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Sanjeet Bagcchi
Lancet Microbe, 4.04.2024
Tilføjet 4.04.2024
The first meeting of the Global Onchocerciasis Network for Elimination (GONE) was held in Mbour, Senegal, on Nov 1–2, 2023. Over 150 partners attended the meeting, including coordinators from endemic countries, researchers, donors, and civil society organisations. Their aim was to strengthen their joint efforts for eliminating onchocerciasis, a neglected tropical disease (NTD) caused by the parasitic filarial worm Onchocerca volvulus, which is transmitted by blackfly bites. Onchocerciasis causes blindness, skin ailments, and has been reported to be associated with epilepsy.
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedEd Holt
Lancet Microbe, 4.04.2024
Tilføjet 4.04.2024
During the Union World Conference on Lung Health 2023, held in Paris, France, on Nov 15–18, results from preclinical studies and a phase 1 trial of a novel candidate tuberculosis drug were presented. The new compound, named TBAJ-876, belongs to the diarylquinoline class of antibiotics (like bedaquiline).
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedMichael A Moso, George Taiaroa, Eike Steinig, Madiyar Zhanduisenov, Grace Butel-Simoes, Ivana Savic, Mona L Taouk, Socheata Chea, Jean Moselen, Jacinta O’Keefe, Jacqueline Prestedge, Georgina L Pollock, Mohammad Khan, Katherine Soloczynskyj, Janath Fernando, Genevieve E Martin, Leon Caly, Ian G Barr, Thomas Tran, Julian Druce, Chuan K Lim, Deborah A Williamson
Lancet Microbe, 4.04.2024
Tilføjet 4.04.2024
Non-SARS-CoV-2 respiratory viruses can be detected and sequenced from COVID-19 rapid antigen devices. Recovery of near full-length viral sequences from these devices provides a valuable opportunity to expand genomic surveillance programmes for public health monitoring of circulating respiratory viruses.
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedM Visser, C J P A Hoebe, P F G Wolffs, J C M Heijne
Lancet Microbe, 4.04.2024
Tilføjet 4.04.2024
These findings support the possibility of an autoinoculation process from the urogenital to the anorectal location due to the very strong correlation between urogenital and anorectal gonorrhoea, and due to the similarity of results across all three groups. Current testing strategies could miss anorectal infections, which should be considered when developing gonorrhoea prevention and control guidelines.
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedMartin M Shafer, Max J Bobholz, William C Vuyk, Devon A Gregory, Adelaide Roguet, Luis A Haddock Soto, Clayton Rushford, Kayley H Janssen, Isla E Emmen, Hunter J Ries, Hannah E Pilch, Paige A Mullen, Rebecca B Fahney, Wanting Wei, Matthew Lambert, Jeff Wenzel, Peter Halfmann, Yoshihiro Kawaoka, Nancy A Wilson, Thomas C Friedrich, Ian W Pray, Ryan Westergaard, David H O’Connor, Marc C Johnson
Lancet Microbe, 4.04.2024
Tilføjet 4.04.2024
We propose that prolonged detection of WI-CL-001 in wastewater indicates persistent shedding of SARS-CoV-2 from a single human initially infected by an ancestral B.1.234 virus. The accumulation of convergent omicron-like mutations in WI-CL-001’s ancestral B.1.234 genome probably reflects persistent infection and extensive within-host evolution. People who shed cryptic lineages could be an important source of highly divergent viruses that sporadically emerge and spread.
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedEmmanuel Musisi, Samuel Wamutu, Willy Ssengooba, Sharifah Kasiinga, Abdulwahab Sessolo, Ingvar Sanyu, Sylvia Kaswabuli, Josephine Zawedde, Patrick Byanyima, Praiscillia Kia, William Muwambi, Divine Tracy Toskin, Edgar Kigozi, Natasha Walbaum, Evelin Dombay, Mate Bonifac Legrady, Kizza David-Martin Ssemambo, Moses Joloba, Davis Kuchaka, William Worodria, Laurence Huang, Stephen H Gillespie, Wilber Sabiiti
Lancet Microbe, 4.04.2024
Tilføjet 4.04.2024
TB-MBLA has a similar performance to Xpert-Ultra for pretreatment diagnosis of tuberculosis, but is more accurate at detecting and characterising the response to treatment than Xpert-Ultra and standard-of-care smear microscopy.
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedTsegaye Sewunet, Mohammad Razavi, Staffan Rosenborg, Angela Camporeale, Michael Nowak, David Melnick, Leanne B Gasink, Paul B Eckburg, Ian A Critchley, Carl Erik Nord, Christian G Giske
Lancet Microbe, 4.04.2024
Tilføjet 4.04.2024
The impact of tebipenem pivoxil hydrobromide on the gut microbiome was similar to that of amoxicillin–clavulanic acid. The safety of antibiotic use with regard to the microbiome should be given attention, as dysbiosis is associated with health and disease.
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedMichel T Vaillant, Fred Philippy, Anouk Neven, Jessica Barré, Dmitry Bulaev, Piero L Olliaro, Jürg Utzinger, Jennifer Keiser, Amadou T Garba
Lancet Microbe, 4.04.2024
Tilføjet 4.04.2024
Although NAATs and immunological diagnostics show promise, the limited information available precludes drawing definitive conclusions. Additional research on diagnostic accuracy and cost-effectiveness is needed before the replacement of conventional tests can be considered.
