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47 ud af 47 tidsskrifter valgt, søgeord (urin) valgt, emner højest 180 dage gamle, sorteret efter nyeste først.
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Chris Guure, Samuel Dery, Seth Afagbedzi, Ernest Maya, Frances Baaba da-Costa Vroom, Kwasi Torpey
PLoS One Infectious Diseases, 17.11.2023
Tilføjet 17.11.2023
by Chris Guure, Samuel Dery, Seth Afagbedzi, Ernest Maya, Frances Baaba da-Costa Vroom, Kwasi Torpey Background Human immunodeficiency virus infection remains a high burden among key populations such as female sex workers in the world. We aimed to provide distribution of prevalence and correlates of Human immunodeficiency virus infection among adolescent, young, and older adult FSWs in Ghana. Methods This data was obtained from the biobehavioral survey of female sex workers (2020) in Ghana based on a time location sampling approach for the selection of respondents. A sampling frame was developed taking into consideration list of venues, days, and time that sex workers operate across all the regions of Ghana. These lists were derived from a sampling universe which was obtained during a mapping exercise. All sex workers aged 16 years and above and eligible on the day of visit participated. Human immunodeficiency virus testing was done based on First Response and Oraquick. To obtain estimates for sex workers, sampling weights were calculated and applied to the dataset. Inferential analyses using Bayesian regression models were applied with interaction effects. Results A total of 5,990 participants completed both the biological and behavioral aspects of the study. The HIV prevalence among female sex workers in Ghana was 4.67% (CI: 4.05%, 5.40%). About 70% of the respondents who tested positive for Human immunodeficiency virus were among the older adults (= >25 years) group. Generally, there was a high prevalence variation across the 16 regions of Ghana, from 0.00% to 8.40%. Respondents’ age was a significant contributor to the prevalence of HIV. Respondents who were forced into having sex had higher odds (38%) of being positive in the combined analysis. Respondents who had comprehensive knowledge of HIV had lower odds (39%) of testing positive. Conclusion The findings suggest a low prevalence of HIV among sex workers in 2020 compared to the 2011 and 2015 biobehavioral survey results but higher than the general population. Specifically, older adults have a higher prevalence of HIV. There is generally low level of comprehensive knowledge among sex workers. Interventions geared towards increasing FSW knowledge on risky behavior should be vigorously pursued.
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedMalaria Journal, 17.11.2023
Tilføjet 17.11.2023
Abstract Background Karnataka is one of the largest states in India and has a wide range of geographical terrains, ecotypes, and prevalence of malaria. It experiences a voluminous influx and efflux of people across the state that affects the spread of malaria. The state deployed focused intervention measures keeping the national objective of malaria elimination as the foremost priority. This brought down malaria cases below a thousand by the year 2021. Furthermore, the state is motivated toward malaria elimination by 2025. This study analyzes the trends in malaria indices over the past three decades in the state and highlights the key intervention measures that impacted the reduction in the malaria burden. Methods Data from 1991 to 2021 at the district level was collected from the archives of Regional Office for Health & Family Welfare (ROH&FW), Bangalore. Time-tend analysis on this data was conducted after categorization into three decades. Sequence plots were then plotted on the moving average of Annual Parasite Index for all those three decades. Generalized estimating equation model with Poisson distribution were used to evaluate difference in these indicators with pre and post interventions like LLIN, RDT with ACT and Guppy and Gambusia fishes. Results Malaria burden across the state has consistently declined over the last three decades with few years of exception. This has coincided with the mortality also steadily declining from 2006 and culminating in zero malaria deaths reported from 2011 to 2019. Morbidity had drastically reduced from the hundred-thousand (1993–2003) to ten thousand (2004–2016) thousands (2017–2020) of cases in this period and less than thousand cases were reported by 2021. Generalized estimating equation (GEE) model revealed significant difference of incidence risk ratio of malaria incidence and deaths, post introduction of interventions like LLIN, RDT with ACT and Guppy and Gambusia fishes, indicating these three as important interventions for reducing the malaria burden. Time trend analysis revealed a linear decreasing trend in malaria cases during 2011–2021 decade. Conclusions A linear decreasing trend in malaria cases was observed during 2011–2021 decade. LLIN, RDT with ACT and Guppy and Gambusia fish’s interventions significantly helped in reducing the state malaria burden.
