47 ud af 47 tidsskrifter valgt, søgeord (COVID-19, SARS-CoV-2, novel coronavirus, nCoV, 2019-nCoV) valgt, emner højest 30 dage gamle, sorteret efter nyeste først.
220 emner vises.
51
Changes in well-being among socially isolated older people during the COVID-19 pandemic: An outcome-wide analysis
Claryn S. J. KungAndrew SteptoeaDepartment of Behavioural Science and Health, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 1.05.2024
Tilføjet 1.05.2024
52
Correction for Howard et al., An evidence review of face masks against COVID-19
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 1.05.2024
Tilføjet 1.05.2024
53
Correlates of protection against symptomatic SARS-CoV-2 in vaccinated children
Youjia Zhong, Alicia Y. H. Kang, Carina J. X. Tay, Hui’ En Li, Nurul Elyana, Chee Wah Tan, Wee Chee Yap, Joey M. E. Lim, Nina Le Bert, Kuan Rong Chan, Eugenia Z. Ong, Jenny G. Low, Lynette P. Shek, Elizabeth Huiwen Tham, Eng Eong Ooi
Nature, 1.05.2024
Tilføjet 1.05.2024
54
Favorable Antiviral Effect of Metformin on Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 Viral Load in a Randomized, Placebo-Controlled Clinical Trial of Coronavirus Disease 2019
Clinical Infectious Diseases, 1.05.2024
Tilføjet 1.05.2024
Abstract Background Metformin has antiviral activity against RNA viruses including severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). The mechanism appears to be suppression of protein translation via targeting the host mechanistic target of rapamycin pathway. In the COVID-OUT randomized trial for outpatient coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), metformin reduced the odds of hospitalizations/death through 28 days by 58%, of emergency department visits/hospitalizations/death through 14 days by 42%, and of long COVID through 10 months by 42%.Methods COVID-OUT was a 2 × 3 randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind trial that assessed metformin, fluvoxamine, and ivermectin; 999 participants self-collected anterior nasal swabs on day 1 (n = 945), day 5 (n = 871), and day 10 (n = 775). Viral load was quantified using reverse-transcription quantitative polymerase chain reaction.Results The mean SARS-CoV-2 viral load was reduced 3.6-fold with metformin relative to placebo (−0.56 log10 copies/mL; 95% confidence interval [CI], −1.05 to −.06; P = .027). Those who received metformin were less likely to have a detectable viral load than placebo at day 5 or day 10 (odds ratio [OR], 0.72; 95% CI, .55 to .94). Viral rebound, defined as a higher viral load at day 10 than day 5, was less frequent with metformin (3.28%) than placebo (5.95%; OR, 0.68; 95% CI, .36 to 1.29). The metformin effect was consistent across subgroups and increased over time. Neither ivermectin nor fluvoxamine showed effect over placebo.Conclusions In this randomized, placebo-controlled trial of outpatient treatment of SARS-CoV-2, metformin significantly reduced SARS-CoV-2 viral load, which may explain the clinical benefits in this trial. Metformin is pleiotropic with other actions that are relevant to COVID-19 pathophysiology.Clinical Trials Registration NCT04510194.
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55
Repurposing Revisited: Exploring the Role of Metformin for Treatment of Coronavirus Disease 2019
Clinical Infectious Diseases, 1.05.2024
Tilføjet 1.05.2024
Approximately 4 years into the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, available treatment options for outpatients have a mixed track record. The most notable success is nirmatrelvir-ritonavir, which significantly reduces the risk of hospitalization and death in high-risk, unvaccinated outpatients [1]. Yet, nirmatrelvir-ritonavir is not a panacea. Whereas observational studies suggest a similar benefit in high-risk, vaccinated individuals [2, 3], a randomized study in a standard-risk population did not show improvement in either time to resolution of symptoms or the incidence of hospitalization or death [4]. Multiple drug interactions and virologic rebound [5, 6] further complicate its use. While remdesivir and molnupiravir are reasonable alternatives in select populations, they also have weaknesses. Remdesivir must be given intravenously, which is a substantial logistical challenge, and molnupiravir has both questionable efficacy in vaccinated or otherwise immune populations as well as safety concerns. This latter issue is related to the mechanism of action of molnupiravir, which leads to possible mutagenesis, limiting its use in women and men with “pregnancy potential” [7]. Meanwhile, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has developed escape mutants to monoclonal antibodies faster than these intravenous agents can be developed; although one such agent, pemivibart, has recently been made available for prevention of COVID-19 in high-risk groups, none have been available for treatment since the US Food and Drug Administration halted use of bebtelovimab in November 2022 [8]. Several other experimental agents are in development, yet the timeline for their availability is uncertain.
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56
Key determinants to supply chain resilience to face pandemic disruption: An interpretive triple helix framework
Md. Galib An-Noor Amio, Humaira Nafisa Ahmed, Syed Mithun Ali, Sayem Ahmed, Abhijit Majumdar
PLoS One Infectious Diseases, 1.05.2024
Tilføjet 1.05.2024
by Md. Galib An-Noor Amio, Humaira Nafisa Ahmed, Syed Mithun Ali, Sayem Ahmed, Abhijit Majumdar Today, supply chain (SC) networks are facing more disruptions compared to the past. While disruptions are rare, they can have catastrophic long-term economic or societal repercussions, and the recovery processes can be lengthy. These can tremendously affect the SC and make it vulnerable, as observed during the COVID-19 pandemic. The identification of these concerns has prompted the demand for improved disruption management by developing resilient, agile, and adaptive SC. The aim of this study is to introduce an assessment framework for prioritizing and evaluating the determinants to supply chain resilience (SCR). To analyze the empirical data, fuzzy criteria importance through intercriteria correlation (fuzzy CRITIC) and fuzzy technique for order of preference by similarity to ideal solution (fuzzy TOPSIS) have been incorporated. Fuzzy CRITIC method was used to identify the critical determinants and fuzzy TOPSIS method was applied for determining relative ranking of some real-world companies. Finally, by developing propositions an interpretive triple helix framework was proposed to achieve SCR. This research stands out for its originality in both methodology and implications. By introducing the novel combination of Fuzzy CRITIC and Fuzzy TOPSIS in the assessment of determinants to SCR and applying these determinants with the help of interpretive triple helix framework to establish a resilient SC, this study offers a unique and valuable contribution to the field of SCR. The key findings suggest that ‘Responsiveness’ followed by ‘Managerial coordination and information integration’ are the most significant determinant to achieve SCR. The outcome of this work can assist the managers to achieve SCR with improved agility and adaptivity.
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57
Integrating molecular and radiological screening tools during community-based active case-finding for tuberculosis and COVID-19 in southern Africa
Alex John Scott, Mohammed Limbada, Tahlia Perumal, Shameem Jaumdally, Andrea Kotze, Charnay van der Merwe, Maina Cheeba, Deborah Milimo, Keelin Murphy, Bram van Ginneken, Mariana de Kock, Robin Mark Warren, Phindile Gina, Jeremi Swanepoel, Louié Kühn, Suzette Oelofse, Anil Pooran, Aliasgar Esmail, Helen Ayles, Keertan Dheda
International Journal of Infectious Diseases, 1.05.2024
Tilføjet 1.05.2024
To evaluate diagnostic yield and feasibility of integrating testing for TB and COVID-19 using molecular and radiological screening tools during community-based active case-finding (ACF).
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58
Correction: SARS-CoV-2 journey: from alpha variant to omicron and its sub-variants
Infection, 1.05.2024
Tilføjet 1.05.2024
59
Prevalence, risk factors and outcomes of secondary infections among hospitalised patients with COVID-19 or post-COVID-19 conditions in Victoria, 2020-2023
Hugh C Murray, Michael Muleme, Darcie Cooper, Bridgette J McNamara, Mohammad A Hussain, Caroline Bartolo, Daniel P O'Brien, Eugene Athan
International Journal of Infectious Diseases, 1.05.2024
Tilføjet 1.05.2024
The COVID-19 pandemic resulted in a high burden of disease worldwide and was a major challenge for healthcare service delivery. The strain on health services and other associated healthcare risks observed during the COVID-19 pandemic provide great learnings for managing COVID-19 in its current endemic phase as well as for other similar respiratory conditions [1]. Secondary infections during COVID-19 have been reported since the beginning of the pandemic and are also a feature of other respiratory infections [2].