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedSukripong Pakdeerat, Phumrapee Boonklang, Kesorn Angchagun, Chalita Chomkatekaew, Navaporn Apichaidejudom, Yaowaret Dokket, Areeya Faosap, Gumphol Wongsuwan, Vanaporn Wuthiekanun, Panatda Aramrueung, Phadungkiat Khamnoi, Hathairat Thananchai, Suwattiya Siriboon, Parinya Chamnan, Sharon J Peacock, Nicholas P J Day, Nicholas R Thomson, Chayasith Uttamapinant, Somsakul Pop Wongpalee, Claire Chewapreecha
Lancet Microbe, 4.04.2024
Tilføjet 4.04.2024
The sensitivity, specificity, speed, and window of clinical intervention offered by CRISPR-BP34 support its prospective use as a point-of-care diagnostic tool for melioidosis. Future development should be focused on scalability and cost reduction.
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedYannick CyrFazli K. BozalJosé Gabriel Barcia DuránAlexandra A. C. NewmanLetizia AmadoriPanagiotis SmyrnisMorgane GourvestDayasagar DasMichael GildeaRavneet KaurTracy ZhangKristin M. WangRichard Von ItterP. Martin SchlegelSamantha D. DupuisBernard F. SanchezAnn Marie SchmidtEdward A. FisherCoen van SolingenChiara GiannarelliKathryn J. MooreaCardiovascular Research Center, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016bDepartment of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, School of Medicine and Health, Technical University of Munich, Munich 81675, GermanycDivision of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, New York University Langone Health, New York, NY 10016dDepartment of Cell Biology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016eDepartment of Pathology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences: Immunology and Inflammation, 4.04.2024
Tilføjet 4.04.2024
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, Volume 121, Issue 15, April 2024.
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedAlasteir Ong, Mark R. O’Brian
Trends in Microbiology, 4.04.2024
Tilføjet 4.04.2024
Bradyrhizobium japonicum (including Bradyrhizobium diazoefficiens), a Gram-negative Alphaproteobacterium, is a member of the paraphyletic group of nitrogen-fixing bacteria called rhizobia. Rhizobia live as free-living soil organisms or in symbiosis with leguminous plants. These symbioses are specific, with a rhizobial species able to associate with one or a limited number of plant hosts. The symbiosis between B. japonicum and soybean (Glycine max) is important to agriculture because bacterial nitrogen fixation mitigates the need for chemical nitrogen fertilizer and allows the plant to grow in nitrogen-deficient soils.
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedYi Dong, Blake A. Johnson, Linhao Ruan, Maged Zeineldin, Tianhao Bi, Albert Z. Liu, Sumana Raychaudhuri, Ian Chiu, Jin Zhu, Barbara Smith, Nan Zhao, Peter Searson, Shigeki Watanabe, Mark Donowitz, Tatianna C. Larman, Rong Li
Science Advances, 4.04.2024
Tilføjet 4.04.2024
Ajay Bhat, Rebecca L. Cox, Brice Graham Hendrickson, Nupur K. Das, Megan L. Schaller, Angela M. Tuckowski, Emily Wang, Yatrik M. Shah, Scott F. Leiser
Science Advances, 4.04.2024
Tilføjet 4.04.2024
Guy J. Pearson, Harriet V. Mears, Malgorzata Broncel, Ambrosius P. Snijders, David L. V. Bauer, Jeremy G. Carlton
Science Advances, 4.04.2024
Tilføjet 4.04.2024
Marcela Ferrés, Constanza Martínez-Valdebenito, Carolina Henriquez, Claudia Marco, Jenniffer Angulo, Aldo Barrera, Carlos Palma, Gonzalo Barriga Pinto, Analia Cuiza, Leonila Ferreira, María Luisa Rioseco, Mario Calvo, Ricardo Fritz, Sebastián Bravo, Alejandro Bruhn, Jerónimo Graf, Alvaro Llancaqueo, Gonzalo Rivera, Carolina Cerda, Nicole Tischler, Francisca Valdivieso, Pablo Vial, Gregory Mertz, Cecilia Vial, Nicole Le Corre
Lancet Infectious Diseases, 4.04.2024
Tilføjet 4.04.2024
ANDV infection is a systemic and viraemic infection, that affects various organs. The presence of infectious particles in body fluids contributes to our understanding of potential mechanisms for person-to-person transmission, supporting the development of preventive strategies. Detection of ANDV RNA in additional fluids at hospital admission is a predictor of disease severity.
