Nyt fra tidsskrifterne
Klik på knappen for at kopiere eller tryk på linket nedenfor.
Kopieret til udklipsholder!
Klik på knappen for at kopiere eller tryk på linket nedenfor.
Kopieret til udklipsholder!
Klik på knappen for at kopiere eller tryk på linket nedenfor.
Kopieret til udklipsholder!
Klik på knappen for at kopiere eller tryk på linket nedenfor.
Kopieret til udklipsholder!
Klik på knappen for at kopiere eller tryk på linket nedenfor.
Kopieret til udklipsholder!
Klik på knappen for at kopiere eller tryk på linket nedenfor.
Kopieret til udklipsholder!
Klik på knappen for at kopiere eller tryk på linket nedenfor.
Kopieret til udklipsholder!
Klik på knappen for at kopiere eller tryk på linket nedenfor.
Kopieret til udklipsholder!
Klik på knappen for at kopiere eller tryk på linket nedenfor.
Kopieret til udklipsholder!
Klik på knappen for at kopiere eller tryk på linket nedenfor.
Kopieret til udklipsholder!
Klik på knappen for at kopiere eller tryk på linket nedenfor.
Kopieret til udklipsholder!
Klik på knappen for at kopiere eller tryk på linket nedenfor.
Kopieret til udklipsholder!
Klik på knappen for at kopiere eller tryk på linket nedenfor.
Kopieret til udklipsholder!
Klik på knappen for at kopiere eller tryk på linket nedenfor.
Kopieret til udklipsholder!
Klik på knappen for at kopiere eller tryk på linket nedenfor.
Kopieret til udklipsholder!
Klik på knappen for at kopiere eller tryk på linket nedenfor.
Kopieret til udklipsholder!
Klik på knappen for at kopiere eller tryk på linket nedenfor.
Kopieret til udklipsholder!
Klik på knappen for at kopiere eller tryk på linket nedenfor.
Kopieret til udklipsholder!
Klik på knappen for at kopiere eller tryk på linket nedenfor.
Kopieret til udklipsholder!
Klik på knappen for at kopiere eller tryk på linket nedenfor.
Kopieret til udklipsholder!
47 ud af 47 tidsskrifter valgt, søgeord (prep) valgt, emner højest 180 dage gamle, sorteret efter nyeste først.
170 emner vises.
BMC Infectious Diseases, 14.11.2023
Tilføjet 14.11.2023
Abstract Background Men who have sex with men (MSM) and transgender women (TGW) have a disproportionately higher risk of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection than other groups. Oral HIV pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) is an effective prevention tool and should be offered to those at higher risk. Identifying demand creation strategies (DCS) and retention strategies (RS) to improve PrEP persistence is essential to control the HIV epidemic. Aim We aimed to identify the (DCS and RS with higher proportions among MSM and TGW. Methods A systematic review and meta-analysis of prospective studies were conducted, with studies retrieved from five databases until November, 2022 following the Cochrane and PRISMA guidelines. The study protocol was registered in PROSPERO (CRD42022323220). The outcomes were DCS and RS for PrEP use among MSM and TGW. Strategies used for users enrolled in the PrEP-recruited (DCS) were classified as face-to-face (peer educator recruitment at social venues, nongovernmental organizations, and parties; direct referrals by health services; friends and/or sexual partners); online (chatbot or peer educator recruitment on social media [e.g., , Instagram or Facebook] or dating/hook-up apps [e.g., Grindr, Tinder, Badoo, and Scruff]); and mixed (face-to-face and online). RS was classified as provider counseling (face-to-face by a health professional; prevention of HIV risk counseling, distribution of condoms, lubricants, and testing for HIV or other sexually transmitted infections); online counseling (text messages, chatbots, telephone calls, social media, and peer educators); and mixed (all previous strategies). Subgroup analyses were conducted for each treatment strategy. Meta-analyses were performed using the R software version 4.2.1. Results A total of 1, 129 studies were retrieved from the five databases. After eligibility, 46 studies were included. For MSM, most DCS and RS were online at 91% (95% CI: 0.85–0.97; I2=53%), and 83% (95% CI: 0.80–0.85; I2=17%) respectively. For TGW, mixed DCS and RS were the most frequent at85% (95% CI: 0.60–1.00; I2=91%) and online counseling at 84% (95% CI: 0.64–0.95) compared to other strategies. Conclusion Critical issues play. Pivotal role in increasing PrEP awareness among MSM and TGW, minimizing access gaps, and ensuring retention of PrEP services. Offering oral PrEP using online DCS and RS can reach and retain high numbers of MSM and TGW, and reduce HIV incidence in these populations.
