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Samuel Rhedin, Beatrice Kvist, Emma Caffrey Osvald, Gale Karte, Awad I. Smew, Pontus Nauclér, Cecilia Lundholm, Catarina Almqvist
Clinical Microbiology and Infection, 17.06.2024
Tilføjet 17.06.2024
While most countries recommend amoxicillin for pediatric pneumonia, there is a long tradition of treatment with penicillin V (PcV) in Sweden, thus not empirically covering Haemophilus influenzae. There are, however, large regional differences in treatment practice. The aim was to compare clinical outcomes (treatment failure and severe complications), in children aged 1 to 59 months treated with PcV versus amoxicillin for pneumonia.
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedRenato Pascale, Mena Gallo, Alice Toschi, Pierluigi Viale, Stefania Curti, Maddalena Giannella
Clinical Microbiology and Infection, 17.06.2024
Tilføjet 17.06.2024
The standardization of Gram-negative bloodstream infection (GN-BSI) management is challenging (1,2). Heil and colleagues proposed a definition of uncomplicated GN-BSI (uGN-BSI) based on the host immune system status, the source of GN-BSI, the quality of source control and the clinical response (3). The authors proposed that patients with uGN-BSI may not need follow-up blood cultures (FU-BCs) and can receive a short treatment duration. A real-life evaluation of this new definition is necessary before introducing it into clinical practice.
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedCordioli, M., Gios, L., Mirandola, M., Zorzi, A., Barbara, C., Padovese, V., Hancali, A., Oumzi, H., Kularatne, R., Jiang, T.-T., Caceres, C. F., Vargas, S., Alvarez, C. S., Camey, E., Peeling, R. W., Unemo, M., Ballard, R., Blondeel, K., Kiarie, J., Thwin, S. S., Toskin, I., The ProSPeRo Network, Cordioli, Gios, Mirandola, Zorzi, Barbara, Padovese, Hancali, Oumzi, Kularatne, Jiang, Caceres, Vargas, Alvarez, Astorga, Peeling, Unemo, Ballard, Blondeel, Kiarie, Thwin, Toskin
BMJ Open, 17.06.2024
Tilføjet 17.06.2024
IntroductionIn 2016, WHO estimated there were roughly 374 million new infections among adults of the following four curable sexually transmitted infections (STIs): chlamydia (caused by Chlamydia trachomatis (CT)), gonorrhoea (Neisseria gonorrhoeae (NG)), syphilis (Treponema pallidum) and trichomoniasis (Trichomonas vaginalis (TV)). Accurate point-of-care tests (POCTs) for screening of genital and extragenital CT, NG and TV infections are of great value and have been developed during recent decade. Several tests are commercially available and have shown encouraging performance compared with ‘gold-standard’ reference tests in laboratory-based studies. However, there is limited data on their clinical performance, including at the POC. Key populations, such as men who have sex with men (MSM), are at higher risk of these STIs at genital and extragenital sites and these STIs are often asymptomatic, especially in extragenital sites and in women. We will conduct a clinical-based evaluation to assess the performance characteristics and acceptability to end-users of molecular-based diagnostic technology for POC/near patient use of the Xpert CT/NG (Cepheid, Sunnyvale, California, USA) test for screening of genital, anorectal and pharyngeal CT and NG infections in MSM and the Xpert CT/NG and Xpert TV (Cepheid, Sunnyvale, California, USA) for screening of genital CT, NG and TV among women at risk for these STIs compared with gold-standard reference nucleic acid amplification tests. This master protocol outlines the overall research approach that will be used in seven countries. Method and analysesConsecutive MSM and women at risk presenting at the clinical sites in high, and low- and middle-income countries will be enrolled. The POCTs to be evaluated are Xpert CT/NG and Xpert TV. All procedures will be carried out by trained healthcare staff and tests performed in strict accordance with the manufacturer’s instructions. The sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive values for each POCT will be calculated. The study is ongoing with recruitment expected to be completed in all countries by mid-2022 to late-2022. Ethics and disseminationPrior to enrolment, this core protocol was independently peer-reviewed and approved by the research project review panel (RP2) of the WHO Department of Sexual and Reproductive Health and Research and by the WHO Ethics Review Committee (ERC). The core protocol has been slightly adapted accordingly to individual countries and adaptations approved by both RP2 and ERC, as well as all relevant institutional review boards at each participating site. Results will be disseminated through peer-reviewed journals and presented at relevant national/international conferences.
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedNaidoo, R., Lambert, B., Voysey, M., Shretta, R., Keene, C. M., Wanat, M., Andersen-Waine, B., Dahal, P., Stepniewska, K., Hounsell, R., Molyneux, S., Pinto-Duschinsky, S., Rowe, E., Yenidogan, G., Fowler, T., White, L., Consortium, E.-O. H. A.
BMJ Open, 17.06.2024
Tilføjet 17.06.2024
IntroductionIn 2020, the UK government established a large-scale testing programme to rapidly identify individuals in England who were infected with SARS-CoV-2 and had COVID-19. This comprised part of the UK government’s COVID-19 response strategy, to protect those at risk of severe COVID-19 disease and death and to reduce the burden on the health system. To assess the success of this approach, the UK Health Security Agency (UKHSA) commissioned an independent evaluation of the activities delivered by the National Health System testing programme in England. The primary purpose of this evaluation will be to capture key learnings from the roll-out of testing to different target populations via various testing services between October 2020 and March 2022 and to use these insights to formulate recommendations for future pandemic preparedness strategy. In this protocol, we detail the rationale, approach and study design. Methods and analysisThe proposed study involves a stepwise mixed-methods approach, aligned with established methods for the evaluation of complex interventions in health, to retrospectively assess the combined impact of key asymptomatic and symptomatic testing services nationally. The research team will first develop a theory of change, formulated in collaboration with testing service stakeholders, to understand the causal pathways and intended and unintended outcomes of each testing service and explore contextual impacts on each testing service’s intended outcomes. Insights gained will help identify indicators to evaluate how the combined aims of the testing programme were achieved, using a mixed-methods approach. Ethics and disseminationThe study protocol was granted ethics approval by the UKHSA Research Ethics and Governance Group (reference NR0347). All relevant ethics guidelines will be followed throughout. Findings arising from this evaluation will be used to inform lessons learnt and recommendations for UKHSA on appropriate pandemic preparedness testing programme designs; findings will also be disseminated in peer-reviewed journals, a publicly available report to be published online and at academic conferences. The final report of findings from the evaluation will be used as part of a portfolio of evidence produced for the independent COVID-19 government inquiry in the UK. Transparency declarationThe lead author (the manuscript’s guarantor) affirms that the manuscript is an honest, accurate and transparent account of the study being reported; no important aspects of the study have been omitted, and any discrepancies from the study as planned have been explained.
