Aktuelle smitsomme sygdomme

Leishmaniasis -- BrazilIntroduction: Human visceral leishmaniasis (VL) is a zoonosis of great importance to public health due to its epidemiological diversity, with emphasis on the possibility of aggravation by coinfection with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV).Objective: The aim was to study the epidemiological characteristics of VL cases associated with HIV coinfection in Pará. Methods. Reported cases of VL from January 2006 to December 2016 were investigated. A descriptive epidemiological method related…

This report describes how the CDC adapted smallpox preparedness systems and HIV prevention programs to respond to 2022-2023 mpox cases.

A test for HIV, hepatitis B, and hepatitis C that uses a single dried blood spot could increase testing for these viruses in high-risk and challenging settings, new data show. Medscape Medical News…

Fewer women are giving birth to newborns with HIV, but the success does not extend to some communities. Medscape Medical News…

De nyeste tal fra Statens Serum Institut viser, at der ikke blev fundet nogen hiv-positive bloddonorer i bloddonorscreeningen i 2019 og kun ganske få tilfælde af hepatitis B og C.

The ruling applies nationwide, and public health experts were quick to criticize the decision. WebMD Health News…

An individualised blood donor selection policy was implemented in the United Kingdom from summer 2021. We have investigated the impact of this policy by comparing the extent of undeclared use of HIV pre-exposure or post-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP/PEP) before and after this change. The rate of PrEP usage in syphilis-positive male blood donors has not changed since individualised donor assessment was implemented but provides continuing evidence of undisclosed PrEP use which may be associated with current or past higher-risk sexual behaviours.…

Three quarters of US adults have never tested for HIV. Why are we still behind the 8 ball? Medscape Medical News…

This report describes the worldwide progress of eliminating HIV as a global public health threat through the use of antiretroviral therapy.

BackgroundEpidemiological and immunovirological features of people living with HIV (PLWH) can vary by sex.AimTo investigate, particularly according to sex, characteristics of PLWH who consulted a tertiary hospital in Barcelona, Spain, in 1982–2020.MethodsPLWH, still in active follow-up in 2020 were retrospectively analysed by sex, age at diagnosis, age at data extraction (December 2020), birth place, CD4+ cell counts, and virological failure.ResultsIn total, 5,377 PLWH (comprising 828 women; 15%) were included. HIV diagnoses in women appeared to decrease from the 1990s, representing 7.4% (61/828) of new diagnoses in 2015–2020. From 1997, proportions of new HIV diagnoses from patients born in Latin America seemed to increase; moreover, for women born outside of Spain, the median age at diagnosis appeared to become younger than for those born in Spain, with significant differences observed in 2005–2009 and 2010–2014 (31 vs 39 years (p = 0.001), and 32 vs 42 years (p < 0.001) respectively), but not in 2015–2020 (35 vs 42 years; p = 0.254). Among women, proportions of late diagnoses (CD4+ cells/mm3 < 350) were higher than men (significantly in 2015–2020: 62% (32/52) vs 46% (300/656); p = 0.030). Initially, virological failure rates were higher in women than men, but they were similar in 2015–2020 (12% (6/52) vs 8% (55/659); p = 0.431). Women ≥ 50 years old represented 68% (564/828) of women actively followed up in 2020.ConclusionsWomen still have higher rates of late HIV diagnoses than men. Among currently-followed-up women, ≥ 50 year-olds, who need age-adapted care represent a high percentage. Stratifying PLWH by sex matters for HIV prevention and control interventions.…

This report describes the identification of HIV cluster among Hispanic or Latino gay, bisexual, and other men who have sex with men in Atlanta.

This report describes efforts to reduce female-to-male transmission of HIV through CDC supported voluntary male circumcision programs.