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedYinping WangHuangdu HuQiucheng ShiPing ZhangDongdong ZhaoYan JiangYunsong Yua Department of Infectious Diseases, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, People’s Republic of Chinab Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology and Bioinformatics of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, People’s Republic of Chinac Regional Medical Center for National Institute of Respiratory Diseases, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, People’s Republic of China
Emerg Microbes Infect, 4.04.2024
Tilføjet 4.04.2024
Ana Dacosta UrbietaGema Barbeito CastiñeirasIrene Rivero CalleJacobo Pardo SecoCarmen Rodríguez TenreiroRicardo Suárez CamachoMaría Luisa Pérez del Molino BernalFederico Martinón Torresa Department of Pediatrics, Hospital Clínico Universitario de Santiago de Compostela, Galicia, Spainb Genetics, Vaccines and Infections Research Group (GenViP), Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Santiago, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Galicia, Spainc Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Respiratorias (CIBER-ES), Madrid, Spaind Microbiology Departmemt, Hospital Clínico Universitario de Santiago de Compostela, Galicia, Spain
Emerg Microbes Infect, 4.04.2024
Tilføjet 4.04.2024
Priyo Budi Purwono, Vimvara Vacharathit, Suwimon Manopwisedjaroen, Natali Ludowyke, Ampa Suksatu, Arunee Thitithanyanont
PLoS One Infectious Diseases, 4.04.2024
Tilføjet 4.04.2024
by Priyo Budi Purwono, Vimvara Vacharathit, Suwimon Manopwisedjaroen, Natali Ludowyke, Ampa Suksatu, Arunee Thitithanyanont The ongoing COVID-19 pandemic has led to the emergence of new SARS-CoV-2 variants as a result of continued host-virus interaction and viral genome mutations. These variants have been associated with varying levels of transmissibility and disease severity. We investigated the phenotypic profiles of six SARS-CoV-2 variants (WT, D614G, Alpha, Beta, Delta, and Omicron) in Calu-3 cells, a human lung epithelial cell line. In our model demonstrated that all variants, except for Omicron, had higher efficiency in virus entry compared to the wild-type. The Delta variant had the greatest phenotypic advantage in terms of early infection kinetics and marked syncytia formation, which could facilitate cell-to-cell spreading, while the Omicron variant displayed slower replication and fewer syncytia formation. We also identified the Delta variant as the strongest inducer of inflammatory biomarkers, including pro-inflammatory cytokines/chemokines (IP-10/CXCL10, TNF-α, and IL-6), anti-inflammatory cytokine (IL-1RA), and growth factors (FGF-2 and VEGF-A), while these inflammatory mediators were not significantly elevated with Omicron infection. These findings are consistent with the observations that there was a generally more pronounced inflammatory response and angiogenesis activity within the lungs of COVID-19 patients as well as more severe symptoms and higher mortality rate during the Delta wave, as compared to less severe symptoms and lower mortality observed during the current Omicron wave in Thailand. Our findings suggest that early infectivity kinetics, enhanced syncytia formation, and specific inflammatory mediator production may serve as predictive indicators for the virulence potential of future SARS-CoV-2 variants.
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedSeyed Hossien Kairmi, Khaled Abdelaziz, Heidi Spahany, Jake Astill, David Trott, Blake Wang, Alice Wang, John Parkinson, Shayan Sharif
PLoS One Infectious Diseases, 4.04.2024
Tilføjet 4.04.2024
by Seyed Hossien Kairmi, Khaled Abdelaziz, Heidi Spahany, Jake Astill, David Trott, Blake Wang, Alice Wang, John Parkinson, Shayan Sharif The present study was undertaken to profile and compare the cecal microbial communities in conventionally (CONV) grown and raised without antibiotics (RWA) broiler chickens. Three hundred chickens were collected from five CONV and five RWA chicken farms on days 10, 24, and 35 of age. Microbial genomic DNA was extracted from cecal contents, and the V4-V5 hypervariable regions of the 16S rRNA gene were amplified and sequenced. Analysis of 16S rRNA sequence data indicated significant differences in the cecal microbial diversity and composition between CONV and RWA chickens on days 10, 24, and 35 days of age. On days 10 and 24, CONV chickens had higher richness and diversity of the cecal microbiome relative to RWA chickens. However, on day 35, this pattern reversed such that RWA chickens had higher richness and diversity of the cecal microbiome than the CONV groups. On days 10 and 24, the microbiomes of both CONV and RWA chickens were dominated by members of the phylum Firmicutes. On day 35, while Firmicutes remained dominant in the RWA chickens, the microbiome of CONV chickens exhibited am abundance of Bacteroidetes. The cecal microbiome of CONV chickens was enriched with the genus Faecalibacterium, Pseudoflavonifractor, unclassified Clostridium_IV, Bacteroides, Alistipes, and Butyricimonas, whereas the cecal microbiome of RWA chickens was enriched with genus Anaerofilum, Butyricicoccu, Clostridium_XlVb and unclassified Lachnospiraceae. Overall, the cecal microbiome richness, diversity, and composition were greatly influenced by the management program applied in these farms. These findings provide a foundation for further research on tailoring feed formulation or developing a consortium to modify the gut microbiome composition of RWA chickens.
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedNele Mullens, Wouter Hendrycks, Jackline Bakengesa, Sija Kabota, Jenipher Tairo, Hannes Svardal, Ramadhani Majubwa, Maulid Mwatawala, Marc De Meyer, Massimiliano Virgilio
PLoS One Infectious Diseases, 4.04.2024
Tilføjet 4.04.2024
by Nele Mullens, Wouter Hendrycks, Jackline Bakengesa, Sija Kabota, Jenipher Tairo, Hannes Svardal, Ramadhani Majubwa, Maulid Mwatawala, Marc De Meyer, Massimiliano Virgilio Gut microbial communities are critical in determining the evolutive success of fruit fly phytophagous pests (Diptera, Tephritidae), facilitating their adaptation to suboptimal environmental conditions and to plant allelochemical defences. An important source of variation for the microbial diversity of fruit flies is represented by the crop on which larvae are feeding. However, a “crop effect” is not always the main driver of microbial patterns, and it is often observed in combination with other and less obvious processes. In this work, we aim at verifying if environmental stress and, by extension, changing environmental conditions, can promote microbial diversity in Zeugodacus cucurbitae (Coquillett), a cosmopolitan pest of cucurbit crops. With this objective, 16S rRNA metabarcoding was used to test differences in the microbial profiles of wild fly populations in a large experimental setup in Eastern Central Tanzania. The analysis of 2,973 unique ASV, which were assigned to 22 bacterial phyla, 221 families and 590 putative genera, show that microbial α diversity (as estimated by Abundance Coverage Estimator, Faith’s Phylogenetic Diversity, Shannon-Weiner and the Inverse Simpson indexes) as well as β microbial diversity (as estimated by Compositional Data analysis of ASVs and of aggregated genera) significantly change as the species gets closer to its altitudinal limits, in farms where pesticides and agrochemicals are used. Most importantly, the multivariate dispersion of microbial patterns is significantly higher in these stressful environmental conditions thus indicating that Anna Karenina effects contribute to the microbial diversity of Z. cucurbitae. The crop effect was comparably weaker and detected as non-consistent changes across the experimental sites. We speculate that the impressive adaptive potential of polyphagous fruit flies is, at least in part, related to the Anna Karenina principle, which promotes stochastic changes in the microbial diversity of fly populations exposed to suboptimal environmental conditions.
