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Clinical & Experimental Immunology, 16.08.2023
Tilføjet 16.08.2023
AbstractInnate immune activity fuels intestinal inflammation in Crohn’s disease (CD), an inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Identification and targeting of new molecular regulators of the innate activity are warranted to control the disease. Inhibitor of apoptosis proteins (IAPs) regulate both cell survival and inflammatory signaling. We investigated effects of IAP inhibition by second mitochondria-derived activator of caspases (SMAC) mimetics (SMs) on innate responses and cell death to pathogen-associated molecular patterns in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) and monocytes. IAPs inhibited lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced expression of proinflammatory interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6. Likewise, LPS (but not muramyl dipeptide or E. coli) induced TNF-α was inhibited in CD and control PBMCs. The SM effect was partially reversed by inhibition of receptor-interacting serine/threonine-protein kinase 1 (RIPK1). The effect was mainly cell death independent. Thus, IAP inhibition by SMs leads to reduced production of proinflammatory cytokines and may be considered in the efforts to develop new therapeutic strategies to control CD.
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedFanxiang MengXuefeng JiangXiao WangQianqian ZhengXiaonan N. WangChenxue MeiSiqi YanYuting HeJunxiu XueXiaoqing ZhangWenda FuYong YouJingbo ZhaiYuanyuan WangXun SunaDepartment of Immunology, Basic Medicine College, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning Province 110122, ChinabDepartment of Laboratory Medicine, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning Province 110801, ChinacDepartment of Pathophysiology, Basic Medicine College, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning Province 110122, ChinadDepartment of Gastroenterology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning Province 110122, ChinaeTeaching Center for Medical Experiment, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning Province 110122, ChinafDepartment of Blood Transfusion, Tangdu Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, Shaanxi Province 710032, ChinagDepartment of Immunology, Chengde medical university, Chengde, Hebei Province 067000, ChinahMedical College, Inner Mongolia Minzu University, Tongliao 028000, ChinaiKey Laboratory of Zoonose Prevention and Control at Universities of Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, Tongliao 028000, ChinajDepartment of Anesthesiology, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning Province 110032, China
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences: Immunology and Inflammation, 16.08.2023
Tilføjet 16.08.2023
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, Volume 120, Issue 34, August 2023.
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedL. Rainer Butler, Julia Gonzalez, Joao H.F. Pedra, Adela S. Oliva Chavez
Trends in Parasitology, 16.08.2023
Tilføjet 16.08.2023
Ticks can transmit a variety of human pathogens, including intracellular and extracellular bacteria, viruses, and protozoan parasites. Historically, their saliva has been of immense interest due to its anticoagulant, anti-inflammatory, and anesthetic properties. Only recently, it was discovered that tick saliva contains extracellular vesicles (EVs). Briefly, it has been observed that proteins associated with EVs are important for multiple tick-borne intracellular microbial lifestyles. The impact of tick EVs on viral and intracellular bacterial pathogen transmission from the tick to the mammalian host has been shown experimentally. Additionally, tick EVs interact with the mammalian skin immune system at the bite site. The interplay between tick EVs, the transmission of pathogens, and the host skin immune system affords opportunities for future research.
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedRitika Sengupta, Madhurima Roy, Nidhi S. Dey, Paul M. Kaye, Mitali Chatterjee
Trends in Parasitology, 16.08.2023
Tilføjet 16.08.2023
Post kala-azar dermal leishmaniasis (PKDL), a heterogeneous dermal sequela of visceral leishmaniasis (VL), is challenging in terms of its etiopathogenesis. Hypopigmentation is a consistent clinical feature in PKDL, but mechanisms contributing to the loss of melanocytes remains poorly defined. Like other hypopigmentary dermatoses – for example, vitiligo, psoriasis, and leprosy – the destruction of melanocytes is likely a multifactorial phenomenon, key players being immune dysregulation and inflammation. This review focuses on immunological mechanisms responsible for the ‘murder’ of melanocytes, prime suspects at the lesional sites being CD8+ T cells and keratinocytes and their criminal tools being proinflammatory cytokines, for example, IFN-γ, IL-6, and TNF-α. Collectively, these may cause decreased secretion of melanocyte growth factors, loss/attenuation of cell adhesion molecules and inflammasome activation, culminating in melanocyte death.
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedDa Yang, Xinru Lin, Yufei Wei, Zujian Li, Haodong Zhang, Tian Liang, Shangdong Yang, Hongwei Tan
PLoS One Infectious Diseases, 16.08.2023
Tilføjet 16.08.2023
by Da Yang, Xinru Lin, Yufei Wei, Zujian Li, Haodong Zhang, Tian Liang, Shangdong Yang, Hongwei Tan In practical production, cane stems with buds are generally used as seed for propagation. However, long-terms cane stems only easily lead to some problems such as disease sensitivity, quality loss, etc. Recently, cane seedings, which are produced by tissue culture were used in sugarcane production, but few studies on cane health related to tissue culture seedings. Therefore, to evaluate the immunity and health of sugarcanes growing from different reproduction modes, the endophytic microbial compositions in cane roots between stem and tissue culture seedlings were analyzed using high-throughput techniques. The results showed that the endophytic microbial compositions in cane roots were significant differences between stem and tissue culture seedlings. At the genus level, Pantoea, Bacillus, Streptomyces, Lechevalieria, Pseudomonas, Nocardioides, unclassified_f__Comamonadaceae enriched as the dominant endophytic bacterial genera, and Rhizoctonia, Sarocladium, Scytalidium, Wongia, Fusarium, unclassified_f__Phaeosphaer, unclassified_c__Sordariom, unclassified_f__Stachybot, Poaceascoma, Microdochium, Arnium, Echria, Mycena and Exophiala enriched as the dominant endophytic fungal genera in cane roots growing from the tissue culture seedlings. In contrast, Mycobacterium, Massilia, Ralstonia, unclassified_f__Pseudonocardiacea, norank_f__Micropepsaceae, Leptothrix and Bryobacter were the dominant endophytic bacterial genera, and unclassified_k__Fungi, unclassified_f__Marasmiaceae, Talaromyces, unclassified_c__Sordariomycetes and Trichocladium were the dominant endophytic fungal genera in cane roots growing from stem seedlings. Additionally, the numbers of bacterial and fungal operational taxonomic units (OTUs) in cane roots growing from tissue culture seedlings were significantly higher than those of stem seedlings. It indicates that not only the endophytic microbial compositions in cane roots can be shaped by different propagation methods, but also the stress resistance of sugarcanes can be improved by the tissue culture propagation method.
