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BMC Infectious Diseases, 8.10.2024
Tilføjet 8.10.2024
Abstract Background The reactivation of tuberculosis (TB) among kidney transplant (KT) recipients in an endemic area is of general concern. However, the epidemiology of latent TB infection (LTBI) status and its dynamic change responses have not been explored. Methods Between September 2020 and August 2021, a prospective study was conducted to investigate the status of LTBI in KT recipients who received a 9-month isoniazid universal prophylaxis. This status was measured using the interferon-gamma release assay (IGRA) with T-SPOT.TB before transplant, as well as at one month and nine months post-transplant. Results Ninety-one KT recipients had a mean (SD) age of 45 (11) years, and 41% were female. Sixty-eight (75%) patients received a deceased donor allograft, and eighty-six (91%) patients received induction immunosuppressive therapy. The IGRA results were positive, borderline, negative, and indeterminate in 14 (15.4%), 6 (6.6%), 64 (70.3%), and 7 (7.8%) patients, respectively. Among 84 evaluable patients, 20 (23.8%) KT recipients were defined as having LTBI. Older age was significantly associated with LTBI (OR 1.06 [95% CI 1.01–1.12], p = 0.03). Among the 77 KT recipients who completed monitoring, 55 had negative IGRA results. Three (5.4%) KT recipients had conversion post-transplant. One of them developed pulmonary TB at 1 week after the transplant. Among the 13 patients with positive results, 8 (61.5%) remained positive, 1 (7.7%) had an indeterminate result at 1-month post-transplant and subsequently tested positive at 9 months post-transplant, and 4 (30.8%) experienced reversion to negative results throughout the study. Conclusions In a high TB-endemic area, one-quarter of KT recipients were reported to have LTBI, and the dynamic change of IGRA response in KT recipients is plausible post-transplant.
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedBMC Infectious Diseases, 8.10.2024
Tilføjet 8.10.2024
Abstract Purpose Acute necrotizing encephalopathy (ANE), a rare and severe brain disorder, is typically linked to prior infections. ANE predominantly affects children, with most reported cases attributed to viral infections. However, instances of bacterial-induced ANE are infrequent. Here, we present a case of adult-onset ANE associated with bacterial infection. Case descriptions The patient exhibited a hyperinflammatory state following a urinary tract bacterial infection, with neurological function rapidly declining into a coma as the illness progressed. Gram culture of blood suggested Escherichia coli infection. A magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scan of the brain showed symmetrical hyperintense lesions involving bilateral thalami and pons in T2-weighted and fluid-attenuated inversion recovery images. These lesions also presented with diffuse cerebral edema and diffusion restriction and subacute hemorrhage. Based on clinical symptoms and typical brain MRI, ANE was diagnosed, and the patient underwent immunotherapy. Conclusions This case underscores the occurrence of ANE triggered by bacterial infection, expanding our understanding of the pathogens associated with this condition. It suggests that ANE may be an immune-mediated disorder rather than solely an infectious disease.
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedBMC Infectious Diseases, 8.10.2024
Tilføjet 8.10.2024
Abstract Background Cervical cancer is the predominant form of cancer in Ethiopia, accounting for the majority of malignant cases. Women account for two-thirds of cancer-related deaths in the country. Cervical cancer screening (CCS) can help prevent disease development, but screening rates are unacceptably low. The greatest number of women were in the most vulnerable group, and the availability of wheal data on their use of CCSs was limited. This study aimed to evaluate the use of CCS and the factors that influence its use among HIV-positive women receiving antiretroviral therapy at public health facilities. Methods This study used a cross-sectional study design. A total of 396 (97.5%) HIV-positive women participated in this study between March 10 and May 30, 2023. Participants enrolled in public health facilities in Asella town were selected through systematic random sampling, and data were collected through on-site interviews using a pretested, structured questionnaire. The data were analysed using the Statistical Package for Social Science, Version 26. Logistic regression analysis was used to identify the determining factors. Results The findings from this study indicated that 30.3% of individuals used cervical cancer screening services. Those women who had knowledge about cervical cancer had a 2.54 times greater likelihood of receiving CCS than those who were not informed (adjusted odds ratio [AOR] = (2.54; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.42–4.56). Women with a history of sexually transmitted diseases were twice as likely to use CCS as those without such a history (AOR = 2.05, 95% CI = 1.13–3.73). Furthermore, women with a positive attitude towards CCS were found to be significant predictors of utilisation, showing a greater than threefold greater likelihood of using these services (AOR = 3.21; 95% CI: 1.78–5.81). Conclusions The proportion of HIV-positive women who underwent cervical cancer screening (CCS) was significantly lower than the recommended guideline of 80%. To enhance the uptake of screening among women with HIV, healthcare professionals should focus on enhancing awareness about cervical cancer, improving attitudes towards CCS, and advancing knowledge about the disease. Healthcare providers’ collaboration with both government and nongovernmental stakeholders plays a crucial role in addressing the challenges of accessibility and attendance at screening services.
