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New England Journal of Medicine, Volume 386, Issue 3, Page 220-229, January 2022. …

New England Journal of Medicine, Volume 386, Issue 3, January 2022. …

New England Journal of Medicine, Ahead of Print. …

New England Journal of Medicine, Ahead of Print. …

New England Journal of Medicine, Ahead of Print. …

Epidemiological findings on coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) have accumulated at an unprecedented rate. A key finding is the heterogeneity in the number of secondary transmissions, which is often characterized as overdispersion. Super-spreading events are essential factors contributing to the sustained transmission of SARS-CoV-2 (Endo et al., 2020; Xu et al., 2020) similar to severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) (Leo et al., 2003) and other infectious diseases (Kucharski and Althaus, 2015; Lau et al., 2017; Wong et al., 2015).

Introduction…

Tropical Medicine & International Health, Accepted Article.

Tropical Medicine & International Health, Accepted Article.

Journal of Medical Virology, Accepted Article.

Journal of Medical Virology, Accepted Article.

In The Lancet Infectious Diseases, Henry J C de Vries and colleagues1 report exciting results from their New AntiBiotic treatment Options for uncomplicated GOnorrhea (NABOGO) randomised controlled trial. This non-inferiority trial examined the efficacy of single doses of ertapenem 1 g (intramuscularly), gentamicin 5 mg/kg (max 400 mg, intramuscularly) or fosfomycin 6 g (oral solution) compared with ceftriaxone 500 mg (intramuscularly) for the treatment of uncomplicated anogenital Neisseria gonorrhoeae.

Single-dose 1000 mg ertapenem is non-inferior to single-dose 500 mg ceftriaxone in gonorrhoea treatment. Yet, 5 mg/kg gentamicin (maximum 400 mg) is not non-inferior to ceftriaxone. Ertapenem is a potential effective alternative for anogenital N gonorrhoeae infections and merits evaluation for ceftriaxone-resistant infections.

Many studies on severe infections use in-hospital mortality, 14-day mortality, or 30-day mortality, as classic endpoints. However, in the era of high-performance intensive care, these endpoints no longer seem appropriate. Modern intensive-care medicine has massively reduced early mortality in patients with sepsis.1 Although this reduction is gratifying, it should not obscure the fact that these patients are still far from being healed.

The BLOOMY scores showed good discrimination and predictive values and could support the development of protocols to manage bloodstream infections and also help to estimate the short-term and long-term burdens of bloodstream infections.

INTRODUCTION…

To investigate if the diversity and composition of the intestinal microbiota determines the risk of multi-drug resistant organism (MDRO) acquisition, infection and mortality in patients admitted to a liver intensive care unit (ICU).

This study aimed at evaluating the immunochromatographic COVID19Speed-Antigen Test (BioSpeedia, France) as antigen point-of-care test (AgPOCT) to detect SARS-CoV-2 infection in the paediatric emergency department of the University Hospital of Saint-Etienne, France.

The malaria hypothesis predicts local, balancing selection of deleterious alleles that confer strong protection from malaria. Three protective variants, recently discovered in red cell genes, are indeed more common in African than European populations. Still, up to 89% of the heritability of severe malaria is attributed to many genome-wide loci with individually small effects. Recent analyses of hundreds of genome-wide association studies (GWAS) in humans suggest that most functional, polygenic variation is pleiotropic for multiple traits.

Abstract

Setting

It is estimated that 25% of the world’s population are infected with Mycobacterium tuberculosis and that 463 million people are living with diabetes mellitus (DM), a number that is increasing. Patients with DM have three times the risk of developing tuberculosis (TB) and there is significant interaction between DM and TB, suggesting that DM affects not only risk of TB but also TB presentation, treatment response and outcome.

Objective

The aim was determining the prevalence of DM among TB patients in Denmark and to assess risk factors.

Design

Patient files from all notified TB cases in Denmark from 2009 to 2014 were retrospectively assessed.

Results

In total, 1912 patients were included and 5.0% had DM. Patients with DM were older, had more comorbidities, came from outside Denmark, and had a higher mortality compared to non-DM-patients. None of the patients from Greenland had DM. Patients with low socio-economic status had a low prevalence of DM. We found a higher prevalence of DM among Danish-born < 54 year and migrant ≥ 75 year compared to a Danish background population.

Conclusion

We found a higher prevalence of DM among TB patients with known risk factors, and a surprisingly low prevalence among patients with low socioeconomic status and patients from Greenland.

…

Abstract

Background

Sepsis is an inflammatory response caused by infection with pathogenic microorganisms. The body shock caused by it is called septic shock. In view of this, we aimed to identify potential diagnostic gene biomarkers of the disease.

Material and methods

Firstly, mRNAs expression data sets of septic shock were retrieved and downloaded from the GEO (Gene Expression Omnibus) database for differential expression analysis. Functional enrichment analysis was then used to identify the biological function of DEmRNAs (differentially expressed mRNAs). Machine learning analysis was used to determine the diagnostic gene biomarkers for septic shock. Thirdly, RT-PCR (real-time polymerase chain reaction) verification was performed. Lastly, GSE65682 data set was utilized to further perform diagnostic and prognostic analysis of identified superlative diagnostic gene biomarkers.