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedBMC Infectious Diseases, 14.11.2023
Tilføjet 14.11.2023
Abstract Background Chronic kidney disease (CKD) was reported to be a risk factor of cardiac implantable electronic device (CIED) infection. The application of bundled skin antiseptic preparation before CIED implantation decreased the risk of CIED infection, even in patients undergoing complex procedures. However, the effect of bundled skin antiseptic preparation to prevent CIED infection in patients with CKD was not tested. Methods Between July 2012 and December 2019, 1668 patients receiving CIEDs comprised this retrospective cohort study and were categorized into two groups by the diagnosis of CKD: group with CKD (n = 750, 45%) and group without CKD (n = 918, 55%). The primary outcome was clinical CIED infection, including major and minor infection, and the secondary outcomes were cardiovascular mortality and all-cause mortality. Propensity score matching (PSM) was applied to reduce selection bias between the study groups. Results During a 4-year follow-up period, 30 patients (1.8%) had a CIED infection. After PSM, the incidence of CIED infection was similar between the patients with CKD and without CKD (1.0% vs. 1.8%). The incidences of cardiovascular mortality and all-cause mortality were higher in patients with CKD compared to patients without CKD (6.5% vs. 3.0%, P = 0.009; 22.8% vs. 11.8%, P
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedMaryam Shahmanesh, Natsayi Chimbindi, Frances M. Cowan
Nature, 13.11.2023
Tilføjet 13.11.2023
Nicholas I. Nii‐Trebi; Thomas S. Mughogho; Anisa Abdulai; Francis Tetteh; Priscilla M. Ofosu; Mary‐Magdalene Osei; Akua K. Yalley;
Reviews in Medical Virology, 11.11.2023
Tilføjet 11.11.2023
Infectious diseases continue to be the leading cause of morbidity and mortality, and a formidable obstacle to the development and well‐being of people worldwide. Viruses account for more than half of infectious disease outbreaks that have plagued the world. The past century (1918/19–2019/20) has witnessed some of the worst viral disease outbreaks the world has recorded, with overwhelming impact especially in low‐ and middle‐income countries (LMIC). The frequency of viral disease outbreak appears to be increasing. Generally, although infectious diseases have afflicted the world for centuries and humankind has had opportunities to examine the nature of their emergence and mode of spread, almost every new outbreak poses a formidable challenge to humankind, beating the existing pandemic preparedness systems, if any, and causing significant losses. These underscore inadequacy in our understanding of the dynamics and preparedness against viral disease outbreaks that lead to epidemics and pandemics. Despite these challenges, the past 100 years of increasing frequencies of viral disease outbreaks have engendered significant improvements in response to epidemics and pandemics, and offered lessons to inform preparedness. Hence, the increasing frequency of emergence of viral outbreaks and the challenges these outbreaks pose to humankind, call for the continued search for effective ways to tackle viral disease outbreaks in real time. Through a PRISMA‐based approach, this systematic review examines the outbreak of viral diseases in retrospect to decipher the outbreak patterns, losses inflicted on humanity and highlights lessons these offer for meaningful preparation against future viral disease outbreaks and pandemics.
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedBMC Infectious Diseases, 11.11.2023
Tilføjet 11.11.2023
Abstract Background Ciswomen constitute a disproportionately low percentage of pre-exposure prophylaxis for HIV prevention (PrEP) users compared to men. Despite PrEP’s effectiveness, women are 5.25 times less likely to take PrEP than men. Identifying women who have increased reasons for HIV prevention and educating and offering PrEP to these women is crucial to reducing HIV transmission and overall health equity. However, the best method of identifying women at highest risk of acquiring HIV remains unknown. This study aimed to identify common HIV risk factors and data sources for identifying these common factors (e.g., electronic medical record data, open source neighborhood data), as well as potential intervention points and missed opportunities for PrEP linkage. Methods We conducted an evaluation of multiple data sources: semi-structured qualitative interviews, electronic medical record (EMR) chart abstraction, and open source data abstraction. We accessed EMRs for enrolled participants and all participants signed a standard release of medical information (ROI) form for all institutions at which they had received medical care for the five-year period preceding their HIV diagnosis. Data were abstracted using a standardized procedure. Both structured and unstructured fields (i.e., narrative text of free notes) within the EMR were examined and included for analysis. Finally, open data sources (e.g., STI cases, HIV prevalence) were examined by community area of Chicago. Open data sources were used to examine several factors contributing to the overall Economic Hardship Index (EHI) score. We used these calculated scores to assess the economic hardship within participants’ neighborhoods. Results A total of 18 cisgender women with HIV participated in our study. Participants were mostly Black/African American (55.6%) and young (median age of 34). Our analysis identified two main themes influencing HIV risk among participants: contextual factors and relationship factors. Further, potential pre-diagnosis intervention points and missed opportunities were identified during reproductive health/prenatal visits, behavioral/mental health visits, and routine STI testing. Our evaluation of multiple data sources included investigating the presence or absence of information in the EMR (STI history, HIV testing, substance use, etc.) as well as whether pertinent information could be gathered from open access sources. Conclusion Ciswomen recently diagnosed with HIV identified many shared experiences, including syndemic conditions like mental illness and substance abuse, sex with men who have sex with men, and frequent moving in areas with high HIV incidence prior to their diagnosis. It is imperative that providers ask patients about social history, information about partners, and other key variables, in addition to the standardized questions. Findings can be used to better recognize ciswomen most vulnerable to HIV and offer PrEP to them, reducing HIV transmission.
