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New England Journal of Medicine, 17.08.2023
Tilføjet 17.08.2023
Thomas M. File, Julio A. Ramirez
New England Journal of Medicine, 17.08.2023
Tilføjet 17.08.2023
New England Journal of Medicine, Volume 389, Issue 7, Page 632-641, August 2023.
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedDaniel A. Rauch, Teresa Victoria, Heidi H. Pfeifer
New England Journal of Medicine, 17.08.2023
Tilføjet 17.08.2023
New England Journal of Medicine, Volume 389, Issue 7, Page 643-651, August 2023.
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedNew England Journal of Medicine, 17.08.2023
Tilføjet 17.08.2023
New England Journal of Medicine, Volume 389, Issue 7, Page 670-672, August 2023.
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedMalaria Journal, 17.08.2023
Tilføjet 17.08.2023
Abstract Background The use of insecticide-treated nets for malaria control has been associated with shifts in mosquito vector feeding behaviour including earlier and outdoor biting on humans. The relative contribution of phenotypic plasticity and heritability to these behavioural shifts is unknown. Elucidation of the mechanisms behind these shifts is crucial for anticipating impacts on vector control. Methods A novel portable semi-field system (PSFS) was used to experimentally measure heritability of biting time in the malaria vector Anopheles arabiensis in Tanzania. Wild An. arabiensis from hourly collections using the human landing catch (HLC) method were grouped into one of 3 categories based on their time of capture: early (18:00–21:00), mid (22:00–04:00), and late (05:00–07:00) biting, and placed in separate holding cages. Mosquitoes were then provided with a blood meal for egg production and formation of first filial generation (F1). The F1 generation of each biting time phenotype category was reared separately, and blood fed at the same time as their mothers were captured host-seeking. The resultant eggs were used to generate the F2 generation for use in heritability assays. Heritability was assessed by releasing F2 An. arabiensis into the PSFS, recording their biting time during a human landing catch and comparing it to that of their F0 grandmothers. Results In PSFS assays, the biting time of F2 offspring (early: 18:00–21:00, mid: 22:00–04:00 or late: 05:00–07:00) was significantly positively associated with that of their wild-caught F0 grandmothers, corresponding to an estimated heritability of 0.110 (95% CI 0.003, 0.208). F2 from early-biting F0 were more likely to bite early than F2 from mid or late-biting F0. Similarly, the probability of biting late was higher in F2 derived from mid and late-biting F0 than from early-biting F0. Conclusions Despite modest heritability, our results suggest that some of the variation in biting time is attributable to additive genetic variation. Selection can, therefore, act efficiently on mosquito biting times, highlighting the need for control methods that target early and outdoor biting mosquitoes.
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedMalaria Journal, 17.08.2023
Tilføjet 17.08.2023
Abstract Scaling-up an experimental intervention is always a challenge. On the border between French Guiana, Brazil and Suriname, an interventional study demonstrated the effectiveness of distributing self-diagnosis and self-treatment kits (Malakits) to control malaria in mobile and hard-to-reach populations. Its integration into the Suriname’s National Malaria Elimination Plan after a 2-year experiment faced numerous challenges, including human resources to cope with the additional workload of coordinators and to maintain the motivation of community health workers. The economic recession in Suriname, the Covid pandemic, and logistical issues also hampered the scale-up. Finally, thanks to the commitment of stakeholders in Suriname and French Guiana, the integration of Malakit distribution into the Surinamese national programme was proved possible.
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedCaifeng Long, Wenbo Wang, Xiaobo Hao, Chuanfei Yu, Ye Feng, Changchun Tu, Sheng Sun, Lin Bian, Zhigang Liu, Lan Wang
Journal of Medical Virology, 17.08.2023
Tilføjet 17.08.2023
Zhen Sun, Siying Wang, Xiaoxiao Sun, Yaoping Shi, Haojie Jin
Journal of Medical Virology, 17.08.2023
Tilføjet 17.08.2023
Collin Laaker, Cameron Baenen, Kristóf G. Kovács, Matyas Sandor, Zsuzsanna Fabry
Frontiers in Immunology, 17.08.2023
Tilføjet 17.08.2023
In recent decades there has been a large focus on understanding the mechanisms of peripheral immune cell infiltration into the central nervous system (CNS) in neuroinflammatory diseases. This intense research led to several immunomodulatory therapies to attempt to regulate immune cell infiltration at the blood brain barrier (BBB), the choroid plexus (ChP) epithelium, and the glial barrier. The fate of these infiltrating immune cells depends on both the neuroinflammatory environment and their type-specific interactions with innate cells of the CNS. Although the fate of the majority of tissue infiltrating immune cells is death, a percentage of these cells could become tissue resident immune cells. Additionally, key populations of immune cells can possess the ability to “drain” out of the CNS and act as messengers reporting signals from the CNS toward peripheral lymphatics. Recent data supports that the meningeal lymphatic system is involved not just in fluid homeostatic functions in the CNS but also in facilitating immune cell migration, most notably dendritic cell migration from the CNS to the meningeal borders and to the draining cervical lymph nodes. Similar to the peripheral sites, draining immune cells from the CNS during neuroinflammation have the potential to coordinate immunity in the lymph nodes and thus influence disease. Here in this review, we will evaluate evidence of immune cell drainage from the brain via the meningeal lymphatics and establish the importance of this in animal models and humans. We will discuss how targeting immune cells at sites like the meningeal lymphatics could provide a new mechanism to better provide treatment for a variety of neurological conditions.