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedIsabella Locatelli, Valentin Rousson
PLoS One Infectious Diseases, 16.08.2023
Tilføjet 16.08.2023
by Isabella Locatelli, Valentin Rousson Objective During the COVID-19 pandemic, excess mortality has generally been estimated comparing overall mortality in a given year with either past mortality levels or past mortality trends, with different results. Our objective was to illustrate and compare the two approaches using mortality data for Switzerland in 2022, the third year of the COVID-19 pandemic. Methods Using data from the Swiss Federal Statistical Office, standardized mortality rates and life expectancies in 2022 were compared with those of the last pre-pandemic year 2019 (first approach), as well as with those that would be expected if the pre-pandemic downward trend in mortality had continued during the pandemic (second approach). The pre-pandemic trend was estimated via a Poisson log-linear model on age-specific mortality over the period 2010–19. Results Using the first approach, we estimated in Switzerland in 2022 an excess mortality of 2.6% (95%CI: 1.0%-4.1%) for men and 2.5% (95%CI: 1.0%-4.0%) for women, while the excess mortality rose to 8.4% (95%CI: 6.9%-9.9%) for men and 6.0% (95%CI: 4.6%-7.5%) for women using the second approach. Age classes over 80 were the main responsible for the excess mortality in 2022 for both sexes using the first approach, although a significant excess mortality was also found in most age classes above 30 using the second approach. Life expectancy in 2022 has been reduced by 2.7 months for men and 2.4 months for women according to the first approach, whereas it was reduced by respectively 8.8 and 6.0 months according to the second approach. Conclusions The excess mortality and loss of life expectancy in Switzerland in 2022 are around three times greater if the pre-pandemic trend is taken into account than if we simply compare 2022 with 2019. These two different approaches, one being more speculative and the other more factual, can also be applied simultaneously and provide complementary results. In Switzerland, such a dual-approach strategy has shown that the pre-pandemic downward trend in mortality is currently halted, while pre-pandemic mortality levels have largely been recovered by 2022.
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedNatalia E. Contreras, Julieta S. Roldán, Daniela S. Castillo
PLoS One Infectious Diseases, 16.08.2023
Tilføjet 16.08.2023
by Natalia E. Contreras, Julieta S. Roldán, Daniela S. Castillo Cervical cancer represents a global concern with 604,000 new cases and 342,000 deaths reported annually, with the vast majority diagnosed in low income countries. Despite high-risk Human Papillomavirus (HR HPV)-induced cervical cancer has become highly preventable through prophylactic vaccines, screening programs are critical in the control of cervical carcinogenesis in populations with limited access to vaccination and in older generations of women who have already been exposed to HR HPV infection. The surge of HPV molecular tests has provided a more sensitive and accurate diagnostic alternative to cytology screening. Given that HPV DNA testing presents a low positive predicted value, leading to unnecessary treatment, the E6 oncoprotein from HR HPV types arises as a promising diagnostic marker for its overexpression in transformed HPV-positive cancer cells. For these reasons, this study aimed at obtaining monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) against the E6 oncoprotein of one of the most prevalent HR HPV types worldwide, HPV18, in order to develop a highly specific and sensitive indirect competitive ELISA (icELISA). The production of hybridomas secreting HPV18 E6 mAbs was carried out through a combined tolerization and immunization strategy, in order to avoid cross-reactivity with the E6 protein from low-risk HPV types 6 and 11. We selected the 7D2 hybridoma clone, which recognized HPV18 E6 and showed some cross-reactivity against the HR HPV45 E6 oncoprotein. The 7D2 mAb enabled the development of a sensitive, reliable and reproducible icELISA to detect and quantify small amounts of HPV18 E6 biomarker for cervical cancer progression. The present study establishes a valid 7D2-based icELISA that constitutes a promising bioanalytical method for the early detection and quantification of HPV18 E6 oncoprotein in cervical swab samples and cancer prevention.
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedMartina Mušković, Matej Planinić, Antonela Crepulja, Marko Lušić, Marin Glad, Martin Lončarić, Nela Malatesti, Ivana Gobin
PLoS One Infectious Diseases, 16.08.2023
Tilføjet 16.08.2023
by Martina Mušković, Matej Planinić, Antonela Crepulja, Marko Lušić, Marin Glad, Martin Lončarić, Nela Malatesti, Ivana Gobin There is an increasing need to discover effective methods for treating municipal wastewater and addressing the threat of multidrug-resistant (MDR) strains of bacteria spreading into the environment and drinking water. Photodynamic inactivation (PDI) that combines a photosensitiser and light in the presence of oxygen to generate singlet oxygen and other reactive species, which in turn react with a range of biomolecules, including the oxidation of bacterial genetic material, may be a way to stop the spread of antibiotic-resistant genes. The effect of 5,10,15,20-(pyridinium-3-yl)porphyrin tetrachloride (TMPyP3) without light, and after activation with violet-blue light (VBL) (394 nm; 20 mW/cm2), on MDR strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Klebsiella pneumoniae and K. pneumoniae OXA-48 in tap water and municipal wastewater was investigated. High toxicity (~2 μM) of TMPyP3 was shown in the dark on both strains of K. pneumoniae in tap water, while on P. aeruginosa toxicity in the dark was low (50 μM) and the PDI effect was significant (1.562 μM). However, in wastewater, the toxicity of TMPyP3 without photoactivation was much lower (12.5–100 μM), and the PDI effect was significant for all three bacterial strains, already after 10 min of irradiation with VBL (1.562–6.25 μM). In the same concentrations, or even lower, an anti-adhesion effect was shown, suggesting the possibility of application in biofilm control. By studying the kinetics of photoinactivation, it was found that with 1,562 μM of TMPyP3 it is possible to achieve the complete destruction of all three bacteria after 60 min of irradiation with VBL. This study confirmed the importance of studying the impact of water constituents on the properties and PDI effect of the applied photosensitiser, as well as checking the sensitivity of targeted bacteria to light of a certain wavelength, in conditions as close as possible to those in the intended application, to adjust all parameters and perfect the method.
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedGordana Stanić, Snežana Marinković, Jelena Milin Lazović, Dragana Ignjatović Ristić
PLoS One Infectious Diseases, 16.08.2023
Tilføjet 16.08.2023
by Gordana Stanić, Snežana Marinković, Jelena Milin Lazović, Dragana Ignjatović Ristić Background Hashimoto’s thyroiditis (HT) is a prevalent autoimmune disease of thyroid gland with a shared immunological mechanism with mood disorders. Affective temperament (AT) is a biologically determined personality trait that has been linked to mood disorders. The aim of this study was to examine the association between dominant AT and levels of psychosomatic symptoms in women newly diagnosed with HT in comparison to clinically healthy subjects. Methods The observational cross-sectional study with nested case control study was involving 146 consecutive participants, who were divided into three groups. The two study groups consisted of women with HT (73), including 49 with hypothyroid HT and 24 with euthyroid HT, and the third group was a control group of healthy participants (73). The Serbian version of the TEMPS-A was utilized to assess AT, while the 4DSQ was used to measure psychosomatic symptoms. Results The results showed that hyperthymic AT was dominant in all examined groups. The groups with HT differed from the control group in terms of depressive and cyclothymic AT. Furthermore, the study found higher levels of psychosomatic symptoms in the group with HT compared to the control group, with significant differences in distress (p = 0.005) and somatization (p = 0.023) levels. All AT was associated with levels of psychosomatic symptoms in subjects with hypothyroid HT. In contrast, in subjects with euthyroid HT, the association was only found between depressive and cyclothymic AT with distress and depression levels, as well as between somatization and cyclothymic AT. No association was found between AT and anxiety levels in subjects with euthyroid HT. Conclusion The research found differences between study groups in the association between AT and levels of psychosomatic symptoms. Further research with a larger sample size is necessary to more clearly define the associations between affective temperaments and psychosomatic symptoms in women with euthyroid and hypothyroid HT.
