Likewise, attitudes remained unaltered.
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedVidya Eswaran, Anna Marie Chang, R. Gentry Wilkerson, Kelli N. O’Laughlin, Brian Chinnock, Stephanie A. Eucker, Brigitte M. Baumann, Nancy Anaya, Daniel G. Miller, Adrianne N. Haggins, Jesus R. Torres, Erik S. Anderson, Stephen C. Lim, Martina T. Caldwell, Ali S. Raja, Robert M. Rodriguez, The REVVED-UP Investigators
PLoS One Infectious Diseases, 13.04.2022
Tilføjet 13.04.2022
by Vidya Eswaran, Anna Marie Chang, R. Gentry Wilkerson, Kelli N. O’Laughlin, Brian Chinnock, Stephanie A. Eucker, Brigitte M. Baumann, Nancy Anaya, Daniel G. Miller, Adrianne N. Haggins, Jesus R. Torres, Erik S. Anderson, Stephen C. Lim, Martina T. Caldwell, Ali S. Raja, Robert M. Rodriguez, The REVVED-UP Investigators
Study objective Facemask use is associated with reduced transmission of SARS-CoV-2. Most surveys assessing perceptions and practices of mask use miss the most vulnerable racial, ethnic, and socio-economic populations. These same populations have suffered disproportionate impacts from the pandemic. The purpose of this study was to assess beliefs, access, and practices of mask wearing across 15 urban emergency department (ED) populations. Methods This was a secondary analysis of a cross-sectional study of ED patients from December 2020 to March 2021 at 15 geographically diverse, safety net EDs across the US. The primary outcome was frequency of mask use outside the home and around others. Other outcome measures included having enough masks and difficulty obtaining them. Results Of 2,575 patients approached, 2,301 (89%) agreed to participate; nine had missing data pertaining to the primary outcome, leaving 2,292 included in the final analysis. A total of 79% of respondents reported wearing masks “all of the time” and 96% reported wearing masks over half the time. Subjects with PCPs were more likely to report wearing masks over half the time compared to those without PCPs (97% vs 92%). Individuals experiencing homelessness were less likely to wear a mask over half the time compared to those who were housed (81% vs 96%). Conclusions Study participants reported high rates of facemask use. Respondents who did not have PCPs and those who were homeless were less likely to report wearing a mask over half the time and more likely to report barriers in obtaining masks. The ED may serve a critical role in education regarding, and provision of, masks for vulnerable populations.
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedBienvenido León, María-Pilar Martínez-Costa, Ramón Salaverría, Ignacio López-Goñi
PLoS One Infectious Diseases, 13.04.2022
Tilføjet 13.04.2022
by Bienvenido León, María-Pilar Martínez-Costa, Ramón Salaverría, Ignacio López-Goñi
A massive “infodemic” developed in parallel with the global COVID-19 pandemic and contributed to public misinformation at a time when access to quality information was crucial. This research aimed to analyze the science and health-related hoaxes that were spread during the pandemic with the objectives of (1) identifying the characteristics of the form and content of such false information, and the platforms used to spread them, and (2) formulating a typology that can be used to classify the different types of hoaxes according to their connection with scientific information. The study was conducted by analyzing the content of hoaxes which were debunked by the three main fact-checking organizations in Spain in the three months following WHO’s announcement of the pandemic (N = 533). The results indicated that science and health content played a prominent role in shaping the spread of these hoaxes during the pandemic. The most common hoaxes on science and health involved information on scientific research or health management, used text, were based on deception, used real sources, were international in scope, and were spread through social networks. Based on the analysis, we proposed a system for classifying science and health-related hoaxes, and identified four types according to their connection to scientific knowledge: “hasty” science, decontextualized science, badly interpreted science, and falsehood without a scientific basis. The rampant propagation and widespread availability of disinformation point to the need to foster media and scientific caution and literacy among the public and increase awareness of the importance of timing and substantiation of scientific research. The results can be useful in improving media literacy to face disinformation, and the typology we formulate can help develop future systems for automated detection of health and science-related hoaxes.