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedFEMS Microbiology Reviews, 17.08.2023
Tilføjet 17.08.2023
AbstractPhototrophic and heterotrophic microorganisms coexist in complex and dynamic structures called periphyton. These structures shape the biogeochemistry and biodiversity of aquatic ecosystems. In particular, microalgae-bacteria interactions are a prominent focus of study by microbial ecologists and can provide biotechnological opportunities for numerous applications (i.e. microalgal bloom control, aquaculture, biorefinery and wastewater bioremediation). In this review, we analyze the species dynamics (i.e. periphyton formation and factors determining the prevalence of one species over another), coexisting communities, exchange of resources and communication mechanisms of periphytic microalgae and bacteria. We extend periphyton mathematical modelling as a tool to comprehend complex interactions. This review is expected to boost the applicability of microalgae-bacteria consortia, by drawing out knowledge from natural periphyton.
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedBMC Infectious Diseases, 17.08.2023
Tilføjet 17.08.2023
Abstract In 2019, the Coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) virus was identified, also defined as novel coronavirus or severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2. The Corona VIrus Disease (COVID-19) pandemic generated several changes in society in 2020 as a result of its rapid spread in humans. The main symptoms are high fever (≥ 37.8 °C), dry cough, dyspnea, upper respiratory symptoms, myalgia, fatigue and diarrhea in the most uncommon cases. Considering the emergency situation caused by the COVID-19 pandemic and the effects attributed to it, rehabilitation professionals have a fundamental role in the functional recovery of patients, independence and improvement of quality of life. This is a systematic review of the literature, with the aim of discussing the main findings on physical therapy management in functional changes in post-COVID-19 patients. Pubmed, Scielo, Sciencedirect, BVS and PEDro databases were used. The terms MESH/DECs used for the searches were: Rehabilitation, Physical Therapy Modalities, Covid-19, Post-acute Syndromes COVID-19 and Physical Fitness, the keywords were also used: rehabilitation, physiotherapy, Covid-19, post- acute syndrome COVID-19 and functional capacity. To cross the terms, Boolean operators (AND and OR) were used. Randomized trials, recommendations, quasi-randomized or prospective controlled trials, reports, guidelines, and field updates were included. As for the selected population, studies were included in individuals of both sexes, with no age restriction, that evaluated physiotherapeutic interventions in patients who had COVID-19. Literature reviews, case studies, conferences, abstracts of articles published in conference proceedings and letters to the editor were excluded from the research. To measure methodological quality, the PEDro scale was used.Searches for articles were performed restricting the period of publication between the years 2019 to 2022. The electronic search strategy identified a total of 364 records from the selected databases. After screening for duplicates, 14 articles were excluded, followed by screening by titles and abstracts, another 298 articles were excluded, of these 47 potentially relevant records were submitted to full text review and of these 5 randomized clinical trials were included in this review. In view of the findings of this study, it can be concluded that physical therapy rehabilitation should continue after hospital discharge, with the aim of improving physical performance and activities of daily living (ADL) in post-COVID-19 patients.
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedBMC Infectious Diseases, 17.08.2023
Tilføjet 17.08.2023
Abstract Background Neonatal sepsis, particularly gram-negative (GN) bacteria-induced, is a significant cause of morbidity and mortality in newborns. Healthcare professionals find this issue challenging because of antibiotic resistance. This study aims to combine findings to identify the prevalence of GN bacteria and their antibiotic resistance in Iranian neonates with sepsis. Methods This systematic review followed the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis (PRISMA). The literature search was performed through international databases, including (PubMed/MEDLINE, EMBASE, Scopus, and Web of Science), Iranian local databases (Magiran, Iranmedex, Irandoc, Scimed, and SID), and the first 100 records of Google Scholar. Analytical cross-sectional study checklist from the Joanna Briggs Institute (JBI) was used for the quality assessment of included studies. Comprehensive Meta-Analysis Software Version 2 was used to conduct the meta-analysis. The between-study heterogeneity was investigated by I2 statistics. Results The prevalence of GN bacteria was estimated to be 53.6% [95% CI: 45.9– 61.1: P = 0.362] in Iranian neonates with sepsis, based on 31 studies with a sample size of 104,566. klebsiella pneumoniae (K.pneumonia) (23.2% [95% CI: 17.5–30.0, P
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedHudson A. Pinto
Trends in Parasitology, 17.08.2023
Tilføjet 17.08.2023
Larval trematodes found in mollusks have been a topic of interest for parasitologists worldwide. A diversity of cercariae were described more intensely from the 20th century onwards, resulting in the need to organize the knowledge accumulated over time [1–3]. For this, morphological-based artificial (cercarian types) or formal (Linnean taxonomy) systems (or a mixture among them) were proposed and adapted over time [3,4]. Since linking different developmental stages of trematodes has always been a challenging task, tentative identification using these classificatory schemes was a common practice verified in the research field.
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedPhoebe Ashley-Norman
Lancet Infectious Diseases, 17.08.2023
Tilføjet 17.08.2023
“Bizu hiwot adigneallehu”. These words, spoken by Asha, a midwife and community health volunteer, and imperfectly translated from Amharic mean “I cured many lives”. The lives that Asha refers to are those that exist at the periphery of the universal antiretroviral therapy (ART) strategy implemented in Ethiopia from 2003. In Curing Lives: Surviving the HIV Epidemic in Ethiopia, Makoto Nishi explores how the ART strategy “unfolded in Ethiopia in two seemingly contradictory layers: the one in which silence was broken and solidarity took place, and the other in which care was denied and institutionalized indifference prevailed”.
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedRaphael R. Fagundes, Saskia C. Belt, Barbara M. Bakker, Gerard Dijkstra, Hermie J.M. Harmsen, Klaas Nico Faber
Trends in Microbiology, 17.08.2023
Tilføjet 17.08.2023
Human gut bacteria produce metabolites that support energy and carbon metabolism of colonic epithelial cells. While butyrate is commonly considered the primary fuel, it alone cannot meet all the carbon requirements for cellular synthetic functions. Glucose, delivered via circulation or microbial metabolism, serves as a universal carbon source for synthetic processes like DNA, RNA, protein, and lipid production. Detailed knowledge of epithelial carbon and energy metabolism is particularly relevant for epithelial regeneration in digestive and metabolic diseases, such as inflammatory bowel disease and type 2 diabetes. Here, we review the production and role of different colonic microbial metabolites in energy and carbon metabolism of colonocytes, also critically evaluating the common perception that butyrate is the preferred fuel.