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedJessica C. HargartenMalcolm J. VaughanAnna T. LampeRiley M. JonesKenneth SsebambuliddeKenneth W. NickersonPeter R. WilliamsonAudrey L. AtkinDeborah M. Brown1School of Biological Sciences, University of Nebraska—Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska, USA2Laboratory of Clinical Immunology and Microbiology (LCIM), Division of Intramural Research (DIR), National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, Maryland, USA3Nebraska Center for Virology, University of Nebraska—Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska, USA4College of Arts and Sciences, Doane University, Crete, Nebraska, USA, Mairi C. Noverr
Infection and Immunity, 17.11.2023
Tilføjet 17.11.2023
Kennalley, A. L., Fanelli, J. L., Furst, J. A., Mynarski, N. J., Jarvis, M. A., Nichols, S. D., McCall, K. L., Piper, B. J.
BMJ Open, 17.11.2023
Tilføjet 17.11.2023
ObjectivesOpioid use disorder (OUD) is a major public health concern in the USA, resulting in high rates of overdose and other negative outcomes. Methadone, an OUD treatment, has been shown to be effective in reducing the risk of overdose and improving overall health and quality of life. This study analysed the distribution of methadone for the treatment of OUD across the USA over the past decade and through the COVID-19 pandemic. DesignRetrospective observational study using secondary data analysis of the Drug Enforcement Administration and Medicaid Databases. SettingUSA. ParticipantsPatients who were dispensed methadone at US opioid treatment programmes (OTPs). Primary and secondary outcome measuresThe primary outcomes were the overall pattern in methadone distribution and the number of OTPs in the USA per year. The secondary outcome was Medicaid prescriptions for methadone. ResultsMethadone distribution for OUD has expanded significantly over the past decade, with an average state increase of +96.96% from 2010 to 2020. There was a significant increase in overall distribution of methadone to OTP from 2010 to 2020 (+61.00%, p
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedBMC Infectious Diseases, 17.11.2023
Tilføjet 17.11.2023
Abstract Background According to the World Health Organization, foodborne disease is a significant public health issue. We will choose the best model to predict foodborne disease by comparison, to provide evidence for government policies to prevent foodborne illness. Methods The foodborne disease monthly incidence data from June 2017 to April 2022 were obtained from the Chongqing Nan’an District Center for Disease Prevention and Control. Data from June 2017 to June 2021 were used to train the model, and the last 10 months of incidence were used for prediction and validation The incidence was fitted using the seasonal autoregressive integrated moving average (SARIMA) model, Holt-Winters model and Exponential Smoothing (ETS) model. Besides, we used MSE, MAE, RMSE to determine which model fits better. Results During June 2017 to April 2022, the incidence of foodborne disease showed seasonal changes, the months with the highest incidence are June to November. The optimal model of SARIMA is SARIMA (1,0,0) (1,1,0)12. The MSE, MAE, RMSE of the Holt-Winters model are 8.78, 2.33 and 2.96 respectively, which less than those of the SARIMA and ETS model, and its prediction curve is closer to the true value. The optimal model has good predictive performance. Conclusion Based on the results, Holt-Winters model produces better prediction accuracy of the model.
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedThe PLOS ONE Staff
PLoS One Infectious Diseases, 16.11.2023
Tilføjet 16.11.2023
Shuguang Zhao, Jue Zhou, Ting Wang
PLoS One Infectious Diseases, 16.11.2023
Tilføjet 16.11.2023
by Shuguang Zhao, Jue Zhou, Ting Wang While conspiracy theories have received extensive attention in the realm of misinformation, there has been limited research exploring the impact of conspiracy mentality on individuals’ preventive behaviors during acute public health crises. This study investigates how conspiracy mentality may affect compliance with preventive health measures necessary to fight the COVID-19 pandemic, and the underlying emotional and cognitive mediators. Data was collected through a survey among 1878 Chinese respondents at the conclusion of the pandemic. The results indicate that individuals with higher levels of conspiracy mentality are significantly less engaged in preventive behaviors. Furthermore, this correlation is mediated by a sequence of mediating factors, starting from anger leading to institutional distrust and fear leading to perceived risk. Conspiracists’ response mode can be described as a state of \'attentive immobility,\' in which the impact of heightened institutional distrust outweighs their perceptions of risk, ultimately reducing engagement in preventive behaviors during crises. These findings underscore the importance of debunking initiatives that aim to address and mitigate the negative consequences of conspiracy mentality by targeting the mediating psychological processes during future pandemic threats.