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedBMC Infectious Diseases, 8.10.2024
Tilføjet 8.10.2024
Abstract Background & objective The Infectious Disease Society of America guidelines recommend vancomycin trough levels of 15–20 mg/L for severe methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. However, recent consensus guidelines of four infectious disease organizations no longer recommend vancomycin dosing using minimum serum trough concentrations. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the impact of low (
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedBMC Infectious Diseases, 8.10.2024
Tilføjet 8.10.2024
Abstract Background Drug resistance (DR) is one of the several challenges to global tuberculosis (TB) control. The implementation of bedaquiline (BED) for DR-TB after more than 40 years was expected to improve treatment outcomes as well as microbiologic conversion and adverse events (AE) occurrence. Methods Retrospective cohort study based on secondary data of patients with rifampicin-resistant (RR) or multidrug-resistant (MDR) TB reported to the Outpatient Clinic of Mycobacterial Diseases of the Thorax Diseases Institute – Federal University of Rio de Janeiro - Brazil, between 2016 and 2023. We aimed to evaluate microbiologic conversion, AE and TB treatment outcomes and compare them according to the treatment regimen used for RR/MDR-TB patients under routine conditions [Injectable Containing Regimens (ICR) versus BED Containing Regimens (BCR)]. Logistic regression and survival analysis using Cox regression and Kaplan Meier curve were used for statistical analysis. Results Of the 463 DR-TB patients notified during the study period, 297 (64.1%) were included for analysis (ICR = 197 and BCR = 100). Overall AEs were more frequent (83.7 vs. 16.3%, p
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedBMC Infectious Diseases, 8.10.2024
Tilføjet 8.10.2024
Abstract Background This study aims to investigate the frequency of cas1 and cas3 and CRISPR1,2,3 genes in Klebsiella pneumoniae isolates, as well as their connection with antibiotic resistance. Materials and methods 106 K. pneumoniae isolates were identified by biochemical assays and PCR. The susceptibility to antibiotics was determined by Kirby–Bauer disk diffusion method. Screening of ESBLs was undertaken by using double disk diffusion and standard disk diffusion methods. The E-test and mCIM techniques was used to confirm the disc diffusion-based carbapenem resistance profiles. CRISPR-Cas system genes were identified using PCR. Results ESBL production was found in 19% of isolates. Carbapenemase production was found in 46% of the isolates. Furthermore, the bacteria were classified as multidrug (76%), extensively drug-resistant (4%), or pan-drug-resistant (2%). When CRISPR/Cas systems were present, antibiotic resistance was lower; conversely, when they were absent, resistance was higher. Conclusions If the CRISPR/Cas modules aren’t present, the bacteria can still acquire foreign DNA, including antibiotic resistance genes. K. pneumoniae isolates with a CRISPR-Cas system were less likely to carry antibiotic-resistance genes than those lacking this defense system.
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedBMC Infectious Diseases, 8.10.2024
Tilføjet 8.10.2024
Abstract Background Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), which causes coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), led to a global pandemic from 2020. In Thailand, five waves of outbreaks were recorded, with the fourth and fifth waves driven by the Delta and Omicron variants, resulting in over 20,000 new confirmed cases daily at their peaks. Methods This cross-sectional study investigated the associations between clinical symptoms, vaccination status, antibody responses, and post-COVID-19 sequelae in COVID-19 patients. Plasma samples and clinical data were collected from participants admitted to hospitals in Thailand between July 2021 and August 2022, with follow-ups conducted for one year. The study included 110 participants infected with either the Delta (n = 46) or Omicron (n = 64) variants. Virus genotypes were confirmed by RT-PCR of nasal swab RNA and partial nucleotide sequencing of the S gene. IgG and IgA antibody levels against the receptor-binding domain (RBD) of SARS-CoV-2 Delta and Omicron variants were measured in plasma samples using ELISA. Results Pneumonia was found to be associated with Delta variant infections, while sore throat, congestion or runny nose, and headache were linked to Omicron infections. Vaccination with fewer than two doses and diabetes mellitus were significantly associated with higher disease severity. Specific IgG and IgA antibodies against the RBD of the Delta variant generally rose by day 14 and were maintained for up to two months, whereas the pattern of antibody response to the Omicron variant was less clear. Antibody risings were found to be positively associated with pneumonia, certain underlying conditions (obesity, hypertension, dyslipidemia, and diabetes mellitus), and age ≥ 60 years. Delta variant infections were associated with forgetfulness, hair loss, and headache during the 1-year post-infection period. Females were more likely to experience hair loss, forgetfulness, and joint pain, while older age was associated with joint pain. Conclusions This study enhances our understanding of SARS-CoV-2 infections in Thais, particularly concerning the Delta and Omicron variants. The findings can inform public health planning and response strategies for future outbreaks of SARS-CoV-2 or other emerging viral diseases.