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedRika Kudo, Ryota Yamano, Juanwen Yu, Shotaro Koike, Alfabetian Harjuno Condro Haditomo, Mayanne A. M. de Freitas, Jiro Tsuchiya, Sayaka Mino, Fabiano Thompson, Jesús L. Romalde, Hisae Kasai, Yuichi Sakai, Tomoo Sawabe
PLoS One Infectious Diseases, 16.08.2023
Tilføjet 16.08.2023
by Rika Kudo, Ryota Yamano, Juanwen Yu, Shotaro Koike, Alfabetian Harjuno Condro Haditomo, Mayanne A. M. de Freitas, Jiro Tsuchiya, Sayaka Mino, Fabiano Thompson, Jesús L. Romalde, Hisae Kasai, Yuichi Sakai, Tomoo Sawabe A Gram-staining-negative, oxidase-positive, strictly aerobic rod-shaped bacterium, designated strain PT1T, was isolated from the laboratory-reared larvae of the sea cucumber Apostichopus japonicus. A phylogenetic analysis based on the 16S rRNA gene nucleotide sequences revealed that PT1T was closely related to Neptuniibacter marinus ATR 1.1T (= CECT 8938T = DSM 100783T) and Neptuniibacter caesariensis MED92T (= CECT 7075T = CCUG 52065T) showing 98.2% and 98.1% sequence similarity, respectively. However, the average nucleotide identity (ANI) and in silico DNA-DNA hybridization (DDH) values among these three strains were 72.0%-74.8% and 18.3%-19.5% among related Neptuniibacter species, which were below 95% and 70%, respectively, confirming the novel status of PT1T. The average amino acid identity (AAI) values of PT1T showing 74–77% among those strains indicated PT1T is a new species in the genus Neptuniibacter. Based on the genome-based taxonomic approach, Neptuniibacter victor sp. nov. is proposed for PT1T. The type strain is PT1T (JCM 35563T = LMG 32868T).
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedLin Chen, Luming Xie, Jing Zhang, Yifan Feng, Xia Wu
PLoS One Infectious Diseases, 16.08.2023
Tilføjet 16.08.2023
by Lin Chen, Luming Xie, Jing Zhang, Yifan Feng, Xia Wu To explore the metabolomics of fatty acids and biological information of related markers in a RAW264.7 cell inflammation model. RAW264.7 macrophage inflammation model was induced by LPS, and RAW264.7 cells were treated with non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). The fatty acid compositions were identified by GC-MS, combined with standard product spectrum information and NIST (National Institute of Standards and Technology) database. Using chemometrics and Analysis of Variance (ANOVA), the components with VIP > 1 and P < 0.05 were selected as significant difference markers, and combined with biological methods to explore the biological significance of them. GC-MS identified 21 fatty acids in RAW264.7 cells, and screened significant difference biomarkers in each group. Among these biomarkers, C20:5 and C22:6 had significant changes in pairwise comparison among each group. Through ELISA, polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and Western Blot methods, the mRNA and protein expressions of IL-1β, NLRP3, GPR120 and β-Arrestin-2 were up-regulated after RAW264.7 cells induced by LPS and nigericin, and decreased after drug intervention. It indicated that the signal pathway centered on NLRP3 inflammasome was involved in the anti-inflammatory process of ibuprofen. It was the first time to study fatty acid metabolomics in RAW264.7 cell inflammatory model by GC-MS combined with chemometrics. The anti-inflammatory mechanism of ibuprofen was explained from NLRP3 inflammasome perspective without precedent, which enriched the research on the signal pathway of ibuprofen anti-inflammatory mechanism.
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedAjay Dodeja, Sushil Pande, Bhushan Madke
PLoS One Infectious Diseases, 16.08.2023
Tilføjet 16.08.2023
by Ajay Dodeja, Sushil Pande, Bhushan Madke Introduction Dermoscopy is a safe, rapid, and non-invasive tool that aids in the clinical examination of pigmented and non-pigmented lesions. The upward trend in the use of dermoscopy can be attributed to the availability of compact hand-held and sophisticated dermoscopes, that are small enough to be carried around in a pocket. The extent of dermoscopy is not only limited to the evaluation of cutaneous lesions but also involves its use in the assessment of mucosal lesions along with lesions of hair and nails. Methods In a descriptive cross-sectional study, subjects (n = 100) with oral or genital mucosal lesions will be enrolled. Following a thorough clinical examination, a dermoscopy of the lesion will be performed with Dermlite DL4© Dermoscope, having a magnification of 10x. Images obtained would be stored and evaluated for observing specific morphologic patterns on dermoscopy which would be utilized to describe those patterns and arrive at a specific diagnosis. Descriptive statistics will include mean and standard deviation to summarise quantitative variation. Dermoscopic features of oral and genital mucosal lesions will be estimated in percentage. Purpose of study Mucosal lesions several times mimic each other morphologically. Performing a biopsy is not always feasible for oral and genital lesions because they may be difficult to reach and tend to bleed more profusely compared to the skin surface due to its rich vascular nature. Dermoscopy is a non-invasive tool that helps in the diagnosis that is used mostly for the evaluation of non-mucosal lesions. For the same reason, there is no or minimal information in the published literature with regard to dermoscopic patterns of mucosal lesions. The current study intends to describe dermoscopic patterns in oral and genital mucosal diseases so that this important information would assist the diagnosis in a non-invasive manner thereby reducing the need for invasive investigations like mucosal biopsy. Expected clinical outcomes To summarize, this research is intended to add to the scarce literature on dermoscopic findings of oral and genital mucosal lesions. The study findings would establish the diagnosis and eliminate the need for unwarranted invasive biopsies of mucosal lesions and, if need be, help in the selection of the biopsy site.
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedSudeep R. Bapat, Sreeranjini T. M.
PLoS One Infectious Diseases, 16.08.2023
Tilføjet 16.08.2023
by Sudeep R. Bapat, Sreeranjini T. M. Due to the outbreak of COVID-19, the last couple of years have been drastic in terms of human behavioural patterns. The pandemic has taught us key lessons about crisis, communication and misinformation. People were forced to stay at home for a very long duration because of the strict lockdown measures imposed by governments all over the globe. India was no exception, wherein the Indian government imposed several very strict lockdowns all across the country, which restricted human activities and their social behaviours. However, such restrictions were seen to have a positive impact on environment and ecology. In this paper, we aim to study the changes in House sparrow sightings, as a result of the lockdowns. It is postulated that the lockdowns give rise to increased House sparrow numbers, which we try to argue, using appropriate exploratory analysis and statistical modelling. We apply a specific “zero-inflated Poisson” regression model in this regard.