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedRaya Al-Bataineh, Mohammed Al-Hammouri, Wafa’a Al-Jaraideh
PLoS One Infectious Diseases, 16.11.2023
Tilføjet 16.11.2023
by Raya Al-Bataineh, Mohammed Al-Hammouri, Wafa’a Al-Jaraideh Background The catastrophe caused by the Coronavirus disease has affected all services worldwide. A range of policies were introduced to slow the virus spread, which in turn, affected the accessibility and quality of healthcare services. This was a problematic and concerning for patients with chronic diseases, such as patients with diabetes mellitus (DM) and chronic respiratory diseases (CRD), due to their sustained need for ongoing health care. The aims of the study were: 1) assessing the level of both accessibility and quality of healthcare services during the Covid-19 pandemic from the DM and CRD patients’ perspectives, 2) assessing the association between the patients’ socio-demographics and their perspectives on health services accessibility and quality, and 3) exploring the perspectives of DM and CRD patients on barriers and facilitators of health services accessibility and quality during the era of COVID -19. Method Design. A sequential explanatory mixed-method was used in this study. In the quantitative part, a self -administered questionnaire was used to collect data from 300 patients with DM and/or CRD. In the qualitative part, focus group approach was used to collect data from 25 patients.Setting. Public, private and teaching hospitals were involved.Analysis. SPSS Version 25 was used to analyze the quantitative data. Thematic analysis was used to analyze the qualitative data. Results The quantitative findings indicated that almost 99% of the participating patients perceived barriers, ranging from low to high, to accessing health services during COVID-19. Additionally, more than half of the sample perceived low to moderate level of quality of health services. Four themes and nine subthemes related to barriers and facilitators were identified in the qualitative part of the study. Conclusion The study revealed that both quality and accessibility of healthcare services for DM and CRD patients were impacted during the era of COVID -19. The findings lay the ground for developing future health programs and establishing or revising policies with the goal of improving healthcare services quality and accessibility for the target population.
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedAna Castro-Avila, Catalina Merino-Osorio, Felipe González-Seguel, Agustín Camus-Molina, Felipe Muñoz-Muñoz, Jaime Leppe, on behalf of the IMPACCT COVID-19 study group
PLoS One Infectious Diseases, 16.11.2023
Tilføjet 16.11.2023
by Ana Castro-Avila, Catalina Merino-Osorio, Felipe González-Seguel, Agustín Camus-Molina, Felipe Muñoz-Muñoz, Jaime Leppe, on behalf of the IMPACCT COVID-19 study group Introduction The COVID-19 pandemic can be seen as a natural experiment to test how bed occupancy affects post-intensive care unit (ICU) patient’s functional outcomes. To compare by bed occupancy the frequency of mental, physical, and cognitive impairments in patients admitted to ICU during the COVID-19 pandemic. Methods Prospective cohort of adults mechanically ventilated >48 hours in 19 ICUs from seven Chilean public and private hospitals. Ninety percent of nationwide beds occupied was the cut-off for low versus high bed occupancy. At ICU discharge, 3- and 6-month follow-up, we assessed disability using the World Health Organization Disability Assessment Schedule 2.0. Quality of life, mental, physical, and cognitive outcomes were also evaluated following the core outcome set for acute respiratory failure. Results We enrolled 252 participants, 103 (41%) during low and 149 (59%) during high bed occupancy. Patients treated during high occupancy were younger (P50 [P25-P75]: 55 [44–63] vs 61 [51–71]; p
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedMalaria Journal, 16.11.2023
Tilføjet 16.11.2023