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedBMC Infectious Diseases, 11.11.2023
Tilføjet 11.11.2023
Abstract Background Parasitological investigation of bone marrow, splenic or lymph node aspirations is the gold standard for the diagnosis of visceral leishmaniasis (VL). However, this invasive test requires skilled clinical and laboratory staff and adequate facilities, and sensitivity varies depending on the tissue used. The direct agglutination test (DAT) is a serological test that does not need specialised staff, with just minimal training required. While previous meta-analysis has shown DAT to have high sensitivity and specificity when using parasitology as the reference test for diagnosis, meta-analysis of DAT compared to other diagnostic techniques, such as PCR and ELISA, that are increasingly used in clinical and research settings, has not been done. Methods We conducted a systematic review to determine the diagnostic performance of DAT compared to all available tests for the laboratory diagnosis of human VL. We searched electronic databases including Medline, Embase, Global Health, Scopus, WoS Science Citation Index, Wiley Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, Africa-Wide Information, LILACS and WHO Global Index. Three independent reviewers screened reports and extracted data from eligible studies. A meta-analysis estimated the diagnostic sensitivity and specificity of DAT. Results Of 987 titles screened, 358 were selected for full data extraction and 78 were included in the analysis, reporting on 32,822 participants from 19 countries. Studies included were conducted between 1987–2020. Meta-analysis of studies using serum and DAT compared to any other test showed pooled sensitivity of 95% (95%CrI 90–98%) and pooled specificity of 95% (95%CrI 88–98%). Results were similar for freeze-dried DAT and liquid DAT when analysed separately. Sensitivity was lower for HIV-positive patients (90%, CrI 59–98%) and specificity was lower for symptomatic patients (70%, CrI 43–89%). When comparing different geographical regions, the lowest median sensitivity (89%, CrI 67–97%) was in Western Asia (five studies). Conclusions This systematic review and meta-analysis demonstrates high estimated pooled sensitivity and specificity of DAT for diagnosis of VL, although sensitivity and specificity were lower for different patient groups and geographical locations. This review highlights the lack of standardisation of DAT methods and preparations, and the lack of data from some important geographical locations. Future well-reported studies could provide better evidence to inform test implementation for different patient populations and use cases. PROSPERO registration CRD42021240830
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedErica Charters
Lancet, 10.11.2023
Tilføjet 10.11.2023
COVID-19 inquiries, reflections on the pandemic, and revised preparedness plans for the next outbreak signal that we have moved into the end stage of the COVID-19 pandemic, although infections and illness continue. The end of an epidemic is marked not by the disappearance of disease, but by looking back to make sense of what happened, identifying what went wrong, and transforming affliction into lessons learned, linking past frustrations to future optimism. Simon Schama\'s sweeping history of vaccines, Foreign Bodies: Pandemics, Vaccines, and the Health of Nations, fits neatly into this stage of epidemic trajectory.