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedHlahla, K., Azizi, S. C., Simms, V., Dziva Chikwari, C., Dauya, E., Bandason, T., Tembo, M., Mavodza, C., Kranzer, K., Ferrand, R.
BMJ Open, 17.06.2024
Tilføjet 17.06.2024
ObjectivesHazardous drinking (HD) and substance use (SU) can lead to disinhibited behaviour and are both growing public health problems among Southern African youths. We investigated the prevalence of SU and HD and their association with risky sexual behaviour among youth in Zimbabwe. DesignData analysis from a population-based survey conducted between October 2021 and June 2022 to ascertain the outcomes of a cluster randomised trial (CHIEDZA: Trial registration number:NCT03719521). Trial Stage: Post-results. Setting24 communities in three provinces in Zimbabwe. ParticipantsYouth aged 18–24 years living in randomly selected households. Outcome measuresHD was defined as an Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test score ≥8, SU was defined as ever use of ≥1 commonly used substances in the local setting. ResultsOf 17 585 participants eligible for this analysis, 61% were women and the median age was 20 (IQR: 19–22) years. Overall, 4.5% and 7.0% of participants reported HD and SU, respectively. Men had a substantially higher prevalence than women of HD (8.2% vs 1.9%) and SU (15.1% vs 1.5%). Among men, after adjusting for socio-demographic factors, we found increased odds of having >1 sexual partner in those who engaged in SU (adjusted OR (aOR)=2.67, 95% CI: 2.21 to 3.22), HD (aOR=3.40, 95% CI: 2.71 to 4.26) and concurrent HD and SU (aOR=4.57,95% CI: 3.59 to 5.81) compared with those who did not engage in HD or SU. Similarly, there were increased odds of receiving/providing transactional sex among men who engaged in SU (aOR=2.51, 95% CI: 1.68 to 3.74), HD (aOR=3.60, 95% CI: 2.24 to 5.79), and concurrent HD and SU (aOR=7.74, 95% CI: 5.44 to 11.0). SU was associated with 22% increased odds of inconsistent condom use in men (aOR=1.22, 95% CI: 1.03 to 1.47). In women, the odds of having >1 sexual partner and having transactional sex were also increased among those who engaged in SU and HD. ConclusionSU and HD are associated with sexual behaviours that increase the risk of HIV acquisition in youth. Sexual and reproductive health interventions must consider HD and SU as potential drivers of risky sexual behaviour in youths.
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedBMC Infectious Diseases, 17.06.2024
Tilføjet 17.06.2024
Abstract Background The SARS-CoV-2 pandemic underscored the need for pandemic preparedness, with respiratory-transmitted viruses considered as a substantial risk. In pandemics, long‐term care facilities (LTCFs) are a high-risk setting with severe outbreaks and burden of disease. Non‐pharmacological interventions (NPIs) constitute the primary defence mechanism when pharmacological interventions are not available. However, evidence on the effectiveness of NPIs implemented in LTCFs remains unclear. Methods We conducted a systematic review assessing the effectiveness of NPIs implemented in LTCFs to protect residents and staff from viral respiratory pathogens with pandemic potential. We searched Medline, Embase, CINAHL, and two COVID-19 registries in 09/2022. Screening and data extraction was conducted independently by two experienced researchers. We included randomized controlled trials and non-randomized observational studies of intervention effects. Quality appraisal was conducted using ROBINS-I and RoB2. Primary outcomes encompassed number of outbreaks, infections, hospitalizations, and deaths. We synthesized findings narratively, focusing on the direction of effect. Certainty of evidence (CoE) was assessed using GRADE. Results We analysed 13 observational studies and three (cluster) randomized controlled trials. All studies were conducted in high-income countries, all but three focused on SARS-CoV-2 with the rest focusing on influenza or upper-respiratory tract infections. The evidence indicates that a combination of different measures and hand hygiene interventions can be effective in protecting residents and staff from infection-related outcomes (moderate CoE). Self-confinement of staff with residents, compartmentalization of staff in the LTCF, and the routine testing of residents and/or staff in LTCFs, among others, may be effective (low CoE). Other measures, such as restricting shared spaces, serving meals in room, cohorting infected and non-infected residents may be effective (very low CoE). An evidence gap map highlights the lack of evidence on important interventions, encompassing visiting restrictions, pre-entry testing, and air filtration systems. Conclusions Although CoE of interventions was low or very low for most outcomes, the implementation of NPIs identified as potentially effective in this review often constitutes the sole viable option, particularly prior to the availability of vaccinations. Our evidence-gap map underscores the imperative for further research on several interventions. These gaps need to be addressed to prepare LTCFs for future pandemics. Trial registration CRD42022344149.
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedBMC Infectious Diseases, 17.06.2024
Tilføjet 17.06.2024
Abstract Background Q fever, caused by the zoonotic pathogen Coxiella burnetii, exhibits a worldwide prevalence. In China, Q fever is not recognized as a notifiable disease, and the disease is overlooked and underestimated in clinical practice, leading to diagnostic challenges. Case presentation We present a case series of three patients diagnosed with persistent Q fever between 2022 and 2023. The average age of our three cases was 63.33 years old, consisting of two males and one female. The medical history of the individuals included previous valve replacement, aneurysm followed by aortic stent-graft placement and prosthetic hip joint replacement. At the onset of the disease, only one case exhibited acute fever, while the remaining two cases were devoid of any acute symptoms. The etiology was initially overlooked until metagenomic next-generation sequencing test identified Coxiella burnetii from the blood or biopsy samples. Delayed diagnosis was noted, with a duration ranging from three months to one year between the onset of the disease and its confirmation. The epidemiological history uncovered that none of the three cases had direct exposure to domestic animals or consumption of unpasteurized dairy products. Case 1 and 2 resided in urban areas, while Case 3 was a rural resident engaged in farming. All patients received combination therapy of doxycycline and hydroxychloroquine, and no recurrence of the disease was observed during the follow-up period. Conclusion Q fever is rarely diagnosed and reported in clinical practice in our country. We should be aware of persistent Q fever in high-risk population, even with unremarkable exposure history. Metagenomic next-generation sequencing holds great potential as a diagnostic tool for identifying rare and fastidious pathogens such as Coxiella burnetii.
