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African Swine Fever -- Worldwide/Unknown[The following accumulated information on the ASF situation in the named region, updated as of 22 Jul 2021, has been selected from the above report; for the full report, a map and some omitted references, please refer to the source url]. Situation update1. Mongolia: Since its first report on [15 Jan 2019], 11 outbreaks in 6 provinces and in Ulaanbaatar have been reported, involving 105 farms/households. More than 10% of the total pig population (3115 pigs) in Mongolia, have died/been…

Q Fever -- Chile1. Lille RD, Perrin TL, Armstrong C: An institutional outbreak of pneumonitis. III. Histopathology in man and rhesus monkeys in the pneumonitis due to the virus of "Q" fever. Pub Hlth Rep 1941; 56(4): 149-55; .2. Maurin M, Raoult D: Q fever. Clin Microbiol Rev 1999; 12(4): 518-53; .3. Norlander L: Q fever epidemiology and pathogenesis. Microbes Infect 2000; 2(4): 417-24; . A good recent review on Q fever can be found atMelgar TA, Bauler TJ, Lutwick LI. Q fever in man: a One Health…

They demand universal vaccination requirement to safeguard healthcare workers, patients, and long-term-care residents; AHA, other hospital groups recently made similar statement. …

'An individual's choice not to get vaccinated is now impacting the rest of us in a profound and devastating and deadly way,' Gov Gavin Newsom said in announcing the new policy. …

For some families, the switch to homeschooling was influenced by their children's special needs. …

COVID-19 -- United StatesAn unvaccinated snow leopard at the San Diego Zoo has contracted COVID-19. Caretakers noticed that Ramil, a 9-year-old male snow leopard, had a cough and runny nose on Thursday [22 Jul 2021]. Later, 2 separate tests of his stool confirmed the presence of the coronavirus, the zoo said in a statement Friday [23 Jul 2021]. Ramil is not showing additional symptoms, the zoo said, but because he shares an enclosure with a female snow leopard and 2 Amur leopards, the staff assumes they have…

-- United StatesAbstract--------_Candida auris_ is an emerging, often multidrug-resistant yeast that is highly transmissible, resulting in healthcare-associated outbreaks, especially in long-term care facilities. Skin colonization with _C. auris_ allows spread and leads to invasive infections, including bloodstream infections, in 5%-10% of colonized patients (1). 3 major classes of antifungal medications exist for treating invasive infections: azoles (such as fluconazole), polyenes (such as amphotericin…

Rabies -- United StatesOne person and 2 dogs have been exposed to a rabid fox in Huntersville, prompting public officials to send out an alert to some of the town's residents, police say. The alert was sent Thursday [15 Jul 2021] night to residents "on or near" Mt. Holly-Huntersville Road, in the 28078 ZIP code, after the fox tested positive for rabies, according to a news release from the Huntersville Police Department. The release said there was "one human exposure and 2 domesticated dog exposures," but it…

'I got 99 problems but a vax ain't one,' he said in a tweet last month. …

The University of Wisconsin System plans to offer nearly $500,000 in scholarships this fall to students who have been vaccinated against the coronavirus. …

Black individuals who receive mental health services through a church-based program report high levels of satisfaction, new research suggests. …

The findings support existing guidance not to test for presence of C difficile after treatment if the patient is asymptomatic. …

If a game can't be rescheduled during the regular 18-week season, the team with the outbreak will forfeit the game and receive a 'loss' in standings, the league announced. …

Den femte nationale prævalensundersøgelse viser en lille stigning i andelen af danskere, der har været smittet med SARS-CoV-2 og dannet antistoffer. Det tyder på, at 8,6% af den danske befolkning havde været smittet med SARS-CoV-2 til og med maj 2021. Ved den seneste prævalensmåling i marts havde 7,0% af danskerne haft covid-19.

Nye tal fra Statens Serum Institut viser, at 22% af alle delta-variant-infektioner optræder hos personer der er i perioden fra 14 dage efter første vaccinestik til de får andet stik. Derfor skal folk være opmærksomme på, at de stadig kan blive smittet, og følge de generelle råd om smitteforebyggelse.

