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1
Tuberculosis Preventive Treatment Update - U.S. President's Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief, 36 Countries, 2016-2023
Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report (MMWR), 21.03.2024
Tilføjet 21.03.2024
This report describes trends in the initiation and completion of preventive treatment for tuberculosis in people with HIV through PEPFAR-supported programs.
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2
Doxy-PEP Cut STIs in San Francisco in Half
Medscape Infectious Diseases, 6.03.2024
Tilføjet 6.03.2024
Postexposure prophylaxis with doxycycline reduced some sexually transmitted infection rates in half in certain populations but concerns about antibiotic resistance remain. Medscape Medical News
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3
Stopping HIV and STIs in a New Era of Care
Medscape Infectious Diseases, 22.07.2023
Tilføjet 22.07.2023
Is it time to add the antibiotic doxycycline post exposure for more STIs? Doxy-PEP use is a clinical controversy that will be debated at the upcoming International AIDS Society Conference. Medscape Medical News
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4
Post-exposure vaccine effectiveness and contact management in the mpox outbreak, Madrid, Spain, May to August 2022
Laura Montero Morales, José Francisco Barbas del Buey, Marcos Alonso García, Noelia Cenamor Largo, Alba Nieto Juliá, María C Vázquez Torres, Susana Jiménez Bueno, Andrés Aragón Peña, Elisa Gil Montalbán, Jesús Íñigo Martínez, María Alonso Colón, Araceli Arce Arnáez and on behalf of Madrid Surveillance Network and Vaccination Centre of Madrid Region
Eurosurveillance latest updates, 16.06.2023
Tilføjet 16.06.2023
BackgroundAppropriate vaccination strategies have been key to controlling the outbreak of mpox outside endemic areas in 2022, yet few studies have provided information on mpox vaccine effectiveness (VE). AimTo assess VE after one dose of a third-generation smallpox vaccine against mpox when given as post-exposure prophylaxis (PEP) within 14 days. MethodsA survival analysis in a prospective cohort of close contacts of laboratory-confirmed mpox cases was conducted from the beginning of the outbreak in the region of Madrid in May 2022. The study included contacts of cases in this region diagnosed between 17 May and 15 August 2022. Follow up was up to 49 days. A multivariate proportional hazard model was used to evaluate VE in the presence of confounding and interaction. ResultsInformation was obtained from 484 close contacts, of which 230 were vaccinated within 14 days of exposure. Of the close contacts, 57 became ill during follow-up, eight vaccinated and 49 unvaccinated. The adjusted effectiveness of the vaccine was 88.8% (95% CI: 76.0–94.7). Among sexual contacts, VE was 93.6% (95% CI: 72.1–98.5) for non-cohabitants and 88.6% (95% CI: 66.1–96.2) for cohabitants. ConclusionPost-exposure prophylaxis of close contacts of mpox cases is an effective measure that can contribute to reducing the number of cases and eventually the symptoms of breakthrough infections. The continued use of PEP together with pre-exposure prophylaxis by vaccination and other population-targeted prevention measures are key factors in controlling an mpox outbreak.
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5
A large travel-associated outbreak of iatrogenic botulism in four European countries following intragastric botulinum neurotoxin injections for weight reduction, Türkiye, February to March 2023
Martin Bernhard Dorner, Hendrik Wilking, Martin Skiba, Laura Wilk, Maximilian Steinberg, Sylvia Worbs, Sabahat Çeken, Sedat Kaygusuz, Stéphanie Simon, François Becher, Agata Mikolajewska, Christian Kornschober, Timo Bütler, Nathalie Jourdan-Da-Silva, Maria an der Heiden, Lars Schaade, Klaus Stark, Brigitte Gertrud Dorner and Christina Frank
Eurosurveillance latest updates, 9.06.2023
Tilføjet 9.06.2023
In March 2023, 34 associated cases of iatrogenic botulism were detected in Germany (30 cases), Switzerland (two cases), Austria (one case), and France (one case). An alert was rapidly disseminated via European Union networks and communication platforms (Food- and Waterborne Diseases and Zoonoses Network, EpiPulse, Early Warning and Response System) and the International Health Regulation mechanism; the outbreak was investigated in a European collaboration. We traced sources of the botulism outbreak to treatment of weight loss in Türkiye, involving intragastric injections of botulinum neurotoxin. Cases were traced using a list of patients who had received this treatment. Laboratory investigations of the first 12 German cases confirmed nine cases. The application of innovative and highly sensitive endopeptidase assays was necessary to detect minute traces of botulinum neurotoxin in patient sera. The botulism notification requirement for physicians was essential to detect this outbreak in Germany. The surveillance case definition of botulism should be revisited and inclusion of cases of iatrogenic botulism should be considered as these cases might lack standard laboratory confirmation yet warrant public health action. Any potential risks associated with the use of botulinum neurotoxins in medical procedures need to be carefully balanced with the expected benefits of the procedure.