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedJournal of the American Medical Association, 16.08.2023
Tilføjet 16.08.2023
In the Original Investigation titled “Effect of Ivermectin vs Placebo on Time to Sustained Recovery in Outpatients With Mild to Moderate COVID-19: A Randomized Clinical Trial,” published in the October 25, 2022, issue of JAMA, a nonauthor collaborator’s surname was incorrectly listed. The full name should have been listed as Upinder Singh. This article was corrected online.
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedJournal of the American Medical Association, 16.08.2023
Tilføjet 16.08.2023
To the Editor Two randomized clinical trials examined the modulation of the renin-angiotensin system (RAS) in adults hospitalized with COVID-19—one trial compared the administration of angiotensin (1-7) (TXA-127) vs placebo and the other trial compared the administration of an angiotensin II type 1 receptor–biased ligand (TRV-027) vs placebo. We would like to express some concerns regarding the administration protocol for angiotensin (1-7) in the TXA-127 trial.
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedJournal of the American Medical Association, 16.08.2023
Tilføjet 16.08.2023
In Reply In response to our recently published trials evaluating the efficacy and safety of RAS modulation using 2 RAS agents as potential therapies for patients with severe COVID-19, Dr dos Santos and colleagues inquire about the dosing regimen for TXA-127, a synthetic preparation of angiotensin (1-7).
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedJournal of the American Medical Association, 16.08.2023
Tilføjet 16.08.2023
A new program, known as the “Bridge Access Program,” will give uninsured and underinsured adults in the US access to free COVID-19 vaccines, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) announced. In addition to partnering with state and local health programs, the CDC expects to work with manufacturers and certain pharmacy chains—including CVS, Walgreens, and eTrueNorth—to ensure the availability and distribution of the vaccines.
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedJournal of the American Medical Association, 16.08.2023
Tilføjet 16.08.2023
Diagnosing hepatitis C infection involves 2 steps: testing a blood sample for hepatitis C virus antibodies, and if the sample is reactive, performing an RNA test. Although the steps can be accomplished in a single visit, 2013 guidelines from the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) held that collecting the samples over 2 separate visits to a health care facility was also an acceptable strategy.
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedJournal of the American Medical Association, 16.08.2023
Tilføjet 16.08.2023
Nirsevimab-alip, marketed as Beyfortus by AstraZeneca, has received US Food and Drug Administration authorization for preventing respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) lower respiratory tract disease in infants and children up to 2 years old.
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedJournal of the American Medical Association, 16.08.2023
Tilføjet 16.08.2023
This Medical News article discusses a US federal advisory that could help clinicians identify and treat mental health symptoms related to post–COVID-19 condition, or long COVID.
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedJournal of the American Medical Association, 16.08.2023
Tilføjet 16.08.2023
This Medical News article discusses the risk to humans from the currently circulating highly pathogenic avian influenza A(H5N1) virus.
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedJournal of the American Medical Association, 16.08.2023
Tilføjet 16.08.2023
This Viewpoint discusses how federal vaccine requirements have helped thwart vaccine-preventable diseases as well as how growing public resistance to vaccines and judicial and legislative limits to vaccination mandates may change that.
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedKlaus F. Rabe, Stephen Rennard, Fernando J. Martinez, Bartolome R. Celli, Dave Singh, Alberto Papi, Mona Bafadhel, Jigna Heble, Amr Radwan, Xavier Soler, Juby A. Jacob Nara, Yamo Deniz, Paul J. Rowe
American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine , 15.08.2023
Tilføjet 15.08.2023
American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Volume 208, Issue 4, Page 395-405, August 15, 2023.
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedBMC Infectious Diseases, 15.08.2023
Tilføjet 15.08.2023
Abstract Background Neonatal sepsis, particularly gram-negative (GN) bacteria-induced, is a significant cause of morbidity and mortality in newborns. Healthcare professionals find this issue challenging because of antibiotic resistance. This study aims to combine findings to identify the prevalence of GN bacteria and their antibiotic resistance in Iranian neonates with sepsis. Methods This systematic review followed the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis (PRISMA). The literature search was performed through international databases, including (PubMed/MEDLINE, EMBASE, Scopus, and Web of Science), Iranian local databases (Magiran, Iranmedex, Irandoc, Scimed, and SID), and the first 100 records of Google Scholar. Analytical cross-sectional study checklist from the Joanna Briggs Institute (JBI) was used for the quality assessment of included studies. Comprehensive Meta-Analysis Software Version 2 was used to conduct the meta-analysis. The between-study heterogeneity was investigated by I2 statistics. Results The prevalence of GN bacteria was estimated to be 53.6% [95% CI: 45.9– 61.1: P = 0.362] in Iranian neonates with sepsis, based on 31 studies with a sample size of 104,566. klebsiella pneumoniae (K.pneumonia) (23.2% [95% CI: 17.5–30.0, P
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedBMC Infectious Diseases, 15.08.2023
Tilføjet 15.08.2023
Abstract Introduction Psittacosis can cause severe community-acquired pneumonia (CAP). The clinical manifestations of psittacosis range from subclinical to fulminant psittacosis with multi-organ failure. It is essential to summarize the clinical characteristic of patients with severe psittacosis accompanied by acute hypoxic respiratory failure (AHRF). Methods This retrospective study included patients with severe psittacosis caused CAP accompanied by AHRF from 19 tertiary hospitals of China. We recorded the clinical data, antimicrobial therapy, respiratory support, complications, and outcomes. Chlamydia psittaci was detected on the basis of metagenomic next-generation sequencing performed on bronchoalveolar lavage fluid samples. Patient outcomes were compared between the treatment methods. Results This study included 45 patients with severe CAP and AHRF caused by psittacosis from April 2018 to May 2021. The highest incidence of these infections was between September and April. There was a history of poultry contact in 64.4% of the patients. The median PaO2/FiO2 of the patients was 119.8 (interquartile range, 73.2 to 183.6) mmHg. Four of 45 patients (8.9%) died in the ICU, and the median ICU duration was 12 days (interquartile range, 8 to 21) days. There were no significant differences between patients treated with fluoroquinolone initially and continued after the diagnosis, fluoroquinolone initially followed by tetracycline, and fluoroquinolone combined with tetracycline. Conclusion Psittacosis caused severe CAP seems not rare, especially in the patients with the history of exposure to poultry or birds. Empirical treatment that covers atypical pathogens may benefit such patients, which fluoroquinolones might be considered as an alternative.