Abstract Background Irrigated rice cultivation in sub-Saharan Africa not only brings more malaria vectors to nearby communities, but also greater malaria risk. To aid the implementation of mosquito control in rice-growing communities, it is necessary to understand how farmers understand, view and manage their responsibility in mosquito generation and whether they are interested in coordinating to minimize it. Methods Qualitative methods (observation grids, semi-structured in-depth interviews and focus group discussions) were used to reveal the perceptions of mosquitoes and their control in two irrigated rice farming communities in central Côte d’Ivoire near the M’bé and Lokapli irrigation schemes. Results All rice farmers viewed mosquitoes as severe nuisances, and most acknowledged that they caused djèkouadjo (malaria) and were less numerous during harmattan (dry season). Many study participants believed that mosquitoes originated from grasses and stagnant water around villages. Only those living closer in proximity (~ 1 km) to the paddies believed that mosquitoes came from the bas-fonds (irrigated lowlands). However, they did not associate mosquito production with rice cultivation. Some farmers believed that there were more mosquitoes in recent years than historically because of the dam construction, but remarked on the importance of the dam (and bas-fonds) for their livelihood. Many farmers were not convinced that mosquito control could occur at farm-level. Conclusions To enhance accountability amongst rice farmers, there is a need for greater awareness on the rice-mosquito link, and emphasis that the link does not imply a trade-off between food production and health. Training should not only be directed towards farming communities, but also agricultural and health extension workers. Future riceland mosquito control methods must focus on improving crop productivity and address collective action problems that may occur.
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedJournal of Infectious Diseases, 16.11.2023
Tilføjet 16.11.2023
AbstractBackgroundIndividuals with comorbidities are at increased risk of severe RSV infection. We estimated RSV-associated respiratory tract infection (RTI) hospitalisation among adults aged 45 years and older with comorbidities in Denmark and Scotland.MethodsBy analysing national hospital and virological data, we estimated the annual average number and rate of RSV-associated hospitalisations by seven selected comorbidities and ages during 2010-2018. We estimated rate ratios (RRs) of RSV-associated hospitalisation and 95% uncertainty ranges in comorbid adults versus the overall populations.ResultsIn Danish adults (≥45 years), annual RSV-RTI hospitalisation rates ranged from 3.1 per 1000 adults with asthma to 19.4 per 1000 adults with chronic kidney disease (CKD). In Scotland, the annual rate ranged from 2.4 per 1000 adults with chronic liver disease (CLD) to 9.0 per 1000 adults with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). In both countries, we found 2-4-fold increased risk of RSV hospitalisation in adults with COPD, ischemic heart disease (IHD), stroke and diabetes, 1.5-3-fold increased risk in adults with asthma, and 3-7-fold for those with CKD. RSV hospitalisation rates among adults aged 45-64 years with COPD, asthma, IHD or CKD were higher compared with the overall population.ConclusionThe findings of this study provide important evidence for identifying risk groups and assisting health authorities in RSV vaccination policymaking.
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedJournal of Infectious Diseases, 16.11.2023
Tilføjet 16.11.2023
AbstractObjectiveTo develop next generation sequencing (NGS) techniques for Mpox viral clade and lineage analysis.MethodsMpox DNA was extracted from DCHHS patients using QIAamp DSP DNA Blood Mini Kit. The Mpox Sequencing workflow adapted Illumina’s COVIDSeq assay using hMpox primer pools from Yale School of Public Health. Sequencing steps started with amplifying cDNA amplicons, tagmentation, PCR indexing, pooling libraries, sequencing on Illumina MiSeq, analysis and report generation. The bioinformatic analysis comprised of read assembly and consensus sequence mapping to reference genomes and variant identification, and utilized pipelines including Illumina BaseSpace, NextClade, CLC Workbench, Terra.bio TheiaCov_Illumina_PE Workflow for data QC and validation.Results171 Mpox samples were sequenced using modified COVIDSeq workflow and QC metrics were assessed for sequencing read quality, depth, and coverage. Multiple analysis pipelines identified the West African Clade IIb as the only clade during peak Mpox infection from July through October 2022. Analyses also indicated lineage B.1.2 as dominant variant comprising majority of Mpox viral genomes (77.7%) implying its geographical distribution in the USA. Viral sequences were uploaded to GISAID EpiPox global database.ConclusionsWe developed NGS workflows to precisely detect and analyze Mpox viral clade and lineages and aid in genomic surveillance.