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60
Informed consent and trial prioritization for clinical studies during the COVID-19 pandemic. Stakeholder experiences and viewpoints
Stefanie Weigold, Susanne Gabriele Schorr, Alice Faust, Lena Woydack, Daniel Strech
PLoS One Infectious Diseases, 30.04.2024
Tilføjet 30.04.2024
by Stefanie Weigold, Susanne Gabriele Schorr, Alice Faust, Lena Woydack, Daniel Strech Background Very little is known about the practice-oriented challenges and potential response strategies for effective and efficient translation of informed consent and study prioritization in times of a pandemic. This stakeholder interview study aimed to identify the full spectrum of challenges and potential response strategies for informed consent and study prioritization in a pandemic setting. Methods We performed semi-structured interviews with German stakeholders involved in clinical research during the COVID-19 pandemic. We continued sampling and thematic text analysis of interview transcripts until thematic saturation of challenges and potential response strategies was reached. Results We conducted 21 interviews with investigators, oversight bodies, funders and research support units. For the first topic informed consent we identified three main themes: consent challenges, impact of consent challenges on clinical research, and potential strategies for consent challenges. For the second topic prioritization of clinical studies, we identified two main themes: perceived benefit of prioritization and potential strategies for prioritization. All main themes are further specified with subthemes. A supplementary table provides original quotes from the interviews for all subthemes. Discussion Potential response strategies for challenges with informed consent and study prioritization partly share common ground. High quality procedures for study prioritization, for example, seem to be a core response strategy in dealing with informed consent challenges. Especially in a research environment with particularly high uncertainty regarding potential treatment effects and further limitations for valid informed consent should the selection of clinical trials be very well justified from a scientific, medical, and ethics viewpoint.
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61
Pregnancy outcomes before and during COVID-19 pandemic in Tamale Metropolis, Ghana: A retrospective cohort study
Obed Duah Kwaku Asumadu, Michael Boah, Dennis Chirawurah, Joyce Aputere Ndago, Vida Nyagre Yakong, David Abatanie Kanligi, Martin Nyaaba Adokiya
PLoS One Infectious Diseases, 30.04.2024
Tilføjet 30.04.2024
by Obed Duah Kwaku Asumadu, Michael Boah, Dennis Chirawurah, Joyce Aputere Ndago, Vida Nyagre Yakong, David Abatanie Kanligi, Martin Nyaaba Adokiya Background The COVID-19 pandemic affected expectant mothers seeking maternal health services in most developing countries. Access and utilization of maternal health services including antenatal care (ANC) attendance and skilled delivery declined drastically resulting in adverse pregnancy outcomes. This study assessed pregnancy outcomes before and during COVID-19 pandemic in Tamale Metropolis, Ghana. Methods/Design A retrospective cohort study design was employed. A random sampling technique was used to select 450 women who delivered before or during the COVID-19 pandemic in Tamale Metropolis, Ghana. The respondents were interviewed using structured questionnaire at their homes. In this study, the data collected were socio-demographics characteristics, ANC attendance, before or during pandemic delivery, place of delivery and birth outcomes. Chi-square test and bivariate logistic regression analyses were performed under significant level of 0.05 to determine factors associated with the outcome variables. Result Of the 450 respondents, 51.8% were between 26 and 30 years of age. More than half (52.2%) of the respondents had no formal education and 93.3% were married. The majority (60.4%) of the respondents described their residence as urban setting. About 31.6% of the women delivered before the pandemic. The COVID-19 pandemic influenced place of delivery. The proportion of women who attended at least one ANC visit (84.5% before vs 70.5% during), and delivered at a hospital (76.8% before vs 72.4% during) were higher before the pandemic. More women were likely to deliver at home during COVID-19 (OR: 2.38, 95%CI: 1.52–3.74, p
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62
Effects of BNT162b2 mRNA Covid-19 vaccine on vascular function
Takayuki Yamaji, Takahiro Harada, Yu Hashimoto, Yukiko Nakano, Masato Kajikawa, Kenichi Yoshimura, Chikara Goto, Yiming Han, Aya Mizobuchi, Farina Mohamad Yusoff, Shinji Kishimoto, Tatsuya Maruhashi, Ayumu Nakashima, Yukihito Higashi
PLoS One Infectious Diseases, 30.04.2024
Tilføjet 30.04.2024
by Takayuki Yamaji, Takahiro Harada, Yu Hashimoto, Yukiko Nakano, Masato Kajikawa, Kenichi Yoshimura, Chikara Goto, Yiming Han, Aya Mizobuchi, Farina Mohamad Yusoff, Shinji Kishimoto, Tatsuya Maruhashi, Ayumu Nakashima, Yukihito Higashi The effects of Covid-19 vaccines on vascular function are still controversial. We evaluated the effects of BNT162b2 vaccine (BioNTech and Pfizer) on endothelial function assessed by flow-mediated vasodilation (FMD) and vascular smooth muscle function assessed by nitroglycerine-induced vasodilation (NID). This study was a prospective observational study. A total of 23 medical staff at Hiroshima University Hospital were enrolled in this study. FMD and NID were measured before vaccination and two weeks and six months after the 2nd dose of vaccination. FMD was significantly smaller two weeks after the 2nd dose of vaccination than before vaccination (6.5±2.4% and 8.2±2.6%, p = 0.03). FMD was significantly larger at six months than at two weeks after the 2nd dose of vaccination (8.2±3.0% and 6.5±2.4%, p = 0.03). There was no significant difference between FMD before vaccination and that at six months after the 2nd dose of vaccination (8.2±2.6% to 8.2±3.0%, p = 0.96). NID values were similar before vaccination and at two weeks, and six months after vaccination (p = 0.89). The BNT162b2 Covid-19 vaccine temporally impaired endothelial function but not vascular smooth muscle function, and the impaired endothelial function returned to the baseline level within six months after vaccination.
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63
Treatment seeking experiences of ACS patients in Yogyakarta, Indonesia during COVID-19 pandemic: A qualitative study
Pramitha Esha Nirmala Dewi, Montaya Sunantiwat, Montarat Thavorncharoensap, Sitaporn Youngkong, Surakit Nathisuwan, Bangunawati Rahajeng
PLoS One Infectious Diseases, 30.04.2024
Tilføjet 30.04.2024
by Pramitha Esha Nirmala Dewi, Montaya Sunantiwat, Montarat Thavorncharoensap, Sitaporn Youngkong, Surakit Nathisuwan, Bangunawati Rahajeng Delay in treatment seeking is recognized as a major contributor for Acute Coronary Syndrome (ACS) mortality in Indonesia. Despite the significance of timely treatment, decline in admission and delay in presentation of patients with ACS were consistently reported during the COVID-19 pandemic. These suggested that treatment seeking performance of patients during the pandemic might be different from the previous period. This qualitative study aimed to explore treatment seeking behaviour, barriers in seeking medical treatment, and experiences of patients with ACS in Yogyakarta, Indonesia during COVID-19 pandemic. In depth-interviews were carried out with 30 patients, who were hospitalized with ACS at one of the three selected hospitals in Yogyakarta during the pandemic period. Thematic analysis was performed to create vital explanations for treatment seeking practices of patients with ACS during pandemic. Three significant themes were identified: treatment seeking decisions, barriers in seeking medical treatment during COVID-19, and experiencing both good and bad impression from entering and staying in the hospital. The intensity of ACS symptoms and fear of COVID-19 infection dominated the delay in seeking medical treatment. Strict safety measures, religious belief, and fear of ACS helped patients overcome barriers and seek medical treatment during pandemic. ACS patients also had convenient medical care during the pandemic and believed medical staff would provide excellent care to them. However, visit restriction policy could cause psychological discomfort. Increase awareness of ACS symptoms and the risk of delays ACS treatment are essential to support patients’ decisions to seek medical helps in a timely manner at any situations including pandemic. Interventions aim at alleviating psychological distress should also be designed and implemented to improve treatment experiences of ACS patients, who sought medical treatment during the pandemic crisis.
