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Huang, Ya-Lin A.; Lowy, Elliott; Zhu, Weiming; Yu, Lei; Wei, Wei; Maier, Marissa M.; Hoover, Karen W.; Beste, Lauren A.
Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes, 20.09.2024
Tilføjet 20.09.2024
Objectives. It is important to monitor national HIV preexposure prophylaxis (PrEP) use in the United States. However, PrEP use data in the Veterans Health Administration (VHA) system are not included in the current monitoring surveillance. To address this gap, we examined the trends in PrEP use among U.S. Veterans receiving health services in the VHA system. Methods. We analyzed 2014-2022 VHA data to identify the annual number and prevalence of persons aged ≥18 years prescribed PrEP, stratified by sex, age, race and ethnicity, and region. We also assessed trends by calculating the estimated annual percent change (EAPC) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) using Poisson models. Results. The number of Veterans prescribed PrEP increased from 361 in 2014 to 6,050 in 2022 with an EAPC of 29.6% (95% CI, 22.6–37.1). Of 6,050 Veterans with PrEP prescriptions in 2022, 95.2% were men, 4.8% were women, 50.4% were White, 24.5% Black or African American (Black) and 14.0% Hispanic or Latino. The prevalence of Black and Hispanic or Latino individuals prescribed PrEP increased significantly from 2014-2022. Conclusion. VHA data fill a gap in monitoring PrEP use in the United States. We observed an increasing trend in the number of Veterans prescribed PrEP similar to trends among persons with commercial or public health insurance. Copyright © 2024 Wolters Kluwer Health, Inc. All rights reserved.
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedRui Yan, Yu Jiang, Chenhao Zhang, Rui Tang, Ran Liu, Jinghua Wu, Houcheng Su
PLoS One Infectious Diseases, 19.09.2024
Tilføjet 19.09.2024
by Rui Yan, Yu Jiang, Chenhao Zhang, Rui Tang, Ran Liu, Jinghua Wu, Houcheng Su Image stitching is a traditional but challenging computer vision task. The goal is to stitch together multiple images with overlapping areas into a single, natural-looking, high-resolution image without ghosts or seams. This article aims to increase the field of view of gastroenteroscopy and reduce the missed detection rate. To this end, an improved depth framework based on unsupervised panoramic image stitching of the gastrointestinal tract is proposed. In addition, preprocessing for aberration correction of monocular endoscope images is introduced, and a C2f module is added to the image reconstruction network to improve the network’s ability to extract features. A comprehensive real image data set, GASE-Dataset, is proposed to establish an evaluation benchmark and training learning framework for unsupervised deep gastrointestinal image splicing. Experimental results show that the MSE, RMSE, PSNR, SSIM and RMSE_SW indicators are improved, while the splicing time remains within an acceptable range. Compared with traditional image stitching methods, the performance of this method is enhanced. In addition, improvements are proposed to address the problems of lack of annotated data, insufficient generalization ability and insufficient comprehensive performance in image stitching schemes based on supervised learning. These improvements provide valuable aids in gastrointestinal examination.