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedNgee Keong Tan, Cassie F. Pope, David Carrington
Journal of Medical Virology, 16.11.2023
Tilføjet 16.11.2023
Gioulinta S. Alimani, Sachin Ananth, Cristina Boccabella, Ekaterina Khaleva, Graham Roberts, Nikolaos G. Papadopoulos, Chris Kosmidis, Jørgen Vestbo, Effie Papageorgiou, Apostolos Beloukas, Alexander G. Mathioudakis
PLoS One Infectious Diseases, 16.11.2023
Tilføjet 16.11.2023
by Gioulinta S. Alimani, Sachin Ananth, Cristina Boccabella, Ekaterina Khaleva, Graham Roberts, Nikolaos G. Papadopoulos, Chris Kosmidis, Jørgen Vestbo, Effie Papageorgiou, Apostolos Beloukas, Alexander G. Mathioudakis Introduction Viruses are detected in over 50% of acute asthma attacks and in a notable proportion of patients with asthma during stable disease state They are associated with worse outcomes. We will conduct a series of systematic reviews and meta-analyses to quantify the prevalence and clinical burden of various respiratory viruses in stable asthma and acute asthma attacks. In addition, we will assess the viral loads of respiratory viruses during stable and acute asthma, to explore whether viral load could differentiate attacks triggered by viruses versus those where viruses are present as “innocent bystanders”. Materials and methods Based on a prospectively registered protocol (PROSPERO, ID: CRD42023375108) and following standard methodology recommended by Cochrane, we will systematically search Medline/PubMed, EMBASE, the Cochrane Library and relevant conference proceedings for studies assessing the prevalence or clinical burden of respiratory viruses in asthma. Methodological rigour of the included studies will be appraised using a tool specific for prevalence studies and the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale respectively. In anticipation of significant clinical and methodological heterogeneity, we will conduct random effect meta-analyses. For evaluating the prevalence of viruses, we will perform meta-analyses of proportions using the inverse variance method, and the Freeman-Tukey transformation. We will conduct meta-regression analyses for exploring heterogeneity. Conclusion We envisage that these systematic reviews and meta-analyses will quantify the prevalence and burden of respiratory viruses in stable and acute asthma and will drive future research and clinical practice.
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedKosuke Ishizuka, Taiju Miyagami, Tomoya Tsuchida, Mizue Saita, Yoshiyuki Ohira, Toshio Naito
PLoS One Infectious Diseases, 16.11.2023
Tilføjet 16.11.2023
by Kosuke Ishizuka, Taiju Miyagami, Tomoya Tsuchida, Mizue Saita, Yoshiyuki Ohira, Toshio Naito Prolonged symptoms that occur after COVID-19 (long-COVID) vary from mild, which do not interfere with daily life, to severe, which require long-term social support. This study assessed the secular trend in online searches on long-COVID in Japan. We conducted an observational study using data provided by Yahoo! JAPAN on the monthly search volume of query terms related to long-COVID from January 2020 to December 2022, including the search volume of the query “コロナ後遺症” (long-COVID in Japanese). The number of new cases of COVID-19 by month was used as a control for search trends, and the symptoms retrieved in conjunction with long-COVID were compared. Trends in online searches for each symptom of long-COVID were analyzed. The symptoms of long-COVID were classified according to “Component 1—Symptoms and Complaints” of the International Classification of Primary Care, 2nd edition (ICPC-2). Interest in long-COVID increased in response to peaks in the number of new cases of COVID-19 in Japan. The most frequent symptom searches with long-COVID were hair loss/baldness (3,530, 21,400, and 33,600 searches in 2020, 2021, and 2022, respectively), cough (340, 7,900 and 138,910 searches in 2020, 2021, and 2022, respectively), disturbance of smell/taste (230, 13,340, and 44,160 searches in 2020, 2021, and 2022, respectively), and headache (580, 6,180, and 42,870 searches in 2020, 2021, and 2022, respectively). In addition, the ranking of interest in “weakness/tiredness, general” in long-COVID increased each year (not in the top 10 in 2020, seventh in 2021, and second in 2022), and the absolute number of searches also increased. To our knowledge, this is the first study to investigate secular trends in online interest in long-COVID in the world. Continued monitoring of online interest in long-COVID is necessary to prepare for a possible increase in the number of patients with long-COVID.