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedDoudou Tang, Mingjie Chen, Xinhua Huang, Guicheng Zhang, Lin Zeng, Guangsen Zhang, Shangjie Wu, Yewei Wang
PLoS One Infectious Diseases, 10.11.2023
Tilføjet 10.11.2023
by Doudou Tang, Mingjie Chen, Xinhua Huang, Guicheng Zhang, Lin Zeng, Guangsen Zhang, Shangjie Wu, Yewei Wang Graphics are widely used to provide summarization of complex data in scientific publications. Although there are many tools available for drawing graphics, their use is limited by programming skills, costs, and platform specificities. Here, we presented a freely accessible easy-to-use web server named SRplot that integrated more than a hundred of commonly used data visualization and graphing functions together. It can be run easily using all Web browsers and there are no strong requirements on the computing power of users’ machines. With a user-friendly graphical interface, users can simply paste the contents of the input file into the text box according to the defined file format. Modification operations can be easily performed, and graphs can be generated in real-time. The resulting graphs can be easily downloaded in bitmap (PNG or TIFF) or vector (PDF or SVG) format in publication quality. The website is updated promptly and continuously. Functions in SRplot have been improved, optimized and updated depend on feedback and suggestions from users. The graphs prepared with SRplot have been featured in more than five hundred peer-reviewed publications. The SRplot web server is now freely available at http://www.bioinformatics.com.cn/SRplot.
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedRachel Sklar, Elizabeth Noth, Ada Kwan, David Sear, Stefano Bertozzi
PLoS One Infectious Diseases, 8.11.2023
Tilføjet 8.11.2023
by Rachel Sklar, Elizabeth Noth, Ada Kwan, David Sear, Stefano Bertozzi Residents of carceral facilities are exposed to poor ventilation conditions which leads to the spread of communicable diseases such as COVID-19. Indoor ventilation conditions are rarely studied within carceral settings and there remains limited capacity to develop solutions to address the impact of poor ventilation on the health of people who are incarcerated. In this study, we empirically measured ventilation rates within housing units of six adult prisons in the California Department of Corrections and Rehabilitation (CDCR) and compare the measured ventilation rates to recommended standards issued by the World Health Organization (WHO). Findings from the empirical assessment include lower ventilation rates than the recommended ventilation standards with particularly low ventilation during winter months when heating systems were in use. Inadvertent airflows from spaces housing potentially infected individuals to shared common spaces was also observed. The methodology used for this work can be leveraged for routine ventilation monitoring, pandemic preparedness, and disaster response.
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedFabian Eigner, Stefanie Keller, Sarah Schmitt, Sabrina Corti, Mirja C. Nolff
PLoS One Infectious Diseases, 8.11.2023
Tilføjet 8.11.2023
by Fabian Eigner, Stefanie Keller, Sarah Schmitt, Sabrina Corti, Mirja C. Nolff Objective To quantify the bacterial burden after skin disinfection using an alcohol octenidine dihydrochloride combination (Octenisept®) compared to an 74.1% ethanol 10% 2-propanol combination (Softasept N®). Study design Prospective randomized clinical trial. Material & methods 61 dogs undergoing clean or clean-contaminated surgeries (excluding surgeries on the gastrointestinal tract) were randomly assigned to group O (skin disinfection with alcohol and octenidine dihydrochloride after washing with octenidine containing soap) or to control group C (skin disinfection using the ethanol-2-propanol combination after washing with a neutral soap without antiseptic ingredients). Samples were then taken from 8 different locations within the surgical field at four different stages: after clipping, after washing, after disinfection and one hour later. At each stage, two different sampling techniques (wet-dry swab technique (WDS) and contact plates (CP)) were used for quantitative analysis of bacterial counts. Results WDS detected about 100-fold more bacteria compared to CP sampling in cases with high bacterial burden, but was not accurate enough to detect small numbers. CP sampling was therefore used for comparison of treatment protocols. 30 dogs were assigned to group O and 31 to group C. A relative reduction of 69% in group O and 77 percent in group C was observed after the soap wash. No significant differences were detected between both groups. Washing and disinfection resulted in a reduction of bacterial counts of 99.99% in group O versus 99.7% in group C (p = 0.018). Bacterial reduction one hour after washing and disinfection was significantly higher in group O (99.9%) than in group C (98.5%, p = 0.001). Conclusion Additional octenidine dihydrochloride provided a slightly better decontamination effect after disinfection, particularly one hour after, which means it may only be indicated in longer surgeries. WDS is more sensitive but less specific to detect bacteria on the skin than the CP sampling.
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedVaughan, A., Duffell, E., Freidl, G. S., Lemos, D. S., Nardone, A., Valenciano, M., Subissi, L., Bergeri, I., K Broberg, E., Penttinen, P., Pebody, R., Keramarou, M.