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64
Delineating the evolutionary pathway to multidrug-resistant outbreaks of a Mycobacterium tuberculosis L4.1.2.1/Haarlem sublineage
Naira Dekhil, Helmi Mardassi
International Journal of Infectious Diseases, 30.04.2024
Tilføjet 30.04.2024
Multidrug-resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB) is caused by TB bacteria that are resistant to at least isoniazid and rifampicin, the two most potent TB drugs. This form of TB infection remains a major public health concern globally, which has been exacerbated by the HIV epidemic. The recent advent of the COVID-19 pandemic has further severely complicated the situation, by disrupting healthcare systems. Indeed, the burden of MDR-TB increased by 3% between 2020 and 2021, with 450 000 new cases of rifampicin-resistant TB in 2021, thus hampering the global TB control efforts [1].
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65
Host–microbiome associations in saliva predict COVID-19 severity
Hend AlqedariKhaled AltabtbaeiJosh L EspinozaSaadoun Bin-HasanMohammad AlghounaimAbdullah AlawadyAbdullah AltabtabaeSarah AlJamaanSriraman DevarajanTahreer AlShammariMohammed Ben EidMichele MatsuokaHyesun JangChristopher L DupontMarcelo Freire, Bruce Levine
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences: Immunology and Inflammation, 30.04.2024
Tilføjet 30.04.2024
66
Dynamics of anti-SARS-CoV-2 IgG antibody responses following breakthrough infection and the predicted protective efficacy: a longitudinal community-based population study in China
Xiaolong Yan, Xin Zhao, Yin Du, Hao Wang, Li Liu, Qi Wang, Jianhua Liu, Sheng Wei
International Journal of Infectious Diseases, 30.04.2024
Tilføjet 30.04.2024
The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has profound implications for global public health. As of March 17, 2023, there have been a staggering 774.9 million confirmed cases and 7.0 million deaths around the world [1]. Following the relaxing of the strict control strategy for COVID-19 in China in December 2022, the number of infections has grown rapidly [2]. Although the World Health Organization declared an end to the pandemic emergency on May 5, 2023 [3], localized endemic remains a possibility in the future due to the waning of vaccine-induced and infection-acquired immunity, and ongoing viral mutations [4].
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67
Gene variants rs5182, rs2074192, and rs4343 in the Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone system are associated with symptom severity, higher odds of hospitalization, and death in COVID-19
M.L. Martinez-Fierro, A. Perez-Favila, S.M. Zorrilla Alfaro, S.A. Oropeza-de Lara, I. Garza-Veloz, L.S. Hernandez-Marquez, E.F. Gutierrez-Vela, I. Delgado-Enciso, I.P. Rodriguez-Sanchez
International Journal of Infectious Diseases, 30.04.2024
Tilføjet 30.04.2024
To analyze the gene variants of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) and determine their association with the severity and outcome of coronavirus disease 19 (COVID-19).
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68
COVID-19 vaccine coverage, determinants and inequity amongst refugees and migrants in Pakistan: a cross-sectional study
Padhani, Z. A., Rahman, A. R., Lakhani, S., Yasin, R., Khan, M. H., Mirani, M., Jamali, M., Ali Khan, Z., Khatoon, S., Partab, R., ul Haq, A., Kampalath, V., Hosseinalipour, S.-M., Blanchet, K., Das, J. K.
BMJ Open, 30.04.2024
Tilføjet 30.04.2024
ObjectiveMigrants and refugees are at a disadvantage in accessing basic necessities. The objective of this study is to assess the inequity in access, needs and determinants of COVID-19 vaccination among refugees and migrant populations in Pakistan. DesignWe conducted a mixed-method study comprising a cross-sectional survey and a qualitative study. In this paper, we will only report the findings from the cross-sectional survey. SettingThis survey was conducted in different cities of Pakistan including Quetta, Karachi and Hyderabad. ParticipantsA total of 570 participants were surveyed including refugees and migrants, both in regular and irregular situations. Primary and secondary outcome measuresThe primary outcome of the study was to estimate the proportion of refugees and migrants, both in regular and irregular situations vaccinated against COVID-19 and assess the inequity. The 2 test and Fisher’s exact test were used to determine the significant differences in proportions between refugees and migrants and between regions. ResultsThe survey showed that only 26.9% of the refugee and migrant population were tested for COVID-19, 4.56% contracted coronavirus, and 3.85% were hospitalised due to COVID-19. About 66% of the refugees and migrants were fully vaccinated including those who received the single-dose vaccine or received all two doses, and 17.6% were partially vaccinated. Despite vaccination campaigns by the government, 14.4% of the refugee and migrant population remained unvaccinated mostly because of vaccines not being offered, distant vaccination sites, limited access, unavailability of COVID-19 vaccine or due to a difficult registration process. Vaccination rates varied across provinces, genders and migrant populations due to misconceptions, and several social, cultural and geographical barriers. ConclusionThis study highlights the COVID-19 vaccine coverage, access and inequity faced by refugees and migrants during the pandemic. It suggests early prioritisation of policies inclusive of all refugees and migrants and the provision of identification documents to ease access to basic necessities.
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69
Spatial spread of COVID-19 during the early pandemic phase in Italy
BMC Infectious Diseases, 30.04.2024
Tilføjet 30.04.2024
Abstract Quantifying the potential spatial spread of an infectious pathogen is key to defining effective containment and control strategies. The aim of this study is to estimate the risk of SARS-CoV-2 transmission at different distances in Italy before the first regional lockdown was imposed, identifying important sources of national spreading. To do this, we leverage on a probabilistic model applied to daily symptomatic cases retrospectively ascertained in each Italian municipality with symptom onset between January 28 and March 7, 2020. Results are validated using a multi-patch dynamic transmission model reproducing the spatiotemporal distribution of identified cases. Our results show that the contribution of short-distance ( (le 10 km)) transmission increased from less than 40% in the last week of January to more than 80% in the first week of March 2020. On March 7, 2020, that is the day before the first regional lockdown was imposed, more than 200 local transmission foci were contributing to the spread of SARS-CoV-2 in Italy. At the time, isolation measures imposed only on municipalities with at least ten ascertained cases would have left uncontrolled more than 75% of spillover transmission from the already affected municipalities. In early March, national-wide restrictions were required to curb short-distance transmission of SARS-CoV-2 in Italy.
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70
Influence of COVID-19 on trust in routine immunization, health information sources and pandemic preparedness in 23 countries in 2023
Jeffrey V. Lazarus, Trenton M. White, Katarzyna Wyka, Scott C. Ratzan, Kenneth Rabin, Heidi J. Larson, Federico Martinon-Torres, Ernest Kuchar, Salim S. Abdool Karim, Tamara Giles-Vernick, Selina Müller, Carolina Batista, Nellie Myburgh, Beate Kampmann, Ayman El-Mohandes
Nature, 30.04.2024
Tilføjet 30.04.2024
71
Disparities in COVID-19 vaccine uptake among rural hard-to-reach population and urban high-risk groups of Bangladesh
Zerin Jannat, Hemel Das, Md. Wazed Ali, Tasnuva Wahed, Md. Nurul Alam, Md. Jasim Uddin
PLoS One Infectious Diseases, 29.04.2024
Tilføjet 29.04.2024
by Zerin Jannat, Hemel Das, Md. Wazed Ali, Tasnuva Wahed, Md. Nurul Alam, Md. Jasim Uddin Background Vaccination has been an indispensable step in controlling the coronavirus disease pandemic. In early 2021, Bangladesh launched a mass vaccination campaign to boost the COVID-19 vaccination rate when doses were available and immunized millions in the country. Although deemed a success, disparities became conspicuous in vaccination coverage across population of different socioeconomic background. Methods The purpose of this cross-sectional study was to assess the vaccination coverage for three doses and detect disparities in uptake of the COVID-19 vaccine among rural population of hard-to-reach areas and urban individuals belonging to the high-risk group -defined in our study as individuals from elusive population such as floating population/street dwellers, transgender, addicts and disabled population. We conducted household survey (n = 12,298) and survey with high risk group of people (2,520). The collected primary data were analysed using descriptive statistical analysis. Results Our findings show that coverage for the first dose of COVID-19 vaccination was high among respondents from both rural Hard-to-reach (HTR) (92.9%) and non-HTR (94.6%) areas. However, the coverage for subsequent doses was observed to reduce significantly, especially for third dose (52.2% and 56.4% for HTR and non-HTR, respectively). Conclusion Vaccination coverage among urbanites of high-risk group was found to be critically low. Vaccine hesitancy was also found to be high among individuals of this group. It is essential that the individuals of urban high-risk group be prioritized. Individuals from this group could be provided incentives (transport for disabled, monetary incentive to transgenders; food and medicine for drug user and floating people) and vaccination centers could be established with flexible schedule (morning/afternoon/evening sessions) so that they receive vaccine at their convenient time. Community engagement can be used for both high-risk group and rural population to enhance the COVID-19 vaccination coverage and lower disparities in uptake of the vaccine doses nationwide.