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedBMC Infectious Diseases, 8.10.2024
Tilføjet 8.10.2024
Abstract Background Quality assessment of the prevalence and distribution of human papillomavirus (HPV) genotypes could support additional targeted HPV vaccinations. However, the characteristics of HPV infection in Wuhan city are limited in the past decade. We aimed to assess the epidemiology of HPV infection among women and provide a reference for the prevention and treatment of cervical cancer in this region. Methods A retrospective study employing 105,679 women attending Wuhan Medical and Health Center for Women and Children for cervical cancer screening from January 2015 to December 2022 was conducted. The HPV genotype was detected by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and diversion hybridization. The overall incidence and age-specific type distribution of HPV infection and the relationship between HPV infection and cervical cytology were analyzed. Results The overall HPV infection rate was 16.87% in Wuhan city, and the prevalence rates of high-risk, low-risk and mixed high- and low-risk HPV infections were 13.64%, 1.77% and 1.46%, respectively. The five most prevalent genotypes were HPV52 (4.24%), HPV58 (2.42%), HPV16 (2.34%), HPV53 (1.87%), and HPV39 (1.66%). The prevalence of HPV in women exhibited a “two-peak” pattern, the peaks of which were observed in the
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedTayah Turocy, Jason M. Crawford
Nat Rev Microbiol, 8.10.2024
Tilføjet 8.10.2024
Julie Sellau, Charlotte Sophie Hansen, Rosa Isela Gálvez, Lara Linnemann, Barbara Honecker, Hanna Lotter
Trends in Parasitology, 8.10.2024
Tilføjet 8.10.2024
The effect of sex on the prevalence and severity of parasitic diseases is an emerging area of research. Several factors underlie sex-based differences, including sociocultural influences that affect exposure to parasites, and physiological disparities linked to biological sex. Hence, human studies must be interpreted cautiously; however, studies conducted under controlled laboratory conditions are important to validate findings in humans. Such research can more effectively elucidate the role of sex-determining physiological factors (particularly their impact on immune responses), as well as the role of sex-specific differences in resistance to, or severity of, parasitic diseases. This review focuses on the overarching impact of biological sex variables on immunity. Both human and rodent experimental data are discussed, with a focus on selected protozoan and helminth infections.
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedClinical Infectious Diseases, 7.10.2024
Tilføjet 7.10.2024
Clinical Infectious Diseases, 7.10.2024
Tilføjet 7.10.2024
Abstract Background We previously demonstrated at the Ward 86 HIV clinic in San Francisco that long-acting cabotegravir/rilpivirine (LA-CAB/RPV) can rapidly lead to viral suppression (VS) in people with HIV (PWH) with viremia due to adherence challenges. We now evaluate VS durability in this population.Methods We conducted a retrospective cohort study of PWH who started LA-CAB/RPV with viremia (HIV RNA viral load [VL]≥50 copies/mL) before December 2022. Our primary outcome was VS (VL14 days) at 48 weeks, using the closest VL to 48+/-8 weeks. We also describe viral failure (VF), defined as
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedMaroua Ferhat, Julia Mayer, Lyndon H. Costa, Maria Prendecki, Alejandro A. Puchol Tarazona, Alexander Schinagl, Randolf J. Kerschbaumer, Frederick W. K. Tam, Christine Landlinger, Michael Thiele
PLoS One Infectious Diseases, 7.10.2024
Tilføjet 7.10.2024
by Maroua Ferhat, Julia Mayer, Lyndon H. Costa, Maria Prendecki, Alejandro A. Puchol Tarazona, Alexander Schinagl, Randolf J. Kerschbaumer, Frederick W. K. Tam, Christine Landlinger, Michael Thiele The oxidized form of Macrophage Migration Inhibitory Factor (oxMIF) has been identified as the disease-related isoform of MIF, exerting pathological functions in inflamed tissue. In this study, we aimed to explore the in vivo effects of the neutralizing anti-oxMIF antibody ON104 in a rat model of crescentic glomerulonephritis (CGN), to better understand its disease modifying activities. WKY rats received a single intravenous injection of a rabbit nephrotoxic serum (NTS), targeting rat glomerular basement membrane to induce CGN. On day 4 and day 6, ON104 was given intraperitoneally (i.p.) and on day 8 urine, blood and kidney tissue were collected. ON104 substantially attenuated the severity of CGN demonstrated by reduced proteinuria, hematuria, as well as lower levels of kidney injury molecule (KIM)-1. ON104 treatment preserved the glomerular morphology and suppressed crescent formation, a hallmark of the disease. On the cellular level, oxMIF neutralization by ON104 strongly reduced the number of macrophages and neutrophils within the inflamed kidneys. In vitro, we identified human neutrophils, but not monocytes, as main producers of oxMIF among total peripheral cells. The present study demonstrates that oxMIF is a pertinent therapeutic target in a model of CGN which mechanistically resembles human immune mediated CGN. In this model, neutralization of oxMIF by ON104 leads to an improvement in both urinary abnormalities and histological pathological characteristics of the disease. ON104, thus has the potential to become a novel disease-modifying drug for the treatment of glomerulonephritis and other inflammatory kidney diseases.