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedJan Maleček, Dan Omcirk, Kateřina Skálová, Jan Pádecký, Martin Tino Janikov, Michael Obrtel, Michal Jonáš, David Kolář, Vladimír Michalička, Karel Sýkora, Michal Vágner, Lubomír Přívětivý, Tomáš Větrovský, Zdeňka Bendová, Vít Třebický, James J. Tufano
PLoS One Infectious Diseases, 16.11.2023
Tilføjet 16.11.2023
by Jan Maleček, Dan Omcirk, Kateřina Skálová, Jan Pádecký, Martin Tino Janikov, Michael Obrtel, Michal Jonáš, David Kolář, Vladimír Michalička, Karel Sýkora, Michal Vágner, Lubomír Přívětivý, Tomáš Větrovský, Zdeňka Bendová, Vít Třebický, James J. Tufano Introduction A lack of sleep can pose a risk during military operations due to the associated decreases in physical and cognitive performance. However, fast-acting ergogenic aids, such as ammonia inhalants (AI), may temporarily mitigate those adverse effects of total sleep deprivation (TSD). Therefore, the present study aimed to investigate the acute effect of AI on cognitive and physical performance throughout 36 hours of TSD in military personnel. Methods Eighteen male military cadets (24.1 ± 3.0 y; 79.3 ± 8.3 kg) performed 5 identical testing sessions during 36 hours of TSD (after 0 [0], 12 [–12], 24 [–24], and 36 [–36] hours of TSD), and after 8 [+8] hours of recovery sleep. During each testing session, the following assessments were conducted: Epworth sleepiness scale (ESS), simple reaction time (SRT), shooting accuracy (SA), rifle disassembling and reassembling (DAS), and countermovement jump height (JH). Heart rate (HR) was continuously monitored during the SA task, and a rating of perceived exertion (RPE) was obtained during the JH task. At each time point, tests were performed twice, either with AI or without AI as control (CON), in a counterbalanced order. Results There was faster SRT (1.6%; p < 0.01) without increasing the number of errors, higher JH (1.5%; p < 0.01), lower RPE (9.4%; p < 0.001), and higher HR (5.0%; p < 0.001) after using AI compared to CON regardless of TSD. However, neither SA nor DAS were affected by AI or TSD (p > 0.05). Independent of AI, the SRT was slower (3.2–9.3%; p < 0.001) in the mornings (-24, +8) than in the evening (-12), JH was higher (3.0–4.7%, p < 0.001) in the evenings (-12, -36) than in the mornings (0, -24, +8), and RPE was higher (20.0–40.1%; p < 0.001) in the sleep-deprived morning (-24) than all other timepoints (0, -12, -36, +8). Furthermore, higher ESS (59.5–193.4%; p < 0.001) was reported at -24 and -36 than the rest of the time points (0, -12, and + 8). Conclusion Although there were detrimental effects of TSD, the usage of AI did not reduce those adverse effects. However, regardless of TSD, AI did result in a short-term increase in HR, improved SRT without affecting the number of errors, and improved JH while concurrently decreasing the RPE. No changes, yet, were observed in SA and DAS. These results suggest that AI could potentially be useful in some military scenarios, regardless of sleep deprivation.