BMJ Open, 7.11.2023
Tilføjet 7.11.2023
ObjectivesSystematic review of SARS-CoV-2 seroprevalence studies undertaken in the WHO European Region to measure pre-existing and cumulative seropositivity prior to the roll out of vaccination programmes. DesignA systematic review of the literature. Data sourcesWe searched MEDLINE, EMBASE and the preprint servers MedRxiv and BioRxiv in the WHO ‘COVID-19 Global literature on coronavirus disease’ database using a predefined search strategy. Articles were supplemented with unpublished WHO-supported Unity-aligned seroprevalence studies and other studies reported directly to WHO Regional Office for Europe and European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control. Eligibility criteriaStudies published before the widespread implementation of COVID-19 vaccination programmes in January 2021 among the general population and blood donors, at national and regional levels. Data extraction and synthesisAt least two independent researchers extracted the eligible studies; a third researcher resolved any disagreements. Study risk of bias was assessed using a quality scoring system based on sample size, sampling and testing methodologies. ResultsIn total, 111 studies from 26 countries published or conducted between 1 January 2020 and 31 December 2020 across the WHO European Region were included. A significant heterogeneity in implementation was noted across the studies, with a paucity of studies from the east of the Region. Sixty-four (58%) studies were assessed to be of medium to high risk of bias. Overall, SARS-CoV-2 seropositivity prior to widespread community circulation was very low. National seroprevalence estimates after circulation started ranged from 0% to 51.3% (median 2.2% (IQR 0.7–5.2%); n=124), while subnational estimates ranged from 0% to 52% (median 5.8% (IQR 2.3%–12%); n=101), with the highest estimates in areas following widespread local transmission. ConclusionsThe low levels of SARS-CoV-2 antibody in most populations prior to the start of vaccine programmes underlines the critical importance of targeted vaccination of priority groups at risk of severe disease, while maintaining reduced levels of transmission to minimise population morbidity and mortality.
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedChinbunchorn, Tanat; Mayer, Kenneth H.; Campbell, Juwan; Alm, Dana King; Krakower, Douglas; Marcus, Julia L.; Grasso, Chris; Keuroghlian, Alex S.
AIDS, 2.11.2023
Tilføjet 2.11.2023
Objectives: To assess HIV pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) provision in U.S. health centers (HCs). Design: The U.S. Ending the HIV Epidemic (EHE) initiative designated HCs as the main health care system through which PrEP scale-up occurs. HCs offer primary care to over 30 million disproportionately uninsured, racially or ethnically minoritized, and low-income patients. This study is the first to assess PrEP provision across HCs, including characteristics of clinics, patient populations, and policies associated with PrEP prescribing. Methods: The Health Resources and Services Administration\'s Uniform Data System contained aggregate data on PrEP prescriptions and patient sociodemographics at HCs from January 1 through December 31, 2021, in 50 U.S. states, the District of Columbia, and 8 U.S. territories. We compared patient demographics and availability of Medicaid expansion and PrEP assistance programs at HCs that prescribed versus those that did not prescribe PrEP. Results: Across 1,375 HCs serving 30,193,278 patients, 79,163 patients were prescribed PrEP. HCs that prescribed any PrEP had higher proportions of sexual, gender, racial, and ethnic minority patient populations compared with HCs that prescribed no PrEP. Compared with HCs that prescribed no PrEP, a higher proportion of HCs that prescribed PrEP were located in designated high-priority jurisdictions of the EHE initiative or states with Medicaid expansion or public PrEP assistance programs. Conclusions: HCs are critical for scaling up PrEP in minoritized populations disproportionately affected by HIV, facilitated through federal and state-level policies. These findings highlight service gaps and inform future interventions to optimize PrEP implementation and support EHE initiative goals. Copyright © 2023 Wolters Kluwer Health, Inc. All rights reserved.
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedCornelisse, Vincent J.; Murphy, Dean; Lee, Sue J.; Stoove, Mark; Traeger, Michael W.; Wright, Edwina J.