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedTerri Flood, Dr. Marian McLaughlin, Dr. Iseult Wilson, Ciara M. Hughes
PLoS One Infectious Diseases, 7.10.2024
Tilføjet 7.10.2024
by Terri Flood, Dr. Marian McLaughlin, Dr. Iseult Wilson, Ciara M. Hughes Introduction Human papillomavirus virus (HPV) is highest among young adults 15–24 years old. High-risk strains are responsible for the development of cancers including cervical, vaginal, vulvar, anal, oropharyngeal and penile. Despite HPV school-based vaccination programmes in the UK, HPV vaccination uptake rates continue to fluctuate due to misinformation and vaccine hesitancy post COVID-19. The aim of this study is to explore perceptions of post-primary school teachers and nurses regarding the current HPV education provision and the need to provide HPV education to students 15–17 years old when they are most likely to be becoming sexually active. Methods A qualitative study was conducted using online semi-structured interviews between February-August 2022 with post-primary teachers and nurses in Northern Ireland, UK. Stratified random sampling was used to contact schools to recruit participants. Recruitment continued until data saturation was reached. Braun & Clarke’s six-phase framework for reflexive thematic analysis was used to analyse the data. Results Twelve teachers and six nurses participated in the study. Four themes arose based on the analysis including 1) the importance of HPV education 2) self-consent to the HPV vaccine 3) design of the HPV education and 4) delivery of the HPV education. Identified barriers to implementation of HPV education included lack of parental education, religion and the conservative culture of Northern Ireland. Discussion Participants perceived HPV education to be poor or non-existent in their schools but placed high importance on this education. They indicated that a non-judgemental health professional would be the ideal person to deliver interactive HPV education as part of a mandated spiral curriculum. Conclusion HPV education at 15–17 years old provides students with an opportunity to learn about their HPV risk, their HPV vaccination status and an opportunity to self-consent to the HPV vaccine. The Education Authority and Department of Health should support health professionals to deliver consistent robust HPV health information to students of this age.
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedAllan Mayaba Mwiinde, Patrick Kaonga, Choolwe Jacobs, Joseph Mumba Zulu, Isaac Fwemba
PLoS One Infectious Diseases, 7.10.2024
Tilføjet 7.10.2024
by Allan Mayaba Mwiinde, Patrick Kaonga, Choolwe Jacobs, Joseph Mumba Zulu, Isaac Fwemba The COVID-19 pandemic has overwhelmed health systems, especially in sub-Saharan African countries. Vaccination is one of the easily accessible interventions that can help reduce the burden on the health system. However, vaccination coverage remains low in sub-Saharan African countries. The determinants of vaccine acceptance and hesitancy among adolescents and youths remain unknown. Therefore, this study explored the pooled prevalence and determinants of COVID-19 vaccine acceptance and hesitancy among adolescents and youths in sub-Saharan African Countries. A systematic literature search of Scopus, PubMed Central, PubMed, Embase, African Journal Online, Research 4 Life, Embase, and Google Scholar was performed from 6th May to 31st December 2023, using developed keywords with a focus on sub-Saharan African countries. Twenty-three (N = 23) studies were finally selected for analysis. The pooled prevalence of vaccine acceptance among adolescents and youths was 38.7% (n = 23). The subgroup analysis of the pooled prevalence of acceptance among adolescents was 36.1% (n = 36.1) while youths were 42% (n = 10). At the region level, West Africa had 42.2% (n = 13), East Africa had 39.8% (n = 6), Central Africa had 33% (n = 1), and Southern Africa had 24.2% (n = 3). The determinants of vaccine acceptance were the desire for self-immunity (AOR = 1.97, 95%, CI, 1.083.47, I2 = 94.15%, p < 0.05), receiving Health Officers’ information (AOR = 4.36, 95%, CI, 2.28-8.32, I2 = 97.74, p < 0.001), the effectiveness of COVID-19 vaccine (AOR = 2.14, 95%, CI, 1.14-4.05, I2 = 97.4%, p < 0.05). The odds of having an unconfirmed source of information (AOR = 0.22, 95% CI, 0.10-0.45, I2 = 94.09%, p< 0.001) was responsible for vaccine hesitancy. The findings indicate the low pooled prevalence of COVID-19 vaccine acceptance and high levels of hesitancy among adolescents and youths in sub-Saharan African countries. Therefore, there is a need to ensure that extensive research is undertaken into age-appropriate health promotion messages and strategies to encourage the uptake of vaccines. PROSPERO ID number CRD42023403071.