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedMohammed Shalaby, Mohamed Farouk, Hatem A. Khater
PLoS One Infectious Diseases, 4.04.2024
Tilføjet 4.04.2024
by Mohammed Shalaby, Mohamed Farouk, Hatem A. Khater Numerous classification and regression problems have extensively used Support Vector Machines (SVMs). However, the SVM approach is less practical for large datasets because of its processing cost. This is primarily due to the requirement of optimizing a quadratic programming problem to determine the decision boundary during training. As a result, methods for selecting data instances that have a better likelihood of being chosen as support vectors by the SVM algorithm have been developed to help minimize the bulk of training data. This paper presents a density-based method, called Density-based Border Identification (DBI), in addition to four different variations of the method, for the lessening of the SVM training data through the extraction of a layer of border instances. For higher-dimensional datasets, the extraction is performed on lower-dimensional embeddings obtained by Uniform Manifold Approximation and Projection (UMAP), and the resulting subset can be repetitively used for SVM training in higher dimensions. Experimental findings on different datasets, such as Banana, USPS, and Adult9a, have shown that the best-performing variations of the proposed method effectively reduced the size of the training data and achieved acceptable training and prediction speedups while maintaining an adequate classification accuracy compared to training on the original dataset. These results, as well as comparisons to a selection of related state-of-the-art methods from the literature, such as Border Point extraction based on Locality-Sensitive Hashing (BPLSH), Clustering-Based Convex Hull (CBCH), and Shell Extraction (SE), suggest that our proposed methods are effective and potentially useful.
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedZoë Pounder, Alison F. Eardley, Catherine Loveday, Samuel Evans
PLoS One Infectious Diseases, 4.04.2024
Tilføjet 4.04.2024
by Zoë Pounder, Alison F. Eardley, Catherine Loveday, Samuel Evans Aphantasia is characterised by the inability to create mental images in one’s mind. Studies investigating impairments in imagery typically focus on the visual domain. However, it is possible to generate many different forms of imagery including imagined auditory, kinesthetic, tactile, motor, taste and other experiences. Recent studies show that individuals with aphantasia report a lack of imagery in modalities, other than vision, including audition. However, to date, no research has examined whether these reductions in self-reported auditory imagery are associated with decrements in tasks that require auditory imagery. Understanding the extent to which visual and auditory imagery deficits co-occur can help to better characterise the core deficits of aphantasia and provide an alternative perspective on theoretical debates on the extent to which imagery draws on modality-specific or modality-general processes. In the current study, individuals that self-identified as being aphantasic and matched control participants with typical imagery performed two tasks: a musical pitch-based imagery and voice-based categorisation task. The majority of participants with aphantasia self-reported significant deficits in both auditory and visual imagery. However, we did not find a concomitant decrease in performance on tasks which require auditory imagery, either in the full sample or only when considering those participants that reported significant deficits in both domains. These findings are discussed in relation to the mechanisms that might obscure observation of imagery deficits in auditory imagery tasks in people that report reduced auditory imagery.
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedLujing Liu, Xiaoning Zhou, Jian Xu
PLoS One Infectious Diseases, 4.04.2024
Tilføjet 4.04.2024
by Lujing Liu, Xiaoning Zhou, Jian Xu The objective of this study is to explore the impact of working capital management on firms’ financial performance in China’s agri-food sector from 2006 to 2021. In addition, we analyze whether this impact is the same during the 2008 financial crisis and the 2020 COVID-19 crisis. Working capital management is measured by working capital investment policy (measured by current assets to total assets ratio), working capital financing policy (measured by current liabilities to total assets ratio), cash conversion cycle, and net working capital ratio. The results reveal that current assets to total assets ratio and net working capital ratio positively influence financial performance measured through return on assets (ROA), while current liabilities to total assets ratio and cash conversion cycle negatively influence ROA. We also find that the relationship between working capital management and financial performance is more affected during COVID-19 than in the 2008 financial crisis. The findings might provide important implications for company managers to make optimal working capital management practices, depending on the economic environment.