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72
Eco-friendly hotels and guesthouses as a new opportunity for resilience and sustainability: Evidence from the Czech Republic
Pavla Vrabcová, Petr Scholz, Ivica Linderová, Hana Kotoučková
PLoS One Infectious Diseases, 29.04.2024
Tilføjet 29.04.2024
by Pavla Vrabcová, Petr Scholz, Ivica Linderová, Hana Kotoučková The economic recovery of the tourism industry after the Covid-19 pandemic to find modern and efficient trends to increase profitability is accompanied by the adoption of comprehensive accommodation approaches towards resilience and environmental sustainability. The research aims at the application of environmental management elements and measures in all types of accommodation facilities in the Czech Republic (n1 = 1,016). A qualitative focus group method complemented the quantitative research using correspondence analysis, Levene’s, Kruskal-Wallis, and Tukey’s HSD tests (n2 = 9 + moderator). The results indicate that the differences in the number of environmental measures implemented were minimal for the monitored hotels and guesthouses. On the other hand, the star rating of accommodation facilities is not a key parameter in the environmental impact assessment. The most used environmental measures were devices reducing electricity consumption (hotels 94%, guesthouses 94%), separating waste (hotels 88%, guesthouses 89%), and water consumption reduction (hotels 85%, guesthouses 86%). At the same time, the most minor used were measures reducing chemical consumption (hotels 23%, guesthouses 22%) communication and environmental education of employees and guests (hotels 32%, guesthouses 18%).
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73
Correction: SARS-CoV-2 journey: from alpha variant to omicron and its sub-variants
Infection, 29.04.2024
Tilføjet 29.04.2024
74
Deaths From Excessive Drinking Rose in the US During Pandemic
Journal of the American Medical Association, 29.04.2024
Tilføjet 29.04.2024
Deaths associated with excessive alcohol use have been rising over the past 20 years. But during 2020-2021 they went up dramatically—from an average of about 138 000 deaths during 2016-2017 to more than 178 000 deaths during the COVID-19 pandemic. The change represents a 29% increase in lives lost, according to results published in the MMWR.
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75
Relative effectiveness of a heterologous booster dose with adenovirus type 5 vectored COVID-19 vaccine versus three doses of inactivated COVID-19 vaccine in adults during a nationwide outbreak of omicron predominance, in China: a retrospective, individually matched cohort-control study
Siyue JiaZundong YinHongxing PanFuzhen WangXiaoqiang LiuQing WangLi ZhangJihai TangHao YangJiangbo DuZhiguo WangPengfei JinZhihang PengRong TangGuodong KangXuewen WangSimin LiWeixiao WangJingxin LiHongbing ShenFengcai Zhua NHC Key Laboratory of Enteric Pathogenic Microbiology, Jiangsu Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Nanjing, People’s Republic of Chinab National Vaccine Innovation Platform and Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, People’s Republic of Chinac China Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, People’s Republic of Chinad Yunnan Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Kunming, People’s Republic of Chinae Chongqing Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Chongqing, People’s Republic of Chinaf Shandong Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Jinan, People’s Republic of Chinag Anhui Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hefei, People’s Republic of Chinah Hunan Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Changsha, People’s Republic of Chinai School of Public Health, Southeast University; Nanjing, People’s Republic of Chinaj Canming Medical Technology Co., Ltd, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
Emerg Microbes Infect, 29.04.2024
Tilføjet 29.04.2024
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Mathematical assessment of the roles of age heterogeneity and vaccination on the dynamics and control of SARS-CoV-2
Infectious Disease Modelling, 27.04.2024
Tilføjet 27.04.2024
Publication date: Available online 26 April 2024 Source: Infectious Disease Modelling Author(s): Binod Pant, Abba B. Gumel
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77
A practical approach to screening for carbapenemase-producing Enterobacterales– views of a group of multidisciplinary experts from English hospitals
BMC Infectious Diseases, 27.04.2024
Tilføjet 27.04.2024
Abstract Introduction Carbapenemase-producing Enterobacterales (CPE) are an important public health threat, with costly operational and economic consequences for NHS Integrated Care Systems and NHS Trusts. UK Health Security Agency guidelines recommend that Trusts use locally developed risk assessments to accurately identify high-risk individuals for screening, and implement the most appropriate method of testing, but this presents many challenges. Methods A convenience sample of cross-specialty experts from across England met to discuss the barriers and practical solutions to implementing UK Health Security Agency framework into operational and clinical workflows. The group derived responses to six key questions that are frequently asked about screening for CPE. Key findings Four patient groups were identified for CPE screening: high-risk unplanned admissions, high-risk elective admissions, patients in high-risk units, and known positive contacts. Rapid molecular testing is a preferred screening method for some of these settings, offering faster turnaround times and more accurate results than culture-based testing. It is important to stimulate action now, as several lessons can be learnt from screening during the COVID-19 pandemic, as well as from CPE outbreaks. Conclusion Further decisive and instructive information is needed to establish CPE screening protocols based on local epidemiology and risk factors. Local management should continually evaluate local epidemiology, analysing data and undertaking frequent prevalence studies to understand risks, and prepare resources– such as upscaled screening– to prevent increasing prevalence, clusters or outbreaks. Rapid molecular-based methods will be a crucial part of these considerations, as they can reduce unnecessary isolation and opportunity costs.
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78
Sexual and reproductive health while living with rheumatoid arthritis: The impact of the disease stage on patient perspectives
Loraine Ledón-Llanes, Irazú Contreras-Yáñez, Guillermo Arturo Guaracha-Basáñez, Salvador Saúl Valverde-Hernández, Maximiliano Cuevas-Montoya, Ana Belén Ortiz-Haro, Virginia Pascual-Ramos
PLoS One Infectious Diseases, 27.04.2024
Tilføjet 27.04.2024
by Loraine Ledón-Llanes, Irazú Contreras-Yáñez, Guillermo Arturo Guaracha-Basáñez, Salvador Saúl Valverde-Hernández, Maximiliano Cuevas-Montoya, Ana Belén Ortiz-Haro, Virginia Pascual-Ramos Background Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is one of the most prevalent rheumatic diseases that harms all aspects of patients’ lives, including sexual and reproductive health (SRH), often neglected in patients’ care. The study aimed to explore the sexual and reproductive experiences of Mexican outpatients with RA from a narrative perspective. Patients and methods From July 2020 to October 2021, 30 adult patients with RA from the Department of Immunology and Rheumatology outpatient clinic of a national referral center for rheumatic diseases had in-depth interviews audiotaped, transcribed, and analyzed using a thematic analysis approach. Results are presented in a descriptive and interpretative manner and integrated into a theoretical model for the topic understanding. Results Five intertwined major themes emerged: I) RA onset: Absence of SRH contents, II) Healthcare for RA: Emerging SRH contents, III) RA’s impact: Proliferation of SRH contents, IV) Coping with the process of living with RA: SRH-related strategies, and V) The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on patients’ experiences: Increased SRH burden. SRH contents emerged through these major themes (but at RA onset), mostly when inquired and mainly when narrating the RA impact and coping. Patients identified that RA affected their couple dynamics, sexual function, and reproductive project. The SRH care was considered relevant but limited and focused on reproductive contents. It worsened during the COVID-19 pandemic. We proposed a theoretical model where patients’ SRH experiences are embedded across their RA biography and integrated with the RA impact and the copy with the disease process. These intertwined experiences were also evident during the COVID-19 pandemic, which challenged participants’ biopsychosocial resources. Conclusions The sexual and reproductive experiences narrated by the RA outpatients concerning their disease-related biography showed that even when the SRH appeared as not prioritized at the disease onset, it was widely expressed during the process of living and coping with the disease and was additionally affected by the COVID-19 pandemic.