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedSergio Serrano-Villar, Camilla Tincati, Sajan C. Raju, Johan S. Sáenz, Elena Moreno, Rafael Bargiela, Alfonso Cabello-Ubeda, Elena Sendagorta, Alina Kurz, Jose A. Perez Molina, Amparo de Benito, Johannes R. Hov, Laura Fernandez-Lopez, Alfonso Muriel, Rosa del Campo, Santiago Moreno, Marius Trøseid, Jana Seifert, Manuel Ferrer
Nature, 17.08.2023
Tilføjet 17.08.2023
Clinical Infectious Diseases, 17.08.2023
Tilføjet 17.08.2023
Clinical Infectious Diseases, 17.08.2023
Tilføjet 17.08.2023
AbstractIn a cross-sectional analysis of 354 Ugandan children (age 12-48 months) infected with Schistosoma mansoni, we assessed relationships between infection intensity and nutritional morbidities. Higher intensity was associated with an increased risk for anemia (RR = 1.05, CI 1.01-1.10) yet not associated with risk for underweight, stunting, or wasting.
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedClinical Infectious Diseases, 17.08.2023
Tilføjet 17.08.2023
R. A. S. Rathnayake, W. M. M. Wedage, L. S. Muthukumarana, B. G. D. N. K. De Silva
PLoS One Infectious Diseases, 17.08.2023
Tilføjet 17.08.2023
by R. A. S. Rathnayake, W. M. M. Wedage, L. S. Muthukumarana, B. G. D. N. K. De Silva Anopheles culicifacies is the major vector of malaria in Sri Lanka and the Indian subcontinent which is characterized as a species complex with five sibling species provisionally designated as A, B, C, D and E. The current study was carried out to understand the phylogenetic and phylogeographic relationships between the sibling species of the species complex while observing their genetic diversity and genetic differentiation. Thirty-five ITS2 and seventy-seven COI sequences of An. culicifacies species complex reported from different geographical locations of Asia and China at the NCBI public database were used for the analysis. Bayesian likelihood trees were generated for the phylogenetic analysis. The divergence of the species complex was obtained from the Bayesian phylogeographic model in BEAST. There were two clades of the sibling species of An. culicifacies species complex as A, D and B, C and E in both phylogenetic and phylogeographic analysis using ITS2 sequences. Based on the highly divergent COI sequences and the high mutation rate of the mitochondrial genome, there were four and three clades in both phylogenetic and phylogeographic analysis using COI sequences. The diversification of An. culicifacies species complex was obtained as ranging from 20.25 to 24.12 Mya and 22.37 to 26.22 Mya based on ITS2 and COI phylogeographic analysis respectively. There was a recent diversification of the sibling species A and D than the sibling species B, C and E. Low haplotype diversity was observed in the sequences reported from Sri Lanka in both ITS2 and COI analysis that can be due to bottlenecks resulting from the intense malaria control efforts. A high genetic differentiation was achieved for some populations due to the large geographical distance. The high genetic diversity based on the five sibling species implies the possibility of maintaining a relatively high effective population size despite the vector control efforts.
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedJieun Jang, Hyopin Jeong, Bong-Hwa Kim, Sura An, Hye-Ryun Yang, Sunjoo Kim
PLoS One Infectious Diseases, 17.08.2023
Tilføjet 17.08.2023
by Jieun Jang, Hyopin Jeong, Bong-Hwa Kim, Sura An, Hye-Ryun Yang, Sunjoo Kim Objectives Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) vaccine effectiveness in coronavirus disease (COVID-19) patients with breakthrough infections has not been established in South Korea. To address this, we assessed the impact of vaccination on symptom occurrence and viral load. Methods We performed a retrospective cohort study of 9,030 COVID-19 patients enrolled between February and November 2021. The impact of vaccination on the incidence of symptoms and viral load as indicated by cycle threshold (Ct) values of RdRp and E genes was evaluated using relative risks (RRs) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CIs). Results Compared with unvaccinated patients, fully vaccinated patients were associated with a reduced symptom onset of cough, sputum, and myalgia in COVID-19 patients (RR (95% CI) = 0.86 (0.75–0.99) for cough; RR (95% CI) = 0.74 (0.56–0.98) for sputum; RR (95% CI) = 0.65 (0.53–0.79) for myalgia, respectively). Additionally, lower risk of high viral load, Ct value of RdRp gene
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedDeborah Schönegger, Armelle Marais, Bisola Mercy Babalola, Chantal Faure, Marie Lefebvre, Laurence Svanella-Dumas, Sára Brázdová, Thierry Candresse
PLoS One Infectious Diseases, 17.08.2023
Tilføjet 17.08.2023
by Deborah Schönegger, Armelle Marais, Bisola Mercy Babalola, Chantal Faure, Marie Lefebvre, Laurence Svanella-Dumas, Sára Brázdová, Thierry Candresse High-throughput sequencing (HTS) has proven a powerful tool to uncover the virome of cultivated and wild plants and offers the opportunity to study virus movements across the agroecological interface. The carrot model consisting of cultivated (Daucus carota ssp. sativus) and wild carrot (Daucus carota ssp. carota) populations, is particularly interesting with respect to comparisons of virus communities due to the low genetic barrier to virus flow since both population types belong to the same plant species. Using a highly purified double-stranded RNA-based HTS approach, we analyzed on a large scale the virome of 45 carrot populations including cultivated, wild and off-type carrots (carrots growing within the field and likely representing hybrids between cultivated and wild carrots) in France and six additional carrot populations from central Spain. Globally, we identified a very rich virome comprising 45 viruses of which 25 are novel or tentatively novel. Most of the identified novel viruses showed preferential associations with wild carrots, either occurring exclusively in wild populations or infecting only a small proportion of cultivated populations, indicating the role of wild carrots as reservoir of viral diversity. The carrot virome proved particularly rich in viruses involved in complex mutual interdependencies for aphid transmission such as poleroviruses, umbraviruses and associated satellites, which can be the basis for further investigations of synergistic or antagonistic virus-vector-host relationships.