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedBratches, R. W. R., Freundlich, N. Z., Dionne-Odom, J. N., O'Malley, A. J., Barr, P. J.
BMJ Open, 13.04.2022
Tilføjet 13.04.2022
Objective
To understand the perceptions of the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on healthcare communication with family caregivers.
Design
Nationally representative survey.
Setting
USA (national).
Participants
340 family caregivers, demographically representative of the US population by race/ethnicity.
Primary outcome measures
Communication outcomes (feeling involved by the provider, feeling involved by the care recipient, feeling more encouraged to be involved in care, feeling contributory to discussions, feeling questions are being answered), behavioural/wellness outcomes (feeling anxious, feeling isolated, feeling it is easier to attend the clinic visit), and desire to continue using telemedicine.
Results
Having less than a college degree was associated with decreased odds of feeling involved by the provider (OR 0.46; 95% CI 0.26 to 0.83; p=0.01), feeling involved by the care recipient (OR 0.44; 95% CI 0.24 to 0.79; p=0.01), feeling more encouraged to be involved in care (OR 0.49; 95% CI 0.27 to 0.86; p=0.01), feeling like they contribute to discussions (OR 0.45; 95% CI 0.25 to 0.82; p=0.01) and feeling like their questions are being answered (OR 0.33; 95% CI 0.18 to 0.60; p<0.001).
Conclusion
In our sample, the shift to telemedicine during COVID-19 was well received but caregivers of low educational attainment reported poorer health communication, and a greater proportion of black/African American and Hispanic caregivers reported a desire to return to in-person visits. There is an opportunity to improve health systems and increase equity as telemedicine becomes more widespread.
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Fullerton, M. M., Benham, J., Graves, A., Fazel, S., Doucette, E. J., Oxoby, R. J., Mourali, M., Boucher, J.-C., Constantinescu, C., Parsons Leigh, J., Tang, T., Marshall, D. A., Hu, J., Lang, R.
BMJ Open, 13.04.2022
Tilføjet 13.04.2022
Objectives
To understand Canadian’s attitudes and current behaviours towards COVID-19 public health measures (PHM), vaccination and current public health messaging, to provide recommendations for a public health intervention.
Design
Ten focus groups were conducted with 2–7 participants/group in December 2020. Focus groups were transcribed verbatim and analysed using content and inductive thematic analysis. The capability opportunity motivation behaviour Model was used as our conceptual framework.
Setting
Focus groups were conducted virtually across Canada.
Participants
Participants were recruited from a pool of individuals who previously completed a Canada-wide survey conducted by our research team.
Main outcome measure
Key barriers and facilitators towards COVID-19 PHM and vaccination, and recommendations for public health messaging.
Results
Several themes were identified (1) participants’ desire to protect family and friends was the main facilitator for adhering to PHM, while the main barrier was inconsistent PHM messaging and (2) participants were optimistic that the vaccine offers a return to normal, however, worries of vaccine efficacy and effectiveness were the main concerns. Participants felt that current public health messaging is inconsistent, lacks transparency and suggested that messaging should include scientific data presented by a trustworthy source.
Conclusions
We suggest six public health messaging recommendations to increase adherence to PHM and vaccination (1) use an unbiased scientist as a spokesperson, (2) openly address any unknowns, (3) more is better when sharing data, (4) use personalised stories to reinforce PHM and vaccinations, (5) humanise the message by calling out contradictions and (6) focus on the data and keep politics out.
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Kyvsgaard, J. N., Ralfkiaer, U., Folsgaard, N., Jensen, T. M., Hesselberg, L. M., Schoos, A.-M. M., Bonnelykke, K., Bisgaard, H., Stokholm, J., Chawes, B.
BMJ Open, 13.04.2022
Tilføjet 13.04.2022
Introduction
Previous randomised controlled trials (RCTs) suggest antibiotics for treating episodes of asthma-like symptoms in preschool children. Further, high-dose vitamin D supplementation has been shown to reduce the rate of asthma exacerbations among adults with asthma, while RCTs in preschool children are lacking. The aims of this combined RCT are to evaluate treatment effect of azithromycin on episode duration and the preventive effect of high-dose vitamin D supplementation on subsequent episodes of asthma-like symptoms among hospitalised preschoolers.