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79
Swissped-RECOVERY: masked independent adjudication for the interpretation of non-randomised treatment in a two-arm open-label randomised controlled trial (methylprednisolone vs immunoglobulins) in Paediatric Inflammatory Multisystem Syndrome Temporally Associated with SARS-CoV-2 (PIMS-TS) involving 10 secondary and tertiary paediatric hospitals in Switzerland
Schöbi, N., Sanchez, C., Welzel, T., Bamford, A., Webb, K., Rojo, P., Tremoulet, A., Atkinson, A., Schlapbach, L. J., Bielicki, J. A., The Swissped-RECOVERY trial group, Andre, Bailey, Blanchard-Rohner, Buettcher, Grazioli, Koehler, Perez, Trück, Vanoni, Zimmermann
BMJ Open, 26.04.2024
Tilføjet 26.04.2024
ObjectivesIn trials of acute severe infections or inflammations frequent administration of non-randomised treatment (ie, intercurrent event) in response to clinical events is expected. These events may affect the interpretation of trial findings. Swissped-RECOVERY was set up as one of the first randomised controlled trials worldwide, investigating the comparative effectiveness of anti-inflammatory treatment with intravenous methylprednisolone or intravenous immunoglobulins in children and adolescents with Paediatric Inflammatory Multisystem Syndrome Temporally Associated with SARS-CoV-2 (PIMS-TS). We present one approach towards improving the interpretation of non-randomised treatment in a randomised controlled trial. DesignThis is a pre-planned ancillary analysis of the Swissped-RECOVERY trial, a randomised multicentre open-label two-arm trial. Setting10 Swiss paediatric hospitals (secondary and tertiary care) participated. ParticipantsPaediatric patients hospitalised with PIMS-TS. InterventionsAll patient-first intercurrent events, if applicable, were presented to an independent adjudication committee consisting of four international paediatric COVID-19 experts to provide independent clinical adjudication to a set of standardised questions relating to whether additional non-randomised treatments were clinically indicated and disease classification at the time of the intercurrent event. ResultsOf 41 treatments in 75 participants (24/41 (59%) and 17/41 (41%) in the intravenous methylprednisolone and immunoglobulin arms of the trial, respectively), two-thirds were considered indicated. The most common treatment (oral glucocorticoids, 14/41, 35%) was mostly considered not indicated (11/14, 79%), although in line with local guidelines. Intercurrent events among patients with Shock-like PIMS-TS at baseline were mostly considered indicated. A significant proportion of patients with undifferentiated PIMS-TS at baseline were not attributed to the same group at the time of the intercurrent event (6/12 unchanged, 4/12 Kawasaki disease-like, 2/12 Shock-like). ConclusionThe masked adjudication of intercurrent events contributes to the interpretation of results in open-label trials and should be incorporated in the future. Trial registration numbersSNCTP000004720 and NCT 04826588.
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80
Physical activity and mental health in individuals with multimorbidity during COVID-19: an explanatory sequential mixed-method study
Ambrosio, L., Faulkner, J., Morris, J. H., Stuart, B., Lambrick, D., Compton, E., Portillo, M. C.
BMJ Open, 26.04.2024
Tilføjet 26.04.2024
ObjectiveTo understand the physical activity and mental health of individuals living with long-term conditions during the COVID-19 pandemic. DesignA sequential explanatory mixed-methods study with two phases: phase 1: quantitative survey and phase 2: qualitative follow-up interviews. SettingFor the quantitative phase, an online survey was launched in March 2021, using Microsoft Forms. For the qualitative phase, in-depth semistructured interviews were conducted via online. Participants368 adults over 18 years old living in the UK with at least one long-term condition completed the survey. Interviews were conducted in a subsample of participants from the previous quantitative phase, with 26 people. Data were analysed using thematic analysis. ResultsResponses from the survey showed that people with one long-term condition were significantly more physically active and spent less time sitting, than those with two or more conditions, presenting with significantly higher well-being (p
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81
Outcome, predictors and longitudinal trajectories of subjects with critical illness polyneuropathy and myopathy (CINAMOPS): study protocol of an observational cohort study in a clinical and post-clinical setting
Bergmann, J., Egger, M., Müller, F., Jahn, K.
BMJ Open, 26.04.2024
Tilføjet 26.04.2024
IntroductionCritical illness polyneuropathy and myopathy (CIP/CIM) are frequent complications in the intensive care unit (ICU) with major consequences for the progress and outcome of subjects. CIP/CIM delays the weaning process, prolongs the hospital stay and increases the mortality rate. Additionally, it may have long-term consequences beyond the hospitalisation phase with prolonged disability. Even though there is growing interest in CIP/CIM, research about the clinical and post-clinical course as well as the middle-term and long-term outcomes of subjects with CIP/CIM is scarce. A large prospective study of critically ill subjects is needed with accurate diagnosis during the acute stage and comprehensive assessment during long-term follow-up. Methods and analysisThis prospective observational cohort study aims to compare the clinical and post-clinical course of chronically critically ill subjects with and without the diagnosis of CIP/CIM and to determine predictors for the middle-term and long-term outcomes of subjects with CIP/CIM. In addition, the influence of the preclinical health status and the preclinical frailty on the long-term outcome of subjects with CIP/CIM will be investigated. This single-centre study will include 250 critically ill patients who were invasively ventilated for at least 5 days at the ICU and show reduced motor strength. At five study visits at admission and discharge to neurological rehabilitation, and 12, 18 and 24 months after disease onset, a comprehensive test battery will be applied including assessments of functioning and impairment, independence, health-related quality of life, activity and participation, cognition, gait and balance, fatigue, mental health and frailty. Secondary objectives are the documentation of therapy goals, therapy content and achieved milestones during the rehabilitation, to evaluate the clinimetric properties of the Mini-BESTest in critically ill patients, and to evaluate the time course and outcome of subjects with CIP/CIM after SARS-CoV-2 infection. Ethics and disseminationThe study was approved by the ethical committee of the Ludwig-Maximilians University Munich. Participants will be included in the study after having signed informed consent. Results will be published in scientific, peer-reviewed journals and at national and international conferences. Trial registration numberGerman Clinical Trial Register (DRKS00021753).