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedJia Ouyang, Qinghua Miao, Dong Wei, Xinxin Zhang, Erming Luo, Chunying Li, Li Wei
PLoS One Infectious Diseases, 17.08.2023
Tilføjet 17.08.2023
by Jia Ouyang, Qinghua Miao, Dong Wei, Xinxin Zhang, Erming Luo, Chunying Li, Li Wei The treatment efficiency of Chromium (Cr)-containing Printed Circuit Board (PCB) wastewater is significantly hampered by the limited physiological activity of microorganisms when activated sludge is applied. In this study, the biodegradation and electron transfer based on sulfur metabolism in the integrated (BESI®) process use sulfur as the electron acceptor to achieve sulfate reduction and sulfide oxidation, leading to efficient removal of Cr. The concentrations of total Cr and Cr(VI) in the effluent were reduced to 0.5 mg/L and 0.1 mg/L, respectively, from an initial range of 25–32 mg/L in the influent. The removal of Cr (ΔC(Cr(VI))) mainly occurred in the Sulfate Reduction (SR) reactor, which was significantly correlated with the generation of sulphide (ΔC(S2−)) (R2 = 0.9987). Meantime, analysis of the microbial community showed that Cr (VI) stress increased the diversity of the bacterial community in sludge. The presence of Clostridium (52.54% and 47.78%) in SR & Sulfide Oxidation (SO) reactor, along with the Synergistaceae (31.90%) and Trichococcus (26.59%) in aerobic reactor, might contribute to the gradient degradation of COD, resulting in a removal efficiency exceeding 80% when treating an influent with a concentration of 1000 mg/L. In addition, the main precipitation components in the SR reactor were identified by scanning electron microscope, indicating that Cr has been removed from wastewater as Cr(OH)3 precipitation. This study sheds light on the potential of using the BESI® process for the real PCB wastewater treatment.
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedMahsa Rostami, Akbar Karegar, S. Mohsen Taghavi, Reza Ghasemi-Fasaei, Abozar Ghorbani
PLoS One Infectious Diseases, 17.08.2023
Tilføjet 17.08.2023
by Mahsa Rostami, Akbar Karegar, S. Mohsen Taghavi, Reza Ghasemi-Fasaei, Abozar Ghorbani Root-knot nematodes (Meloidogyne spp.) are dangerous parasites of many crops worldwide. The threat of chemical nematicides has led to increasing interest in studying the inhibitory effects of organic amendments and bacteria on plant-parasitic nematodes, but their combination has been less studied. One laboratory and four glasshouse experiments were conducted to study the effect on M. javanica of animal manure, common vermicompost, shrimp shells, chitosan, compost and vermicompost from castor bean, chinaberry and arugula, and the combination of arugula vermicompost with some bacteria, isolated from vermicompost or earthworms. The extract of arugula compost and vermicompost, common vermicompost and composts from castor bean and chinaberry reduced nematode egg hatch by 12–32% and caused 13–40% mortality of second-stage juveniles in vitro. Soil amendments with the combination vermicompost of arugula + Pseudomonas. resinovorans + Sphingobacterium daejeonense + chitosan significantly increased the yield of infected tomato plants and reduced nematode reproduction factor by 63.1–76.6%. Comparison of chemical properties showed that arugula vermicompost had lower pH, EC, and C/N ratio than arugula compost. Metagenomics analysis showed that Bacillus, Geodermatophilus, Thermomonas, Lewinella, Pseudolabrys and Erythrobacter were the major bacterial genera in the vermicompost of arugula. Metagenomics analysis confirmed the presence of chitinolytic, detoxifying and PGPR bacteria in the vermicompost of arugula. The combination of arugula vermicompost + chitosan + P. resinovorans + S. daejeonense could be an environmentally friendly approach to control M. javanica.
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedSandie Szawlowski, Carole Treibich, Mylene Lagarde, El Hadj Mbaye, Khady Gueye, Cheikh Tidiane Ndour, Aurélia Lépine
PLoS One Infectious Diseases, 17.08.2023
Tilføjet 17.08.2023
by Sandie Szawlowski, Carole Treibich, Mylene Lagarde, El Hadj Mbaye, Khady Gueye, Cheikh Tidiane Ndour, Aurélia Lépine Evidence suggests that treating sexually transmitted infections (STIs) amongst female sex workers (FSWs) is a cost-effective strategy to reduce the spread of HIV/AIDS. Senegal is the only African country where sex work is regulated by a public health policy which aims to monitor and routinely treat STIs. The law requires FSWs to be at least 21 years old, register with a health centre and the police, carry an up-to-date registration booklet, attend monthly health check-ups, and test negative for STIs. Despite health and legal benefits of registration, 80% of FSWs in Senegal are not registered. Hence, the potential health benefits of the policy have not materialised. To understand why FSWs do not want to register and to define policy changes that would increase the registration rate of FSWs in Senegal, we designed and implemented a discrete choice experiment (DCE) completed by 241 registered and 273 non-registered FSWs. Participants made choices between a series of hypothetical but realistic registration policy changes. Conditional logit models were used to analyse the DCE data. The results highlighted that confidentiality at the health facility was an important element, registered and non-registered FWs were respectively 26.0 percentage points (pp) and 22.1 pp more likely to prefer a policy that guaranteed confidentiality at the health centre. Similarly, both groups preferred a policy where their health record was only held at the health centre and not with the police. Several interventions to increase FSW registration rate and improve their wellbeing may be implemented without modifying the law. For example, the introduction of psychosocial support in the registration policy package, replacing the registration booklet by a QR code, the use of electronic medical files and the integration of FSWs routine visits with maternal health appointments to increase confidentiality have the potential to encourage registration of FSWs.