AIDS, 2.11.2023
Tilføjet 2.11.2023
Introduction: HIV pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) is highly effective at preventing HIV. We aimed to assess mental and physical health among long-term PrEP users in Australia\'s X-PLORE cohort. Methods: In early 2021, 1,485 X-PLORE participants were emailed a survey covering demographics, sexual practices, ongoing PrEP use, physical and psychological diagnoses received since commencing PrEP, substance use, and impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic. Current anxiety and depression were assessed using GAD-7 and PHQ-9 questionnaires. Results: Of 476 participants (completion rate 32.1%), 99.8% were cis-gender men. Median PrEP use duration was 48 months (2,002 person-years), with 81.7% currently using PrEP. PrEP-related toxicity was uncommon: 2.9% reported bone fractures, 1.3% low bone density, and 4.0% reported kidney problems, largely not necessitating PrEP cessation. Most (92.0%) rated their health as “good” to “excellent”, and 22.6% reported improved health since starting PrEP, often due to improved mental health. Only 6.2% reported deterioration in health since starting PrEP, largely unrelated to PrEP. The most common diagnoses were hypertension (9.9%), depression (13.2%) and anxiety (14.9%); 17.0% had PHQ-9 scores indicating current moderate-to-severe depression, which was associated with unemployment (aOR 3.90), regular cannabis use (aOR 2.49), and having ceased PrEP (aOR 2.13). Conclusions: Among long-term PrEP users, of which over 80% were currently using PrEP, self-reported PrEP toxicity was uncommon. With almost one in five PrEP users categorised as having depression, and with higher risk among those having ceased PrEP, we recommend routine screening for depression and anxiety in PrEP users and corresponding follow-up of patients no longer attending for PrEP. Copyright © 2023 Wolters Kluwer Health, Inc. All rights reserved.
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedJulia E. EdgarStephanie TreziseRobert M. AnthonyFlorian KrammerPeter PaleseJeffrey V. RavetchStylianos BournazosaLaboratory of Molecular Genetics and Immunology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065bCenter for Immunology and Inflammatory Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02129cDepartment of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029dCenter for Vaccine Research and Pandemic Preparedness, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029eDepartment of Pathology, Molecular and Cell-Based Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029fDepartment of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 2.11.2023
Tilføjet 2.11.2023
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, Volume 120, Issue 44, October 2023.
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedAuberth Henrik Venson, Larissa Barbosa Cardoso, Flaviane Souza Santiago, Kênia Barreiro de Souza, Renata Moraes Bielemann
PLoS One Infectious Diseases, 2.11.2023
Tilføjet 2.11.2023
by Auberth Henrik Venson, Larissa Barbosa Cardoso, Flaviane Souza Santiago, Kênia Barreiro de Souza, Renata Moraes Bielemann The taxation of sugar-sweetened beverages is a policy that has been adopted in many countries worldwide, including Latin American, to reduce sugar consumption. However, little is known about how taxation on these products may affect their demand. The present study aims to estimate the price elasticity of demand for sugar-sweetened beverages in Brazil. This study advances the literature by proposing a breakdown between ready-to-drink sugar-sweetened beverages and sugar-sweetened beverages that require some preparation before being consumed. With this disaggregation, it is possible to obtain more accurate elasticities for the group of products that will be effectively taxed. We estimated a Quadratic Almost Ideal Demand System (QUAIDS) model using the Household Budget Survey 2017–2018 microdata. The results show that ready-to-drink beverages is more consumed but less sensitive to changes in price than prepared beverages. The price elasticity of demand for ready-to-drink and prepared sugar-sweetened beverages was -1.19 and -3.38. Additionally, we observe heterogeneity in these price elasticities across household incomes, with a more elastic demand among lower-income households for ready to drink beverages. The findings suggest that taxing ready-to-drink sweetened beverages could potentially reduce sugar consumption directly through a decrease in the consumption of sugary drinks and this effect could be reinforced by reducing the consumption of other sugar-rich products. Therefore, the taxation police should effective contribute to minimize health risks associated to the sugar consumption.
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedCherry, N., Adisesh, A., Burstyn, I., Durand-Moreau, Q., Galarneau, J.-M., Labreche, F., Ruzycki, S. M., Zadunayski, T.
BMJ Open, 1.11.2023
Tilføjet 1.11.2023
PurposeHealthcare workers were recruited early in 2020 to chart effects on their health as the COVID-19 pandemic evolved. The aim was to identify modifiable workplace risk factors for infection and mental ill health. ParticipantsParticipants were recruited from four Canadian provinces, physicians (medical doctors, MDs) in Alberta, British Columbia, Ontario and Quebec, registered nurses (RNs), licensed practical nurses (LPNs) and healthcare aides (HCAs) in Alberta and personal support workers (PSWs) in Ontario. Volunteers gave blood for serology testing before and after vaccination. Cases with COVID-19 were matched with up to four referents in a nested case-referent study. Findings to dateOverall, 4964/5130 (97%) of those recruited joined the longitudinal cohort: 1442 MDs, 3136 RNs, 71 LPNs, 235 PSWs, 80 HCAs. Overall, 3812 (77%) were from Alberta. Prepandemic risk factors for mental ill health and respiratory illness differed markedly by occupation. Participants completed questionnaires at recruitment, fall 2020, spring 2021, spring 2022. By 2022, 4837 remained in the cohort (127 had retired, moved away or died), for a response rate of 89% (4299/4837). 4567/4964 (92%) received at least one vaccine shot: 2752/4567 (60%) gave postvaccine blood samples. Ease of accessing blood collection sites was a strong determinant of participation. Among 533 cases and 1697 referents recruited to the nested case-referent study, risk of infection at work decreased with widespread vaccination. Future plansSerology results (concentration of IgG) together with demographic data will be entered into the publicly accessible database compiled by the Canadian Immunology Task Force. Linkage with provincial administrative health databases will permit case validation, investigation of longer-term sequelae of infection and comparison with community controls. Analysis of the existing dataset will concentrate on effects on IgG of medical condition, medications and stage of pregnancy, and the role of occupational exposures and supports on mental health during the pandemic.