Methods and analysis
Eligible participants, 1–5 years old children with a history of recurrent asthma-like symptoms hospitalised due to an acute episode, will be randomly allocated 1:1 to azithromycin (10 mg/kg/day) or placebo for 3 days (n=250). Further, independent of the azithromycin intervention participants will be randomly allocated 1:1 to high-dose vitamin D (2000 IU/day+ standard dose 400 IU/day) or standard dose (400 IU/day) for 1 year (n=320). Participants are monitored with electronic diaries for asthma-like symptoms, asthma medication, adverse events and sick-leave. The primary outcome for the azithromycin intervention is duration of asthma-like symptoms after treatment. Secondary outcomes include duration of hospitalisation and antiasthmatic treatment. The primary outcome for the vitamin D intervention is the number of exacerbations during the treatment period. Secondary outcomes include time to first exacerbation, symptom burden, asthma medication and safety.
Ethics and dissemination
The RCTs are approved by the Danish local ethical committee and conducted in accordance with the guiding principles of the Declaration of Helsinki. The Danish Medicines Agency has approved the azithromycin RCT, which is monitored by the local Unit for Good Clinical Practice. The vitamin D RCT has been reviewed and is not considered a medical intervention. Results will be published in peer-reviewed journals and presented at international conferences.
Trial registration numbers
NCT05028153, NCT05043116.
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Raynor, K., Panza, L., Bentley, R.
BMJ Open, 13.04.2022
Tilføjet 13.04.2022
Objectives
COVID-19 lockdown measures have challenged people’s mental health, especially among economically vulnerable households. The objective of this study was to investigate the impact of exposure to COVID-19 shocks (defined as job loss, living cost pressures and changing housing conditions throughout the lockdown period) and double precarity (defined as precarity in housing and employment) on mental health outcomes for members of share households as well as the mediating effects of a range of resources.
Design
We conducted a two-wave survey of occupants of share housing in June and October 2020 during a prolonged period of population lockdown. Research design involved fixed effects ordered logit regression models to assess the mental health consequences of baseline precarity and COVID-related shocks.
Setting
Victoria, Australia.
Participants
We surveyed 293 occupants of share houses (mean age 34 SD 11.5, 56% female). Members of share houses (where individuals are unrelated adults and not in a romantic relationship) are more likely to be young, casually employed, visa-holders and low-income.
Outcome measures
We measured household composition, housing and employment precarity, access to government support, household crowding, social networks and COVID-19 shocks. We used a self-reported measure of mental health.
Results
Those exposed to COVID-19 shocks reported a 2.7 times higher odds of mental health deterioration (OR 2.7, 95% CI 1.53 to 4.85). People exposed to double precarity (precarity in both housing and employment) reported 2.4 times higher odds of mental health deterioration (OR 2.4, 95% CI 0.99 to 5.69). Housing inadequacy and lack of access to sufficient government payments explained 14.7% and 7% of the total effect of double precarity on mental health, respectively.
Conclusions
Results indicate that residents of group households characterised by pre-existing precarity were vulnerable to negative mental health effects during lockdown. Access to sufficient government payments and adequate housing buffered this negative effect.
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Faye, S. L. B., Krumkamp, R., Doumbia, S., Tounkara, M., Strauss, R., Ouedraogo, H. G., Sagna, T., Barry, A. M., Mbawah, A. K., Doumbia, C. O., Diouf, S., Cisse, K., Harding, M., Donven, P., May, J., Puradiredja, D. I., Fusco, D., ACHES consortium
BMJ Open, 13.04.2022
Tilføjet 13.04.2022
Objectives
This study aims: (1) to identify and describe similarities and differences in both adult and child COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy, and (2) to examine sociodemographic, perception-related and behavioural factors influencing vaccine hesitancy across five West African countries.