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedDavid Gillespie, Mandy Wootton, Ruby Ray, Philip Calder, Tin Man Mandy Lau, Eleri Owen-Jones, Rachel Lowe, Leanne Davies, Jennifer Richards, Kerenza Hood, Vivian Castro-Herrera, Jane Davies, Nick A. Francis, F.D. Richard Hobbs FMedSci, Mark Lown, Michael Moore, Victoria Shepherd, Christopher C. Butler FMedSci
Clinical Microbiology and Infection, 16.08.2023
Tilføjet 16.08.2023
To describe prevalence of potentially clinically relevant gut pathogens and associations with carriage of resistant organisms in UK care home residents.
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedYiallouridou, C., Acton, J. H., Banerjee, S., Waterman, H., Wood, A.
BMJ Open, 16.08.2023
Tilføjet 16.08.2023
ObjectivesOcular pain is a commonly reported finding in the intravitreal injection procedure, but post-injection experiences and patient adherence to treatment remain underexplored. We therefore aimed to identify key variations in the intravitreal injection procedure that may influence pain, and to gain insights into the post-injection experience and treatment adherence from the perspective of patients and practitioners. DesignQualitative semistructured interview study using reflexive thematic analysis of transcripts. SettingHospital Eye Clinic in Wales, UK. Interviews were conducted between May and September 2019. ParticipantsPurposive sample of patients aged ≥50 years with neovascular age-related macular degeneration and no other retinal pathology who had received at least six intravitreal injections, and practitioners including ophthalmologists, registered nurses and optometrists who performed intravitreal injections at the research site. ResultsData saturation was reached with 21 interviews: 14 patients and 7 practitioners. Three main themes were identified from the analysis: fear of losing eyesight and treatment anxiety influence patient adherence to treatment, variability in pain experience during treatment, and post-injection experience and impact on patient recovery. To reassure patients feeling apprehensive about the injections, practitioners promoted safety and trust, and used techniques to manage anxiety. Key variations that may influence pain identified were application of antiseptic or anaesthetic, injecting methods and communication. During injection, patients reported a dull-aching and sharp pain, contrary to practitioners’ perspective of feeling a ‘pressure’. Patients described prolonged soreness and irritation of up to 36 hours post-injection affecting their sleep and recovery. ConclusionEstablishing rapport supported patients to recognise the necessity of ongoing treatment to prevent sight loss; however, inadequate pain management led to undesirable outcomes. Practitioners should use pain assessment tools during and immediately after injection and provide ongoing consistent information to help patients manage pain at home.
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedTrapence, C. P., Kanyenda, C., Muyila, F., Ndarama, E. P., Suffrin, D., Connolly, E., Kachimanga, C., Kulinkina, A. V.
BMJ Open, 16.08.2023
Tilføjet 16.08.2023
ObjectiveTo compare the impact of a teen club model to the standard care model on HIV treatment outcomes among adolescents (10–19 years of age). DesignRetrospective cohort study. SettingHIV clinics in Neno district, Malawi. ParticipantsAdolescents living with HIV enrolled in teen clubs (n=235) and matched participants in standard HIV care (n=297). Outcome measuresAttrition from HIV care, defined as a combination of treatment outcomes ‘died’, ‘defaulted’ and ‘transferred out’. ResultsOver a 4-year follow-up period, adolescents who participated in the teen club had a significantly higher likelihood of remaining in care than those who did not (HR=2.80; 95% CI: 1.46 to 5.34). Teen clubs also increased the probability of having a recent measured viral load (VL) and BMI, but did not change the probability of VL suppression. The age at antiretroviral treatment initiation below 15 years (aHR=0.37; 95% CI: 0.17 to 0.82) reduced the risk of attrition from HIV care, while underweight status (aHR=3.18; 95% CI: 1.71 to 5.92) increased the risk of attrition, after controlling for sex, WHO HIV staging and teen club participation. ConclusionsThe teen club model has the potential to improve treatment outcomes among adolescents in rural Neno district. However, in addition to retaining adolescents in HIV care, greater attention is needed to treatment adherence and viral suppression in this special population. Further understanding of the contextual factors and barriers that adolescents in rural areas face could further improve the teen club model to ensure high-quality HIV care and quality of life.
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedHocking, J. S., Watson, C., Chondros, P., Sawyer, S. M., Ride, J., Temple-Smith, M., Boyle, D., Skinner, R., Patton, G. C., Lim, M. S. C., Pirkis, J., Johnson, C., Newton, S., Wardley, A., Blashki, G., Guy, R., Dalziel, K., Sanci, L.
BMJ Open, 16.08.2023
Tilføjet 16.08.2023
IntroductionAdolescence is a period of major transition in physical, cognitive, social and emotional development, and the peak time for the onset of mental health conditions, substance use disorders and sexual and reproductive health risks. Prevention and treatment during this time can improve health and well-being now and into the future. However, despite clinical guidelines recommending annual preventive health assessments for young people, health professionals cite lack of consultation time and adequate funding as key barriers. This trial aims to determine whether a specific fee-for-service (‘rebate payment’) for a young person’s health assessment, is effective and cost-effective at increasing the detection and management of health risk behaviours and conditions among young people. Methods and analysisThis cluster randomised controlled trial will be conducted in Australian general practice. 42 general practices (clusters) will be randomly allocated 1:1 to either an intervention arm where general practitioners receive a rebate payment for each annual health assessment undertaken for 14–24-year-olds during a 2 year study period, or a control arm (no rebate). The rebate amount will be based on the Medical Benefits Schedule (Australia’s list of health professional services subsidised by the Australian Government) currently available for similar age-based assessments. Our primary outcome will be the annual rate of risk behaviours and health conditions recorded in the patient electronic health record (eg, alcohol/drug use, sexual activity and mental health issues). Secondary outcomes include the annual rate of patient management activities related to health risks and conditions identified (eg, contraception prescribed, sexually transmitted infection tests ordered). A process evaluation will assess acceptability, adoption, fidelity and sustainability of the rebate; an economic evaluation will assess its cost-effectiveness. Analyses will be intention-to-treat. Ethics and disseminationEthics approval has been obtained from University of Melbourne Human and Research Ethics Committee (2022-23435-29990-3). Findings will be published in peer-reviewed journals. Trial registration numberACTRN12622000114741
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedYagyuu, T., Isogawa, M., Yamamoto, K., Sugiura, T., Matsusue, Y., Kasahara, M., Kirita, T.