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedVardavas, C., Zisis, K., Nikitara, K., Lagou, I., Marou, V., Aslanoglou, K., Athanasakis, K., Phalkey, R., Leonardi-Bee, J., Fernandez, E., Condell, O., Lamb, F., Sandmann, F., Pharris, A., Deogan, C., Suk, J. E.
BMJ Open, 1.11.2023
Tilføjet 1.11.2023
ObjectivesThe economic burden of COVID-19 pandemic is substantial, with both direct and indirect costs playing a significant role. DesignA systematic literature review was conducted to estimate the cost of the COVID-19 pandemic and the cost-effectiveness of pharmaceutical or non-pharmaceutical interventions. All cost data were adjusted to the 2021 Euro, and interventions compared with null. Data sourcesOvid MEDLINE and EMBASE were searched from January 2020 through 22 April 2021. Eligibility criteriaStudies regarding COVID-19 outbreak or public health preparedness measures or interventions with outcome measures related to the direct and indirect costs for disease and preparedness and/or response in countries of the European Union (EU), the European Economic Area (EEA), the UK and the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) of all relevant epidemiological designs which estimate cost within the selected time frame were considered eligible. Data extraction and synthesisStudies were searched, screened and coded independently by two reviewers with high measure of inter-rater agreement. Data were extracted to a predefined data extraction sheet. The risk of bias was assessed using the Consensus on Health Economic Criteria checklist. ResultsWe included data from 41 economic studies. Ten studies evaluated the cost of the COVID-19 pandemic, while 31 assessed the cost-benefit of public health surveillance, preparedness and response measures. Overall, the economic burden of the COVID-19 pandemic was found to be substantial. Community screening, bed provision policies, investing in personal-protective-equipment and vaccination strategies were cost-effective. Physical distancing measures were associated with health benefits; however, their cost-effectiveness was dependent on the duration, compliance and the phase of the epidemic in which it was implemented. ConclusionsCOVID-19 pandemic is associated with substantial short-term and long-term economic costs to healthcare systems, payers and societies, while interventions including testing and screening policies, vaccination and physical distancing policies were identified as those presenting cost-effective options to deal with the pandemic, dependent on population vaccination and the Re at the stage of the pandemic.
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedMisganu Endriyas, Belete Woldemariam, Endashaw Shibru, Mamush Hussen, Bersabeh Bedru, Mathewos Moges, Mintesinot Melka, Fiseha Lemango, Male Mate, Tesfaye Lejiso, Biruk Gebremedhin, Alemu Tolcha, Biniam Shiferaw, Girma Wondimu, Tesfatsion Terefe, Sinafikish Ayele, Tebeje Misganaw, Teka Samuel, Temesgen Kelaye, Agegnehu Gebru, Amare Assefa, Wogene Getachew, Bereket Yalew, Dereje Geleta
PLoS One Infectious Diseases, 31.10.2023
Tilføjet 31.10.2023
by Misganu Endriyas, Belete Woldemariam, Endashaw Shibru, Mamush Hussen, Bersabeh Bedru, Mathewos Moges, Mintesinot Melka, Fiseha Lemango, Male Mate, Tesfaye Lejiso, Biruk Gebremedhin, Alemu Tolcha, Biniam Shiferaw, Girma Wondimu, Tesfatsion Terefe, Sinafikish Ayele, Tebeje Misganaw, Teka Samuel, Temesgen Kelaye, Agegnehu Gebru, Amare Assefa, Wogene Getachew, Bereket Yalew, Dereje Geleta Background School closures in response to the COVID-19 impacted children’s education, protection, and wellbeing. After understanding these impacts and that children were not super spreaders, countries including Ethiopia decided to reopen schools with specified preconditions. But when deciding to reopen schools, the benefits and risks across education, public health and socio-economic factors have to be evaluated. However, there was information gap on status of schools as per preconditions. Hence, this study was designed to investigate status of schools in Southern Ethiopia. Methods School based cross-sectional study was conducted in October 2020 in Southern Ethiopia. Sample of 430 schools were included. National school reopening guideline was used to develop checklist for assessment. Data was collected by public health experts at regional emergency operation center. Descriptive analysis was performed to summarize data. Results A