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedBMC Infectious Diseases, 17.06.2024
Tilføjet 17.06.2024
Abstract Background Urinary tract infection is one of the most common infections in humans, affecting women in more proportion. The bladder was considered sterile, but it has a urinary microbiome. Moreover, intracellular bacteria (IB) were observed in uroepithelial cells from children and women with urinary tract infections (UTIs). Here, we evaluated the presence of IB in urine from healthy people and patients with UTI symptoms. Methods Midstream urine was self-collected from 141 donors, 77 females and 64 males; 72 belonged to the asymptomatic group and 69 were symptomatic. IB was characterized by a culture-dependent technique and visualized by confocal microscopy. Urine was also subjected to the classical uroculture and isolated bacteria were identified by MALDI-TOF. Results One-hundred and fifteen uroculture were positive. A significant association was observed between the presence of symptoms and IB (P = 0.007). Moreover, a significant association between the presence of IB, symptoms and being female was observed (P = 0.03). From the cases with IB, Escherichia coli was the most frequent microorganism identified (34.7%), followed by Stenotrophomonas maltophilia (14.2%), Staphylococcus spp (14.2%), and Enterococcus faecalis (10.7%). Intracellular E. coli was associated with the symptomatic group (P = 0.02). Most of the intracellular Staphylococcus spp. were recovered from the asymptomatic group (P = 0.006). Conclusions Intracellular bacteria are present in patients with UTI but also in asymptomatic people. Here, we report for the first time, the presence of S. maltophilia, Staphylococcus spp., and Enterobacter cloacae as intracellular bacteria in uroepithelial cells. These findings open new insights into the comprehension of urinary tract infections, urinary microbiome and future therapies. Uroculture as the gold standard could not be enough for an accurate diagnosis in recurrent or complicated cases.
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedBMC Infectious Diseases, 17.06.2024
Tilføjet 17.06.2024
Abstract Background Acinetobacter baumannii resistant strains lead to increased mortality, treatment costs, and an increase in the length of hospitalization. Nowadays, nanoparticles are considered a substitute for antibiotics. This study aimed to determine the MIC of Silver (Ag) and Zinc Oxide (ZnO) Nanoparticles (NPs) on Biofilm-Producing Acinetobacter baumannii and determine the relationship between MIC and frequency of efflux pump genes in cutaneous specimens in Shiraz, Southwest Iran in 2021–2022. Methods In this study, specimens were collected from April 2021 to June 2022 at Namazi and Faqihi Hospitals in Shiraz. Investigation of biofilm production in multidrug resistance (MDR) isolates was done by the microtiter plate method. Synthesized nanoparticles were characterized by UV–vis spectrum, X-ray diffraction (XRD), and electron microscopy. The MIC of AgNPs and ZnONPs for isolates was done using the method described in the CLSI guideline (2018). The antibacterial effect of MIC of NPs on inanimate objects was done by colony counts. The prevalence of efflux pump genes (adeR, adeC, adeA, abeM, adeK, adeI) was also investigated by PCR technique. Results The highest ceftriaxone resistance (68%) and lowest colistin resistance (7%) were identified. 57% of isolates were MDR. In addition, 71.9% could produce biofilm and 28.1% of isolates could not produce biofilm. The average size of AgNPs and ZnONPs in the present study is 48 and
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedBMC Infectious Diseases, 17.06.2024
Tilføjet 17.06.2024
Abstract Background As an emerging infectious disease with a heterogenous and uncertain transmission pattern, coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has created a catastrophe in healthcare-associated infections (HAIs) and posed a significant challenge to infection control practices (ICPs) in healthcare settings. While the unique characteristics of psychiatric patients and clinical settings may make the implementation of ICPs difficult, evidence is lacking for compliance with ICPs among healthcare workers (HCWs) in a psychiatric setting during the COVID-19 pandemic. Methods A cross-sectional multi-method study based on participant unobtrusive observation coupled with the completion of a self-administered ICP survey was conducted to assess compliance with ICPs among HCWs in a psychiatric inpatient ward in a regional hospital. An online checklist, called eRub, was used to record the performance of HCWs in hand hygiene (HH) and other essential ICPs. Furthermore, a well-validated questionnaire (i.e., Compliance with Standard Precautions Scale, CSPS) was used to collect the participants’ self-reported ICP compliance for later comparison. Results A total of 2,670 ICP opportunities were observed from January to April 2020. The overall compliance rate was 42.6%. HCWs exhibited satisfactory compliance to the wearing of mask (91.2%) and the handling of clinical waste (87.5%); suboptimal compliance to the handling of sharp objects (67.7%) and linen (72.7%); and poor compliance to HH (3.3%), use of gloves (40.9%), use of personal protective equipment (20%), and disinfection of used surface/area (0.4%). The compliance rates of the nurses and support staff to HH were significantly different (χ2 = 123.25, p
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedBMC Infectious Diseases, 17.06.2024
Tilføjet 17.06.2024
Abstract Background This study aimed at validating the updated DeLone and McLean’s information systems success model (D&MISS) in a developing country’s infectious disease pandemic preparedness and response context. The findings from this study are relevant to inform policies and actions for enhancing developing countries’ the Health Information System’s (HIS) performance, and specifically to improve their future pandemic readiness and response. The study sought to respond to a key research question: to what extent can the D&MISS model provide evidence to enhance the HIS’s infectious disease pandemic readiness and response in developing countries? Method A cross-sectional study design that involved a multi-stage probability sampling approach to select eligible healthcare workers was applied. Conducted in Nigeria and Liberia, 576 primary healthcare workers, out of the proposed 600, participated, representing a response rate of 96%. The D&MISS model served as the theoretical underpinning for this study, and nine hypothesized relationships were stated before the study based on the interconnectedness of the model’s six dimensions. Structural Equation Modelling (SEM) data analysis using the Partial Least Square approach was used to determine if hypothesized relationships were supported. Results 70% of the observed variance in the Net Benefit construct was explained by the predictive influence of the Use and User Satisfaction constructs. The Use construct had a slightly more substantial predictive influence than the User Satisfaction construct. Eight of the nine hypothesized relationships were supported, except for the relationship between Information Quality and Use. The relationships between System Quality and Use and User Satisfaction and Net Benefit had the highest beta coefficient, statistically significant at p
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedBMC Infectious Diseases, 17.06.2024
Tilføjet 17.06.2024
Abstract Background Leprosy, or Hansen’s disease, is a chronic infectious disease caused by Mycobacterium leprae. Togo achieved the target of eliminating leprosy as a public health problem in 2000 (less than 1 case/10 000 population). However, new cases of leprosy are still being reported. The aim of this study was to describe and map trends of leprosy cases notified in Togo from 2010 to 2022. Methods This was a descriptive cross-sectional study covering a thirteen-year period from January 1, 2010, to December 31, 2022. The data of the study were leprosy surveillance system’s data collected monthly between 2010 and 2022. The estimated number of leprosy cases and the incidence rate of leprosy cases were reported for the whole population by region, by district, by calendar year (2010–2022) and by target sub-population (children under 15, women and people with disabilities). Observed case incidence rates were mapped by health district and by year. Results From January 1, 2010, to December 31, 2022, 1031 new cases of leprosy were diagnosed in Togo. The median age of subjects was 46 years (interquartile range: 33–60), with extremes from 4 to 96 years. Half the subjects were women (50.7%). Variations in the leprosy incidence rate by year show an increase between 2010 and 2022, from 0.7 cases /100,000 population to 1.1 /100,000 population respectively. From 2010 to 2022, the proportion of cases in children remained low, between 0 and 9%. The proportion of women fluctuated between 39.7% and 67.2% between 2010 and 2017, then stabilized at an average of 50% between 2018 and 2022. The proportion of multi-bacillary leprosy cases increased quasi-linearly between 2010 and 2022, from 70 to 96.6%. Mapping of leprosy cases showed that leprosy was notified in all Togo health districts during the study period, apart from the Lacs district, which reported no leprosy cases. Conclusion Togo has achieved the elimination of leprosy as a public health problem. However, the increase in the number of new leprosy cases and the proportion of leprosy cases in children indicate that transmission of the disease is continuing and that supplementary measures are needed.