BMJ Open, 16.08.2023
Tilføjet 16.08.2023
IntroductionOral lichen planus (OLP) is a chronic, inflammatory oral condition leading to a range of symptoms from mild discomfort to severe pain, affecting patients’ quality of life. Standard therapy involves the use of topical corticosteroids, although some patients respond insufficiently or develop resistance to therapy. We aim to explore if adding cepharanthine, an herbal extract from Stephania cepharantha Hayata, can enhance the efficacy of corticosteroid therapy in symptomatic OLP. Methods and analysisThis open-label, parallel-group, multi-centre, randomised controlled study will be conducted at three Japanese hospitals. It will compare safety and efficacy of integrated oral cepharanthine and corticosteroid therapy versus standard corticosteroid therapy. 50 symptomatic OLP patients will be randomised 1:1 to receive cepharanthine (30 mg/day) plus topical dexamethasone, or topical dexamethasone alone for 8 weeks. The primary outcome will be changed in pain intensity while drinking room-temperature water, measured on a visual analogue scale. The primary outcome is the change in pain intensity from baseline when drinking room-temperature water, evaluated using a visual analogue scale. Secondary outcomes are changes in the longest diameter of the target lesion from baseline to weeks 4 and 8, improvement and deterioration rates according to appearance and severity criteria at weeks 4 and 8, change in pain intensity when drinking room-temperature water from baseline to week 4, changes in pain intensity at rest from baseline to weeks 4 and 8, and the rates of adverse events. Ethics and disseminationThis protocol was approved by the Certified Review Board of Nara Medical University (CRB5200002). Participants will provide informed consent. Results will be disseminated in peer-reviewed journals and conferences. Trial registration numberJapan Registry of Clinical Trials (jRCTs051220130).
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedMartha J. BaileyJanet CurrieHannes Schwandt aDepartment of Economics, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90024 bNational Bureau of Economic Research, Cambridge, MA 02138 cCenter for Health and Wellbeing, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544 dSchool of Education and Social Policy, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 16.08.2023
Tilføjet 16.08.2023
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, Volume 120, Issue 34, August 2023.
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedFanxiang MengXuefeng JiangXiao WangQianqian ZhengXiaonan N. WangChenxue MeiSiqi YanYuting HeJunxiu XueXiaoqing ZhangWenda FuYong YouJingbo ZhaiYuanyuan WangXun SunaDepartment of Immunology, Basic Medicine College, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning Province 110122, ChinabDepartment of Laboratory Medicine, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning Province 110801, ChinacDepartment of Pathophysiology, Basic Medicine College, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning Province 110122, ChinadDepartment of Gastroenterology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning Province 110122, ChinaeTeaching Center for Medical Experiment, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning Province 110122, ChinafDepartment of Blood Transfusion, Tangdu Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, Shaanxi Province 710032, ChinagDepartment of Immunology, Chengde medical university, Chengde, Hebei Province 067000, ChinahMedical College, Inner Mongolia Minzu University, Tongliao 028000, ChinaiKey Laboratory of Zoonose Prevention and Control at Universities of Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, Tongliao 028000, ChinajDepartment of Anesthesiology, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning Province 110032, China
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 16.08.2023
Tilføjet 16.08.2023
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, Volume 120, Issue 34, August 2023.
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedMaria Pena-FranceschLiliana Danusia VanoaicaGao-Feng ZhuMichael StumpeDevanarayanan Siva SankarHeike NowagAlma Delia Valencia-CamargoWolfgang HammerschmidtJörn DengjelLaure-Anne LigeonChristian MünzaViral Immunobiology, Institute of Experimental Immunology, University of Zürich, Zürich 8057, SwitzerlandbDepartment of Biology, University of Fribourg, Fribourg 1700, SwitzerlandcResearch Unit Gene Vectors, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health and German Center for Infection Research, D-81377 Munich, Germany
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 16.08.2023
Tilføjet 16.08.2023
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, Volume 120, Issue 34, August 2023.
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedLin LingAlexander S. RaikhelaSchool of Life Science and Technology, Key Laboratory of Developmental Genes and Human Disease, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, ChinabDepartment of Entomology, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521cInstitute of Integrative Genome Biology, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 16.08.2023
Tilføjet 16.08.2023
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, Volume 120, Issue 34, August 2023.
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedAkhil B. VaidyaaCenter for Molecular Parasitology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19129
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 16.08.2023
Tilføjet 16.08.2023
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, Volume 120, Issue 34, August 2023.
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedSusanna ManrubiaJosé A. CuestaaDepartamento de Biología de Sistemas, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología (CSIC), 28049 Madrid, SpainbGrupo Interdisciplinar de Sistemas Complejos, 28911 Madrid, SpaincInstituto de Biocomputación y Física de Sistemas Complejos, Campus Río Ebro, Universidad de Zaragoza, 50018 Zaragoza, SpaindDepartamento de Matemáticas, Universidad Carlos III de Madrid, 28911 Leganés, Spain
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 16.08.2023
Tilføjet 16.08.2023
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, Volume 120, Issue 34, August 2023.