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedMalaria Journal, 16.11.2023
Tilføjet 16.11.2023
Abstract Background Water resource development projects are essential for increasing agricultural productivity and ensuring food security. However, these activities require the modification of pre-existing environmental settings, which may alter mosquito larval habitat availability and seasonality. The intensive utilization of current adult vector control tools results in insecticide resistance among the main vectors. When coupled with behavioural resistances, a shift in malaria vector feeding and resting behaviours could compromise the effectiveness of the current adult vector control strategies. Thus, it is important to look for new or alternative vector control interventions for immatures to complement adult control by focusing on different larval habitats and their seasonal availability. Thus, this study investigated larval habitat seasonality and seasonal larval abundance and distribution in irrigated sugar cane plantation settings in Ethiopia. Methods Anopheles mosquito larval habitats were surveyed and visited twice a month for a period of 14 months. Anopheline larvae and pupae were collected, reared, and fed finely ground fish food. Adults were provided with sucrose solution and kept under standard conditions. Female Anopheles mosquitoes were identified morphologically and using a species-specific PCR assay. Environmental parameters, which include habitats’ physico-chemical characteristics, were assessed. Larval habitat diversity and larval abundance and distribution were determined across different seasons. Results The study revealed that Anopheles gambiae sensu lato (s.l.) was the most predominant 4197(57%) vector species, followed by Anopheles coustani complex 2388 (32.8%). Molecular analysis of sub-samples of An. gambiae s.l. resulted in Anopheles arabiensis (77.9%) and Anopheles amharicus (21.5%), and the remaining 1.1% (n = 7) sub-samples were not amplified. Physico-chemical parameters such as temperature (t = 2.22, p = 0.028), conductivity (t = 3.21, p = 0.002), dissolved oxygen (t = 7.96, p = 0.001), nitrate ion (t = 2.51, p = 0.013), and ammonium ion (t = 2.26, p = 0.025) showed a significant and direct association with mosquito larval abundance. Furthermore, mosquito larval abundance was correlated with distance to the nearest houses (r = − 0.42, p = 0.001), exposure to sunlight (r = 0.34, p = 0.001), during long and short rainy season animal hoof prints, truck tires/road puddles and rain pools were negatively correlated (r = − 0.22, p = 0.01) and types of habitat (r = − 0.20, p = 0.01). Significant habitat type productivity were observed in man-made pools (t = 3.881, P = 0.01163), rain pools, animal hoof prints, (t = − 4.332, P = 0.00749 in both short and long rainy season, whereas, during dry seasons habitat type productivity almost similar and have no significance difference. Conclusion The study found that different larval habitats had variable productivity in different seasons, and that physical and physicochemical features like ammonium and nitrate, as well as the distance between larval habitats and households, are related to larval production. As a result, vector control should take into account the seasonality of Anopheles larval habitat as well as the impact of pesticide application on larval source management.
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedDeepak AlmeidaSi-Yang LiJin LeeBarry HafkinKhisimuzi MdluliNader FotouhiEric L. Nuermberger 1 Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University Center for Tuberculosis Research, Baltimore, Maryland, USA 2 MicuRx Pharmaceuticals, Foster City, California, USA 3 Global Alliance for Tuberculosis Drug Development, New York, USA , Cesar A. Arias
Antimicrobial Agents And Chemotherapy, 15.11.2023
Tilføjet 15.11.2023
Wang, W., Song, C., Su, Z., Kothari, S., Chen, Y.-T., Liu, Y., Wu, S.-Y., Panchal, R., Morais, E., Zhang, S.-K., Yin, J., Qiao, Y.-L., Roberts, C.
BMJ Open, 15.11.2023
Tilføjet 15.11.2023
BackgroundPersistent human papillomavirus (HPV) infection is a known cause of a subset of head and neck cancers (HNCs). In the last two decades, the proportion of HNCs attributable to HPV infection has increased worldwide, notably the oropharyngeal cancers. However, the trend of HPV-related HNC burden is not clearly understood yet in China. Thus, the absolute burden of HPV-related head and neck cancers in China (BROADEN-China) will be conducted to estimate the proportion of HNCs attributable to HPV infection, per anatomic site, by genotype, in three time periods (2008–2009, 2013–2014 and 2018–2019). Methods and analysisBROADEN-China is a nationwide, multisite, cross-sectional study. A stratified, multistage, non-randomised cluster sampling method will be used to select 2601 patients with HNC from 14 hospitals across seven regions, based on population density in China. Patients with formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tissue samples collected prior to treatment induction during three time periods will be included, and factors (eg, smoking status, alcohol consumption, betel nut chewing, Epstein-Barr virus, teeth loss, etc) associated with HNC will be assessed. HPV testing (HPV-DNA, HPV-mRNA and p16INK4a immunohistochemistry) and histological diagnosis of the tissue samples will be conducted at a central laboratory. The study protocol and all required documents have been submitted for review and approval to the Independent Ethics Committees of all the participating sites. The informed consent was waived for all participants and all the recorded data will be treated as confidential. We have included 14 hospitals as our participating sites, of which Henan Cancer Hospital is the leading site. The study has been approved by the independent ethics committees of the leading site on 3 December 2020. The other 13 participating site names of ethics committee and IRB that have approved this study.