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedInternational Journal for Parasitology, 17.06.2024
Tilføjet 17.06.2024
Publication date: Available online 15 June 2024 Source: International Journal for Parasitology Author(s): Juan D. Mosquera, Sandie Escotte-Binet, Marie-Lazarine Poulle, Stéphane Betoulle, Yves St-Pierre, France Caza, Thomas Saucède, Sonia Zapata, Rosa De Los Angeles Bayas, Dario X. Ramirez-Villacis, Isabelle Villena, Aurélie Bigot-Clivot
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedSodeke, Olutomi; Milligan, Kyle; Ezeuko, Ijeoma; Oladipo, Ademola; Emeh, Anuri; Bashorun, Adebobola; Orisawayi, Oluwaniyi; Danjuma, Sanda; Onotu, Dennis; Boyd, Adetinuke Mary; Abutu, Andrew; Chun, Helen; Vallabhaneni, Snigdha
AIDS, 16.06.2024
Tilføjet 16.06.2024
Background: :To inform optimal management of HIV viremia on TLD, we examined viral load (VL) outcomes of a large cohort of adult PLHIV on TLD in Nigeria. Methods: :We conducted a retrospective study of adult PLHIV who had ≥1 VL after initiating TLD during January 2017–February 2023. VLs were categorized as undetectable (≤50 copies/mL), low low-level viremia (LLV, 51–199 copies/mL), high LLV (200–999 copies/mL), virologic nonsuppression (VLNS, ≥1000 copies/mL), and virologic failure (VF, ≥2 consecutive VLNS results). Among patients with ≥2 VLs on TLD, we described how viremia changed over time and examined virologic outcomes after VF. We identified predictors of subsequent VLNS using mixed-effects logistic regression and conducted planned contrasts between levels of VL result and regimen types. Results: :Analysis of 82,984 VL pairs from 47,531 patients demonstrated viral resuppression to ≤50 copies/mL at follow-up VL in 66.7% of those with initial low LLV, 59.1% of those with initial high LLV, and 48.9% of those with initial VLNS. Of 662 patients with a follow-up VL after VF, 94.6% stayed on TLD; of which 57.8% (359/621) were undetectable at next VL without regimen change. Previous low LLV (aOR 1.74, 1.56–1.93), high LLV (aOR 2.35, 2.08–2.65), and VLNS (aOR 6.45, 5.81–7.16) were associated with increasingly higher odds of subsequent VLNS, whereas a previously undetectable VL (aOR 1.08, 0.99–1.71) on TLD was not. Conclusions: :Despite increased odds of subsequent VLNS, most PLHIV with detectable viremia on TLD, including those with VF, will resuppress to an undetectable VL without a regimen change. Copyright © 2024 Wolters Kluwer Health, Inc. All rights reserved.
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedFung, Kelly; Hernandez-Diaz, Sonia; Zash, Rebecca; Chadwick, Ellen G.; Van Dyke, Russell B.; Broadwell, Carly; Jao, Jennifer; Powis, Kathleen; Yee, Lynn M.; Williams, Paige L.; for the Pediatrics HIV/AIDS Cohort Study (PHACS)
AIDS, 16.06.2024
Tilføjet 16.06.2024
Objective: To characterize associations of exposure to newer antiretroviral medications in the first trimester with congenital anomalies among infants born to persons with HIV in the United States. Design: Longitudinal cohort of infants born 2012–2022 to pregnant persons with HIV enrolled in the Surveillance Monitoring for ART Toxicities (SMARTT) study. Methods: First-trimester exposures to newer ARVs were abstracted from maternal medical records. Trained site staff conducted physical exams and abstracted congenital anomalies from infant medical records. Investigators classified anomalies using the Metropolitan Atlanta Congenital Defects Program classification system. The prevalence of major congenital anomalies identified by age one year was estimated for infants exposed and unexposed to each ARV. Generalized estimating equation models were used to estimate the odds ratio (OR) of major congenital anomalies for each ARV exposure, adjusting for potential confounders. Results: Of 2034 infants, major congenital anomalies were identified in 135 (6.6%; 95% CI: 5.6%-7.8%). Cardiovascular (n = 43) and musculoskeletal (n = 37) anomalies were the most common. Adjusted ORs (95% CI) of congenital anomalies were 1.03 (0.62–1.72) for darunavir, 0.91 (0.46–1.81) for raltegravir, 1.04 (0.58–1.85) for rilpivirine, 1.31 (0.71–2.41) for elvitegravir, 0.76 (0.37–1.57) for dolutegravir, and 0.34 (0.05–2.51) for bictegravir, compared to those unexposed to each specific ARV. Findings were similar after adjustment for nucleoside/nucleotide backbones. Conclusions: The odds of congenital anomalies among infants with first-trimester exposure to newer ARVs did not differ substantially from those unexposed to these specific ARVs, which is reassuring. Continued evaluation of these ARVs with larger studies will be needed to confirm these findings. Copyright © 2024 Wolters Kluwer Health, Inc. All rights reserved.
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedHwang, Y. Joseph; Lesko, Catherine R.; Brown, Todd T.; Alexander, G. Caleb; Zalla, Lauren C.; Keruly, Jeanne C.; Snow, LaQuita N.; Pytell, Jarratt D.; Falade-Nwulia, Oluwaseun; Jones, Joyce L.; Moore, Richard D.; Fojo, Anthony T.