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedXiaohui Jin Xingyi Wu Zehui Li Yixin Hu Lu Xia Shaopo Zu Gaiping Zhang Hui Hu a College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, P. R. Chinab Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Animal Pathogens and Biosafety, Zhengzhou, P. R. Chinac Key Laboratory for Animal-derived Food Safety of Henan Province, Zhengzhou, P. R. Chinad Longhu Laboratory of Henan Province, Zhengzhou, P. R. China
Virulence, 7.10.2024
Tilføjet 7.10.2024
Weihua Han Yanghua Xiao Li Shen Xinru Yuan Jingyi Yu Haojin Gao Rongrong Hu Junhong Shi Bingjie Wang Jiao Zhang Peiyao Zhou Cailing Wan Yu Huang JianBo Lv Fangyou Yu a Department of Clinical Laboratory, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, People’s Republic of Chinab Shanghai Institute of Immunity and Infection, Chinese Academy of Science, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
Virulence, 7.10.2024
Tilføjet 7.10.2024
FEMS Microbiology Reviews, 7.10.2024
Tilføjet 7.10.2024
Abstract Until recently, the data on the diversity of the entire microbial community from the Baltic Sea were relatively rare and very scarce. However, modern molecular methods have provided new insights into this field with interesting results. They can be summarized as follows. (i) Although low salinity causes a reduction in the biodiversity of multicellular species relative to the populations of the North-East Atlantic, no such reduction occurs in bacterial diversity. (ii) Among cyanobacteria, the picocyanobacterial group dominates when considering gene abundance, while filamentous cyanobacteria dominate in means of biomass. (iii) The diversity of diatoms and dinoflagellates is significantly larger than described a few decades ago; however, molecular studies on these groups are still scarce. (iv) Knowledge gaps in other protistan communities are evident. (v) Salinity is the main limiting parameter of pelagic fungal community composition, while the benthic fungal diversity is shaped by water depth, salinity, and sediment C and N availability. (vi) Bacteriophages are the predominant group of viruses, while among viruses infecting eukaryotic hosts, Phycodnaviridae are the most abundant; the Baltic Sea virome is contaminated with viruses originating from urban and/or industrial habitats. These features make the Baltic Sea microbiome specific and unique among other marine environments.
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedClinical Infectious Diseases, 7.10.2024
Tilføjet 7.10.2024
Abstract Shortages of antimicrobial agents rank second among all pharmaceutical classes and are persistent and increasing. Underlying reasons for shortages include manufacturing and quality issues, market economics, and changes in demand. Antimicrobial shortages result in compromised outcomes, higher treatment costs, contribute to antibiotic resistance, and may lead to increased adverse effects.
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedClinical Infectious Diseases, 7.10.2024
Tilføjet 7.10.2024
Clinical Infectious Diseases, 7.10.2024
Tilføjet 7.10.2024
Malaria Journal, 6.10.2024
Tilføjet 6.10.2024
Abstract Background Namibia, a low malaria transmission country targeting elimination, has made substantial progress in reducing malaria burden through improved case management, widespread indoor residual spraying and distribution of insecticidal nets. The country\'s diverse landscape includes regions with varying population densities and geographical niches, with the north of the country prone to periodic outbreaks. As Namibia approaches elimination, malaria transmission has clustered into distinct foci, the identification of which is essential for deployment of targeted interventions to attain the southern Africa Elimination Eight Initiative targets by 2030. Geospatial modelling provides an effective mechanism to identify these foci, synthesizing aggregate routinely collected case counts with gridded environmental covariates to downscale case data into high-resolution risk maps. Methods This study introduces innovative infectious disease mapping techniques to generate high-resolution spatio-temporal risk maps for malaria in Namibia. A two-stage approach is employed to create maps using statistical Bayesian modelling to combine environmental covariates, population data, and clinical malaria case counts gathered from the routine surveillance system between 2018 and 2021. Results A fine-scale spatial endemicity surface was produced for annual average incidence, followed by a spatio-temporal modelling of seasonal fluctuations in weekly incidence and aggregated further to district level. A seasonal profile was inferred across most districts of the country, where cases rose from late December/early January to a peak around early April and then declined rapidly to a low level from July to December. There was a high degree of spatial heterogeneity in incidence, with much higher rates observed in the northern part and some local epidemic occurrence in specific districts sporadically. Conclusions While the study acknowledges certain limitations, such as population mobility and incomplete clinical case reporting, it underscores the importance of continuously refining geostatistical techniques to provide timely and accurate support for malaria elimination efforts. The high-resolution spatial risk maps presented in this study have been instrumental in guiding the Namibian Ministry of Health and Social Services in prioritizing and targeting malaria prevention efforts. This two-stage spatio-temporal approach offers a valuable tool for identifying hotspots and monitoring malaria risk patterns, ultimately contributing to the achievement of national and sub-national elimination goals.