Not Yet Classified -- United States1. Black RE, Jackson RJ, Tsai T, et al: Epidemic _Yersinia enterocolitica_ infection due to contaminated chocolate milk. N Engl J Med 1978;298: 76-79; .2. Hennessy TW, Hedberg CW, Slutsker L, et al: A national outbreak of _Salmonella_ Enteritidis infections from ice cream. N Engl J Med 1996; 334(20): 1281-1286; .3. Ryan CA, Nickels MK, Hargrett-Bean NT, et al: Massive outbreak of antimicrobial-resistant salmonellosis traced to pasteurized milk. JAMA 1987; 258(22): 3269-74; .4. Tacket CO,…

COVID-19 -- Worldwide/UnknownThe European Union's medicines regulator has recommended authorising Moderna's COVID-19 vaccine for use in children aged between 12 and 17, marking the 1st time the shot has been approved for people under 18. In a decision on Friday [23 Jul 2021] the European Medicines Agency (EMA) said research in more than 3700 children of 12-17 years of age showed that the shot produced a comparable antibody response to that seen in 18-25-year-olds. Use of the vaccine, Spikevax, will be the same in…

Foot and Mouth -- ZimbabweGeneral informationReport type: Immediate notificationStarted: 15 Jul 2021Confirmed: 21 Jul 2021Reported: 22 Jul 2021Reason for notification: RecurrenceLast occurrence: 30 Dec 2019Causal agent: Foot-and-mouth disease virusSubtype: Not typedNature of diagnosis: Clinical, laboratoryThis event pertains to a defined zone within the country. Outbreak location 1: Grassland farm, Gweru, MidlandsDate of start of the outbreak: 15 Jul 2021Epidemiological unit: FarmAffected…

Foot and Mouth -- LibyaGeneral informationReport type: Immediate notificationStarted: 17 Jun 2021Confirmed: 21 Jul 2021Reported: 23 Jul 2021Reason for notification: RecurrenceLast occurrence: 11 Jun 2019Causal agent: Foot-and-mouth disease virusSubtype: ONature of diagnosis: Clinical, laboratoryThis event pertains to a defined zone within the country. Outbreak location 1: Farzogha, BenghaziDate of start of the outbreak: 17 Jun 2021Epidemiological unit: FarmAffected animalsSpecies /…

Bovine TB -- IsraelBovine tuberculosis in school and petting zoos Spotted deer [_Axis axis_] from Hamat Gader have been found tuberculosis positive in 5 rural school zoos throughout northern Israel. This is in addition to the first outbreak detected in Kiryat Motzkin [see comment]. In some of the affected locations, dairy cattle operations are maintained. About 75% of the deer originating in Hamat Gader have been found infected. --Communicated by:ProMED [The previous weekly report of Hachaklait (No…

COVID-19 -- Worldwide/Unknown"...There have been increases in the incidence of malnutrition among older adults with severe COVID-19 (12-14). This suggests that COVID-19 or its complications may be triggering malnutrition or related physiological processes. This is of crucial importance because malnutrition dampens the immune system, increases mortality, hospital length of stays, and the risk of unplanned hospital readmission (15-17). Furthermore, acute and chronic malnutrition predispose patients to significantly…

Norovirus -- United KingdomAbstract--------"Norovirus is the leading cause of acute gastroenteritis outbreaks in the United States. We estimated the basic (R0) and effective (Re) reproduction numbers for 7094 norovirus outbreaks reported to the National Outbreak Reporting System (NORS) during 2009-2017 and used regression models to assess whether transmission varied by outbreak setting. The median R0 was 2.75 (interquartile range [IQR] 2.38-3.65), and median Re was 1.29 (IQR 1.12-1.74). Long-term care and assisted…