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedBMC Infectious Diseases, 15.08.2023
Tilføjet 15.08.2023
Abstract Background The World Health Organization’s (WHO) 2030 goal of eradicating Hepatitis B and C viruses must also include HIV co-infected children. However, data on the prevalence of this condition are lacking in the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC), which is considered as one of the countries with high-prevalence of these viruses. The need to assess the extent of this co-infection in the children of this country is therefore important in order to capitalize on efforts to improve prevention and management of both infections. Methodology This is a comparative cross-sectional study conducted from February 04, 2015 to September 03, 2019 at 14 General Reference Hospitals with a pediatric HIV management programme in South Kivu province. The study compared the frequency of hepatitis B (HBV) and C (HCV) markers and factors associated with these two viruses in two equal groups: HIV-positive and HIV-negative children. The data were analyzed using the SPSS version 20.0 software and the significance level was set at p-value less than 0.05. Results The study involved a total of 594 children, 297 of whom were HIV-positive and 297 negative. HBsAg was found in 8.7% of HIV-positive patients and 0.7% for HCV antibodies. On the other hand, among the HIV-negative patients, the proportion of HBsAg was 0.7% but no cases with anti-HCV antibodies were detected. HIV status increases by 14 times the risk of co-occurring with HBV [OR 14.1 (95% CI: 3.33–60.2); p
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedBMC Infectious Diseases, 15.08.2023
Tilføjet 15.08.2023
Abstract Background The geographical distribution of hepatitis B virus (HBV) and hepatitis D virus (HDV) genotypes is uneven and has its own clinical and organizational implications for health systems. Despite the introduction of vaccination and successful antiviral therapy the prevalence of chronic hepatitis B (with or without delta agent) increased over the past 5 years. This study aimed for the first time to investigate the molecular epidemiology of HBV and HDV in Kazakhstan. Methods Total 834 chronic hepatitis B (with or without delta agent) patients were included to the study from November 2017 to June 2019. The material was collected from the regional hepatological сenters from 13 cities of Kazakhstan. Genotyping of HBV/HDV isolates was carried out using phylogenetic analysis of null-binary sequences of Kazakhstani isolates, in comparison with the reference sequences. Nucleotide sequence alignment was performed using the ClustalW algorithm, the “neighbor-joining” method was used for the construction of phylogenetic trees and subsequent analysis. Results Overall 341 samples were PCR-positive and genotyped for HBV. Comparison and phylogenetic analysis of nucleotide sequences of HBV isolates showed that they were represented by genotypes HBV-D (95.9%), HBV-A (3.5%) and HBV-C (0.6%). At the same time, the identity of the nucleotide sequences of Kazakhstani isolates were: HBV-D (95–100%); HBV-A (97.2–100%) and HBV-C (99%). 256 samples were PCR positive and genotyped for HDV, all of them belonged to genotype 1. Conclusion This study describes for the first time the molecular epidemiology of HBV and HDV in Kazakhstan. The data obtained expand the knowledge of the global epidemiology of viruses; have potential implications for public health policy and for further clinical research on chronic hepatitis in Kazakhstan. Trial registration ClinicalTrials.gov NCT05095181 (registered on 27/10/2021).
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedBMC Infectious Diseases, 15.08.2023
Tilføjet 15.08.2023
Abstract Background Invasive candidiasis is the most common hospital-acquired fungal infection in intensive care units (ICU). The Geriatric Nutritional Risk Index (GNRI) score was developed to evaluate the nutritional status of elderly adults. We aimed to assess the association between the GNRI score and the risk of invasive candidiasis in elderly patients admitted to ICU. Methods Hospitalization information of elderly patients with invasive candidiasis was collected retrospectively from Medical Information Mart for Intensive Care (MIMIC) IV and MIMIC-III Clinical Database CareVue subset from 2001 to 2019. The main outcome of this study was the diagnosis of invasive candidiasis in patients. We employed a multivariable Cox regression and propensity score matching to balance the influence of confounding factors on the outcome. Furthermore, we conducted sensitivity analyses by categorizing the GNRI into classes based on thresholds of 98, 92, and 81. Results A total of 6739 patients were included in the study, among whom 134 individuals (2%) were diagnosed with invasive candidiasis. The GNRI scores of patients with invasive candidiasis upon admission to the ICU were significantly lower, measuring 88.67 [79.26–98.27], compared to the control group with a score of 99.36 [87.98-110.45] (P
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedBMC Infectious Diseases, 15.08.2023
Tilføjet 15.08.2023
Abstract Background Brucellosis is a zoonotic disease whose causative agent, Brucella spp., is endemic in many countries of the Mediterranean basin, including Greece. Although the occurrence of brucellosis must be reported to the authorities, it is believed that the disease is under-reported in Greece, and knowledge about the genomic diversity of brucellae is lacking. Methods Thus, 44 Brucella isolates, primarily B. melitensis, collected between 1999 and 2009 from humans and small ruminants in Greece were subjected to whole genome sequencing using short-read technology. The raw reads and assembled genomes were used for in silico genotyping based on single nucleotide substitutions and alleles. Further, specific genomic regions encoding putative virulence genes were screened for characteristic nucleotide changes, which arose in different genotype lineages. Results In silico genotyping revealed that the isolates belonged to three of the known sublineages of the East Mediterranean genotype. In addition, a novel subgenotype was identified that was basal to the other East Mediterranean sublineages, comprising two Greek strains. The majority of the isolates can be assumed to be of endemic origin, as they were clustered with strains from the Western Balkans or Turkey, whereas one strain of human origin could be associated with travel to another endemic region, e.g. Portugal. Further, nucleotide substitutions in the housekeeping gene rpoB and virulence-associated genes were detected, which were characteristic of the different subgenotypes. One of the isolates originating from an aborted bovine foetus was identified as B. abortus vaccine strain RB51. Conclusion The results demonstrate the existence of several distinct persistent Brucella sp. foci in Greece. To detect these and for tracing infection chains, extensive sampling initiatives are required.
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedInternational Journal for Parasitology, 15.08.2023
Tilføjet 15.08.2023
Publication date: Available online 14 August 2023 Source: International Journal for Parasitology Author(s): Jennifer L. Cain, Leonor Sicalo Gianechini, Abigail L. Vetter, Sarah M. Davis, Leah N. Britton, Jennifer L. Myka, Paul Slusarewicz
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedYawei Wang, Min Wang, Renlong Bao, Ligui Wang, Xinying Du, Shaofu Qiu, Chaojie Yang, Hongbin Song
Journal of Medical Virology, 15.08.2023
Tilføjet 15.08.2023
Journal of Infectious Diseases, 15.08.2023
Tilføjet 15.08.2023
AbstractEbola virus (EBOV) induces cell death not only in infected permissive cells but also in non-permissive, bystander cells by employing different mechanisms. Hydroxycarboxylic Acid Receptor 2 (HCAR2) has been reported to be involved in apoptotic cell death. We previously reported an increase in the expression of HCAR2-specific mRNA in EBOV-infected individuals with fatal outcomes. Here, we report that infection with an EBOV lacking the VP30 gene (EBOVΔVP30) results in the upregulation of HCAR2 mRNA expression in human hepatocyte Huh7.0 cells stably expressing VP30. Transient overexpression of HCAR2 reduced the viability of Huh7.0 cells and human embryonic kidney cells. Phosphatidylserine externalization and cell membrane permeabilization by HCAR2 overexpression was also observed. Interestingly, co-expression of HCAR2 with EBOV VP40 further reduced cell viability in transfected cells compared to HCAR2 co-expression with other viral proteins. Our data suggests that HCAR2 may contribute to EBOV-induced cell death.