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedGiorgia Minello, Carlo Romano Marcello Alessandro Santagiustina, Massimo Warglien
PLoS One Infectious Diseases, 4.04.2024
Tilføjet 4.04.2024
by Giorgia Minello, Carlo Romano Marcello Alessandro Santagiustina, Massimo Warglien During the COVID-19 pandemic, the scientific literature related to SARS-COV-2 has been growing dramatically. These literary items encompass a varied set of topics, ranging from vaccination to protective equipment efficacy as well as lockdown policy evaluations. As a result, the development of automatic methods that allow an in-depth exploration of this growing literature has become a relevant issue, both to identify the topical trends of COVID-related research and to zoom-in on its sub-themes. This work proposes a novel methodology, called LDA2Net, which combines topic modelling and network analysis, to investigate topics under their surface. More specifically, LDA2Net exploits the frequencies of consecutive words pairs (i.e. bigram) to build those network structures underlying the hidden topics extracted from large volumes of text by Latent Dirichlet Allocation (LDA). Results are promising and suggest that the topic model efficacy is magnified by the network-based representation. In particular, such enrichment is noticeable when it comes to displaying and exploring the topics at different levels of granularity.
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedMalaria Journal, 3.04.2024
Tilføjet 3.04.2024
Abstract Background Artemether-lumefantrine (AL) and dihydroartemisinin-piperaquine (DP) are the currently recommended first- and second-line therapies for uncomplicated Plasmodium falciparum infections in Togo. This study assessed the efficacy of these combinations, the proportion of Day3-positive patients (D3 +), the proportion of molecular markers associated with P. falciparum resistance to anti-malarial drugs, and the variable performance of HRP2-based malaria rapid diagnostic tests (RDTs). Methods A single arm prospective study evaluating the efficacy of AL and DP was conducted at two sites (Kouvé and Anié) from September 2021 to January 2022. Eligible children were enrolled, randomly assigned to treatment at each site and followed up for 42 days after treatment initiation. The primary endpoint was polymerase chain reaction (PCR) adjusted adequate clinical and parasitological response (ACPR). At day 0, samples were analysed for mutations in the Pfkelch13, Pfcrt, Pfmdr-1, dhfr, dhps, and deletions in the hrp2/hrp3 genes. Results A total of 179 and 178 children were included in the AL and DP groups, respectively. After PCR correction, cure rates of patients treated with AL were 97.5% (91.4–99.7) at day 28 in Kouvé and 98.6% (92.4–100) in Anié, whereas 96.4% (CI 95%: 89.1–98.8) and 97.3% (CI 95%: 89.5–99.3) were observed at day 42 in Kouvé and Anié, respectively. The cure rates of patients treated with DP at day 42 were 98.9% (CI 95%: 92.1–99.8) in Kouvé and 100% in Anié. The proportion of patients with parasites on day 3 (D3 +) was 8.5% in AL and 2.6% in DP groups in Anié and 4.3% in AL and 2.1% DP groups in Kouvé. Of the 357 day 0 samples, 99.2% carried the Pfkelch13 wild-type allele. Two isolates carried nonsynonymous mutations not known to be associated with artemisinin partial resistance (ART-R) (A578S and A557S). Most samples carried the Pfcrt wild-type allele (97.2%). The most common Pfmdr-1 allele was the single mutant 184F (75.6%). Among dhfr/dhps mutations, the quintuple mutant haplotype N51I/C59R/S108N + 437G/540E, which is responsible for SP treatment failure in adults and children, was not detected. Single deletions in hrp2 and hrp3 genes were detected in 1/357 (0.3%) and 1/357 (0.3%), respectively. Dual hrp2/hrp3 deletions, which could affect the performances of HRP2-based RDTs, were not observed. Conclusion The results of this study confirm that the AL and DP treatments are highly effective. The absence of the validated Pfkelch13 mutants in the study areas suggests the absence of ART -R, although a significant proportion of D3 + cases were found. The absence of dhfr/dhps quintuple or sextuple mutants (quintuple + 581G) supports the continued use of SP for IPTp during pregnancy and in combination with amodiaquine for seasonal malaria chemoprevention. Trial registration: ACTRN12623000344695.
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedInfection, 3.04.2024
Tilføjet 3.04.2024
Abstract Purpose To evaluate the efficacy and safety of oral ibrexafungerp (HS-10366) versus placebo in Chinese patients with vulvovaginal candidiasis (VVC). Methods A double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomized, multicenter phase III study was conducted in symptomatic VVC patients. Patients received (2:1) twice-daily oral ibrexafungerp 300 mg or matching placebo for 1 day. The primary endpoint was clinical cure (vulvovaginal signs and symptoms [VSS] score = 0) at test-of-cure (TOC) on day 11 ± 3. The secondary endpoints included mycological eradication, overall response, and clinical improvement (VSS score ≤ 1) at TOC, and vulvovaginal symptom resolution at follow-up on day 25 ± 4. Results In total, 360 patients were included in the modified intention-to-treat set (defined as positive Candida cultured and receiving at least one study drug; 239 for ibrexafungerp, 121 for placebo). Compared with placebo, patients receiving ibrexafungerp had a significantly higher proportion of clinical cure (51.0% vs. 25.6%), mycological eradication (55.6% vs. 18.2%), overall response (33.9%, vs. 8.3%) at TOC and complete symptom resolution (74.5% vs. 39.7%, all P
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedHirokazu YanoWataru HayashiSayoko KawakamiSadao AokiEiko AnzaiHui ZuoNorikazu KitamuraAki HirabayashiToshiki KajiharaShizuo KayamaYo SugawaraKoji YaharaMotoyuki Sugai1Antimicrobial Resistance Research Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Higashimurayama, Tokyo, Japan, Pranita D. Tamma
Antimicrobial Agents And Chemotherapy, 3.04.2024
Tilføjet 3.04.2024
Alita A. MillerSamir H. MoussaSarah M. McLeod1Entasis Therapeutics Inc., an affiliate of Innoviva Specialty Therapeutics, Inc., Waltham, Massachusetts, USA, Pranita D. Tamma
Antimicrobial Agents And Chemotherapy, 3.04.2024
Tilføjet 3.04.2024
Yusuke Ogata, Tasuku Sato, Kanji Kato, Kazuhiro Kikuchi, Kazuya Mitsuhashi, Kei Watari, Kazuma Tamiya, Akiko Goto, Hiroki Yamaguchi, Ryo Hisada
International Journal of Infectious Diseases, 3.04.2024
Tilføjet 3.04.2024
The Yezo virus (YEZV) is a new nairovirus species identified in two presumed cases of tick-borne disease in Hokkaido, Japan, in 2019 and 2020 [1]. A retrospective examination of serum samples from 248 patients with suspected tick-borne disease in Hokkaido since 2014 identified YEZV RNA in five individuals [1]. Furthermore, a recent study involving 402 patients with tick bites in Northeastern China detected YEZV RNA in a single patient [2]. Infections attributable to tick-borne nairoviruses can cause severe symptoms in humans and are emerging as a global public health concern.