Avian Influenza H5N6 -- ChinaThe Center for Health Protection of the Department of Health today [23 Jul 2021] is closely monitoring 3 new cases of human infection with avian influenza (H5N6) in the Mainland, and once again urged the public to keep [good personal, food,] and environmental hygiene. The 1st case involved a 51-year-old woman living in Xuanhan, Sichuan Province, who had been in contact with live poultry before becoming ill. She developed symptoms on 25 Jun 2021 and was admitted to the hospital for treatment…

Cholera -- Nigeria"For a variety of logistic, financial, and historical reasons, vaccines have not been available for cholera control programs outside of Viet Nam. Given as 2- or 3-dose courses, efficacy can be as high as 60-80% for at least 2-3 years but much shorter protection lengths in children younger than 5 years of age. Cost-effectiveness, especially once an outbreak has occurred, had remained unproven until reports from Guinea (57) and Haiti (58) demonstrated utility. "The current vaccines…

Avian Influenza -- GhanaGeneral informationReport type: immediate notificationDate of start of the event: [26 Jun 2021] [The date of the start of the 6 outbreaks was reported on 26 Jun 2021. - Mod.CRD]Date of confirmation of the event: 7 Jul 2021Reported on: 21 Jul 2021Reason for notification: recurrenceLast occurrence: 29 Jul 2018Manifestation of disease: clinical diseaseCausal agent: highly pathogenic avian influenza virusSerotype: H5Nature of diagnosis: clinical, laboratoryThis event pertains…

Even though a small percentage of vaccinated people may still be infected with the coronavirus, experts say it's not unexpected and cases are generally mild. …

COVID-19 -- Worldwide/Unknown1. Borchering RK, Viboud C, Howerton E, et al. Modeling of future COVID-19 cases, hospitalizations, and deaths, by vaccination rates and nonpharmaceutical intervention scenarios -- United States, April-September 2021. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2021; 70: 719-24. - Mod.LXL] ******[2] Israel: Pfizer vaccine efficacy declineDate: Wed 21 Jul 2021 22:58 IDTSource: The Times of Israel [edited] Vaccine effectiveness in preventing serious COVID-19 infection among the elderly has…

Salmonella -- United StatesAlmost 350 confirmed and 50 more possible _Salmonella_ infections have been recorded across Europe and in the United Kingdom linked to melons. Some patients live in the United States. Between mid-March and early July 2021, 348 people fell ill due to _Salmonella [enterica_ serotype] Braenderup and 68 needed hospital treatment but none have died. In addition, 4 people were sick in the USA and 2 in Canada. In late June 2021, the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) looked into 3…

Lumpy Skin Disease -- ThailandAt least 9 banteng, or Bali cattle, in Huai Kha Khaeng wildlife sanctuary in Thailand's Uthai Thani province are thought to be infected with lumpy skin disease (LSD), and a team of veterinarians has been sent to investigate, according to Mr. Sompong Thongseekhem, director of the Office of Wildlife Conservation, Department of National Parks, Wildlife and Plants Conservation. Mr. Sompong said that camera traps, installed in the Huay Tap Salao-Huay Rabum no-hunting zone, about 10 kilometres…

Foot and Mouth -- MongoliaGeneral informationReport type: Immediate notificationStarted: 30 Jun 2021Confirmed: 2 Jul 2021Reported: 20 Jul 2021Reason for notification: RecurrenceLast occurrence: 29 Jun 2018Causal agent: Foot-and-mouth disease virusSerotype: ONature of diagnosis: Clinical, laboratoryThis event pertains to the whole country. Outbreak location 1: Bulgan sum, Bulgan, HovdDate of start of the outbreak: 30 Jun 2021Epidemiological unit: FarmAffected animalsSpecies / Susceptible /…

RWJBarnabas Health had mandated in May that its supervisory workers to get vaccinated by June 30. The company says 99.7% of staffers at the supervisor level and above were fully vaccinated by July 14. …

It's rare for children to die of the coronavirus. The CDC says only 335 of the 600,000 people who have died from COVID-19 in the United States were under 18. …

Eighty-three percent of US Olympians at the Summer Games in Tokyo are fully vaccinated against COVID-19, according to the US Olympic and Paralympic Committee's medical chief. …