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedO’Gara, Brian P.; Tung, Matthew G.; Kennedy, Kevin F.; Espinosa-Leon, Juan P.; Shaefi, Shahzad; Gluck, Jason; Raz, Yuval; Seethala, Raghu; Reich, John A.; Faugno, Anthony J.; Brodie, Daniel; Garan, A. Reshad; Grandin, E. Wilson
Critical Care Medicine, 15.08.2023
Tilføjet 15.08.2023
OBJECTIVES: To determine whether multisite versus single-site dual-lumen (SSDL) cannulation is associated with outcomes for COVID-19 patients requiring venovenous extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (VV-ECMO). DESIGN: Retrospective analysis of the Extracorporeal Life Support Organization Registry. Propensity score matching (2:1 multisite vs SSDL) was used to control for confounders. PATIENTS: The matched cohort included 2,628 patients (1,752 multisite, 876 SSDL) from 170 centers. The mean (sd) age in the entire cohort was 48 (11) years, and 3,909 (71%) were male. Patients were supported with mechanical ventilation for a median (interquartile range) of 79 (113) hours before VV-ECMO support. INTERVENTIONS: None. MEASUREMENTS: The primary outcome was 90-day survival. Secondary outcomes included survival to hospital discharge, duration of ECMO support, days free of ECMO support at 90 days, and complication rates. MAIN RESULTS: There was no difference in 90-day survival (49.4 vs 48.9%, p = 0.66), survival to hospital discharge (49.8 vs 48.2%, p = 0.44), duration of ECMO support (17.9 vs 17.1 d, p = 0.82), or hospital length of stay after cannulation (28 vs 27.4 d, p = 0.37) between multisite and SSDL groups. More SSDL patients were extubated within 24 hours (4% vs 1.9%, p = 0.001). Multisite patients had higher ECMO flows at 24 hours (4.5 vs 4.1 L/min, p < 0.001) and more ECMO-free days at 90 days (3.1 vs 2.0 d, p = 0.02). SSDL patients had higher rates of pneumothorax (13.9% vs 11%, p = 0.03). Cannula site bleeding (6.4% vs 4.7%, p = 0.03), oxygenator failure (16.7 vs 13.4%, p = 0.03), and circuit clots (5.5% vs 3.4%, p = 0.02) were more frequent in multisite patients. CONCLUSIONS: In this retrospective study of COVID-19 patients requiring VV-ECMO, 90-day survival did not differ between patients treated with a multisite versus SSDL cannulation strategy and there were only modest differences in major complication rates. These findings do not support the superiority of either cannulation strategy in this setting.
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedCummings, Matthew J.; Bakamutumaho, Barnabas; Tomoiaga, Alin S.; Owor, Nicholas; Jain, Komal; Price, Adam; Kayiwa, John; Namulondo, Joyce; Byaruhanga, Timothy; Muwanga, Moses; Nsereko, Christopher; Nayiga, Irene; Kyebambe, Stephen; Sameroff, Stephen; Che, Xiaoyu; Lutwama, Julius J.; Lipkin, W. Ian; O’Donnell, Max R.
Critical Care Medicine, 15.08.2023
Tilføjet 15.08.2023
OBJECTIVES: In high-income countries (HICs), sepsis endotypes defined by distinct pathobiological mechanisms, mortality risks, and responses to corticosteroid treatment have been identified using blood transcriptomics. The generalizability of these endotypes to low-income and middle-income countries (LMICs), where the global sepsis burden is concentrated, is unknown. We sought to determine the prevalence, prognostic relevance, and immunopathological features of HIC-derived transcriptomic sepsis endotypes in sub-Saharan Africa. DESIGN: Prospective cohort study. SETTING: Public referral hospital in Uganda. PATIENTS: Adults (n = 128) hospitalized with suspected sepsis. INTERVENTIONS: None. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: Using whole-blood RNA sequencing data, we applied 19-gene and 7-gene classifiers derived and validated in HICs (SepstratifieR) to assign patients to one of three sepsis response signatures (SRS). The 19-gene classifier assigned 30 (23.4%), 92 (71.9%), and 6 (4.7%) patients to SRS-1, SRS-2, and SRS-3, respectively, the latter of which is designed to capture individuals transcriptionally closest to health. SRS-1 was defined biologically by proinflammatory innate immune activation and suppressed natural killer-cell, T-cell, and B-cell immunity, whereas SRS-2 was characterized by dampened innate immune activation, preserved lymphocyte immunity, and suppressed transcriptional responses to corticosteroids. Patients assigned to SRS-1 were predominantly (80.0% [24/30]) persons living with HIV with advanced immunosuppression and frequent tuberculosis. Mortality at 30-days differed significantly by endotype and was highest (48.1%) in SRS-1. Agreement between 19-gene and 7-gene SRS assignments was poor (Cohen’s kappa 0.11). Patient stratification was suboptimal using the 7-gene classifier with 15.1% (8/53) of individuals assigned to SRS-3 deceased at 30-days. CONCLUSIONS: Sepsis endotypes derived in HICs share biological and clinical features with those identified in sub-Saharan Africa, with major differences in host–pathogen profiles. Our findings highlight the importance of context-specific sepsis endotyping, the generalizability of conserved biological signatures of critical illness across disparate settings, and opportunities to develop more pathobiologically informed sepsis treatment strategies in LMICs.
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedJessica Pope
Lancet Infectious Diseases, 15.08.2023
Tilføjet 15.08.2023
As the COVID-19 pandemic slowly begins to loosen its grip on humanity and international health care, several questions are emerging. Two, however, occur repeatedly, and are perhaps the most crucial: where did SARS-CoV-2 come from, and how do we prevent another pandemic? With evidence indicating that SARS-CoV-2 might have emerged from the area of Huanan Seafood market where live wild animals were sold, scientists postulate that the virus might have been transmitted from animals to humans. A pathogenic jump from animals to humans has been at the heart of several historical pandemics.
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedPriscila F P S Pinto, Camila S S Teixeira, Maria Yury Ichihara, Davide Rasella, Joilda S Nery, Samila O L Sena, Elizabeth B Brickley, Maurício L Barreto, Mauro N Sanchez, Julia M Pescarini
Lancet Infectious Diseases, 15.08.2023
Tilføjet 15.08.2023
The high and sustained risk of tuberculosis among contacts reinforces the need to systematically expand and strengthen contact tracing and preventive treatment policies in Brazil in order to achieve national and international targets for tuberculosis elimination.