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6
Antimicrobial resistance monitoring in the Danish swine production by phenotypic methods and metagenomics from 1999 to 2018
Ana Sofia R. Duarte, Ana Rita Marques, Vibe D. Andersen , Helle B. Korsgaard, Hanne Mordhorst, Frederik D. Møller, Thomas N. Petersen, Håkan Vigre, Tine Hald and Frank M. Aarestrup
Eurosurveillance latest updates, 19.05.2023
Tilføjet 19.05.2023
BackgroundIn Denmark, antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in pigs has been monitored since 1995 by phenotypic approaches using the same indicator bacteria. Emerging methodologies, such as metagenomics, may allow novel surveillance ways. AimThis study aimed to assess the relevance of indicator bacteria (Escherichia coli and Enterococcus faecalis) for AMR surveillance in pigs, and the utility of metagenomics. MethodsWe collated existing data on AMR and antimicrobial use (AMU) from the Danish surveillance programme and performed metagenomics sequencing on caecal samples that had been collected/stored through the programme during 1999–2004 and 2015–2018. We compared phenotypic and metagenomics results regarding AMR, and the correlation of both with AMU. ResultsVia the relative abundance of AMR genes, metagenomics allowed to rank these genes as well as the AMRs they contributed to, by their level of occurrence. Across the two study periods, resistance to aminoglycosides, macrolides, tetracycline, and beta-lactams appeared prominent, while resistance to fosfomycin and quinolones appeared low. In 2015–2018 sulfonamide resistance shifted from a low occurrence category to an intermediate one. Resistance to glycopeptides consistently decreased during the entire study period. Outcomes of both phenotypic and metagenomics approaches appeared to positively correlate with AMU. Metagenomics further allowed to identify multiple time-lagged correlations between AMU and AMR, the most evident being that increased macrolide use in sow/piglets or fatteners led to increased macrolide resistance with a lag of 3–6 months. ConclusionWe validated the long-term usefulness of indicator bacteria and showed that metagenomics is a promising approach for AMR surveillance.
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7
The Antimicrobial Peptide That Even Pharma Can Love
Medscape Infectious Diseases, 19.05.2023
Tilføjet 19.05.2023
Those antibiotics may kill 99.9% of germs, but what about the 0.1% that gets left behind? MDedge News
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8
PRO/AH/EDR> Rabies (12): Americas (USA) human, PEP failure
ProMED, 5.04.2023
Tilføjet 5.04.2023
Rabies -- United StatesAbstract--------Background: No rabies post-exposure prophylaxis (PEP) failure has been documented in humans in the United States using modern cell-culture vaccines. In January 2021, an 84 year old male died from rabies 6 months after being bitten by a rabid bat despite receiving timely rabies post-exposure prophylaxis (PEP). We investigated the cause of breakthrough infection.Methods: We reviewed medical records, laboratory results, and autopsy findings, and performed whole genome
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9
PRO/EDR> Botulism - Canada (02): hot pepper sauce, risk, recall
ProMED, 1.04.2023
Tilføjet 1.04.2023
Botulism -- CanadaKomera Original / Seasoned Hot Pepper Sauce / 148 mL / 6 27987 43939 7 All units sold up to and including 30 Mar 2023As of the posting of this recall, there have been no reported illnesses associated with the consumption of this product.The symptoms of botulism may include some or all of the following: double vision, blurred vision, drooping eyelids, slurred speech, difficulty swallowing, difficulty breathing, a thick-feeling tongue, dry mouth, and muscle weakness. People with botulism
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10
Undeclared pre-exposure or post-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP/PEP) use among syphilis-positive blood donors, England, 2020 to 2021
Eurosurveillance latest updates, 16.03.2023
Tilføjet 18.03.2023
An individualised blood donor selection policy was implemented in the United Kingdom from summer 2021. We have investigated the impact of this policy by comparing the extent of undeclared use of HIV pre-exposure or post-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP/PEP) before and after this change. The rate of PrEP usage in syphilis-positive male blood donors has not changed since individualised donor assessment was implemented but provides continuing evidence of undisclosed PrEP use which may be associated with current or past higher-risk sexual behaviours.