BackgroundLateral flow antigen-detection rapid diagnostic tests (Ag-RDTs) for viral infections constitute a fast, cheap and reliable alternative to nucleic acid amplification tests (NAATs). Whereas leftover material from NAATs can be employed for genomic analysis of positive samples, there is a paucity of information on whether viral genetic characterisation can be achieved from archived Ag-RDTs.AimTo evaluate the possibility of retrieving leftover material of several viruses from a range of Ag-RDTs, for molecular genetic analysis.MethodsArchived Ag-RDTs which had been stored for up to 3 months at room temperature were used to extract viral nucleic acids for subsequent RT-qPCR, Sanger sequencing and Nanopore whole genome sequencing. The effects of brands of Ag-RDT and of various ways to prepare Ag-RDT material were evaluated.ResultsSARS-CoV-2 nucleic acids were successfully extracted and sequenced from nine different brands of Ag-RDTs for SARS-CoV-2, and for five of these, after storage for 3 months at room temperature. The approach also worked for Ag-RDTs for influenza virus (n = 3 brands), as well as for rotavirus and adenovirus 40/41 (n = 1 brand). The buffer of the Ag-RDT had an important influence on viral RNA yield from the test strip and the efficiency of subsequent sequencing.ConclusionOur finding that the test strip in Ag-RDTs is suited to preserve viral genomic material, even for several months at room temperature, and therefore can serve as source material for genetic characterisation could help improve global coverage of genomic surveillance for SARS-CoV-2 as well as for other viruses.…

BackgroundHerpes zoster (HZ) affects 1 in 3 persons in their lifetime, and the risk of HZ increases with increasing age and the presence of immunocompromising conditions. In Spain, vaccination guidelines were recently updated to include the recommendation of the new recombinant zoster vaccine (RZV) for certain risk groups.AimTo describe the epidemiology of HZ-related hospitalisations in Spain in order to prioritise vaccination recommendations and define a baseline to monitor the effectiveness of vaccination policies.MethodsRetrospective study using the National Health System’s Hospital Discharge Records Database, including all HZ-related hospitalisations from 1998 to 2018.ResultsThe 65,401 HZ-related hospitalisations, corresponded to an annual mean hospitalisation rate of 6.75 per 100,000 population. There was an increasing trend of HZ hospitalisations over the study period. This rate was higher in males and older age groups, particularly over 65 years. Comorbidities with higher risk of readmission were leukaemia/lymphoma (RR 2.4; 95% CI: 2.3–2.6) and solid malignant neoplasm (RR 2.2; 95% CI: 2.1–2.4). Comorbidities associated with higher risk of mortality were leukaemia/lymphoma (RR 2.9; 95% CI: 2.7–3.2), solid malignant neoplasm (RR 2.9; 95% CI: 2.7–3.1) and HIV infection (RR 2.2; 95% CI: 1.8–2.7).ConclusionOf all patients hospitalised with HZ, those with greater risk of mortality or readmission belonged to the groups prioritised by the current vaccination recommendations of the Spanish Ministry of Health. Our study provided relevant information on clinical aspects of HZ and established the base for future assessments of vaccination policies.…

Postexposure prophylaxis with doxycycline has been shown to significantly reduce the risk of STIs in men and transgender women. Now a study looks at its efficacy in cisgender women taking HIV PrEP. Medscape Medical News…

"It shows it's not impossible -- it's just very difficult -- to remove HIV from the body." WebMD Health News…

Read clinically focused news coverage of key developments from CROI 2023 Medscape HIV/AIDS…

Other Animal Disease -- New ZealandMore than 3000 beehives had to be destroyed in the year to May 2022, as the honey industry responded to record high cases of American Foulbrood disease (AFB).American Foulbrood weakens and kills honey bee colonies and once they become infected they never recover.New Zealand has been trying to eliminate AFB since 1998 and as part of the industry's national pest management strategy, infected hives have to be burned.The National American Foulbrood Pest Management Plan's compliance…

Undiagnosed -- Saudi ArabiaRegarding PRO/AH/EDR> Undiagnosed deaths, camel - Saudi Arabia: (RI) RFI Archive Number: http://promedmail.org/post/20230126.8707979, published 26 Jan 2023:The animal health authority was notified of a number of deaths in a camel herd in the central region. A total of 4 deaths in a single camel herd were detected and the investigation is consistent with acute feed-related poisoning. Samples were collected for the feed and the suspected feed was sorghum.-- communicated by:Abdullah…

The proposed guidance would evaluate all potential donors on the basis of their individual risks of HIV infection. Medscape Medical News…

This report describes an increase in people with HIV infection receiving PEPFAR-supported antiretroviral therapy in Uganda.