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedJun An Kang, Swarnalee Dutta, Yong Hoon Lee
PLoS One Infectious Diseases, 15.08.2023
Tilføjet 15.08.2023
by Jun An Kang, Swarnalee Dutta, Yong Hoon Lee Burkholderia glumae causes bacterial panicle blight (BPB) and bacterial seedling rot (BSR) which are difficult to control in rice plants. Seed disinfection using microbes and eco-friendly materials is an efficient alternative practice for managing BPB and BSR. In this study, we applied Cytobacillus firmus JBRS159 (JBRS159) in combination with silicon dioxide (SiO2) nanoparticle or potassium silicate (K2SiO3) solution to control BSR. JBRS159, SiO2 nanoparticle, and K2SiO3 independently suppressed the BSR disease and promoted growths of rice and Arabidopsis. Population of B. glumae in the treated rice seeds was suppressed by the application of JBRS159 via competitions for nutrients and niches. The mixture of JBRS159 and each Si compound (SiO2 nanoparticle or K2SiO3) was complementary for disease-suppressing and growth-promoting activities of individual treatment. The results of this study indicate that mixture of JBRS159 with each Si compound can be harnessed for disease control and growth promotion as efficient alternatives to chemical pesticides and synthetic fertilizers. The efficacy of JBRS159 and Si compounds in the control of BSR and BPB in the field remains to be evaluated.
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedStefanie Mueller, Johanna Bialas, Stella Ryu, Nicola Catone, Annette Aichem
PLoS One Infectious Diseases, 15.08.2023
Tilføjet 15.08.2023
by Stefanie Mueller, Johanna Bialas, Stella Ryu, Nicola Catone, Annette Aichem The ubiquitin-like modifier FAT10 is highly upregulated under inflammatory conditions and targets its conjugation substrates to the degradation by the 26S proteasome. This process termed FAT10ylation is mediated by an enzymatic cascade and includes the E1 activating enzyme ubiquitin-like modifier activating enzyme 6 (UBA6), the E2 conjugating enzyme UBA6-specific E2 enzyme 1 (USE1) and E3 ligases, such as Parkin. In this study, the function of the HECT-type ubiquitin E3 ligase HUWE1 was investigated as a putative E3 ligase and/or conjugation substrate of FAT10. Our data provide strong evidence that HUWE1 is FAT10ylated in a UBA6 and FAT10 diglycine-dependent manner in vitro and in cellulo and that the HUWE1-FAT10 conjugate is targeted to proteasomal degradation. Since the mutation of all relevant cysteine residues within the HUWE1 HECT domain did not abolish FAT10 conjugation, a role of HUWE1 as E3 ligase for FAT10ylation is rather unlikely. Moreover, we have identified the autophagy-related protein AMBRA1 as a new FAT10 interaction partner. We show that the HUWE1-FAT10 conjugate formation is diminished in presence of AMBRA1, while the interaction between AMBRA1 and HUWE1 is strengthened in presence of FAT10. This implies a putative interplay of all three proteins in cellular processes such as mitophagy.
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedIwona Hawryluk, Swapnil Mishra, Seth Flaxman, Samir Bhatt, Thomas A. Mellan
PLoS One Infectious Diseases, 15.08.2023
Tilføjet 15.08.2023
by Iwona Hawryluk, Swapnil Mishra, Seth Flaxman, Samir Bhatt, Thomas A. Mellan Evaluating normalising constants is important across a range of topics in statistical learning, notably Bayesian model selection. However, in many realistic problems this involves the integration of analytically intractable, high-dimensional distributions, and therefore requires the use of stochastic methods such as thermodynamic integration (TI). In this paper we apply a simple but under-appreciated variation of the TI method, here referred to as referenced TI, which computes a single model’s normalising constant in an efficient way by using a judiciously chosen reference density. The advantages of the approach and theoretical considerations are set out, along with pedagogical 1 and 2D examples. The approach is shown to be useful in practice when applied to a real problem —to perform model selection for a semi-mechanistic hierarchical Bayesian model of COVID-19 transmission in South Korea involving the integration of a 200D density.
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedTagyedeen H. Shoaib, Walaa Ibraheem, Mohammed Abdelrahman, Wadah Osman, Asmaa E. Sherif, Ahmed Ashour, Sabrin R. M. Ibrahim, Kholoud F. Ghazawi, Samar F. Miski, Sara A. Almadani, Duaa Fahad ALsiyud, Gamal A. Mohamed, Abdulrahim A. Alzain
PLoS One Infectious Diseases, 15.08.2023
Tilføjet 15.08.2023
by Tagyedeen H. Shoaib, Walaa Ibraheem, Mohammed Abdelrahman, Wadah Osman, Asmaa E. Sherif, Ahmed Ashour, Sabrin R. M. Ibrahim, Kholoud F. Ghazawi, Samar F. Miski, Sara A. Almadani, Duaa Fahad ALsiyud, Gamal A. Mohamed, Abdulrahim A. Alzain Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) is an aggressive malignancy that requires effective targeted drug therapy. In this study, we employed in silico methods to evaluate the efficacy of seven approved drugs against human ck2 alpha kinase, a significant modulator of TNBC metastasis and invasiveness. Molecular docking revealed that the co-crystallized reference inhibitor 108600 achieved a docking score of (-7.390 kcal/mol). Notably, among the seven approved drugs tested, sunitinib, bazedoxifene, and etravirine exhibited superior docking scores compared to the reference inhibitor. Specifically, their respective docking scores were -10.401, -7.937, and -7.743 kcal/mol. Further analysis using MM/GBSA demonstrated that these three top-ranked drugs possessed better binding energies than the reference ligand. Subsequent molecular dynamics simulations identified etravirine, an FDA-approved antiviral drug, as the only repurposed drug that demonstrated a stable and reliable binding mode with the human ck2 alpha protein, based on various analysis measures including RMSD, RMSF, and radius of gyration. Principal component analysis indicated that etravirine exhibited comparable stability of motion as a complex with human ck2 alpha protein, similar to the co-crystallized inhibitor. Additionally, Density functional theory (DFT) calculations were performed on a complex of etravirine and a representative gold atom positioned at different sites relative to the heteroatoms of etravirine. The results of the DFT calculations revealed low-energy complexes that could potentially serve as guides for experimental trials involving gold nanocarriers of etravirine, enhancing its delivery to malignant cells and introducing a new drug delivery route. Based on the results obtained in this research study, etravirine shows promise as a potential antitumor agent targeting TNBC, warranting further investigation through experimental and clinical assessments.