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11
Doxy PEP Does Not Lower Risk of STIs in Cisgender Women
Medscape Infectious Diseases, 24.02.2023
Tilføjet 24.02.2023
Postexposure prophylaxis with doxycycline has been shown to significantly reduce the risk of STIs in men and transgender women. Now a study looks at its efficacy in cisgender women taking HIV PrEP. Medscape Medical News
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12
PRO/PL> Tomato leaf curl New Delhi virus, cucurbits - France: (PR) reoccurrence
ProMED, 23.02.2023
Tilføjet 23.02.2023
Other Plant Disease -- FranceIn France, _Tomato leaf curl New Delhi virus_ (_Begomovirus_, ToLCNDV - EPPO A2 List) was first found in 2020 on _Cucurbita pepo_ (zucchini) [ProMED post http://promedmail.org/post/20201029.7898960] and later declared eradicated (EPPO RS 2020/250, RS 2021/119). The NPPO (National Plant Protection Organisation) of France recently informed EPPO of new detections of ToLCNDV on its territory. The virus was detected in 5 locations in Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur region in September and October
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13
PRO/AH/EDR> COVID-19 update (07): countries, molnupiravir, vaccines, PACS, cockroach, WHO
ProMED, 13.02.2023
Tilføjet 13.02.2023
COVID-19 -- Molnupiravir was developed by the pharmaceutical giant Merck, based in Rahway, New Jersey, and was authorized by regulators in the United States and United Kingdom in late 2021, and in Australia in early 2022. A company-sponsored clinical trial found that the drug -- a pill taken for 5 days -- reduced hospitalizations and deaths in people at risk of severe COVID-19.Molnupiravir mimics some of the building blocks of RNA, the genetic material in SARS-CoV-2. The drug peppers the viral genome
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14
Scale-Up of HIV Antiretroviral Therapy and Estimation of Averted Infections and HIV-Related Deaths - Uganda, 2004-2022
Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report (MMWR), 27.01.2023
Tilføjet 27.01.2023
This report describes an increase in people with HIV infection receiving PEPFAR-supported antiretroviral therapy in Uganda.
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15
Pediatric HIV Case Identification Across 22 PEPFAR-Supported Countries During the COVID-19 Pandemic, October 2019-September 2020
Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report (MMWR), 14.07.2022
Tilføjet 14.07.2022
This report describes HIV testing among children and adolescents in PEPFAR-supported countries during the COVID-19 pandemic.
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16
PRO/EDR> Botulism - USA (02): jarred sweet peppers, risk, recall
ProMED, 21.04.2022
Tilføjet 21.04.2022
17
Lessons Learned from Programmatic Gains in HIV Service Delivery During the COVID-19 Pandemic - 41 PEPFAR-Supported Countries, 2020
Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report (MMWR), 24.03.2022
Tilføjet 24.03.2022
This report describes programmatic gains of HIV treatment during the pandemic.
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18
Forced Sexual Initiation and Early Sexual Debut and Associated Risk Factors and Health Problems Among Adolescent Girls and Young Women - Violence Against Children and Youth Surveys, Nine PEPFAR Countries, 2007-2018
Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report (MMWR), 24.11.2021
Tilføjet 2.12.2021
This report describes early sexual debut and associated risks factors among adolescent girls in nine PEPFAR countries.
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19
Antimicrobial resistance and antibiotic consumption in intensive care units, Switzerland, 2009 to 2018
Stefanie Barnsteiner, Florent Baty, Werner C Albrich, Baharak Babouee Flury, Michael Gasser, Catherine Plüss-Suard, Matthias Schlegel, Andreas Kronenberg, Philipp Kohler and on behalf of the Swiss Centre for Antibiotic Resistance (ANRESIS)
Eurosurveillance latest updates, 18.11.2021
Tilføjet 19.11.2021
Background
Intensive care units (ICU) constitute a high-risk setting for antimicrobial resistance (AMR).