AIDS, 16.06.2024
Tilføjet 16.06.2024
Objective: Integrase strand transfer inhibitors (INSTI) are associated with weight gain in people with HIV (PWH), but their impact on diabetes is unclear. We evaluated the association between switching from nonnucleoside reverse-transcriptase inhibitors (NNRTI) or protease inhibitors (PI) to INSTI and incident diabetes. Design: Longitudinal cohort study Methods: We included PWH aged ≥18 years from the Johns Hopkins HIV Clinical Cohort (2007–2023) without history of diabetes who had used NNRTI or PI for ≥180 days. We followed participants up to 10 years from HIV primary care visits where they switched to INSTI or continued NNRTI or PI. We estimated the hazard of incident diabetes associated with switching to INSTI using weighted Cox regression with robust variance estimator. Results: We included 2,075 PWH who attended 22,116 visits where they continued NNRTI or PI and 631 visits where they switched to INSTI. Switching to INSTI was associated with a weighted hazard ratio (wHR) of 1.11 (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.77–1.59) for incident diabetes. The association if no weight gain occurred during the first two years was not qualitatively different (wHR 1.22; 95% CI, 0.82–1.80). In a posthoc analysis, switching to INSTI conferred a significant wHR of 1.79 (95% CI, 1.13–2.84) for diabetes within the first two years but not after. Conclusions: Switching from NNRTI or PI to INSTI did not significantly increase overall diabetes incidence in PWH, although there may be elevated risk in the first two years. These findings can inform considerations when switching to INSTI-based regimens. Copyright © 2024 Wolters Kluwer Health, Inc. All rights reserved.
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedKohler, Pamela; Larsen, Anna; Abuna, Felix; Owiti, George; Sila, Joseph; Owens, Tamara; Kemunto, Valerie; Lagat, Harrison; Vera, Melissa; Richardson, Barbra A.; Wilson, Kate; Pintye, Jillian; John-Stewart, Grace; Kinuthia, John
AIDS, 16.06.2024
Tilføjet 16.06.2024
Objective: To evaluate effectiveness of a standardized patient actor (SP) training intervention to improve quality of PrEP services for adolescent girls and young women (AGYW) in Kenya. Design: Cluster randomized trial and mystery shopper evaluation. Methods: Twelve of 24 maternal child health and family planning facilities were randomized to SP training. Providers at intervention facilities participated in 2-day training in adolescent health, PrEP guidelines, values clarification, and communication skills, followed by role-playing and de-briefing with trained actors. Control facilities received standard national training. The primary outcome was quality of care, assessed by unannounced SPs (USPs) or “mystery shoppers” blinded to intervention arm. Quality was measured in two domains: guideline adherence and communication skills. Intent to treat analysis compared post-intervention quality scores by randomization arm, clustering on facility, and adjusting for baseline scores and USP. Results: Overall, 232 providers consented to USP visits, and 94 providers completed the training. Following training, USPs posed as AGYW seeking PrEP in 142 encounters (5–6 encounters per site). The mean quality score was 73.6% at intervention sites and 58.4% at control sites [adjusted mean difference=15.3, 95% Confidence interval (CI): 9.4–21.1, p
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedMazzitelli, Maria; Cozzolino, Claudia; Gasparini, Gianluca; Chiaro, Eleonora; Brazzale, Camilla; Mancino, Flavia; Mingardo, Sara; Sasset, Lolita; Leoni, Davide; Baldo, Vincenzo; Favaro, Angela; Cattelan, Annamaria
AIDS, 16.06.2024
Tilføjet 16.06.2024
Objective: Binge eating (BE) is a mental health disorder related to weight gain (WG), whose prevalence/correlation with weight excess in people with HIV (PWH) have been scarcely investigated. Design: A cross-sectional study of PWH who underwent the validated Binge eating scale (BES) questionnaire. Methods: We included adult PWH during routine visits from October 2022 to February 2023. The BES questionnaire was administered with the support of a psychiatrist (score
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedBunge, Jeroen J. H.; Mariani, Silvia; Meuwese, Christiaan; van Bussel, Bas C. T.; Di Mauro, Michele; Wiedeman, Dominik; Saeed, Diyar; Pozzi, Matteo; Loforte, Antonio; Boeken, Udo; Samalavicius, Robertas; Bounader, Karl; Hou, Xiaotong; Buscher, Hergen; Salazar, Leonardo; Meyns, Bart; Herr, Daniel; Matteucci, Sacha; Sponga, Sandro; MacLaren, Graeme; Russo, Claudio; Formica, Francesco; Sakiyalak, Pranya; Fiore, Antonio; Camboni, Daniele; Raffa, Giuseppe Maria; Diaz, Rodrigo; Wang, I-wen; Jung, Jae-Seung; Belohlavek, Jan; Pellegrino, Vin; Bianchi, Giacomo; Pettinari, Matteo; Barbone, Alessandro; Garcia, José P.; Shekar, Kiran; Whitman, Glenn J. R.; Gommers, Diederik; Dos Reis Miranda, Dinis; Lorusso, Roberto; on behalf of the Post-Cardiotomy Extracorporeal Life Support (PELS-1) Investigators
Critical Care Medicine, 16.06.2024
Tilføjet 16.06.2024
Objectives: Most post-cardiotomy (PC) extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) runs last less than 7 days. Studies on the outcomes of longer runs have provided conflicting results. This study investigates patient characteristics and short- and long-term outcomes in relation to PC ECMO duration, with a focus on prolonged (> 7 d) ECMO. Design: Retrospective observational cohort study. Setting: Thirty-four centers from 16 countries between January 2000 and December 2020. Patients: Adults requiring post PC ECMO between 2000 and 2020. Interventions: None. Measurements and Main Results: Characteristics, in-hospital, and post-discharge outcomes were compared among patients categorized by ECMO duration. Survivors and nonsurvivors were compared in the subgroup of patients with ECMO duration greater than 7 days. The primary outcome was in-hospital mortality. Two thousand twenty-one patients were included who required PC ECMO for 0–3 days (n = 649 [32.1%]), 4–7 days (n = 776 [38.3%]), 8–10 days (n = 263 [13.0%]), and greater than 10 days (n = 333 [16.5%]). There were no major differences in the investigated preoperative and procedural characteristics among ECMO duration groups. However, the longer ECMO duration category was associated with multiple complications including bleeding, acute kidney injury, arrhythmias, and sepsis. Hospital mortality followed a U-shape curve, with lowest mortality in patients with ECMO duration of 4–7 days (n = 394, 50.8%) and highest in patients with greater than 10 days ECMO support (n = 242, 72.7%). There was no significant difference in post-discharge survival between ECMO duration groups. In patients with ECMO duration greater than 7 days, age, comorbidities, valvular diseases, and complex procedures were associated with nonsurvival. Conclusions: Nearly 30% of PC ECMO patients were supported for greater than 7 days. In-hospital mortality increased after 7 days of support, especially in patients undergoing valvular and complex surgery, or who had complications, although the long-term post-discharge prognosis was comparable to PC ECMO patients with shorter support duration.