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82
Genetic variant rs1205 is associated with COVID-19 outcomes: The Strong Heart Study and Strong Heart Family Study
Lyle G. Best, Esther Erdei, Karin Haack, Jack W. Kent Jr., Kimberly M. Malloy, Deborah E. Newman, Marcia O’Leary, Rae A. O’Leary, Quan Sun, Ana Navas-Acien, Nora Franceschini, Shelley A. Cole
PLoS One Infectious Diseases, 26.04.2024
Tilføjet 26.04.2024
by Lyle G. Best, Esther Erdei, Karin Haack, Jack W. Kent Jr., Kimberly M. Malloy, Deborah E. Newman, Marcia O’Leary, Rae A. O’Leary, Quan Sun, Ana Navas-Acien, Nora Franceschini, Shelley A. Cole Background Although COVID-19 infection has been associated with a number of clinical and environmental risk factors, host genetic variation has also been associated with the incidence and morbidity of infection. The CRP gene codes for a critical component of the innate immune system and CRP variants have been reported associated with infectious disease and vaccination outcomes. We investigated possible associations between COVID-19 outcome and a limited number of candidate gene variants including rs1205. Methodology/Principal findings The Strong Heart and Strong Heart Family studies have accumulated detailed genetic, cardiovascular risk and event data in geographically dispersed American Indian communities since 1988. Genotypic data and 91 COVID-19 adjudicated deaths or hospitalizations from 2/1/20 through 3/1/23 were identified among 3,780 participants in two subsets. Among 21 candidate variants including genes in the interferon response pathway, APOE, TMPRSS2, TLR3, the HLA complex and the ABO blood group, only rs1205, a 3’ untranslated region variant in the CRP gene, showed nominally significant association in T-dominant model analyses (odds ratio 1.859, 95%CI 1.001–3.453, p = 0.049) after adjustment for age, sex, center, body mass index, and a history of cardiovascular disease. Within the younger subset, association with the rs1205 T-Dom genotype was stronger, both in the same adjusted logistic model and in the SOLAR analysis also adjusting for other genetic relatedness. Conclusion A T-dominant genotype of rs1205 in the CRP gene is associated with COVID-19 death or hospitalization, even after adjustment for relevant clinical factors and potential participant relatedness. Additional study of other populations and genetic variants of this gene are warranted.
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83
Effect of SARS-CoV-2 S protein on the proteolytic cleavage of the epithelial Na+ channel ENaC
Germán Ricardo Magaña-Ávila, Erika Moreno, Consuelo Plata, Héctor Carbajal-Contreras, Adrian Rafael Murillo-de-Ozores, Kevin García-Ávila, Norma Vázquez, Maria Syed, Jan Wysocki, Daniel Batlle, Gerardo Gamba, María Castañeda-Bueno
PLoS One Infectious Diseases, 26.04.2024
Tilføjet 26.04.2024
by Germán Ricardo Magaña-Ávila, Erika Moreno, Consuelo Plata, Héctor Carbajal-Contreras, Adrian Rafael Murillo-de-Ozores, Kevin García-Ávila, Norma Vázquez, Maria Syed, Jan Wysocki, Daniel Batlle, Gerardo Gamba, María Castañeda-Bueno Severe cases of COVID-19 are characterized by development of acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). Water accumulation in the lungs is thought to occur as consequence of an exaggerated inflammatory response. A possible mechanism could involve decreased activity of the epithelial Na+ channel, ENaC, expressed in type II pneumocytes. Reduced transepithelial Na+ reabsorption could contribute to lung edema due to reduced alveolar fluid clearance. This hypothesis is based on the observation of the presence of a novel furin cleavage site in the S protein of SARS-CoV-2 that is identical to the furin cleavage site present in the alpha subunit of ENaC. Proteolytic processing of αENaC by furin-like proteases is essential for channel activity. Thus, competition between S protein and αENaC for furin-mediated cleavage in SARS-CoV-2-infected cells may negatively affect channel activity. Here we present experimental evidence showing that coexpression of the S protein with ENaC in a cellular model reduces channel activity. In addition, we show that bidirectional competition for cleavage by furin-like proteases occurs between 〈ENaC and S protein. In transgenic mice sensitive to lethal SARS-CoV-2, however, a significant decrease in gamma ENaC expression was not observed by immunostaining of lungs infected as shown by SARS-CoV2 nucleoprotein staining.
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84
Did the prolonged residual efficacy of clothianidin products lead to a greater reduction in vector populations and subsequent malaria transmission compared to the shorter residual efficacy of pirimiphos-methyl?
Malaria Journal, 26.04.2024
Tilføjet 26.04.2024
Abstract Background The residual activity of a clothianidin + deltamethrin mixture and clothianidin alone in IRS covered more than the period of malaria transmission in northern Benin. The aim of this study was to show whether the prolonged residual efficacy of clothianidin-based products resulted in a greater reduction in vector populations and subsequent malaria transmission compared with the shorter residual efficacy of pirimiphos-methyl. Methods Human bait mosquito collections by local volunteers and pyrethrum spray collections were used in 6 communes under IRS monitoring and evaluation from 2019 to 2021. ELISA/CSP and species PCR tests were performed on Anopheles gambiae sensu lato (s.l.) to determine the infectivity rate and subspecies by commune and year. The decrease in biting rate, entomological inoculation rate, incidence, inhibition of blood feeding, resting density of An. gambiae s.l. were studied and compared between insecticides per commune. Results The An. gambiae complex was the major vector throughout the study area, acounting for 98.71% (19,660/19,917) of all Anopheles mosquitoes collected. Anopheles gambiae s.l. collected was lower inside treated houses (45.19%: 4,630/10,245) than outside (54.73%: 5,607/10,245) after IRS (p
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85
Anti-spike antibody level is associated with the risk of clinical progression among subjects hospitalized with COVID-19 pneumonia: results from a retrospective cohort study
Infection, 26.04.2024
Tilføjet 26.04.2024
Abstract Purpose Antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 spike (anti-S) may confer protection against symptomatic COVID-19. Whether their level predicts progression among those with COVID-19 pneumonia remains unclear. Methods We conducted a retrospective cohort study to assess predictors of anti-S levels and whether anti-S titer is associated with death or mechanical ventilation (MV). Adults hospitalized for COVID-19 pneumonia between July 2021 and July 2022 were enrolled if anti-S had been measured within 72 h of admission. Predictors of anti-S level were explored using multivariable quantile regression. The association between anti-S levels and 30-day death/MV was investigated via multivariable logistic regression. Analyses were stratified by vaccine status. Results The median anti-S level was 1370 BAU/ml in 328 vaccinated and 15.5 BAU/ml in 206 unvaccinated individuals. Among the vaccinated, shorter symptom duration (p = 0.001), hematological malignancies (p = 0.002), and immunosuppressive therapy (p = 0.004) were associated with lower anti-S levels. In the unvaccinated group, symptom duration was the only predictor of anti-S levels (p
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86
Real-world application of nirmatrelvir/ritonavir in hospitalized COVID-19 patients with onset of symptoms beyond 5 days: a comparative study
Infection, 26.04.2024
Tilføjet 26.04.2024
Abstract Purpose Physicians may administer Nirmatrelvir-ritonavir to patients who have been symptomatic for more than 5 days. There is currently no clear evidence to support this approach. Methods A real-world study was conducted to investigate the potential relationship between the administration of Nirmatrelvir-ritonavir and the rates of intubation or in-hospital mortality among COVID-19 patients who experienced symptoms for more than 5 days. The end point was a composite event of intubation or in-hospital mortality. The outcomes between those patients who received Nirmatrelvir-ritonavir and those who did not were compared. Results A total of 847 patients were included in the analysis. Among them, 312 patients (36.84%) received Nirmatrelvir-ritonavir. Within the entire population, 86 patients (10.15%) experienced intubation or in-hospital mortality. The main analysis indicated that there was a significant association between the application of Nirmatrelvir-ritonavir and intubation or in-hospital mortality, with an odds ratio of 0.50 (95% confidence interval, 0.28 to 0.87; P = 0.0153) using inverse probability of treatment weighting. The finding was consistent with multiple sensitivity analyses. Conclusions The application of Nirmatrelvir-ritonavir was associated with a significantly reduced risk of intubation or death in hospitalized COVID-19 patients who experienced symptoms for more than 5 days as compared to those who did not receive the treatment.
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87
Oral Simnotrelvir for Adult Patients with Mild-to-Moderate Covid-19
New England Journal of Medicine, 25.04.2024
Tilføjet 25.04.2024
New England Journal of Medicine, Volume 390, Issue 16, Page 1533-1535, April 25, 2024.