"It's obviously disappointing," Anthony Fauci, MD, told MSNBC, noting that other areas of HIV treatment research are promising. "I don't think that people should give up on the field of the HIV vaccine." WebMD Health News…

The study involves the largest analysis of survival in KS patients “since the advent of antiretroviral therapy for HIV in 2008,” according to the authors. MDedge News…

Cases of late HIV might be averted if multi-prong strategies are implemented, including redefining the category for better monitoring. Medscape Medical News…

An epidemiologist and advocates say state and local officials in West Virginia, home to one of the worst HIV outbreaks in recent years, have taken measures that render syringe exchange less accessible. Kaiser Health News…

Revised draft preexposure prophylaxis recommendations highlight the need for HIV prevention in all at-risk persons while insurers consider pricing tiers. Medscape Medical News…

Gonorrhea -- AustraliaA new report finds most STIs in Australia remain undiagnosed and untreated, highlighting a need to increase STI testing across the country. New data released today [8 Dec 2022] by the Kirby Institute at UNSW Sydney reveals how the COVID-19 pandemic has impacted testing and diagnoses of sexually transmissible infections (STI) in Australia.The report, titled 'HIV, viral hepatitis and sexually transmissible infections in Australia: Annual surveillance report,' shows that in 2021 there were 86…

'At the most general level, the trial results show that one can design vaccines that induce antibodies with pre-specified genetic features, and this may herald a new era of precision vaccines.' WebMD Health News…

BackgroundAdequate identification and testing of people at risk for HIV is fundamental for the HIV care continuum. A key strategy to improve timely testing is HIV indicator condition (IC) guided testing.AimTo evaluate the uptake of HIV testing recommendations in HIV IC-specific guidelines in European countries.MethodsBetween 2019 and 2021, European HIV experts reviewed guideline databases to identify all national guidelines of 62 HIV ICs. The proportion of HIV IC guidelines recommending HIV testing was reported, stratified by subgroup (HIV IC, country, eastern/western Europe, achievement of 90–90–90 goals and medical specialty).ResultsOf 30 invited European countries, 15 participated. A total of 791 HIV IC guidelines were identified: median 47 (IQR: 38–68) per country. Association with HIV was reported in 69% (545/791) of the guidelines, and 46% (366/791) recommended HIV testing, while 42% (101/242) of the AIDS-defining conditions recommended HIV testing. HIV testing recommendations were observed more frequently in guidelines in eastern (53%) than western (42%) European countries and in countries yet to achieve the 90–90–90 goals (52%) compared to those that had (38%). The medical specialties internal medicine, neurology/neurosurgery, ophthalmology, pulmonology and gynaecology/obstetrics had an HIV testing recommendation uptake below the 46% average. None of the 62 HIV ICs, countries or medical specialties had 100% accurate testing recommendation coverage in all their available HIV IC guidelines.ConclusionFewer than half the HIV IC guidelines recommended HIV testing. This signals an insufficient adoption of this recommendation in non-HIV specialty guidelines across Europe.…

HIV testing was offered to 2,185 people receiving mpox (formerly monkeypox) vaccination, who reported not being HIV positive. Among them 390 were current PrEP users, and 131 had taken PrEP in the past. Of 958 individuals consenting testing, six were newly diagnosed with HIV. Two patients had symptomatic primary HIV infection. None of the six patients had ever taken PrEP. Mpox vaccination represents an important opportunity for HIV testing and counselling about risk reduction and PrEP.…

I Danmark fortsætter den positive udvikling med færre nye hiv-diagnoser. Det gælder især blandt mænd der har sex med mænd (MSM), som er den gruppe, der er mest ramt af hiv. Det viser årsopgørelsen for HIV i 2021 fra Statens Serum Institut.