total of 430 schools were included. More than two thirds, 298 (69.3%), of schools were from rural areas while 132 (30.7%) were from urban settings. The general infection prevention and water, sanitation and hygiene (IPC-WASH) status of schools were poor and COVID-19 specific preparations were inadequate to meet national preconditions to reopen schools during the pandemic. Total score from 24 items observed ranged from 3 to 22 points with mean score of 11.75 (SD±4.02). No school scored 100% and only 41 (9.5%) scored above 75% while 216 (50.2%%) scored below half point that is 12 items. Conclusion Both the basic and COVID-19 specific IPC-WASH status of schools were inadequate to implement national school reopening preconditions and general standards. Some of strategies planned to accommodate teaching process and preconditions maximized inequalities in education. Although COVID-19 impact lessened due to vaccination and other factors, it is rational to consider fulfilling water and basic sanitation facilities to schools to prevent communicable diseases of public health importance.
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedMohammed Majeed Hameed, Siti Fatin Mohd Razali, Wan Hanna Melini Wan Mohtar, Norinah Abd Rahman, Zaher Mundher Yaseen
PLoS One Infectious Diseases, 31.10.2023
Tilføjet 31.10.2023
by Mohammed Majeed Hameed, Siti Fatin Mohd Razali, Wan Hanna Melini Wan Mohtar, Norinah Abd Rahman, Zaher Mundher Yaseen The Great Lakes are critical freshwater sources, supporting millions of people, agriculture, and ecosystems. However, climate change has worsened droughts, leading to significant economic and social consequences. Accurate multi-month drought forecasting is, therefore, essential for effective water management and mitigating these impacts. This study introduces the Multivariate Standardized Lake Water Level Index (MSWI), a modified drought index that utilizes water level data collected from 1920 to 2020. Four hybrid models are developed: Support Vector Regression with Beluga whale optimization (SVR-BWO), Random Forest with Beluga whale optimization (RF-BWO), Extreme Learning Machine with Beluga whale optimization (ELM-BWO), and Regularized ELM with Beluga whale optimization (RELM-BWO). The models forecast droughts up to six months ahead for Lake Superior and Lake Michigan-Huron. The best-performing model is then selected to forecast droughts for the remaining three lakes, which have not experienced severe droughts in the past 50 years. The results show that incorporating the BWO improves the accuracy of all classical models, particularly in forecasting drought turning and critical points. Among the hybrid models, the RELM-BWO model achieves the highest level of accuracy, surpassing both classical and hybrid models by a significant margin (7.21 to 76.74%). Furthermore, Monte-Carlo simulation is employed to analyze uncertainties and ensure the reliability of the forecasts. Accordingly, the RELM-BWO model reliably forecasts droughts for all lakes, with a lead time ranging from 2 to 6 months. The study’s findings offer valuable insights for policymakers, water managers, and other stakeholders to better prepare drought mitigation strategies.
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedXiu Chen; Jun Li; Liqiu Kou; Xiaolu Xie; Deqing Wei; Yaling Li;
Reviews in Medical Virology, 10.07.2023
Tilføjet 10.07.2023
WHO guidelines recommend daily oral tenofovir disoproxil fumarate (TDF) and emtricitabine (FTC) for pre‐exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) of HIV in people at high risk of HIV infection. However, due to social, psychological and other reasons, the compliance with daily oral TDF‐FTC in real life is low. Long‐acting cabotegravir is currently the only long‐acting drug approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for HIV PrEP. Due to the long dosing interval (8 weeks), long‐acting cabotegravir has low compliance requirements for people at high risk of HIV infection. We aimed to discuss the feasibility of long‐acting cabotegravir to replace TDF‐FTC as HIV PrEP based on efficacy and safety analyses. Randomized controlled trials were retrieved, and R software was used for meta‐analysis after data extraction. and discussion: Results of the meta‐analysis showed that compared with TDF‐FTC, long‐acting cabotegravir was associated with a lower risk of HIV infection (HR = 0.22, 95% CI: 0.08–0.59,
Læs mere Tjek på PubMed