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedYixue Sun Yanting Zhu Pengju Zhang Shouzhi Sheng Zhenhong Guan Yanlong Cong a Department of Policies and Regulations, Changchun University, Changchun, People’s Republic of Chinab State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Severe Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Key Laboratory for Zoonosis Research of the Ministry of Education, and College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, Chinac Institute of Animal Biotechnology, Jilin Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, People’s Republic of China
Emerg Microbes Infect, 16.06.2024
Tilføjet 16.06.2024
Cynthia Y. Tang Cheng Gao Kritika Prasai Tao Li Shreya Dash Jane A. McElroy Jun Hang Xiu-Feng Wan a Center for Influenza and Emerging Infectious Diseases, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, USAb Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, USAc Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, USAd Institute for Data Science and Informatics, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, USAe Department of Electrical Engineering & Computer Science, College of Engineering, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, USAf Viral Diseases Branch, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland, USAg Family and Community Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, USA
Emerg Microbes Infect, 16.06.2024
Tilføjet 16.06.2024
Franziska KaiserNational Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Hamilton, MT, Dylan H. MorrisUniversity of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, Arthur Wickenhagen, Reshma Mukesh, Shane Gallogly, Kwe Claude Yinda, and Emmie de WitNational Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Hamilton, MT, James O. Lloyd-SmithUniversity of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, Vincent J. MunsterNational Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Hamilton, MT vincent.munster@nih.gov
New England Journal of Medicine, 16.06.2024
Tilføjet 16.06.2024
Malaria Journal, 15.06.2024
Tilføjet 15.06.2024
Abstract Background Malaria is a critical public health concern in Ethiopia, with significant socioeconomic consequences. Malaria data trend analysis is essential for understanding transmission patterns and adopting evidence-based malaria control measures. The purpose of this study was to determine the 5 year distribution of malaria in North Shewa zone, Amhara region, Ethiopia, in 2023. Methods A descriptive cross-sectional study design was employed to analyse the 5 year trend of malaria surveillance data in the North Shewa zone of the Amhara regional, Ethiopia, spanning from July 2018 to June 2023. The malaria indicator data were gathered from the zone’s public health emergency management database. Malaria data from the previous 5 years was collected, compiled, processed, and analysed using Microsoft Excel 2019. Results Among a total of 434,110 suspected cases 47,889 (11.03%) cases were confirmed as malaria, with an average annual malaria incidence rate of 4.4 per 1000 population in the Zone. Malaria cases exhibited an increase from Epidemiological Week (Epi week) 37 to Epi week 49 (September to November) and again from Epi week 22 to week 30 (May to July). Individuals aged 15 and above, and all districts in the Zone except Angolela were notably affected by malaria. Conclusion Despite implementing various measures to reduce malaria incidence, the disease continues to persist in the zone. Therefore, the Zone Health Department should intensify its preventive and control efforts.
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedInfection, 15.06.2024
Tilføjet 15.06.2024
Abstract Objectives To determine the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the incidence rates of infection and islet autoimmunity in children at risk for type 1 diabetes. Methods 1050 children aged 4 to 7 months with an elevated genetic risk for type 1 diabetes were recruited from Germany, Poland, Sweden, Belgium and the UK. Reported infection episodes and islet autoantibody development were monitored until age 40 months from February 2018 to February 2023. Results The overall infection rate was 311 (95% Confidence Interval [CI], 304–318) per 100 person years. Infection rates differed by age, country, family history of type 1 diabetes, and period relative to the pandemic. Total infection rates were 321 per 100 person-years (95% CI 304–338) in the pre-pandemic period (until February 2020), 160 (95% CI 148–173) per 100 person-years in the first pandemic year (March 2020—February 2021; P
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedFei Wang, Xinyi Shao, Binghao Bao, Yixuan Yang, Yu Wang, Jing Zhang, Siqi Wang, Yongmei Chen, Daishu Han
Journal of Medical Virology, 15.06.2024
Tilføjet 15.06.2024
Hyejun Kim, Seoyeon Kyung, Jaeyu Park, Hojae Lee, Myeongcheol Lee, Lee Smith, Masoud Rahmati, Ju‐Young Shin, Jiseung Kang, Louis Jacob, Nikolaos G. Papadopoulos, Sang Youl Rhee, Jinseok Lee, Hyeon Jin Kim, Hayeon Lee, Dong Keon Yon
Journal of Medical Virology, 15.06.2024
Tilføjet 15.06.2024
Baptiste Demey, Aurélien Aubry, Véronique Descamps, Virginie Morel, My Hanh Hillary Le, Claire Presne, François Brazier, François Helle, Etienne Brochot
Journal of Medical Virology, 15.06.2024
Tilføjet 15.06.2024
Arianna Ceruti, Martin Faye, Moussa M. Diagne, Rea M. Kobialka, Sheila Makiala‐Mandanda, Ousmane Faye, Oumar Faye, Ahmed A. El Wahed, Manfred Weidmann
Journal of Medical Virology, 15.06.2024
Tilføjet 15.06.2024
Ruth Aguilar, Alfons Jiménez, Rebeca Santano, Marta Vidal, Oumou Maiga‐Ascofare, Ricardo Strauss, Joseph Bonney, Melvin Agbogbatey, Odin Goovaerts, Eric E. A. Boham, Evan A. Adu, Inocencia Cuamba, Anna Ramírez‐Morros, Sheetij Dutta, Evelina Angov, Bin Zhan, Luis Izquierdo, Pere Santamaria, Alfredo Mayor, Joaquim Gascón, Anna Ruiz‐Comellas, Luis M. Molinos‐Albert, John H. Amuasi, Anthony A.‐A. Awuah, Wim Adriaensen, Carlota Dobaño, Gemma Moncunill
Journal of Medical Virology, 15.06.2024
Tilføjet 15.06.2024
Chau Quang, Amy W. Chung, Troy J. Kemp, Tupou Ratu, Evelyn Tuivaga, Fiona M. Russell, Paul V. Licciardi, Zheng Q. Toh
Journal of Medical Virology, 15.06.2024
Tilføjet 15.06.2024
Zekun Wang, Shaojun Pei, Haoliang Cui, Jianyi Zhang, Zhongwei Jia
Journal of Medical Virology, 15.06.2024
Tilføjet 15.06.2024
Peiru Shi, Rong Wang, Enmei Liu, Yu Deng
Journal of Medical Virology, 15.06.2024
Tilføjet 15.06.2024
Augustine Asare Boadu, Michelle Yeboah-Manu, Stephen Osei-Wusu, Dorothy Yeboah-Manu
International Journal of Infectious Diseases, 15.06.2024
Tilføjet 15.06.2024
The global burden of tuberculosis (TB) and diabetes mellitus (DM) is substantial, and these diseases disproportionately affect the most vulnerable populations, including people living in poverty, malnourished individuals, and the aged. TB remains a significant global health challenge despite sustained efforts to prevent, detect, and treat the disease [1]. It is the 13th cause of death worldwide and the deadliest infectious disease after COVID-19, and experts predict that if not controlled, it will become the world\'s number one cause of death [1,2].