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedThiago Carvalho
Nature, 16.08.2023
Tilføjet 16.08.2023
Shubhajit Pahari, Diplina Barman, Rounik Talukdar
Tropical Medicine & International Health, 16.08.2023
Tilføjet 16.08.2023
Clinical Infectious Diseases, 16.08.2023
Tilføjet 16.08.2023
AbstractIn a propensity-score-weighted cohort of 183 adults with carbapenem-resistant Enterobacterales bacteremia at 24 United States hospitals, patients receiving short-courses of active therapy (7-10 days, median 9 days) experienced similar odds of recurrent bacteremia or death within 30 days as those receiving prolonged courses of active therapy (14-21 days, median 14 days).
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedClinical Infectious Diseases, 16.08.2023
Tilføjet 16.08.2023
AbstractBackgroundThe immunogenicity of the standard influenza vaccine is reduced in solid-organ transplant (SOT) recipients, so that new vaccination strategies are needed in this population.MethodsAdult SOT recipients from nine transplant clinics in Switzerland and Spain were enrolled if they were >3 months after transplantation. High, with stratification by organ and time from transplant. The primary outcome was vaccine response rate, defined as a ≥4-fold increase of hemagglutination-inhibition titers to at least one vaccine strain at 28 days post-vaccination. Secondary outcomes included PCR-confirmed influenza and vaccine reactogenicity.Results619 patients were randomized, 616 received the assigned vaccines, and 598 had serum available for analysis of the primary endpoint (standard, n=198; MF59-adjuvanted, n=205; high-dose, n=195 patients). Vaccine response rates were 42% (84/198) in the standard vaccine group, 60% (122/205) in the MF59-adjuvanted vaccine group, and 66% (129/195) in the high-dose vaccine group (difference in intervention vaccines vs. standard vaccine, 0.20 [97.5% CI 0.12-1]; p
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedClinical Infectious Diseases, 16.08.2023
Tilføjet 16.08.2023
AbstractBackgroundAdult hematopoietic cell transplant (HCT) recipients are at high risk for influenza-related morbidity and mortality and have suboptimal influenza vaccine immune responses compared to healthy adults, particularly within two years of transplant.MethodsThis phase II, randomized, controlled, double-blind, multicenter trial compared two doses of high-dose trivalen (HD-TIV) to two doses of standard-dose quadrivalent (SD-QIV) influenza vaccine administered one month apart in adults 3-23 months post-allogeneic HCT. Hemagglutinin antibody inhibition (HAI) titers were measured at baseline, four weeks following each vaccine dose, and approximately six months post-second vaccination. Injection-site and systemic reactions were assessed for seven days post-vaccination. The primary immunogenicity comparison was geometric mean HAI titer (GMT) at visit 3 (4 weeks after the second dose); we used linear mixed models to estimate adjusted GMT ratios (aGMRs) comparing HD-TIV/SD-QIV for each antigen.ResultsWe randomized 124 adults; 64 received SD-QIV and 60 received HD-TIV. Following the second vaccination, HD-TIV was associated with higher GMTs compared to SD-QIV for A/H3N2 (aGMR=2.09; 95%CI: [1.19, 3.68]) and B/Victoria (aGMR=1.61; 95%CI [1.00, 2.58]). The increase was not statistically significant for A/H1N1 (aGMR=1.16; 95%CI: [0.67, 2.02]). There was a trend to more injection-site reactions for HD-TIV after the second vaccination compared to SD-QIV (50% vs. 33%; aOR=4.53; 95%CI [0.71, 28.9]), while systemic reactions were similar between groups with both injections.ConclusionAdult allogeneic HCT recipients who received two doses of HD-TIV produced higher HAI antibody responses for A/H3N2 and B/Victoria compared with two doses of SD-QIV, with comparable injection-site or systemic reactions.
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedMalaria Journal, 16.08.2023
Tilføjet 16.08.2023
Abstract Background Drug resistance is a serious impediment to efficient control and elimination of malaria in endemic areas. Methods This study aimed at analysing the genetic profile of molecular drug resistance in Plasmodium falciparum and Plasmodium vivax parasites from India over a ~ 30-year period (1993–2019). Blood samples of P. falciparum and/or P. vivax-infected patients were collected from 14 regions across India. Plasmodial genome was extracted and used for PCR amplification and sequencing of drug resistance genes in P. falciparum (crt, dhps, dhfr, mdr1, k13) and P. vivax (crt-o, dhps, dhfr, mdr1, k12) field isolates. Results The double mutant pfcrt SVMNT was highly predominant across the country over three decades, with restricted presence of triple mutant CVIET from Maharashtra in 2012. High rates of pfdhfr-pfdhps quadruple mutants were observed with marginal presence of “fully resistant” quintuple mutant ACIRNI-ISGEAA. Also, resistant pfdhfr and pfdhps haplotype has significantly increased in Delhi between 1994 and 2010. For pfmdr1, only 86Y and 184F mutations were present while no pfk13 mutations associated with artemisinin resistance were observed. Regarding P. vivax isolates, the pvcrt-o K10 “AAG” insertion was absent in all samples collected from Delhi in 2017. Pvdhps double mutant SGNAV was found only in Goa samples of year 2008 for the first time. The pvmdr1 908L, 958M and 1076L mutations were highly prevalent in Delhi and Haryana between 2015 and 2019 at complete fixation. One nonsynonymous novel pvk12 polymorphism was identified (K264R) in Goa. Conclusions These findings support continuous surveillance and characterization of P. falciparum and P. vivax populations as proxy for effectiveness of anti-malarial drugs in India, especially for independent emergence of artemisinin drug resistance as recently seen in Africa.