Results

A total of 843 DEmRNAs, including 458 up-regulated and 385 down-regulated DEmRNAs were obtained in septic shock. 15 superlative diagnostic gene biomarkers (such as RAB13, KIF1B, CLEC5A, FCER1A, CACNA2D3, DUSP3, HMGN3, MGST1 and ARHGEF18) for septic shock were identified by machine learning analysis. RF (random forests), SVM (support vector machine) and DT (decision tree) models were used to construct classification models. The accuracy of the DT, SVM and RF models were very high. Interestingly, the RF model had the highest accuracy. It is worth mentioning that ARHGEF18 and FCER1A were related to survival. CACNA2D3 and DUSP3 participated in MAPK signaling pathway to regulate septic shock.

Conclusion

Identified diagnostic gene biomarkers may be helpful in the diagnosis and therapy of patients with septic shock.

…

Abstract

Background

To compare differences in the probability of COVID-19-related death between native Italians and immigrants hospitalised with COVID-19.

Methods

This retrospective study of prospectively collected data was conducted at the ASST Fatebenefratelli-Sacco Hospital in Milan, Italy, between 21 February and 31 November 2020. Uni- and multivariable Cox proportional hazard models were used to assess the impact of the patients' origin on the probability of COVID-19-related death.

Results

The study population consisted of 1,179 COVID-19 patients: 921 Italians (78.1%) and 258 immigrants (21.9%) who came from Latin America (99, 38%), Asia (72, 28%), Africa (50, 19%) and central/eastern Europe (37, 14%). The Italians were significantly older than the immigrants (median age 70 years, interquartile range (IQR) 58–79 vs 51 years, IQR 41–60; p < 0.001), and more frequently had one or more co-morbidities (79.1% vs 53.9%; p < 0.001). Mortality was significantly greater among the Italians than the immigrants as a whole (26.6% vs 12.8%; p < 0.001), and significantly greater among the immigrants from Latin America than among those from Asia, Africa or central/eastern Europe (21% vs 8%, 6% and 8%; p = 0.016). Univariable analysis showed that the risk of COVID-19-related death was lower among the immigrants (hazard ratio [HR] 0.43, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.30–0.63; p < 0.0001], but the risk of Latin American immigrants did not significantly differ from that of the Italians (HR 0.74, 95% CI 0.47–1.15; p = 0.183). However, after adjusting for potential confounders, multivariable analysis showed that there was no difference in the risk of death between the immigrants and the Italians (adjusted HR [aHR] 1.04, 95% CI 0.70–1.55; p = 0.831), but being of Latin American origin was independently associated with an increased risk of death (aHR 1.95, 95% CI 1.17–3.23; p = 0.010).

Conclusions

Mortality was lower among the immigrants hospitalised with COVID-19 than among their Italian counterparts, but this difference disappeared after adjusting for confounders. However, the increased risk of death among immigrants of Latin American origin suggests that COVID-19 information and prevention initiatives need to be strengthened in this sub-population.

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Science Advances, <a href='https://www.science.org/toc/sciadv/8/3'>Volume 8, Issue 3</a>, January 2022. …

Science Advances, <a href='https://www.science.org/toc/sciadv/8/3'>Volume 8, Issue 3</a>, January 2022. …

Science Advances, <a href='https://www.science.org/toc/sciadv/8/3'>Volume 8, Issue 3</a>, January 2022. …

Science Advances, <a href='https://www.science.org/toc/sciadv/8/3'>Volume 8, Issue 3</a>, January 2022. …

Science Advances, <a href='https://www.science.org/toc/sciadv/8/3'>Volume 8, Issue 3</a>, January 2022. …

by Xuan Cai, Rongrong Liao, Guo Chen, Yonghong Lu, Yiqun Zhao, Yi Chen

Food processing methods may influence the health of dogs. However, previous studies have mostly been based on a comparison of several commercial dog foods with different ingredients. In this study, eighteen adult beagles of the same age and health status (assessed by routine blood tests) were used in the experiments. This study analyzed the effects of the following different processing methods: raw, pasteurized, and high temperature sterilization (HTS) made with the same ingredients and nutrients (based on dry matter) on serum parameters, apparent total-tract macronutrient digestibility, fecal microbiota and short-chain fatty acid (SCFA) content in beagle dogs. The data showed, after a test lasting 56-days, the apparent digestibility (ATTD) of protein and fat in HTS food was 91.9%, which was significantly higher (P< 0.05) than that in dry food (89.2%, P < 0.05). The serum content of triglyceride increased in beagles fed HTS food (P < 0.05), and the number of neutrophils in beagles fed raw food and pasteurized food increased significantly (P < 0.05), and the platelet count in beagles fed raw food showed an increasing trend compared with the beagles fed HTS food. Different processing methods had an impact on the intestinal microbiota and SCFA of beagles; at least 14 genera were significantly affected by the food produced using different processing methods. In particular, the abundance of Allprevotella, Escherichia-Shigella and Turicibacter, and the total acid content were lower in beagles fed the raw diet, whereas Streptococcus, Collinsella, Bacteroides and Ruminococcus gnavus were more abundant following the HTS diet, and Lactococcus showed the highest abundance in beagles fed the pasteurized diet. This study showed that dog food produced by different processing methods affected the health of adult beagles.