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedBMC Infectious Diseases, 15.06.2024
Tilføjet 15.06.2024
Abstract Background Early diagnosis of HIV infection decreases the time from HIV diagnosis to viral suppression and reduces further HIV transmission. The Chinese Guidelines for the Diagnosis and Treatment of HIV/AIDS (2021 edition) state that an HIV RNA level > 5,000 copies/mL is the threshold for diagnosing HIV infection. The impact of low viral load values on HIV diagnosis needs to be investigated. Methods There were 3455 human immunodeficiency virus (HIV1 + 2) antibody results (immunoblotting method) and 65,129 HIV viral load values at Beijing Youan Hospital from 2019 to 2022. A total of 2434 patients had both antibody confirmatory results and viral load results. The confirmatory antibody results and HIV viral load results of 2434 patients were analyzed to investigate the impact of low viral load values on HIV diagnosis. Results Of the 2434 patients who had both confirmatory antibody results and viral load results, the viral load values of 140 patients (5.8%) had viral loads ranging from 40 copies/mL to 5,000 copies/mL before positive confirmatory antibody result, and of these 140 patients, the sample receipt time for the viral load tests of 96 (66.7%) individuals was 1 to 6 days earlier than the corresponding sample receipt time for the confirmatory antibody test. In addition, 34 patients (1.4%) had low viral loads ranging from 40 copies/mL to 1,000 copies/mL before positive confirmatory antibody result. Conclusion This study revealed that there is a risk of missed diagnosis if a threshold of 5000 copies/mL is used for the diagnosis of HIV infection. These data provide valuable information for the early diagnosis of HIV infection, and our findings have potential benefits for decreasing HIV transmission.
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedAgustina Taglialegna
Nat Rev Microbiol, 15.06.2024
Tilføjet 15.06.2024
Casey Middleton and Daniel B. Larremore
Science Advances, 15.06.2024
Tilføjet 15.06.2024
Paul Adepoju
Nature, 15.06.2024
Tilføjet 15.06.2024
Clinical Infectious Diseases, 15.06.2024
Tilføjet 15.06.2024
Abstract Background Infectious diseases (ID) physicians are increasingly faced with the challenge of caring for patients with terminal illnesses or incurable infections.Methods This was a retrospective cohort of all patients with an ID consult within an academic health system 1/1/2014 - 12/31/2023, including community, general, and transplant ID consult services.Results There were 60,820 inpatient ID consults (17,235 community, 29,999 general, and 13,586 transplant) involving 37,848 unique patients. The number of consults increased by 94% and the rate rose from 5.0 to 9.9 consults per 100 inpatients (p
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedClinical Infectious Diseases, 15.06.2024
Tilføjet 15.06.2024
Clinical Infectious Diseases, 15.06.2024
Tilføjet 15.06.2024
Clinical Infectious Diseases, 15.06.2024
Tilføjet 15.06.2024
Abstract Background Nirmatrelvir-ritonavir is recommended for persons at risk for severe coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) but remains underutilized. Information on which eligible groups are likely to benefit from treatment is needed.Methods We conducted a target trial emulation study in the Veterans Health Administration comparing nirmatrelvir–ritonavir treated versus matched untreated veterans at risk for severe COVID-19 who tested positive for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) from April 2022 through March 2023. We measured incidence of any hospitalization or all-cause mortality at 30 days. Outcomes were measured for the entire cohort, as well as among subgroups defined by 30-day risk of death or hospitalization, estimated using an ensemble risk prediction model.Results Participants were 87% male with median age 66 years and 16% unvaccinated. Compared with matched untreated participants, those treated with nirmatrelvir-ritonavir (n = 24 205) had a lower 30-day risk for hospitalization (1.80% vs 2.30%; risk difference [RD], −0.50% points [95% confidence interval {CI}: −.69 to −.35]) and death (0.11% vs 0.30%; RD, −0.20 [95% CI: −.24 to −.13]). The greatest reductions in combined hospitalization or death were observed in the highest risk quartile (RD −2.85 [95% CI: −3.94 to −1.76]), immunocompromised persons (RD −1.91 [95% CI: −3.09 to −.74]), and persons aged ≥75 years (RD −1.16 [95% CI: −1.73 to −.59]). No reductions were observed in the 2 lowest risk quartiles or persons younger than 65 years.Conclusions Nirmatrelvir-ritonavir was effective in reducing 30-day hospitalization and death in older veterans, those at highest predicted risk for severe outcomes, and immunocompromised groups. Benefit was not observed in younger veterans or groups at lower predicted risk for hospitalization and death.