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedJournal of the American Medical Association, 6.10.2024
Tilføjet 6.10.2024
The US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) recently issued a health advisory for human parvovirus B19, a highly transmissible airborne respiratory virus. In the first quarter of 2024, public health authorities in 14 European countries observed unusually high numbers of cases of parvovirus B19. In the US, meanwhile, the number of people testing positive for antibodies increased from less than 3% from 2022 to 2024 to 10% in June 2024, with the greatest increase in kids aged 5 to 9 years old. Plasma donations also indicate a recent uptick in infections.
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedJournal of the American Medical Association, 6.10.2024
Tilføjet 6.10.2024
Deaths from COVID-19 dropped by about 69% last year, decreasing from roughly 246 000 deaths in 2022 to 76 000 in 2023, according to provisional data released by the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). This shifted COVID-19 from the 4th leading cause of death in 2022 to the 10th, researchers noted in the Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report.
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedJournal of the American Medical Association, 6.10.2024
Tilføjet 6.10.2024
Pfizer’s ABRYSVO vaccine was safe and generated a strong immune response against respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) in immunocompromised adults aged 18 years or older, according to top-line clinical trial results announced in August. Last year, the US Food and Drug Administration approved ABRYVSO for use in people aged 60 years or older, but there is no RSV vaccine available for younger adults, even though immunocompromised individuals of any age have an increased risk of RSV complications, Pfizer noted in its news release.
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedJournal of the American Medical Association, 6.10.2024
Tilføjet 6.10.2024
Since 2021, the US National Institutes of Health (NIH) has enrolled 90 000 people across more than 200 clinical sites as part of its RECOVER initiative to understand, identify, and treat post–COVID-19 condition, also known as long COVID. One goal of these studies has been to discover biomarkers that can help diagnose long COVID because symptoms are so wide-ranging. Recently, though, a study in the Annals of Internal Medicine found that routine laboratory tests are unlikely to help achieve that goal.
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedJournal of the American Medical Association, 6.10.2024
Tilføjet 6.10.2024
This Medical News article discusses the latest research about the use of nirmatrelvir-ritonavir, sold as Paxlovid, to treat COVID-19 and, possibly, to prevent or treat long COVID.
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedJournal of the American Medical Association, 6.10.2024
Tilføjet 6.10.2024
This study evaluates the effectiveness of the respiratory syncytial virus vaccine against hospitalization for acute respiratory illness among US adults aged 60 years and older.
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedRémy A. Bonnin, Katy Jeannot, Anne Santerre Henriksen, Juan Quevedo, Laurent Dortet
Clinical Microbiology and Infection, 6.10.2024
Tilføjet 6.10.2024
Cefepime-enmetazobactam is a new β-lactam–β-lactamase inhibitor (BL/BLI) combination with broad-spectrum activity against multidrug-resistant Enterobacterales including ESBL producers. This study evaluated the in vitro activity of cefepime-enmetazobactam towards a collection of carbapenem-resistant Enterobacterales (CRE), Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Acinetobacter baumannii compared to the other BL/BLI combinations.
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedRodrigo Hasbun
Clinical Microbiology and Infection, 6.10.2024
Tilføjet 6.10.2024
Adjunctive steroids ameliorate the inflammatory response due to the release of cytokines reducing inpatient mortality and neurological morbidity in community-acquired bacterial meningitis, and are advocated by guidelines in patients with suspected bacterial meningitis. As the most common causes of meningitis and encephalitis are non-bacterial, adjunctive dexamethasone is given to a substantial proportion of viral meningitis patients while awaiting confirmatory testing such a polymerase chain reaction (PCR) or cultures (3).
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedPikka Jokelainen, Anne L. Wyllie, Nitin Gupta, Aleksandra Barac, Effrossyni Gkrania-Klotsas, Casandra Bulescu, José Ramón Paño-Pardo, Marta Mora-Rillo, Martin P. Grobusch, F-Xavier Lescure
Clinical Microbiology and Infection, 6.10.2024
Tilføjet 6.10.2024
The current epidemiological situation regarding mpox, a zoonotic viral disease caused by the monkeypox virus (MPXV), is complex. Multiple simultaneous epidemics involving distinct clades of MPXV are occurring across different geographic regions, each affecting distinct at-risk populations. Particularly concerning is the emergence of clade Ib, about which much remains unknown.
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedS. M. Mazidur Rahman, Pushpita Samina, Tanjina Rahman, Ahammad Shafiq Sikder Adel, Rumana Nasrin, Mohammad Khaja Mafij Uddin, Md Jahid Hasan, Shahriar Ahmed, Paul Daru, Pronab Kumar Modak, Md Abdul Hamid Salim, Sardar Munim Ibna Mohsin, Sayera Banu
Clinical Microbiology and Infection, 6.10.2024
Tilføjet 6.10.2024
In high TB burden countries like Bangladesh, research and policies tend to focus on rifampicin (RIF)-resistant TB patients, leaving RIF sensitive but isoniazid (INH) resistant (Hr-TB) patients undiagnosed. Our study aims to determine the prevalence of INH resistance among pulmonary TB (PTB) patients in selected healthcare facilities in Bangladesh.