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedShakera Ahmed, Anwarul Karim, Tanvir Kabir Chowdhury, Orindom Shing Pulock, Nowrin Tamanna, Mastura Akter, Puja Biswas, Fahmida Afroz, Susmita Dey Pinky, Anika Nahrin Alabbi, Tasnuba Raisa Jamil, Zarin Tasnim, Dipa Dev, Mraching Marma, Tasmiah Tahera Aziz, Hafiz Ahmed Nazmul Hakim, A. K. M. Khairul Basher, Nur Hossain Bhuiyan Shahin, Tahmina Banu
PLoS One Infectious Diseases, 15.08.2023
Tilføjet 15.08.2023
by Shakera Ahmed, Anwarul Karim, Tanvir Kabir Chowdhury, Orindom Shing Pulock, Nowrin Tamanna, Mastura Akter, Puja Biswas, Fahmida Afroz, Susmita Dey Pinky, Anika Nahrin Alabbi, Tasnuba Raisa Jamil, Zarin Tasnim, Dipa Dev, Mraching Marma, Tasmiah Tahera Aziz, Hafiz Ahmed Nazmul Hakim, A. K. M. Khairul Basher, Nur Hossain Bhuiyan Shahin, Tahmina Banu Background The COVID-19 pandemic has significantly impacted the surgical practice throughout the world, including elective surgical care. This study investigated the characteristics of patients undergoing elective surgery, the prevalence of COVID-19 infection, the surgical procedures performed, and 30-day mortality in general and pediatric surgical settings in selected tertiary-level hospitals in Bangladesh from November 2020 to August 2021. Methods This serial cross-sectional study included 264 patients scheduled for elective surgeries during the study period. All patients underwent COVID-19 real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) testing within 24 hours before surgery. Data on age, sex, common comorbidities, surgical procedures, and 30-day mortality were collected and analyzed. Furthermore, comparisons were made between COVID-19 positive and negative patients. Results The prevalence of COVID-19 infection among patients was 10.6%. Older age, a history of major surgery within the last three months, hypertension, and diabetes mellitus were significantly associated with COVID-19 infection. All COVID-19-negative patients underwent surgery, while only 46.4% of COVID-19-positive patients underwent surgery. The most common surgical procedures were related to the digestive system, breast, and urinary system. Only one patient (0.4%) died within 30 days after surgery among the COVID-19-negative patients, whereas two patients (7.1%) died among the COVID-19-positive patients: one before surgery and one after surgery. Conclusions This study provides valuable insights into the characteristics, burden of COVID-19 infection, and 30-day mortality of patients undergoing elective surgery in tertiary care centers in Bangladesh during the pandemic.
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedTushar Garg, Bareng Aletta Sanny Nonyane, Mbali Mohlamonyane, Limakatso Lebina, Neil A. Martinson, David W. Dowdy, Colleen F. Hanrahan
PLoS One Infectious Diseases, 15.08.2023
Tilføjet 15.08.2023
by Tushar Garg, Bareng Aletta Sanny Nonyane, Mbali Mohlamonyane, Limakatso Lebina, Neil A. Martinson, David W. Dowdy, Colleen F. Hanrahan People with tuberculosis (TB) are often lost to follow-up during treatment transition to another facility. These losses may result in substantial morbidity and mortality but are rarely recorded. We conducted a record review on adults diagnosed with TB at 11 hospitals in Limpopo, South Africa, who were subsequently transferred to a local clinic to initiate or continue treatment. We then performed in-depth record reviews at the primary care clinic to which they were referred and called participants who could not be identified as starting treatment. Between August 2017 and April 2018, we reviewed records of 778 individuals diagnosed with TB in-hospital and later referred to local clinics for treatment. Of the 778, 88 (11%) did not link to care, and an additional 43 (5.5%) died. Compared to people without cough, those with cough had higher odds of linking to care (aOR = 2.01, 95% CI: 1.26–3.25, p = 0.005) and were also linked more quickly [adjusted Time Ratio (aTR) = 0.53, 95% CI:0.36–0.79, p
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedMalaria Journal, 15.08.2023
Tilføjet 15.08.2023
Abstract Background Population suppression gene drive is currently being evaluated, including via environmental risk assessment (ERA), for malaria vector control. One such gene drive involves the dsxFCRISPRh transgene encoding (i) hCas9 endonuclease, (ii) T1 guide RNA (gRNA) targeting the doublesex locus, and (iii) DsRed fluorescent marker protein, in genetically-modified mosquitoes (GMMs). Problem formulation, the first stage of ERA, for environmental releases of dsxFCRISPRh previously identified nine potential harms to the environment or health that could occur, should expressed products of the transgene cause allergenicity or toxicity. Methods Amino acid sequences of hCas9 and DsRed were interrogated against those of toxins or allergens from NCBI, UniProt, COMPARE and AllergenOnline bioinformatic databases and the gRNA was compared with microRNAs from the miRBase database for potential impacts on gene expression associated with toxicity or allergenicity. PubMed was also searched for any evidence of toxicity or allergenicity of Cas9 or DsRed, or of the donor organisms from which these products were originally derived. Results While Cas9 nuclease activity can be toxic to some cell types in vitro and hCas9 was found to share homology with the prokaryotic toxin VapC, there was no evidence from previous studies of a risk of toxicity to humans and other animals from hCas9. Although hCas9 did contain an 8-mer epitope found in the latex allergen Hev b 9, the full amino acid sequence of hCas9 was not homologous to any known allergens. Combined with a lack of evidence in the literature of Cas9 allergenicity, this indicated negligible risk to humans of allergenicity from hCas9. No matches were found between the gRNA and microRNAs from either Anopheles or humans. Moreover, potential exposure to dsxFCRISPRh transgenic proteins from environmental releases was assessed as negligible. Conclusions Bioinformatic and literature assessments found no convincing evidence to suggest that transgenic products expressed from dsxFCRISPRh were allergens or toxins, indicating that environmental releases of this population suppression gene drive for malaria vector control should not result in any increased allergenicity or toxicity in humans or animals. These results should also inform evaluations of other GMMs being developed for vector control and in vivo clinical applications of CRISPR-Cas9.
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedMalaria Journal, 15.08.2023
Tilføjet 15.08.2023
Abstract Background Urbanization generally improves health outcomes of residents and is one of the potential factors that might contribute to reducing malaria transmission. However, the expansion of Anopheles stephensi, an urban malaria vector, poses a threat for malaria control and elimination efforts in Africa. In this paper, malaria trends in urban settings in Ethiopia from 2014 to 2019 are reported with a focus on towns and cities where An. stephensi surveys were conducted. Methods A retrospective study was conducted to determine malaria trends in urban districts using passive surveillance data collected at health facilities from 2014 to 2019. Data from 25 towns surveyed for An. stephensi were used in malaria trend analysis. Robust linear models were used to identify outliers and impute missing and anomalous data. The seasonal Mann-Kendal test was used to test for monotonic increasing or decreasing trends. Results A total of 9,468,970 malaria cases were reported between 2014 and 2019 through the Public Health Emergency Management (PHEM) system. Of these, 1.45 million (15.3%) cases were reported from urban settings. The incidence of malaria declined by 62% between 2014 and 2018. In 2019, the incidence increased to 15 per 1000 population from 11 to 1000 in 2018. Both confirmed (microscopy or RDT) Plasmodium falciparum (67%) and Plasmodium vivax (28%) were reported with a higher proportion of P. vivax infections in urban areas. In 2019, An. stephensi was detected in 17 towns where more than 19,804 malaria cases were reported, with most of the cases (56%) being P. falciparum. Trend analysis revealed that malaria cases increased in five towns in Afar and Somali administrative regions, decreased in nine towns, and had no obvious trend in the remaining three towns. Conclusion The contribution of malaria in urban settings is not negligible in Ethiopia. With the rapid expansion of An. stephensi in the country, the receptivity is likely to be higher for malaria. Although the evidence presented in this study does not demonstrate a direct linkage between An. stephensi detection and an increase in urban malaria throughout the country, An. stephensi might contribute to an increase in malaria unless control measures are implemented as soon as possible. Targeted surveillance and effective response are needed to assess the contribution of this vector to malaria transmission and curb potential outbreaks.
Læs mere Tjek på PubMed