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedMaduro, G., Li, W., Huynh, M., Bernard-Davila, B., Gould, L. H., Van Wye, G.
BMJ Open, 3.04.2024
Tilføjet 3.04.2024
ObjectiveAssessing excess deaths from benchmarks across causes of death during the first wave of the COVID-19 pandemic and identifying morbidities most frequently mentioned alongside COVID-19 deaths in the death record. MethodsDescriptive study of death records between 11 March 2020 and 27 July 2020, from the New York City Bureau of Vital Statistics. Mortality counts and percentages were compared with the average for the same calendar period of the previous 2 years. Distributions of morbidities from among forty categories of conditions were generated citywide and by sex, race/ethnicity and four age groups. Causes of death were assumed to follow Poisson processes for Z-score construction. ResultsWithin the study period, 46 563 all-cause deaths were reported; 132.9% higher than the average for the same period of the previous 2 years (19 989). Of those 46 563 records, 19 789 (42.5%) report COVID-19 as underlying cause of death. COVID-19 was the most prevalent cause across all demographics, with respiratory conditions (prominently pneumonia), hypertension and diabetes frequently mentioned morbidities. Black non-Hispanics had greater proportions of mentions of pneumonia, hypertension, and diabetes. Hispanics had the largest proportion of COVID-19 deaths (52.9%). Non-COVID-19 excess deaths relative to the previous 2-year averages were widely reported. ConclusionMortality directly due to COVID-19 was accompanied by significant increases across most other causes from their reference averages, potentially suggesting a sizable COVID-19 death undercount. Indirect effects due to COVID-19 may partially account for some increases, but findings are hardly dispositive. Unavailability of vaccines for the time period precludes any impact over excess deaths. Respiratory and cardiometabolic-related conditions were most frequently reported among COVID-19 deaths across demographic characteristics.
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedClohessy, S., Arvanitis, T. N., Rashid, U., Craddock, C., Evans, M., Toro, C. T., Elliott, M. T.
BMJ Open, 3.04.2024
Tilføjet 3.04.2024
ObjectiveThe COVID-19 pandemic accelerated changes to clinical research methodology, with clinical studies being carried out via online/remote means. This mixed-methods study aimed to identify which digital tools are currently used across all stages of clinical research by stakeholders in clinical, health and social care research and investigate their experience using digital tools. DesignTwo online surveys followed by semistructured interviews were conducted. Interviews were audiorecorded, transcribed and analysed thematically. Setting, participantsTo explore the digital tools used since the pandemic, survey participants (researchers and related staff (n=41), research and development staff (n=25)), needed to have worked on clinical, health or social care research studies over the past 2 years (2020–2022) in an employing organisation based in the West Midlands region of England (due to funding from a regional clinical research network (CRN)). Survey participants had the opportunity to participate in an online qualitative interview to explore their experiences of digital tools in greater depth (n=8). ResultsSix themes were identified in the qualitative interviews: ‘definition of a digital tool in clinical research’; ‘impact of the COVID-19 pandemic’; ‘perceived benefits/drawbacks of digital tools’; ‘selection of a digital tool’; ‘barriers and overcoming barriers’ and ‘future digital tool use’. The context of each theme is discussed, based on the interview results. ConclusionsFindings demonstrate how digital tools are becoming embedded in clinical research, as well as the breadth of tools used across different research stages. The majority of participants viewed the tools positively, noting their ability to enhance research efficiency. Several considerations were highlighted; concerns about digital exclusion; need for collaboration with digital expertise/clinical staff, research on tool effectiveness and recommendations to aid future tool selection. There is a need for the development of resources to help optimise the selection and use of appropriate digital tools for clinical research staff and participants.
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedAbdullahi, L. H., Oketch, S., Komen, H., Mbithi, I., Millington, K., Mulupi, S., Chakaya, J., Zulu, E. M.