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedThomas Tängdén, Elena Carrara, Mona Mustafa Hellou, Dafna Yahav, Mical Paul
Clinical Microbiology and Infection, 6.10.2024
Tilføjet 6.10.2024
Following intense efforts to revive the dry antibiotic research and development pipeline, a few highly awaited antibiotics with activity against multidrug-resistant (MDR) bacteria were recently approved.
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedBMC Infectious Diseases, 6.10.2024
Tilføjet 6.10.2024
Abstract Background Influenza is the most common vaccine-preventable infection among travelers, affecting approximately one percent of those travelling to subtropical and tropical destinations. Methods We analysed demographic, travel-related and clinical information from travelers diagnosed with influenza at our travel clinic between January 2015 and March 2020 and influenza-negative controls. Results We included 68 travelers diagnosed with influenza and 207 controls. In total, 22.1% of influenza patients (n = 15) were older than 60 years and/or had comorbidities for which annual influenza vaccination is recommended, but only one had received an influenza vaccine. Patients with respiratory and musculoskeletal symptoms who presented during the German influenza season had the highest risk proportion of positive tests (54%, n = 25/46). Overall, three (4.4%) influenza patients were hospitalised, two (2.9%) received antiviral treatment, and eight (11.8%) received antibiotic therapy. Conclusions Influenza occurs throughout the year in international travelers and can cause significant morbidity. Travelers with febrile illness should be tested for influenza, especially if they have respiratory or musculoskeletal symptoms, present during the local influenza season, or have travelled to South-East Asia. Influenza vaccination coverage among international travelers needs to be improved among high-risk individuals.
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedBMC Infectious Diseases, 6.10.2024
Tilføjet 6.10.2024
Abstract Background Despite successful efforts to eliminate measles in Iran, imported measles cases continue to be reported. Because measles is endemic in neighboring countries. This research aims to evaluate the risk of measles transmission in different regions of Iran. Methods Measles case-based surveillance data of the Expanded Program of Immunization containing 31 provinces and 463 districts from 2019 to 2021 were assessed. The WHO Measles Programmatic Risk Assessment tool was used to evaluate the risk of disease transmission in four domains: population immunity, surveillance quality, program delivery performance, and threat assessment. scores were categorized as low, medium, high, or very high risk. Results During 2019–2021, the average incidence of measles was 1.9 per 1 million. Chabahar and Mashhad with 76 and ./6per million reported the highest and lowest incidence respectively. All 463 districts were categorized as low risk in risk assessment. Andimeshk, Chabahar, and Bojnurd obtained the highest risk scores with 27, 24, and 25 respectively. All districts were classified as low risk for population immunity. The average coverage of (MMR1) and (MMR2) was 95% or higher. All districts received the minimum points for surveillance quality. Conclusion All regions are placed at a low level of disease transmission risk. However, the tool is not able to assess the risk at the rural or peripheral sectors level. The indicators used in this tool are the same for all countries with different epidemiological features (elimination, endemic). Sensitivity analysis can optimize the use of this tool for countries with different disease conditions.
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedWijstma, Eline; Jongen, Vita W.; Boyd, Anders; de Vries, Henry J.C.; Loeff, Maarten F. Schim van der; Prins, Maria; Hoornenborg, Elske
AIDS, 6.10.2024
Tilføjet 6.10.2024
Objective: The Dutch HIV pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) pilot provided subsidized PrEP care to maximum 2,900 individuals at a time in Amsterdam. Populations with expected barriers to accessing PrEP elsewhere were prioritized for program inclusion. We evaluated their prior sexual health service engagement and PrEP need. Design: Cross-sectional analysis using enrolment data. Methods: We included individuals ever enrolled in the PrEP program at the Center for Sexual Health (CSH) Amsterdam between 2019–2023. We calculated the proportion belonging to higher-priority groups (i.e.,
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedPastori, Daniele; Del Sole, Francesco; Brogi, Tommaso; del Ben, Maria; Fimiani, Caterina; Mastroianni, Claudio Maria; Mezzaroma, Ivano
AIDS, 6.10.2024
Tilføjet 6.10.2024
Objective: To evaluate the association between increased epicardial fat thickness (EFT) and liver stiffness measurement (LSM), as assessed by elastography in people living with Human Immunodeficiency Virus type 1 (HIV-1) infection (PWH) Methods: 91 PWH on effective antiretroviral treatment (ART) were enrolled. EFT was measured by transthoracic echocardiography. Liver steatosis was evaluated by ultrasound Hamaguchi criteria and LSM by elastography with Acoustic Radiation Force Impulse (ARFI) Tecnique. LSM ≥8 Kpa was suggestive of clinically relevant fibrosis. Results: Mean age was 54.3 years and 27.5% were women. EFT correlated with HIV-1 infection duration (rS 0.252, p = 0.016), age at study entry (rS 0.527, p