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88
Antibiotics daptomycin interacts with S protein of SARS-CoV-2 to promote cell invasion of Omicron (B1.1.529) pseudovirus
Xu CaoLan HuangMin TangYue LiangXinpeng LiuHuijin HouShufang LiangDepartment of Biotherapy, Cancer Center and State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
Virulence, 25.04.2024
Tilføjet 25.04.2024
89
[Articles] Temporal changes in SARS-CoV-2 clearance kinetics and the optimal design of antiviral pharmacodynamic studies: an individual patient data meta-analysis of a randomised, controlled, adaptive platform study (PLATCOV)
Phrutsamon Wongnak, William H K Schilling, Podjanee Jittamala, Simon Boyd, Viravarn Luvira, Tanaya Siripoon, Thundon Ngamprasertchai, Elizabeth M Batty, Shivani Singh, Jindarat Kouhathong, Watcharee Pagornrat, Patpannee Khanthagan, Borimas Hanboonkunupakarn, Kittiyod Poovorawan, Mayfong Mayxay, Kesinee Chotivanich, Mallika Imwong, Sasithon Pukrittayakamee, Elizabeth A Ashley, Arjen M Dondorp, Nicholas P J Day, Mauro M Teixeira, Watcharapong Piyaphanee, Weerapong Phumratanaprapin, Nicholas J White, James A Watson, PLATCOV Collaborative Group
Lancet Infectious Diseases, 25.04.2024
Tilføjet 25.04.2024
SARS-CoV-2 viral clearance kinetics in symptomatic, vaccinated individuals accelerated substantially over 2 years of the pandemic, necessitating a change to how new SARS-CoV-2 antivirals are compared (ie, shortening the period of pharmacodynamic assessment). As of writing (October, 2023), antiviral efficacy in COVID-19 can be efficiently assessed in vivo using serial qPCRs from duplicate oropharyngeal swab eluates taken daily for 5 days after drug administration.
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90
SARS-CoV-2 RNA and nucleocapsid antigen are blood biomarkers associated with severe disease outcomes that improve in response to remdesivir
Journal of Infectious Diseases, 25.04.2024
Tilføjet 25.04.2024
Abstract Background Although antivirals remain important for the treatment COVID-19, methods to assess treatment efficacy are lacking. Here, we investigated the impact of remdesivir on viral dynamics and their contribution to understanding antiviral efficacy in the multicenter ACTT-1 clinical trial that randomized patients to remdesivir or placebo.Methods Longitudinal specimens collected during hospitalization from a substudy of 642 COVID-19 patients were measured for viral RNA (upper respiratory tract and plasma), viral nucleocapsid antigen (serum), and host immunologic markers. Associations with clinical outcomes and response to therapy were assessed.Results Higher baseline plasma viral loads were associated with poorer clinical outcomes, and decreases in viral RNA and antigen in blood but not the upper respiratory tract correlated with enhanced benefit from remdesivir. The treatment effect of remdesivir was most pronounced in patients with elevated baseline nucleocapsid antigen levels: the recovery rate ratio was 1.95 (95%CI 1.40-2.71) for levels >245 pg/ml vs 1.04 (95%CI 0.76-1.42) for levels
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91
Antibody titers and the risk of infection during the SARS-CoV-2 Omicron phase in Bizen City, Japan
Journal of Infectious Diseases, 25.04.2024
Tilføjet 25.04.2024
Abstract Background Understanding the association between the immune response and the risk of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection has implications for forthcoming prevention strategies. We evaluated the association between antibody titers and the risk of infection for the general population during the Omicron-dominant phase.Methods This was a prospective cohort study of residents or people affiliated with institutions in Bizen City, which included 1,899 participants. We measured the titers of antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 repeatedly every 2 months from June 2022 to March 2023. Infection status was obtained from self-reported questionnaires and the official registry. We estimated risk ratios (RRs) for infection within 2 months of the date of each antibody measurement with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) based on antibody titer categories and spline functions.Results Compared with the
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92
The contributions of vaccination and natural infection to the production of neutralizing antibodies against the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) prototype strain and variants
Hui Xie, Junnan Zhang, Shuang Bai, Min Lv, Juan Li, Weixin Chen, Luodan Suo, Meng Chen, Wei Zhao, Shanshan Zhou, Jian Wang, Ao Zhang, Jianxin Ma, Fengshuang Wang, Le Yan, Dongmei Li, Jiang Wu
International Journal of Infectious Diseases, 25.04.2024
Tilføjet 25.04.2024
The Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is a novel coronavirus responsible for the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) global pandemic [1-3]. As the pandemic progressed, new, more transmissible but less virulent variants, like the Omicron variant, emerged and became more dominant, further reducing the mortality rate [4-8]. The World Health Organization (WHO) eventually declared that the COVID-19 pandemic no longer constitutes a public health emergency of international concern on May 2023 [9].
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93
Follow-up SARS-CoV-2 serological study of a health care worker cohort following COVID-19 booster vaccination
BMC Infectious Diseases, 25.04.2024
Tilføjet 25.04.2024
Abstract Background Studies have shown that Omicron breakthrough infections can occur at higher SARS-CoV-2 antibody levels compared to previous variants. Estimating the magnitude of immunological protection induced from COVID-19 vaccination and previous infection remains important due to varying local pandemic dynamics and types of vaccination programmes, particularly among at-risk populations such as health care workers (HCWs). We analysed a follow-up SARS-CoV-2 serological survey of HCWs at a tertiary COVID-19 referral hospital in Germany following the onset of the Omicron variant. Methods The serological survey was conducted in January 2022, one year after previous surveys in 2020 and the availability of COVID-19 boosters including BNT162b2, ChAdOx1-S, and mRNA-1273. HCWs voluntarily provided blood for serology and completed a comprehensive questionnaire. SARS-CoV-2 serological analyses were performed using an Immunoglobulin G (IgG) enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Antibody levels were reported according to HCW demographic and occupational characteristics, COVID-19 vaccination and SARS-CoV-2 infection history, and multivariate linear regression was used to evaluate these associations. Results In January 2022 (following the fourth COVID-19 wave in Germany including the onset of the Omicron variant), 1482/1517 (97.7%) HCWs tested SARS-CoV-2 seropositive, compared to 4.6% in December 2020 (second COVID-19 wave). Approximately 80% had received three COVID-19 vaccine doses and 15% reported a previous laboratory-confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection. SARS-CoV-2 IgG geometric mean titres ranged from 335 (95% Confidence Intervals [CI]: 258–434) among those vaccinated twice and without previous infection to 2204 (95% CI: 1919–2531) among those vaccinated three times and with previous infection. Heterologous COVID-19 vaccination combinations including a mRNA-1273 booster were significantly associated with the highest IgG antibody levels compared to other schemes. There was an 8-to 10-fold increase in IgG antibody levels among 31 HCWs who reported a SARS-CoV-2 infection in May 2020 to January 2022 after COVID-19 booster vaccination. Conclusions Our findings demonstrate the importance of ongoing COVID-19 booster vaccination strategies in the context of variants such as Omicron and despite hybrid immunity from previous SARS-CoV-2 infections, particularly for at-risk populations such as HCWs. Where feasible, effective types of booster vaccination, such as mRNA vaccines, and the appropriate timing of administration should be carefully considered.
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94
The Ethical Obligation to Treat Infectious Patients: A Systematic Review of Reasons
Clinical Infectious Diseases, 24.04.2024
Tilføjet 24.04.2024
Abstract During pandemics, healthcare providers struggle with balancing obligations to self, family, and patients. While HIV/AIDS seemed to settle this issue, coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) rekindled debates regarding treatment refusal. We searched MEDLINE, Embase, CINAHL Complete, and Web of Science using terms including obligation, refusal, HIV/AIDS, COVID-19, and pandemics. After duplicate removal and dual, independent screening, we analyzed 156 articles for quality, ethical position, reasons, and concepts. Diseases in our sample included HIV/AIDS (72.2%), severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) (10.2%), COVID-19 (10.2%), Ebola (7.0%), and influenza (7.0%). Most articles (81.9%, n = 128) indicated an obligation to treat. COVID-19 had the highest number of papers indicating ethical acceptability of refusal (60%, P < .001), while HIV had the least (13.3%, P = .026). Several reason domains were significantly different during COVID-19, including unreasonable risks to self/family (26.7%, P < .001) and labor rights/workers\' protection (40%, P < .001). A surge in ethics literature during COVID-19 has advocated for permissibility of treatment refusal. Balancing healthcare provision with workforce protection is crucial in effectively responding to a global pandemic.