Design
Cross-sectional survey carried out between 5 May and 5 June 2021.
Participants and setting
4198 individuals from urban and rural settings in Burkina Faso, Guinea, Mali, Senegal and Sierra Leone participated in the survey.
Study registration
The general protocol is registered on clinicaltrial.gov.
Results
Findings show that in West Africa at the time only 53% of all study participants reported to be aware of COVID-19 vaccines, and television (60%, n=1345), radio (56%; n=1258), social media (34%; n=764) and family/friends/neighbours (28%; n=634) being the most important sources of information about COVID-19 vaccines. Adult COVID-19 vaccine acceptance ranges from 60% in Guinea and 50% in Sierra Leone to 11% in Senegal. This is largely congruent with acceptance levels of COVID-19 vaccinations for children. Multivariable regression analysis shows that perceived effectiveness and safety of COVID-19 vaccines increased the willingness to get vaccinated. However, sociodemographic factors, such as sex, rural/urban residence, educational attainment and household composition (living with children and/or elderly), and the other perception parameters were not associated with the willingness to get vaccinated in the multivariable regression model.
Conclusions
Primary sources of information about COVID-19 vaccines include television, radio and social media. Communication strategies addressed at the adult population using mass and social media, which emphasise COVID-19 vaccine effectiveness and safety, could encourage greater acceptance also of COVID-19 child vaccinations in sub-Saharan countries.
Trial registration number
NCT04912284.
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Landrian, A., Mboya, J., Golub, G., Moucheraud, C., Kepha, S., Sudhinaraset, M.
BMJ Open, 13.04.2022
Tilføjet 13.04.2022
Objective
The aim of this study was to assess the effects of COVID-19 on antenatal care (ANC) utilisation in Kenya, including women’s reports of COVID-related barriers to ANC and correlates at the individual and household levels.
Design
Cross-sectional study.
Setting
Six public and private health facilities and associated catchment areas in Nairobi and Kiambu Counties in Kenya.
Participants
Data were collected from 1729 women, including 1189 women who delivered in healthcare facilities before the COVID-19 pandemic (from September 2019–January 2020) and 540 women who delivered during the pandemic (from July through November 2020). Women who delivered during COVID-19 were sampled from the same catchment areas as the original sample of women who delivered before to compare ANC utilisation.
Primary and secondary outcome measures
Timing of ANC initiation, number of ANC visits and adequate ANC utilisation were primary outcome measures. Among only women who delivered during COVID-19 only, we explored women’s reports of the pandemic having affected their ability to access or attend ANC as a secondary outcome of interest.
Results
Women who delivered during COVID-19 had significantly higher odds of delayed ANC initiation (ie, beginning ANC during the second vs first trimester) than women who delivered before (aOR 1.72, 95% CI 1.24 to 2.37), although no significant differences were detected in the odds of attending 4–7 or ≥8 ANC visits versus <4 ANC visits, respectively (aOR 1.12, 95% CI 0.86 to 1.44 and aOR 1.46, 95% CI 0.74 to 2.86). Nearly half (n=255/540; 47%) of women who delivered during COVID-19 reported that the pandemic affected their ability to access ANC.
Conclusions
Strategies are needed to mitigate disruptions to ANC among pregnant women during pandemics and other public health, environmental, or political emergencies.
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Guocan Yu, Fangming Zhong, Wuchen Zhao, Bo Ye, Kan Xu, Gang Chen
International Journal of Infectious Diseases, 13.04.2022
Tilføjet 13.04.2022
: The diagnosis of constrictive tuberculous pericarditis (TBP) remains challenging. This study aimed to evaluate five tests [acid-fast bacilli (AFB) smear, Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB) culture, Xpert MTB/RIF assay, CapitalBio Mycobacterium real-time polymerase chain reaction detection assay (CapitalBio assay), and pathology] for constrictive TBP using pericardial tissue.