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedBrochon, Jeanne; Ducruet, Thierry; Taillefer, Suzanne; Lamarre, Valérie; Renaud, Christian; Metras, Marie-Elaine; Karatzios, Christos; Puyat, Joseph H.; Singer, Joel; Valois, Silvie; Soudeyns, Hugo; Boucoiran, Isabelle; Kakkar, Fatima
AIDS, 6.10.2024
Tilføjet 6.10.2024
Objectives: While studies have demonstrated increased morbidity and mortality risk in infancy among children who are HIV-exposed and uninfected (CHEU), longitudinal data are limited. The objective of this study was to assess long-term risk of hospitalization among CHEU compared to children who are HIV-unexposed and uninfected (CHUU), and determine risk factors for hospitalization among CHEU. Design: Longitudinal cohort study (1988–2015) linking the Centre maternel et infantile sur le SIDA cohort (Montreal, Quebec) to administrative data from the Régie de l’assurance maladie du Québec (RAMQ), a universal health insurance provider in the province of Quebec. Methods: CHEU from the CMIS cohort were matched 1:3 by age, sex and postal code with CHUU controls from the RAMQ database. Incidence and causes of hospitalization between CHEU and CHUU were compared using Poisson regression. Results: 726 CHEU were matched to 2178 CHUU. Risk of first hospitalization was significantly higher among CHEU at 1 year (IRR 2.22, [1.86–2.66]), 5 years (IRR 1.62, [1.39–1.90]) and over the lifespan (IRR 1.55, [1.33–1.81]). Among CHEU, significant risk factors for hospitalization on univariate regression analysis included birth year before 2005, prematurity, small for gestational age (SGA), detectable maternal viral load (dVL) at delivery, and maternal hepatitis C co-infection. In the adjusted analysis, small for gestational age and dVL remained significant risk factors. Conclusions: CHEU had a higher rate of hospitalization than CHUU controls across their lifespan. Significant risk factors included SGA and detectable maternal dVL, suggesting a need enhanced pediatric care for these children. Copyright © 2024 Wolters Kluwer Health, Inc. All rights reserved.
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedInfectious Disease Modelling, 5.10.2024
Tilføjet 5.10.2024
Publication date: Available online 4 October 2024 Source: Infectious Disease Modelling Author(s): Rongjie Huang, Christopher McMahan, Brian Herrin, Alexander McLain, Bo Cai, Stella Self
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedMalaria Journal, 5.10.2024
Tilføjet 5.10.2024
Abstract Background Parenteral artesunate is the first-line therapy for severe malaria. Artesunate, in its current formulation, must be prepared immediately before administration by first dissolving in sodium bicarbonate solution and then diluting in saline. A novel solvent for rapid and stable single step reconstitution of artesunate was recently developed showing improved solubility and stability. This study aimed to compare the safety and pharmacokinetic properties of the currently available and newly developed parenteral formulation of artesunate in healthy Thai volunteers. Methods This was an open-label, randomized, 4 periods, 4-treatments, 24-sequence, single-dose, cross-over study in 72 male and female healthy Thai volunteers. Frequent pharmacokinetic samples were collected in all volunteers at each dose occasion. Observed concentration–time profiles were analysed with a non-compartmental approach followed by a bioequivalence evaluation. Results Both intramuscular and intravenous administrations of the new parenteral formulation of artesunate were safe and well-tolerated, with no additional safety signals compared to the currently used formulation. The pharmacokinetic properties of artesunate and its active metabolite, dihydroartemisinin, were well-characterized, and showed rapid conversion of artesunate into dihydroartemisinin. Intramuscular administration of the newly formulated artesunate resulted in almost complete bioavailability of dihydroartemisinin. The pharmacokinetic properties were similar between the old and new formulation. Conclusions The new and more easily prepared formulation of artesunate was safe and well-tolerated, with similar pharmacokinetic properties compared to the currently used formulation. Dihydroartemisinin, the active metabolite responsible for the majority of the anti-malarial effect, showed equivalent exposure after both intravenous and intramuscular administration of artesunate, suggesting that both routes of administration should generate comparable therapeutic effects. Trial registration: The study was registered to clinicaltrials.gov (#TCTR20170907002).
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedChristophe Le TerrierPatrik MlynarcikMustafa SadekPatrice NordmannLaurent Poirel1Medical and Molecular Microbiology, Faculty of Science and Medicine, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland2Division of Intensive Care Unit, University Hospitals of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland3Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacky University Olomouc, Olomouc, Czechia4Department of Food Hygiene and Control, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, South Valley University, Qena, Egypt5Swiss National Reference Center for Emerging Antibiotic Resistance, Fribourg, SwitzerlandAlessandra Carattoli
Antimicrobial Agents And Chemotherapy, 5.10.2024
Tilføjet 5.10.2024