Aim
We aimed to describe secular AMR trends including meticillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), glycopeptide-resistant enterococci (GRE), extended-spectrum cephalosporin-resistant Escherichia coli (ESCR-EC) and Klebsiella pneumoniae (ESCR-KP), carbapenem-resistant Enterobacterales (CRE) and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (CRPA) from Swiss ICU. We assessed time trends of antibiotic consumption and identified factors associated with CRE and CRPA.
Methods
We analysed patient isolate and antibiotic consumption data of Swiss ICU sent to the Swiss Centre for Antibiotic Resistance (2009–2018). Time trends were assessed using linear logistic regression; a mixed-effects logistic regression was used to identify factors associated with CRE and CRPA.
Results
Among 52 ICU, MRSA decreased from 14% to 6% (p = 0.005; n = 6,465); GRE increased from 1% to 3% (p = 0.011; n = 4,776). ESCR-EC and ESCR-KP increased from 7% to 15% (p < 0.001, n = 10,648) and 5% to 11% (p = 0.002; n = 4,052), respectively. CRE, mostly Enterobacter spp., increased from 1% to 5% (p = 0.008; n = 17,987); CRPA remained stable at 27% (p = 0.759; n = 4,185). Antibiotic consumption in 58 ICU increased from 2009 to 2013 (82.5 to 97.4 defined daily doses (DDD)/100 bed-days) and declined until 2018 (78.3 DDD/100 bed-days). Total institutional antibiotic consumption was associated with detection of CRE in multivariable analysis (odds ratio per DDD: 1.01; 95% confidence interval: 1.0–1.02; p = 0.004).
Discussion
In Swiss ICU, antibiotic-resistant Enterobacterales have been steadily increasing over the last decade. The emergence of CRE, associated with institutional antibiotic consumption, is of particular concern and calls for reinforced surveillance and antibiotic stewardship in this setting.
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20
PRO/PL> Pepino mosaic virus, tomato - Russia: ex Uzbekistan (IK) intercept
ProMED Mail
ProMED, 21.07.2021
Tilføjet 21.07.2021
Other Plant Disease -- RussiaA 20-ton consignment of Uzbek fresh tomatoes arrived in the Irkutsk region [Russia]. Rosselkhoznadzor [Federal Service for Veterinary and Phytosanitary Surveillance] sent samples for examination. Virological results revealed _Pepino mosaic virus_ by PCR method. The test confirms the presence of a dangerous virus in the product. The virus was detected for the 1st time in Irkutsk region.
Currently, there is no means of combating the disease. Preventive measures should be observed (use clean
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21
PRO/AH/EDR> Rabies (26): Americas (USA) fox, bat, dog, human exp, cattle
ProMED Mail
ProMED, 18.07.2021
Tilføjet 18.07.2021
Rabies -- United StatesA trip to a theme park now has 2 guests having to undergo [preventative] treatment for rabies.
The Hampton-Peninsula Health District has alerted guests a rabid fox attacked 2 people at Busch Gardens, Williamsburg [Virginia], WTKR reported.
A boy was bitten on 5 Jul 2021 by the fox and had to have 4 injections of rabies treatment. [Post Exposure Prophylaxis or PEP - Mod.TG] WTKR reported. He is OK.
A man was also exposed to the fox. The fox was captured and died shortly after, WAVY
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22
PRO/AH/EDR> Die-off, dolphin - China: (Zhejiang) strandings
ProMED Mail
ProMED, 13.07.2021
Tilføjet 13.07.2021
Animal Die-off -- ChinaIn the past few days, rescue workers in various places along the coast of Zhejiang have been very busy, because cetaceans have been stranded on the tidal flats, and rescue operations have also attracted intense attention.