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedJaimie P. Meyer, Elizabeth Lazarus, Karlye Phillips, Z. Thomasina Watts, Brenice Duroseau, Cindy Carlson, Carolina R. Price, Trace Kershaw, Tiara C. Willie
PLoS One Infectious Diseases, 18.09.2024
Tilføjet 18.09.2024
by Jaimie P. Meyer, Elizabeth Lazarus, Karlye Phillips, Z. Thomasina Watts, Brenice Duroseau, Cindy Carlson, Carolina R. Price, Trace Kershaw, Tiara C. Willie Background Women exposed to intimate partner violence (IPV) experience multiple social and structural barriers to accessing HIV pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP), despite being at increased risk for HIV. In addition, few existing HIV prevention interventions address IPV. A recently developed PrEP decision aid for women has the potential to reach IPV survivors at risk for HIV if it could be integrated into existing domestic violence agencies that prioritize trust and rapport with female IPV survivors. Leveraging non-traditional service delivery mechanisms in the community could expand reach to women who are IPV survivors for PrEP. Methods We conducted qualitative interviews and online qualitative surveys with 33 IPV survivors and 9 domestic violence agency staff at two agencies in Connecticut. We applied the Consolidated Framework for Implementation Research (CFIR) to understand barriers and facilitators to delivering a novel PrEP decision aid to IPV survivors in the context of domestic violence service agencies. Results Most IPV survivors and agency staff thought the PrEP decision aid intervention could be compatible with agencies’ existing practices, especially if adapted to be trauma-responsive and delivered by trusted counselors and staff members. PrEP conversations could be packaged into already well-developed safety planning and wellness practices. Agency staff noted some concerns about prioritizing urgent safety needs over longer-term preventive health needs during crisis periods and expressed interest in receiving further training on PrEP to provide resources for their clients. Conclusions IPV survivors and agency staff identified key intervention characteristics of a PrEP decision aid and inner setting factors of the service agencies that are compatible. Any HIV prevention intervention in this setting would need to be adapted to be trauma-responsive and staff would need to be equipped with proper training to be successful.
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedAuxiliare Kuretu, Mamosheledi Mothibe, Phikelelani Ngubane, Ntethelelo Sibiya
PLoS One Infectious Diseases, 18.09.2024
Tilføjet 18.09.2024
by Auxiliare Kuretu, Mamosheledi Mothibe, Phikelelani Ngubane, Ntethelelo Sibiya Efavirenz, tenofovir, rifampicin, simvastatin, lamotrigine and clarithromycin are known potential mitochondrial toxicants. Mitochondrial toxicity has been reported to disrupt the chain of events in the insulin signalling pathway. Considering the upward trajectory of diabetes mellitus prevalence, studies which seek to uncover probable risk factors for developing diabetes should be encouraged. This study aimed to evaluate the intracellular mechanisms leading to the development of insulin resistance in the presence of various conventional pharmacological agents reported as potential mitochondrial toxicants in skeletal muscle cell line. Differentiated C2C12 preparations were exposed to multiple concentrations of efavirenz, tenofovir, rifampicin, simvastatin, lamotrigine, and clarithromycin, separately. Glucose handling was evaluated by observing the changes in insulin-stimulated glucose uptake and assessing the changes in GLUT4 translocation, GLUT4 expression and Akt expression. The changes in mitochondrial function were evaluated by assessing mitochondrial membrane integrity, cellular ATP production, generation of intracellular reactive oxygen species, expression of tafazzin and quantification of medium malonaldehyde. Insulin stimulated glucose uptake was perturbed in C2C12 pre-treated with potential mitotoxicants. Additionally, ATP synthesis, alterations in mitochondrial membrane potential, excessive accumulation of ROS and malonaldehyde were observed in the presence of potential mitotoxicants. Particularly, we observed suppression of proteins involved in the insulin signalling pathway and maintenance of mitochondrial function namely GLUT4, Akt and tafazzin. Mitochondrial toxicants can potentially induce insulin resistance emanating from mitochondrial dysfunction. These new findings will contribute to the understanding of underlying mechanisms involved in the development of insulin resistance linked to mitochondrial dysfunction.