BMJ Open, 3.04.2024
Tilføjet 3.04.2024
BackgroundTuberculosis (TB) remains a public health concern in Kenya despite the massive global efforts towards ending TB. The impediments to TB prevention and care efforts include poor health systems, resource limitations and other sociopolitical contexts that inform policy and implementation. Notably, TB cases are much higher in men than women. Therefore, the political economy analysis (PEA) study provides in-depth contexts and understanding of the gender gaps to access and successful treatment for TB infection. DesignPEA adopts a qualitative, in-depth approach through key informant interviews (KII) and documentary analysis. Setting and participantsThe KIIs were distributed among government entities, academia, non-state actors and community TB groups from Kenya. ResultsThe themes identified were mapped onto the applied PEA analysis framework domains. The contextual and institutional issues included gender concerns related to the disconnect between TB policies and gender inclusion aspects, such as low prioritisation for TB programmes, limited use of evidence to inform decisions and poor health system structures. The broad barriers influencing the social contexts for TB programmes were social stigma and cultural norms such as traditional interventions that negatively impact health-seeking behaviours. The themes around the economic situation were poverty and unemployment, food insecurity and malnutrition. The political context centred around the systemic and governance gaps in the health system from the national and devolved health functions. ConclusionBroad contextual factors identified from the PEA widen the disparity in targeted gender efforts toward men. Following the development of effective TB policies and strategies, it is essential to have well-planned gendered responsive interventions with a clear implementation plan and monitoring system to enhance access to TB prevention and care.
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedTungsanga, S., Ghimire, A., Hariramani, V. K., Abdulrahman, A., Khan, A. S., Ye, F., Kung, J. Y., Klarenbach, S., Thompson, S., Collister, D., Srisawat, N., Okpechi, I. G., Bello, A. K.
BMJ Open, 3.04.2024
Tilføjet 3.04.2024
IntroductionIn recent decades, all-cause mortality has increased among individuals with chronic kidney disease (CKD), influenced by factors such as aetiology, standards of care and access to kidney replacement therapies (dialysis and transplantation). The recent COVID-19 pandemic also affected mortality over the past few years. Here, we outline the protocol for a systematic review to investigate global temporal trends in all-cause mortality among patients with CKD at any stage from 1990 to current. We also aim to assess temporal trends in the mortality rate associated with the COVID-19 pandemic. Methods and analysisWe will conduct a systematic review of studies reporting mortality for patients with CKD following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines. We will search electronic databases, national and multiregional kidney registries and grey literature to identify observational studies that reported on mortality associated with any cause for patients with CKD of all ages with any stage of the disease. We will collect data between April and August 2023 to include all studies published from 1990 to August 2023. There will be no language restriction, and clinical trials will be excluded. Primary outcome will be temporal trends in CKD-related mortality. Secondary outcomes include assessing mortality differences before and during the COVID-19 pandemic, exploring causes of death and examining trends across CKD stages, country classifications, income levels and demographics. Ethics and disseminationA systematic review will analyse existing data from previously published studies and have no direct involvement with patient data. Thus, ethical approval is not required. Our findings will be published in an open-access peer-reviewed journal and presented at scientific conferences. PROSPERO registration numberCRD42023416084.
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedMedeiros, P., Koebel, J., Yu, A., Kazemi, M., Nicholson, V., Frank, P., Persad, Y., O'Brien, N., Bertozzi, B., Smith, S., Ndung'u, M., Fraleigh, A., Gagnier, B., Cardinal, C., Webster, K., Sanchez, M., Lee, M., Lacombe-Duncan, A., Logie, C. H., Gormley, R., de Pokomandy, A., Kaida, A., Loutfy, M. R.
BMJ Open, 3.04.2024
Tilføjet 3.04.2024
ObjectivesThe community-based, longitudinal, Canadian HIV Women’s Sexual and Reproductive Health Cohort Study (CHIWOS) explored the experiences of women with HIV in Canada over the past decade. CHIWOS’ high-impact publications document significant gaps in the provision of healthcare to women with HIV. We used concept mapping to analyse and present a summary of CHIWOS findings on women’s experiences navigating these gaps. DesignConcept mapping procedures were performed in two steps between June 2019 and March 2021. First, two reviewers (AY and PM) independently reviewed CHIWOS manuscripts and conference abstracts written before 1 August 2019 to identify main themes and generate individual concept maps. Next, the preliminary results were presented to national experts, including women with HIV, to consolidate findings into visuals summarising the experiences and care gaps of women with HIV in CHIWOS. SettingBritish Columbia, Ontario and Quebec, Canada. ParticipantsA total of 18 individual CHIWOS team members participated in this study including six lead investigators of CHIWOS and 12 community researchers. ResultsOverall, a total of 60 peer-reviewed manuscripts and conference abstracts met the inclusion criteria. Using concept mapping, themes were generated and structured through online meetings. In total, six composite concept maps were co-developed: quality of life, HIV care, psychosocial and mental health, sexual health, reproductive health, and trans women’s health. Two summary diagrams were created encompassing the concept map themes, one for all women and one specific to trans women with HIV. Through our analysis, resilience, social support, positive healthy actions and women-centred HIV care were highlighted as strengths leading to well-being for women with HIV. ConclusionsConcept mapping resulted in a composite summary of 60 peer-reviewed CHIWOS publications. This activity allows for priority setting to optimise care and well-being for women with HIV.
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedOgutu, E. A., Ellis, A. S., Hester, K. A., Rodriguez, K., Sakas, Z., Jaishwal, C., Yang, C., Dixit, S., Bose, A. S., Sarr, M., Kilembe, W., Bednarczyk, R., Freeman, M. C.