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedChristian Bauer, Elisabeth Mack, Véronique Hefter, Alexandra Fischer, Kirsten Volland, Chrysanthi Skevaki, Andreas Neubauer, Thomas Gress, Stephan Becker, Christian Keller
Journal of Medical Virology, 16.08.2023
Tilføjet 16.08.2023
Journal of Infectious Diseases, 16.08.2023
Tilføjet 16.08.2023
AbstractBackgroundNeisseria gonorrheae (NG) and Chlamydia trachomatis (CT) are associated with mucosal inflammation and HIV-1 transmission. We assessed levels of inflammatory cytokines in men who have sex with men (MSM) with and without rectal gonorrhea and/or chlamydia in Lima, Peru.MethodsWe screened 605 MSM reporting condomless receptive anal intercourse for rectal NG/CT using nucleic acid testing. We identified 101 cases of NG and/or CT and randomly selected 50 NG/CT (+) cases and matched 52 NG/CT (-) controls. We measured levels of IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8, and TNF-α in rectal secretions. Testing for HIV-1, rectal NG/CT, and mucosal cytokines were repeated after 3 and 6 months. Cytokine levels in cases and uninfected controls were compared using Wilcoxon Rank-Sum tests and linear regression.ResultsMSM with NG/CT had elevated levels of all cytokines in rectal mucosa compared with matched controls (all p-values 0.05).DiscussionRectal NG/CT infection is associated with transient mucosal inflammation and cytokine recruitment that resolves following treatment. Our data provides “proof of concept” for rectal STI screening as an HIV prevention strategy for MSM.
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedJournal of Infectious Diseases, 16.08.2023
Tilføjet 16.08.2023
AbstractObjectivesHuman papillomaviruses (HPV) cause head and neck cancer (HNC) that is increasing in incidence in developed countries. We investigate the prevalence of alpha (α-), beta (β)-, and gamma (γ) HPV among HNC cases and controls, and their relationship with sociodemographic, behavioral and oral health factors.MethodsWe obtained oral rinse and brush samples from incident HNC cases (n = 369) and hospital-based controls (n = 439), and tumor samples for a subsample of cases (n = 121). We genotyped samples using PCR with PGMY09-PGMY11 primers and Linear Array for α-HPV and type-specific multiplex (TS-MPG) for β-HPV and γ-HPV. Sociodemographic and behavioral data were obtained from interviews.ResultsThe prevalence of α-, β-, and γ-HPV among controls was 14%, 56%, and 24%, respectively, whereas among cases was 42%, 50%, and 33%, respectively. Prevalence of α- and γ-HPV, but not β-HPV, increased with the increase in sexual activity, smoking, and drinking habits. No HPV genus was associated with oral health. Tumor samples included HPV genotypes exclusively from the α-genus, mostly HPV16, in 80% of cases.ConclusionsThe distribution of α- and γ-HPV, but not β-HPV, seems to vary based on sociodemographic and behavioral characteristics. We did not observe the presence of cutaneous HPV in tumor tissues.
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedJournal of Infectious Diseases, 16.08.2023
Tilføjet 16.08.2023
AbstractBackgroundMalaria epidemics result from extreme precipitation and flooding, which are increasing with global climate change. Local adaptation and mitigation strategies will be essential to preventing excess morbidity and mortality.MethodsWe investigated the spatial risk of malaria infection at multiple timepoints after severe flooding in rural western Uganda employing longitudinal household surveys measuring parasite prevalence and leveraging remotely-sensed information to inform spatial models of malaria risk in the three months after flooding.ResultsWe identified clusters of malaria riskemerging in areas that (i) showed the greatest changes in NDVI from pre- to post-flood and (ii) residents were displaced for longer periods of time and had lower access to long-lasting insecticidal nets, both of which were associated with a positive malaria rapid diagnostic test result. The disproportionate risk persisted despite a concurrent chemoprevention program that achieved high coverage.ConclusionsThe findings enhance our understanding not only of the spatial evolution of malaria risk after flooding, but also in the context of an effective intervention. The results provide a “proof-of-concept” for programs aiming to prevent malaria outbreaks after flooding using a combination of interventions. Further study of mitigation strategies – and particularly studies of implementation - is urgently needed.
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedJournal of Infectious Diseases, 16.08.2023
Tilføjet 16.08.2023
AbstractRespiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is a common pathogen causing mostly cold-like symptoms, but in very young infants and elderly individuals it can lead to severe disease and even death. There are currently promising developments both in vaccine development and in therapeutics which are expected to be approved soon. To get an impression within European countries of the laboratory diagnostics and surveillance activities, in anticipation of these developments, we queried the members of the European Respiratory Syncytial Virus Laboratory Network (RSV-LabNet, under the umbrella of the PROMISE project) via an online survey. The answers from the Consortium members showed scattered monitoring and the application of a broad array of techniques in the laboratories. A majority of the members expressed strong interest in harmonization and collaboration for setting up surveillance programs and the need for sharing laboratory protocols. The additional value of RSV whole-genome sequencing is broadly appreciated but implementation requires further development and closer collaboration. The RSV-LabNet can have an important responsibility in establishing contacts, exchange of expertise and providing a platform for communication to advance diagnostics, preparedness, and surveillance.
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedZhaoqian Meng, Ran Duan, Dongyue Lv, Ge Bu, Yan Gao, Peng Zhang, Yong Sun, Guoxia Guo, Shuai Qin, Liang Sun, Dan Zhang, Junrong Liang, Huaiqi Jing, Xin Wang
International Journal of Infectious Diseases, 16.08.2023
Tilføjet 16.08.2023
Lysinibacillus sphaericus is a Gram-positive bacterium used widely in industry, agriculture, and the food industry due to its degradable organic pollutants. L. sphaericus is ubiquitous in the environment and is often considered to be contaminating bacteria if isolated from clinical specimens. It has been reported to cause infectious diseases in humans relatively rarely. The main species of genus Lysinibacillus causing human infections are L. sphaericus and Lysinibacillus fusiformis[1, 2]. The whole-genome sequences of strains of this genus have been reported[3].
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