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedMalaria Journal, 18.09.2024
Tilføjet 18.09.2024
Abstract Background Artemether–lumefantrine (AL) has been the primary anti-malarial drug used to treat uncomplicated Plasmodium falciparum malaria in Ethiopia since 2004. However, there have been recent reports of AL resistance mutations in different African countries, including Ethiopia. This is concerning and requires periodic monitoring of anti-malarial drug resistance. Therefore, the current study aimed to evaluate the therapeutic efficacy of AL in treating uncomplicated P. falciparum malaria in the Arba Minch Zuria District, Gamo Zone, Southwest Ethiopia. Methods A single-arm prospective study with a 28-day follow-up period was conducted from July to October 2022. Capillary blood samples were collected for RDT and microscopic examination. The study enrolled monoinfected P. falciparum patients aged ≥ 18 years at Ganta Sira Health Post. Sociodemographic and clinical data were recorded, and a dried blood spot (DBS) was prepared for each participant. Nested polymerase chain reaction (nPCR) genotyping of the msp-1 and msp-2 genes was only performed for recurrent cases to distinguish between recurrence and reinfection. Data entry and analysis were performed using the WHO Excel spreadsheet and SPSS version 26. Results A total of 89 patients were enrolled, and 67 adequately completed the 28-day follow-up period. AL showed a 100% clearance rate for fever on day 2 and asexual parasites on day 3. Gametocytes were detected in 13.5% (12/89) of the participants. The gametocyte clearance rate was 58.3% (7/12) until day 7 and 100% (12/12) until day 14. Five participants developed recurrent malaria, three of whom experienced relapse and two of whom experienced reinfection. Based on the Kaplan–Meier survival analysis, the PCR-uncorrected and PCR-corrected cumulative incidence of success were 93.7% (95% CI 85.5–97.3) and 96.2% (95% CI 85.5–98.7), respectively. Conclusion AL was efficacious in treating uncomplicated P. falciparum malaria in the study area. However, the detection of recurrent patients highlights the need for continuous efficacy studies in this area.
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedClinical & Experimental Immunology, 18.09.2024
Tilføjet 18.09.2024
Abstract This study aimed to investigate the effects of CpG Oligodeoxynucleotide (CpG ODNs)-Coated Chitosan Nanoparticles (CNP) on the phenotype of murine macrophages and their pro-inflammatory cytokine profile in vitro. CNP-CpG ODNs loaded with FITC-scrambled siRNA were prepared using the ionotropic gelation method. Peritoneal macrophages were isolated and exposed to CNP-CpG ODNs. Treated macrophages were assessed for uptake capacity. Flow cytometry was used to evaluate the expression levels of MHC-II, CD40, and CD86 costimulatory molecules in treated macrophages. Furthermore, the secretion levels of proinflammatory cytokines (TNF-α and IL-6) and the release of nitric oxide (NO) were measured in the culture supernatant of treated macrophages using sandwich ELISA and the Griess reaction, respectively. These in vitro studies showed that CNP-CpG ODNs had no cytotoxic effect on macrophages and were efficiently taken up by them. Additionally, CNP-CpG ODNs significantly increased the production of TNF-α, IL-6, and NO in the culture supernatant compared to CNP alone. Moreover, CNP-CpG ODNs enhanced the expression of MHC-II, CD40, and CD86 costimulatory molecules on macrophages. These findings indicate that incorporating CpG ODNs into CNPs promotes macrophage maturation and a proinflammatory phenotype. Therefore, CNP-CpG ODNs may serve as an effective system for targeted gene delivery to macrophages, enhancing immune responses.
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedHastie, Elizabeth; Srivatsa, Megha S; Gianella, Sara; Cottrell, Mackenzie; Forsyth, Kyra; Porrachia, Magali; Burke, Leah; Morris, Sheldon; Rawlings, Stephen A; Karris, Maile; Chaillon, Antoine; Blumenthal, Jill
Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes, 13.09.2024
Tilføjet 13.09.2024
Background: Little is known about the efficacy of pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) or what biologic factors may influence HIV transmission in transgender men (TGM). In this study, we sought to explore the effect of testosterone on the vaginal microbiome, cervicovaginal fluid (CVF) tenofovir concentrations, and levels of CVF inflammatory markers in TGM on PrEP. Methods: CVF was collected from 13 TGM (7 using testosterone) and 32 cisgender women (CGW) on PrEP. The vaginal microbiome, CVF tenofovir concentrations, and CVF inflammatory markers were determined and compared. Results: The proportion of CVF Lactobacillus was significantly higher in CGW than in TGM (78% vs 24%, p
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