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedFengjuan Tian Jing Li Yang Liu Wenli Liu Yue Liu Shan Xu Yigang Tong Fumin Feng a Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, College of Life Science and Technology, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, People’s Republic of Chinab School of Public Health, North China University of Science and Technology, Tangshan, People’s Republic of Chinac Institute of Analysis and Testing, Beijing Academy of Science and Technology (Beijing Center for Physical and Chemical Analysis), Beijing, People’s Republic of China
Emerg Microbes Infect, 15.06.2024
Tilføjet 15.06.2024
Laura P. Chen, Kristina Singh-Verdeflor, Michelle M. Kelly, Daniel J. Sklansky, Kristin A. Shadman, M. Bruce Edmonson, Qianqian Zhao, Gregory P. DeMuri, Ryan J. Coller
PLoS One Infectious Diseases, 15.06.2024
Tilføjet 15.06.2024
by Laura P. Chen, Kristina Singh-Verdeflor, Michelle M. Kelly, Daniel J. Sklansky, Kristin A. Shadman, M. Bruce Edmonson, Qianqian Zhao, Gregory P. DeMuri, Ryan J. Coller Objectives Children with medical complexity experienced health disparities during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. Language may compound these disparities since people speaking languages other than English (LOE) also experienced worse COVID-19 outcomes. Our objective was to investigate associations between household language for children with medical complexity and caregiver COVID-19 vaccine intentions, testing knowledge, and trusted sources of information. Methods This cross-sectional survey of caregivers of children with medical complexity ages 5 to 17 years was conducted from April-June 2022. Children with medical complexity had at least 1 Complex Chronic Condition. Households were considered LOE if they reported speaking any language other than English. Multivariable logistic regression examined associations between LOE and COVID-19 vaccine intentions, interpretation of COVID-19 test results, and trusted sources of information. Results We included 1,338 caregivers of children with medical complexity (49% response rate), of which 133 (10%) had household LOE (31 total languages, 58% being Spanish). There was no association between household LOE and caregiver COVID-19 vaccine intentions. Caregivers in households with LOE had similar interpretations of positive COVID-19 test results, but significantly different interpretations of negative results. Odds of interpreting a negative test as expected (meaning the child does not have COVID-19 now or can still get the virus from others) were lower in LOE households (aOR [95% CI]: 0.56 [0.34–0.95]). Households with LOE were more likely to report trusting the US government to provide COVID-19 information (aOR [95% CI]: 1.86 [1.24–2.81]). Conclusion Differences in COVID-19 test interpretations based on household language for children with medical complexity were observed and could contribute to disparities in outcomes. Opportunities for more inclusive public health messaging likely exist.
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedJuan Yang, Hualong Fang
PLoS One Infectious Diseases, 15.06.2024
Tilføjet 15.06.2024
by Juan Yang, Hualong Fang In the digital era, the integration of technology within business processes is pivotal for organizational efficiency. This study investigates the impact of IT characteristics-specifically IT representation, IT reach, and monitoring capability-on the virtualizability of business processes, utilizing the frameworks of Embodied Social Presence Theory (ESPT) and Process Virtualization Theory (PVT). Our objective is to explore how these IT characteristics, through the mediation of embodied co-presence, enhance business process virtualizability in the context of collaborative tools. Addressing a gap in existing literature, we propose that beyond facilitating virtualization, IT characteristics deeply influence virtual processes by integrating human-centric experiences of co-presence. To examine this, we analyzed data from 311 Korean employees with remote work experience during the COVID-19 pandemic using Smart-PLS 4. Our findings indicate that IT representation and IT reach significantly contribute to business process virtualizability, mediated by embodied co-presence. Surprisingly, monitoring capability did not significantly affect either embodied co-presence or process virtualizability, challenging initial assumptions. This study bridges ESPT and PVT to offer new insights into the roles of IT characteristics in process virtualization, highlighting the importance of human-centric IT design. The results provide valuable guidance for businesses and developers of collaborative tools, underscoring the need to enhance virtual work environments through technology that fosters a sense of presence and collaboration.
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedDuanyi Song, Xuefang Tang, Juan Du, Kang Tao, Yun Li
PLoS One Infectious Diseases, 15.06.2024
Tilføjet 15.06.2024
by Duanyi Song, Xuefang Tang, Juan Du, Kang Tao, Yun Li Background and objective Pulmonary fibrosis caused by lung injury is accompanied by varying degrees of inflammation, and diazepam can reduce the levels of inflammatory factors. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to determine whether diazepam can inhibit inflammation and ameliorate pulmonary fibrosis by regulating the let-7a-5p/myeloid differentiation factor 88 (MYD88) axis. Methods Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) was used to induce cell pyroptosis in an animal model of pulmonary fibrosis. After treatment with diazepam, changes in cell proliferation and apoptosis were observed, and the occurrence of inflammation and pulmonary fibrosis in the mice was detected. Results The results showed that LPS can successfully induce cell pyroptosis and inflammatory responses and cause lung fibrosis in mice. Diazepam inhibits the expression of pyroptosis-related factors and inflammatory factors; moreover, it attenuates the occurrence of pulmonary fibrosis in mice. Mechanistically, diazepam can upregulate the expression of let-7a-5p, inhibit the expression of MYD88, and reduce inflammation and inhibit pulmonary fibrosis by regulating the let-7a-5p/MYD88 axis. Conclusion Our findings indicated that diazepam can inhibit LPS-induced pyroptosis and inflammatory responses and alleviate pulmonary fibrosis in mice by regulating the let-7a-5p/MYD88 axis.
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedShannon H. Romer, Kaitlyn M. Miller, Martha J. Sonner, Victoria T. Ethridge, Nathan M. Gargas, Joyce G. Rohan
PLoS One Infectious Diseases, 15.06.2024
Tilføjet 15.06.2024
by Shannon H. Romer, Kaitlyn M. Miller, Martha J. Sonner, Victoria T. Ethridge, Nathan M. Gargas, Joyce G. Rohan Chlorpyrifos is an organophosphate pesticide associated with numerous health effects including motor performance decrements. While many studies have focused on the health effects following acute chlorpyrifos poisonings, almost no studies have examined the effects on motoneurons following occupational-like exposures. The main objective of this study was to examine the broad effects of repeated occupational-like chlorpyrifos exposures on spinal motoneuron soma size relative to motor activity. To execute our objective, adult rats were exposed to chlorpyrifos via oral gavage once a day, five days a week for two weeks. Chlorpyrifos exposure effects were assessed either three days or two months following the last exposure. Three days following the last repeated chlorpyrifos exposure, there were transient effects in open-field motor activity and plasma cholinesterase activity levels. Two months following the chlorpyrifos exposures, there were delayed effects in sensorimotor gating, pro-inflammatory cytokines and spinal lumbar motoneuron soma morphology. Overall, these results offer support that subacute repeated occupational-like chlorpyrifos exposures have both short-term and longer-term effects in motor activity, inflammation, and central nervous system mechanisms.
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedQiuye Xia, Xiaoling Qiu
PLoS One Infectious Diseases, 15.06.2024
Tilføjet 15.06.2024
by Qiuye Xia, Xiaoling Qiu In this study, we propose a stochastic SEIQR infectious disease model driven by Lévy noise. Firstly, we study the existence and uniqueness of the global positive solution of the model by using the stop-time. Secondly, the asymptotic behavior of the stochastic system at disease-free equilibrium and endemic equilibrium are discussed. Then, the sufficient condition for persistence under the time mean is studied. Finally, our theoretical results are verified by numerical simulation.
Læs mere Tjek på PubMed