A new data analysis of Delta variant coronavirus cases in the U.S. has found that 20 counties are "Delta danger zones." …

Experts evaluate some advantages and caveats regarding seven intranasal COVID-19 vaccines in development. …

Monkeypox -- United StatesMore than 200 people in 27 US states are being tracked for possible rare monkeypox infections, health officials say. They fear people may have come in contact with a Texas man who brought the disease in from Nigeria earlier this month [July 2021]. The man -- believed to be the 1st monkeypox case in the US since 2003 -- was taken to hospital but is in stable condition. So far, no new cases have been found. What is monkeypox?The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) says…

Rabies -- United StatesUS authorities might consider a policy similar to the European Pet Travel Scheme (PETS), which has proven extremely efficient in Europe (apart from illegal importation via alternative routes):Vaccinate, test rabies virus neutralizing antibody titer after 30 days, wait for another 3 months before importation (incubation after exposure/infection before the anti-rabies vaccination, which will NOT act as post-exposure prophylaxis!). Given the correct implementation of this procedure, not a…

This report describes a lower rate of positive COVID-19 test results among vaccinated staff in the School District of Philadelphia compared with unvaccinated staff.

Anthrax -- KazakhstanSummary:Report type: immediate notificationStarted: 22 Jun 2021Confirmed: 26 Jun 2021Ended: ongoingReported: 19 Jul 2021Reason for notification: 1st occurrence in a zone or compartmentCausal agent: _Bacillus anthracis_Nature of diagnosis: laboratoryThis event pertains to a defined zone within the country. New outbreaks: Summary of outbreaksTotal outbreaks (1)Outbreak location 1: Altai farm, Denisovskiy, QostanayStarted: 22 Jun 2021Ended: 29 Jun…

Avian Influenza H5N8 -- IndiaIndia on Tue 20 Jul 2021 reported its first bird flu death as an 11-year-old boy, who was undergoing treatment at AIIMS for it and succumbed to the disease. A senior All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS) official said that the boy, who was infected with avian influenza, has died, and the entire staff concerned has been placed in isolation as a preventive measure. As per reports, bird flu outbreaks were reported across the country earlier this year [2021], including in Haryana…

Vibrio parahaemolyticus, Vibrio vulnificus -- SwedenThe Swedish Public Health Agency, or Folkhalsomyndigheten, reported today, 22 Jul 2021, 13 cases of the more serious form of _Vibrio_ infection, all in July 2021. The cases have been reported from the coastal areas in Götaland and Svealand and, as in previous years, mostly men have fallen ill and the majority of cases are older than 65 years. _Vibrio_ bacteria can cause milder forms of illness such as ear infection or diarrhea if you happen to swallow water. The bacteria can not penetrate…

Polio -- NigeriaNew wild poliovirus isolates reported this week:AFP cases: 0Environment: 0Others: 0 New cVDPV isolates reported this week:AFP cases: 24Environment: 6Others: 18 Summary of new WPV and cVDPV this week (AFP cases and ES positives):- Ethiopia: 10 cVDPV2 cases and 1 cVDPV2 positive environmental sample- Liberia: 1 cVDPV2 case- Madagascar : 2 cVDPV1 cases- Nigeria: 9 cVDPV2 case and 5 cVDPV2 positive environmental samples- Senegal: 1 cVDPV2 case- South Sudan: 1 cVDPV2…

COVID-19 -- Worldwide/UnknownAbstract--------BACKGROUNDThe B.1.617.2 (delta) variant of the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), the virus that causes coronavirus disease 2019 (Covid-19), has contributed to a surge in cases in India and has now been detected across the globe, including a notable increase in cases in the United Kingdom. The effectiveness of the BNT162b2 and ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 vaccines against this variant has been unclear.METHODSWe used a test-negative case-control design to…