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedIstván Tóth, Eva Bagyinszky, Domonkos Sváb
International Journal of Infectious Diseases, 13.04.2022
Tilføjet 13.04.2022
. Escherichia coli strains of the O157 serogroup include significant foodborne pathogens: enterohemorrhagic E. coli (EHEC) and enteropathogenic E. coli (EPEC), responsible for a considerable number of hospitalisations and deaths worldwide in each year. There is a constant need for rapid, reliable and easy-to-use methods for their identification, typing and phylogenetic classification. In this study we propose a new multiplex PCR-based typing system for pathogenic E. coli with a focus on the O157 serogroup.
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedChristine Landlinger, Vera Oberbauer, Lenka Podpera Tisakova, Timo Schwebs, Rocío Berdaguer, Leen Van Simaey, Mario Vaneechoutte, Lorenzo Corsini aBioNTech R&D (Austria) GmbH, Vienna, Austria bUniversity of Ghent, Laboratory Bacteriology Research, Department of Diagnostic Sciences, Faculty of Medicine & Health Sciences, Ghent, Belgium
Antimicrobial Agents And Chemotherapy, 13.04.2022
Tilføjet 13.04.2022
Yawei Du, Carlo Giannangelo, Wei He, Gerald J. Shami, Wenya Zhou, Tuo Yang, Darren J. Creek, Con Dogovski, Xinsong Li, Leann Tilley aDepartment of Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, The University of Melbournegrid.1008.9, Parkville, Victoria, Australia bSchool of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, China cDrug Delivery Disposition and Dynamics, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash Universitygrid.1002.3, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
Antimicrobial Agents And Chemotherapy, 13.04.2022
Tilføjet 13.04.2022
Aisling R. Caffrey, Haley J. Appaneal, Kerry L. LaPlante, Vrishali V. Lopes, Erlinda R. Ulloa, Victor Nizet, George Sakoulas aInfectious Diseases Research Program, Providence Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Providence, Rhode Island, USA bCenter of Innovation in Long-Term Support Services, Providence Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Providence, Rhode Island, USA cCollege of Pharmacy, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, Rhode Island, USA dWarren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Division of Infectious Diseases, Providence, Rhode Island, USA eSchool of Public Health, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, USA fDepartment of Pediatrics, University of California, Irvine School of Medicine, Irvine, California, USA gDivision of Infectious Disease, Children’s Hospital of Orange County, Orange, California, USA hUniversity of California, San Diego School of Medicine, La Jolla, California, USA
Antimicrobial Agents And Chemotherapy, 13.04.2022
Tilføjet 13.04.2022
Fritz Eichenseher, Bjorn L. Herpers, Paul Badoux, Juan M. Leyva-Castillo, Raif S. Geha, Mathijs van der Zwart, James McKellar, Ferd Janssen, Bob de Rooij, Lavanja Selvakumar, Christian Röhrig, Johan Frieling, Mark Offerhaus, Martin J. Loessner, Mathias Schmelcher aInstitute of Food, Nutrition and Health, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland bMicreos GmbH, Wädenswil, Switzerland cRegional Public Health Laboratory Kennemerland, Haarlem, The Netherlands dBoston Children’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA eMicreos Human Health B.V., Bilthoven, The Netherlands
Antimicrobial Agents And Chemotherapy, 13.04.2022
Tilføjet 13.04.2022
Paolo Gaibani, Gabriele Bianco, Stefano Amadesi, Matteo Boattini, Simone Ambretti, Cristina Costa aDivision of Microbiology, IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna, Bologna, Italy bDivision of Microbiology, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Città della Salute e della Scienza di Torino, Torino, Italy cUniversity of Torino, Torino, Italy
Antimicrobial Agents And Chemotherapy, 13.04.2022
Tilføjet 13.04.2022
Adrian Gonzalez Lopez
Nat Rev Microbiol, 13.04.2022
Tilføjet 13.04.2022
Nature Reviews Microbiology, Published online: 13 April 2022; doi:10.1038/s41579-022-00738-5A recent study shows how tumour-resident intracellular bacteria enhance survival and the metastatic capacities of circulating tumour cells by protecting them from mechanical stress.
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedEmerging Infectious Diseases, 13.04.2022
Tilføjet 13.04.2022