This report describes HIV services and outcomes during the COVID-19 pandemic in the United States.

People living with HIV were more likely to seek vaccine information from reputable sources and be compliant with recommendations, a new survey reveals. Medscape Medical News…

Other Plant Disease -- SpainSpecies and subspecies in the genus _Clavibacter_ are known to affect a range of crops. Members cause, for example, bacterial canker of tomato (and capsicum) or potato ring rot, which can both lead to serious losses in the respective crops. (For more information see previous ProMED posts in the archives.) The bacteria are mostly spread by water and mechanical means; they can survive for a long time in plant debris and on equipment. Disease management relies mainly on the use of clean seed and…

Necrotic lesions, monkeypox therapy delays, and multiple admissions marked severe monkeypox infection among people with inadequately managed HIV. Medscape Medical News…

In response to the COVID-19 pandemic, the European Union/European Economic Area (EU/EEA) countries implemented a wide set of non-pharmaceutical interventions (NPIs), sometimes with limited knowledge on their effect and impact on population. The European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (ECDC) and the European Commission’s Joint Research Centre (JRC) developed a Response Measures Database (ECDC–JRC RMD) to archive NPIs in 30 EU/EEA countries from 1 January 2020 to 30 September 2022. We aimed to introduce a tool for the wider scientific community to assess COVID-19 NPIs effect and impact in the EU/EEA. We give an overview of the ECDC–JRC RMD rationale and structure, including a brief analysis of the main NPIs applied in 2020, before the roll-out of the COVID-19 vaccination campaigns. The ECDC–JRC RMD organises NPIs through a three-level hierarchical structure and uses four additional parameters (‘status’, ‘implementation’, ‘target group’ and ‘geographical representation’) to provide further information on the implementation of each measure. Features including the ready-for-analysis, downloadable format and its agile taxonomy and structure highlight the potential of the ECDC–JRC RMD to facilitate further NPI analysis and optimise decision making on public health response policies.…

This report describes HIV stigma and health care discrimination of Hispanic or Latino people with HIV in the United States.

Archive of non-pharmaceutical interventions (NPIs), introduced by 30 EU/EEA countries in response to the COVID-19 pandemic.

"Disparities in cases persist among Black and Hispanic people, a pattern also seen with HIV and COVID-19." …

"When novel public health emergencies arise, extant ones cannot go by the wayside." …

Pregnant women living with HIV have a higher prevalence of HPV infection than do pregnant women without HIV, researchers in Canada and Denmark report in an analysis with public health implications. …

Fueled by significant advances in treatment and prevention as well as an exciting pipeline, the global treatment and prevention HIV drugs market is expected to quickly reverse pandemic-related supply chain challenges. …

Italian researchers say the HPV vaccine is needed in young MSM with gonorrhea exposure. The WHO says only 30% of the target population worldwide has received the HPV vaccine. …

This report describes HIV molecular clusters of rapid transmission among gay, bisexual, and other men you have sex with men.

In people with HIV, coinfection with hepatitis C is linked to an 85% greater risk of myocardial infarction with every decade, in a new analysis. …

A new review of studies of cardiovascular imaging in individuals with HIV shows a large variation in findings, making conclusions difficult, but there are suggestions that myocardial fibrosis may play a role. …

This report describes people coinfected with Monkeypox, HIV, and STIs.

'Monkeypox virus and SARS-CoV-2 infections can occur simultaneously,' the study authors write. 'Flu-like symptoms and SARS-CoV-2 positivity should not exclude monkeypox in high-risk individuals.' …

This year's status update by UNAIDS on the HIV epidemic worldwide gives cause for concern. …

Few people who are co-infected with HCV and HIV and are being treated with direct-acting antivirals also receive contraindicated antiretrovirals, European researchers report. …