On 6 Jul 2021, 12 melon-headed whales [or electra dolphins, _Peponocephala electra_, Family Delphinidae] stranded collectively in Linhai Toumen Port, Taizhou, Zhejiang. After dozens of hours of intense rescue, 6 of them were successfully released, 5 unfortunately died, and
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23
PRO/PL> Pepino mosaic virus, tomato - New Zealand
ProMED Mail
ProMED, 1.07.2021
Tilføjet 1.07.2021
Other Plant Disease -- New ZealandNew Zealand tomato exports to six countries have been stopped, after the _Pepino mosaic virus_ (PepMV) was discovered on crops. The Ministry for Primary Industries (MPI) has notified Australia, Japan, Thailand, Fiji, Tonga, and New Caledonia, because these countries consider PepMV a quarantine risk.
The virus was first detected in an Auckland glasshouse and has subsequently been found in tomato production facilities in the wider region. The premises where PepMV has been found are able to
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24
Notes from the Field: Impact of the COVID-19 Response on Scale-up of HIV Viral Load Testing - PEPFAR-Supported Countries, January-June 2020
Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report (MMWR), 27.05.2021
Tilføjet 12.06.2021
This report describes the impact of COVID-19 on HIV viral load testing in PEPFAR-supported countries.
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25
PRO/AH/EDR> Rabies (07): Asia, Pakistan (SD) human, Israel (HZ, HD) dog, spread
ProMED Mail
ProMED, 26.04.2021
Tilføjet 26.04.2021
Rabies -- PakistanA man from the city of Thatta in Sindh province, Pakistan died from rabies after a dog bite due to the local hospital not having rabies post-exposure prophylaxis (PEP).
The victim was reportedly attacked by a rabid dog around a week ago and suffered injuries on the head and torso.
Relatives took him to the local civil hospital only to find anti-rabies vaccine was not available.
Doctors there recommended the family take him to a private hospital; however, they could not afford the cost
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26
PRO/PL> Pepino mosaic virus, tomato - Serbia: 1st rep (JA)
ProMED Mail
ProMED, 13.04.2021
Tilføjet 13.04.2021
Other Plant Disease -- SerbiaDuring a survey on tomato viruses conducted in Serbia, virus-like symptoms were observed in July 2019 in tomato plants (_Solanum lycopersicum_) grown in 2 separate plastic tunnels in Jablanica district. Affected plants showed yellow angular spots on the leaves accompanied by necrosis and distortion, as well as fruit discoloration. In these 2 tomato crops, disease incidence was estimated at 80%.
Laboratory analysis (serological, molecular and biological tests) confirmed the presence of
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27
Sex Differences in HIV Testing - 20 PEPFAR-Supported Sub-Saharan African Countries, 2019
Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report (MMWR), 3.12.2020
Tilføjet 11.03.2021
This report describes sex differences in human immunodeficiency virus testing in sub-Saharan African countries.
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28
Expansion of HIV Preexposure Prophylaxis to 35 PEPFAR-Supported Early Program Adopters, October 2016-September 2018
Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report (MMWR), 27.02.2020
Tilføjet 11.03.2021
When taken daily, preexposure prophylaxis (PrEP) reduces the risk of acquiring human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). PrEP is an important tool for preventing HIV among persons at substantial risk for HIV infection, including female sex workers, men who have sex with men, transgender women, and persons who inject drugs.
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29
Status of HIV Case-Based Surveillance Implementation - 39 U.S. PEPFAR-Supported Countries, May-July 2019
Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report (MMWR), 27.11.2019
Tilføjet 11.03.2021
Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) case-based surveillance continuously and systematically monitors HIV-positive patients throughout their clinical care until death.
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30
Nye retningslinjer for rabies Post Eksposure Profylakse (PEP) og Pre Eksposure Profylakse (PrEP) fra WHO
Statens Serum Institut, 14.12.2017
Tilføjet 11.03.2021
WHO har 1/12-2017 i en rapport fra Strategic Advisory Group of Experts on Immunization, SAGE, udgivet nye retningslinjer på baggrund af ny evidens om brugen af rabiesvacciner og rabies-immunglobulin (RIG).
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31
Nu er det muligt at påvise hypofyse- eller nyresygdom med en ny sensitiv analyse for copeptin
Statens Serum Institut, 16.06.2015
Tilføjet 11.03.2021
Som noget helt nyt udbyder Statens Serum Institut en analyse, der med en blodprøve måler copeptin. Copeptin er relevant ved udredning af polyuri-polydipsi syndromer, fx. kan hypofysær og nefrogen diabetes insipidus adskilles ved måling af copeptid.
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