BMJ Open, 3.04.2024
Tilføjet 3.04.2024
ObjectivesCommunity health workers are essential to front-line health outreach throughout low-income and middle-income countries, including programming for early childhood immunisation. Understanding how community health workers are engaged for successful early childhood vaccination among countries who showed success in immunisation coverage would support evidence-based policy guidance across contexts. DesignWe employed a multiple case study design using qualitative research methods. SettingWe conducted research in Nepal, Senegal and Zambia. ParticipantsWe conducted 207 interviews and 71 focus group discussions with 678 participants at the national, regional, district, health facility and community levels of the health systems of Nepal, Senegal and Zambia, from October 2019 to April 2021. We used thematic analysis to investigate contributing factors of community health worker programming that supported early childhood immunisation within each country and across contexts. ResultsImplementation of vaccination programming relied principally on the (1) organisation, (2) motivation and (3) trust of community health workers. Organisation was accomplished by expanding cadres of community health workers to carry out their roles and responsibilities related to vaccination. Motivation was supported by intrinsic and extrinsic incentives. Trust was expressed by communities due to community health worker respect and value placed on their work. ConclusionImprovements in immunisation coverage was facilitated by community health worker organisation, motivation and trust. With the continued projection of health worker shortages, especially in low-income countries, community health workers bridged the equity gap in access to vaccination services by enabling wider reach to underserved populations. Although improvements in vaccination programming were seen in all three countries—including government commitment to addressing human resource deficits, training and remuneration; workload, inconsistency in compensation, training duration and scope, and supervision remain major challenges to immunisation programming. Health decision-makers should consider organisation, motivation and trust of community health workers to improve the implementation of immunisation programming.
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedWang, Y., Kingwara, L., Wagner, A. D., Yongo, N., Hassan, S. A., Liu, S., Oyaro, P., Patel, R. C.
BMJ Open, 3.04.2024
Tilføjet 3.04.2024
BackgroundHIV drug resistance (DR) is a growing threat to the durability of current and future HIV treatment success. DR testing (DRT) technologies are very expensive and specialised, relying on centralised laboratories in most low and middle-income countries. Modelling for laboratory network with point-of-care (POC) DRT assays to minimise turnaround time (TAT), is urgently needed to meet the growing demand. MethodsWe developed a model with user-friendly interface using integer programming and queueing theory to improve the DRT system in Kisumu County, Kenya. We estimated DRT demand based on both current and idealised scenarios and evaluated a centralised laboratory-only network and an optimised POC DRT network. A one-way sensitivity analysis of key user inputs was conducted. ResultsIn a centralised laboratory-only network, the mean TAT ranged from 8.52 to 8.55 working days, and the system could not handle a demand proportion exceeding 1.6%. In contrast, the mean TAT for POC DRT network ranged from 1.13 to 2.11 working days, with demand proportion up to 4.8%. Sensitivity analyses showed that expanding DRT hubs reduces mean TAT substantially while increasing the processing rate at national labs had minimal effect. For instance, doubling the current service rate at national labs reduced the mean TAT by only 0.0%–1.9% in various tested scenarios, whereas doubling the current service rate at DRT hubs reduced the mean TAT by 37.5%–49.8%. In addition, faster batching modes and transportation were important factors influencing the mean TAT. ConclusionsOur model offers decision-makers an informed framework for improving the DRT system using POC in Kenya. POC DRT networks substantially reduce mean TAT and can handle a higher demand proportion than a centralised laboratory-only network, especially for children and pregnant women living with HIV, where there is an immediate push to use DRT results for patient case management.
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedAmerican Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, 3.04.2024
Tilføjet 3.04.2024
Journal Name: The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene Volume: 110 Issue: 4 Pages: 741-748
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedAmerican Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, 3.04.2024
Tilføjet 3.04.2024
Journal Name: The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene Volume: 110 Issue: 4 Pages: 749-758
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedAmerican Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, 3.04.2024
Tilføjet 3.04.2024
Journal Name: The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene Volume: 110 Issue: 4 Pages: 759-767
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedAmerican Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, 3.04.2024
Tilføjet 3.04.2024
Journal Name: The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene Volume: 110 Issue: 4 Pages: 768-778
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedAmerican Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, 3.04.2024
Tilføjet 3.04.2024
Journal Name: The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene Volume: 110 Issue: 4 Pages: 779-794
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedAmerican Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, 3.04.2024
Tilføjet 3.04.2024
Journal Name: The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene Volume: 110 Issue: 4 Pages: 795-804
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedAmerican Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, 3.04.2024
Tilføjet 3.04.2024
Journal Name: The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene Volume: 110 Issue: 4 Pages: 805-808
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedAmerican Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, 3.04.2024
Tilføjet 3.04.2024
Journal Name: The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene Volume: 110 Issue: 4 Pages: 809-814
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedAmerican Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, 3.04.2024
Tilføjet 3.04.2024
Journal Name: The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene Volume: 110 Issue: 4 Pages: 815-818
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedAmerican Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, 3.04.2024
Tilføjet 3.04.2024
Journal Name: The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene Volume: 110 Issue: 4 Pages: 819-825
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedAmerican Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, 3.04.2024
Tilføjet 3.04.2024
Journal Name: The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene Volume: 110 Issue: 4 Pages: 826-834
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedAmerican Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, 3.04.2024
Tilføjet 3.04.2024
Journal Name: The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene Volume: 110 Issue: 4 Pages: 835-843
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedAmerican Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, 3.04.2024
Tilføjet 3.04.2024
Journal Name: The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene Volume: 110 Issue: 4 Pages: 623-843
Læs mere Tjek på PubMed