Background In South Africa, COVID-19 control measures to prevent SARS-CoV-2 spread were initiated on 16 March 2020. Such measures may also impact the spread of other pathogens, including influenza virus and respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) with implications for future annual epidemics and expectations for the subsequent northern hemisphere winter. Methods We assessed the detection of influenza and RSV through facility-based syndromic surveillance of adults and children with mild or severe respiratory illness in South Africa from January to October 2020, and compared this with surveillance data from 2013 to 2019. Results Facility-based surveillance revealed a decline in influenza virus detection during the regular season compared with previous years. This was observed throughout the implementation of COVID-19 control measures. RSV detection decreased soon after the most stringent COVID-19 control measures commenced; however, an increase in RSV detection was observed after the typical season, following the re-opening of schools and the easing of measures. Conclusion COVID-19 non-pharmaceutical interventions led to reduced circulation of influenza and RSV in South Africa. This has limited the country’s ability to provide influenza virus strains for the selection of the annual influenza vaccine. Delayed increases in RSV case numbers may reflect the easing of COVID-19 control measures. An increase in influenza virus detection was not observed, suggesting that the measures may have impacted the two pathogens differently. The impact that lowered and/or delayed influenza and RSV circulation in 2020 will have on the intensity and severity of subsequent annual epidemics is unknown and warrants close monitoring.

The non-pharmaceutical interventions implemented to slow the spread of SARS-CoV-2 have had consequences on the transmission of other respiratory viruses, most notably paediatric respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) and influenza. At the beginning of 2020, lockdown measures in the southern hemisphere led to a winter season with a marked reduction in both infections. Intermittent lockdowns in the northern hemisphere also appeared to interrupt transmission during winter 2020/21. However, a number of southern and northern hemisphere countries have now seen delayed RSV peaks. We examine the implications of these unpredictable disease dynamics for health service delivery in Europe, such as paediatric hospital and intensive care bed space planning, or palivizumab prophylaxis. We discuss the challenges for RSV vaccine trials and influenza immunisation campaigns, and highlight the considerable research opportunities that have arisen with the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic. We argue that the rapid advances in viral whole genome sequencing, phylogenetic analysis, and open data sharing during the pandemic are applicable to the ongoing surveillance of RSV and influenza. Lastly, we outline actions to prepare for forthcoming influenza seasons and for future implementation of RSV vaccines.

The Rhône-Loire metropolitan areas’ 2020/21 respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) epidemic was delayed following the implementation of non-pharmaceutical interventions (NPI), compared with previous seasons. Very severe lower respiratory tract infection incidence among infants ≤ 3 months decreased twofold, the proportion of cases among children aged > 3 months to 5 years increased, and cases among adults > 65 years were markedly reduced. NPI appeared to reduce the RSV burden among at-risk groups, and should be promoted to minimise impact of future RSV outbreaks.

Since the introduction of non-pharmacological interventions to control COVID-19, respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) activity in Europe has been limited. Surveillance data for 17 countries showed delayed RSV epidemics in France (≥ 12 w) and Iceland (≥ 4 w) during the 2020/21 season. RSV cases (predominantly small children) in France and Iceland were older compared with previous seasons. We hypothesise that future RSV epidemic(s) could start outside the usual autumn/winter season and be larger than expected. Year-round surveillance of RSV is of critical importance.

We measured COVID-19 vaccine effectiveness (VE) against symptomatic SARS-CoV-2 infection at primary care/outpatient level among adults ≥ 65 years old using a multicentre test-negative design in eight European countries. We included 592 SARS-CoV-2 cases and 4,372 test-negative controls in the main analysis. The VE was 62% (95% CI: 45–74) for one dose only and 89% (95% CI: 79–94) for complete vaccination. COVID-19 vaccines provide good protection against COVID-19 presentation at primary care/outpatient level, particularly among fully vaccinated individuals.

Following low incidence of respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infections in 2020 during the COVID-19 pandemic, we noted a resurgence in hospitalised children in spring/summer 2021 following relaxation of public health measures. We compared this outbreak to previous autumn/winter seasons. We found higher weekly case numbers and incidence rates, more cases from urban neighbourhoods with lower socioeconomic status, and similar clinical presentation and severity. Public health implications include the re-evaluation of palivizumab administration and the need for surge capacity planning.