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95
Brief report: Effect of cardiac multi-morbidity on COVID hospitalization outcomes
Fouad Chouairi, Edward Jaffe, Abdul Mannan Khan Minhas, Marat Fudim
PLoS One Infectious Diseases, 24.04.2024
Tilføjet 24.04.2024
by Fouad Chouairi, Edward Jaffe, Abdul Mannan Khan Minhas, Marat Fudim Background The COVID-19 pandemic has stretched healthcare resources thin and led to significant morbidity and mortality. There have been no studies utilizing national data to investigate the role of cardiac risk factors on outcomes of COVID hospitalizations. The aim of this study was to examine the effect of cardiac multimorbidity on healthcare utilization and outcomes among COVID hospitalizations during the first year of the pandemic. Methods Using the national inpatient sample (NIS), we identified all adult hospital admissions with a primary diagnosis of COVID in 2020, using International Classification of Diseases, Tenth Revision, Clinical Modification codes (ICD010-CM). Coronary artery disease, diabetes mellitus, heart failure, peripheral vascular disease, previous stroke, and atrial fibrillation were then identified as cardiac comorbidities using ICD-10-CM codes. Multivariable logistic regression was used to evaluate the effect of cardiac multimorbidity on mortality and mechanical ventilation. Results We identified 1,005,040 primary COVID admissions in 2020. Of these admissions, 216,545 (20.6%) had CAD, 413,195 (39.4%) had DM, 176,780 (16.8%) had HF, 159,700 (15.2%) had AF, 30735 (2.9%) had PVD, and 25,155 (2.4%) had a previous stroke. When stratified by number of comorbidities, 428390 (40.8%) had 0 comorbidities, 354960 (33.8%) had 1, 161225 (15.4%) had 2, and 105465 (10.0%) had 3+ comorbidities. COVID hospitalizations with higher cardiac multimorbidity had higher mortality rates (p
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96
Impact of SARS-CoV-2 vaccines on Covid-19 incidence and mortality in the United States
Fang Fang, John David Clemens, Zuo-Feng Zhang, Timothy F. Brewer
PLoS One Infectious Diseases, 24.04.2024
Tilføjet 24.04.2024
by Fang Fang, John David Clemens, Zuo-Feng Zhang, Timothy F. Brewer Background Given the waning of vaccine effectiveness and the shifting of the most dominant strains in the U.S., it is imperative to understand the association between vaccination coverage and Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) disease and mortality at the community levels and whether that association might vary according to the dominant SARS-CoV-2 strains in the U.S. Methods Generalized estimating equations were used to estimate associations between U.S. county-level cumulative vaccination rates and booster distribution and the daily change in county-wide Coronavirus 2019 disease (COVID-19) risks and mortality during Alpha, Delta and Omicron predominance. Models were adjusted for potential confounders at both county and state level. A 2-week lag and a 4-week lag were introduced to assess vaccination rate impact on incidence and mortality, respectively. Results Among 3,073 counties in 48 states, the average county population complete vaccination rate of all age groups was 50.79% as of March 11th, 2022. Each percentage increase in vaccination rates was associated with reduction of 4% (relative risk (RR) 0.9607 (95% confidence interval (CI): 0.9553, 0.9661)) and 3% (RR 0.9694 (95% CI: 0.9653, 0.9736)) in county-wide COVID-19 cases and mortality, respectively, when Alpha was the dominant variant. The associations between county-level vaccine rates and COVID-19 incidence diminished during the Delta and Omicron predominance. However, each percent increase in people receiving a booster shot was associated with reduction of 6% (RR 0.9356 (95% CI: 0.9235, 0.9479)) and 4% (RR 0.9595 (95% CI: 0.9431, 0.9761)) in COVID-19 incidence and mortality in the community, respectively, during the Omicron predominance. Conclusions Associations between complete vaccination rates and COVID-19 incidence and mortality appeared to vary with shifts in the dominant variant, perhaps due to variations in vaccine efficacy by variant or to waning vaccine immunity over time. Vaccine boosters were associated with notable protection against Omicron disease and mortality.
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97
Impact of respiratory viral infections on nasopharyngeal pneumococcal colonization dynamics in children
Howard, Leigh M.; Grijalva, Carlos G.
Current Opinion in Infectious Diseases, 24.04.2024
Tilføjet 24.04.2024
Purpose of review Prevention of acute respiratory illnesses (ARI) in children is a global health priority, as these remain a leading cause of pediatric morbidity and mortality throughout the world. As new products and strategies to prevent respiratory infections caused by important pathogens such as severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), influenza, respiratory syncytial virus and pneumococcus are advancing, increasing evidence suggests that these and other respiratory viruses and pneumococci may exhibit interactions that are associated with altered colonization and disease dynamics. We aim to review recent data evaluating interactions between respiratory viruses and pneumococci in the upper respiratory tract and their potential impact on pneumococcal colonization patterns and disease outcomes. Recent findings While interactions between influenza infection and subsequent increased susceptibility and transmissibility of colonizing pneumococci have been widely reported in the literature, emerging evidence suggests that human rhinovirus, SARS-CoV-2, and other viruses may also exhibit interactions with pneumococci and alter pneumococcal colonization patterns. Additionally, colonizing pneumococci may play a role in modifying outcomes associated with respiratory viral infections. Recent evidence suggests that vaccination with pneumococcal conjugate vaccines, and prevention of colonization with pneumococcal serotypes included in these vaccines, may be associated with reducing the risk of subsequent viral infection and the severity of the associated illnesses. Summary Understanding the direction and dynamics of viral-pneumococcal interactions may elucidate the potential effects of existing and emerging viral and bacterial vaccines and other preventive strategies on the health impact of these important respiratory pathogens.
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98
Research - COVID-19 Vaccination Site Accessibility, United States, December 11, 2020-March 29, 2022
Emerging Infectious Diseases, 24.04.2024
Tilføjet 24.04.2024
Research - COVID-19 Vaccination Site Accessibility, United States, December 11, 2020-March 29, 2022
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Risk stratification and prognosis prediction using cardiac biomarkers in COVID-19: a single-centre retrospective cohort study
Sano, M., Toyota, T., Morimoto, T., Noguchi, Y., Shigeno, R., Murai, R., Okada, T., Sasaki, Y., Taniguchi, T., Kim, K., Kobori, A., Ehara, N., Kinoshita, M., Doi, A., Tomii, K., Kihara, Y., Furukawa, Y.
BMJ Open, 24.04.2024
Tilføjet 24.04.2024
ObjectiveThere is a need for a robust tool to stratify the patient’s risk with COVID-19. We assessed the prognostic values of cardiac biomarkers for COVID-19 patients. MethodsThis is a single-centre retrospective cohort study. Consecutive laboratory-confirmed COVID-19 patients admitted to the Kobe City Medical Center General Hospital from July 2020 to September 2021 were included. We obtained cardiac biomarker values from electronic health records and institutional blood banks. We stratified patients with cardiac biomarkers as high-sensitive troponin I (hsTnI), N-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP), creatine kinase (CK) and CK myocardial band (CK-MB), using the clinically relevant thresholds. Prespecified primary outcome measure was all-cause death. ResultsA total of 917 patients were included. hsTnI, NT-proBNP, CK and CK-MB were associated with the significantly higher cumulative 30-day incidence of all-cause death (hsTnI:
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100
Substantial transmission of SARS-CoV-2 through casual contact in retail stores: Evidence from matched administrative microdata on card payments and testing
Niels JohannesenAlessandro Tang-Andersen MartinelloBjørn Bjørnsson MeyerEmil Toft VestergaardAsger Lau AndersenThais Lærkholm JensenaSaïd Business School, Oxford University, Oxford OX1 1HP, United KingdombDepartment of Economics, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen K 1353, DenmarkcCenter for Economic Behavior and Inequality, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen K 1353, DenmarkdDanmarks Nationalbank, Copenhagen Ø 2100, Denmark
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 24.04.2024
Tilføjet 24.04.2024