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedParry, W., Fraser, C., Crellin, E., Hughes, J., Vestesson, E., Clarke, G. M.
BMJ Open, 15.11.2023
Tilføjet 15.11.2023
ObjectivesInvestigate trends in continuity of care with a general practitioner (GP) before and during the COVID-19 pandemic. Identify whether continuity of care is associated with consultation mode, controlling for other patient and practice characteristics. DesignRetrospective cross-sectional and longitudinal observational studies. SettingPrimary care records from 389 general practices participating in Clinical Practice Research Datalink Aurum in England. ParticipantsIn the descriptive analysis, 100 000+ patients were included each month between April 2018 and April 2021. Modelling of the association between continuity of care and consultation mode focused on 153 475 and 125 298 patients in index months of February 2020 (before the pandemic) and February 2021 (during the pandemic) respectively, and 76 281 patients in both index months. Primary and secondary outcomes measuresThe primary outcome measure was the Usual Provider of Care index. Secondary outcomes included the Bice-Boxerman index and count of consultations with the most frequently seen GP. ResultsContinuity of care was gradually declining before the pandemic but stabilised during it. There were consistent demographic, socioeconomic and regional differences in continuity of care. An average of 23% of consultations were delivered remotely in the year to February 2020 compared with 76% in February 2021. We found little evidence consultation mode was associated with continuity at the patient level, controlling for a range of covariates. In contrast, patient characteristics and practice-level supply and demand were associated with continuity. ConclusionsWe set out to examine the association of consultation mode with continuity of care but found that GP supply and patient demand were much more important. To improve continuity for patients, primary care capacity needs to increase. This requires sufficient, long-term investment in clinicians, staff, facilities and digital infrastructure. General practice also needs to transform ways of working to ensure continuity for those that need it, even in a capacity-constrained environment.
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedBMC Infectious Diseases, 15.11.2023
Tilføjet 15.11.2023
Abstract Background In Turku, Finland, we introduced a home oxygen treatment and app-based monitoring program for hospitalized COVID-19 patients to facilitate an early discharge during the Omicron wave. In this case series we explore the clinical parameters of patients enrolled in the program and evaluate the cost–benefit and safety issues of the program. Methods Hospitalized COVID-19 patients with marked hypoxemia but otherwise in stable condition were screened from Turku City Hospital and Turku University Hospital by treating doctors for eligibility in the program. Peripheral oxygen saturation of > 92% and breathing frequency
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedBMC Infectious Diseases, 15.11.2023
Tilføjet 15.11.2023
Abstract Background Antimicrobial resistance is one of the common global public health problems. The emergence of antimicrobial resistance is multifactorial, and tackling its development is challenging. Consequently, infections caused by resistant bacteria are unresponsive to conventional drugs, resulting in prolonged and severe illnesses, higher mortality rates, and considerable healthcare costs. Therefore, understanding the antimicrobial resistance profiles of bacterial pathogens is essential to optimize treatments and reduce the risks associated with infections. This study aimed to determine the antimicrobial resistance patterns of bacterial isolates from different clinical specimens at the Ethiopian Public Health Institute (EPHI). Materials and methods The retrospective cross-sectional study was conducted on the bacterial culture and antibiotic susceptibility reports of different clinical specimens referred to the Bacteriology Laboratory of EPHI from September 2015 to August 2019. Standard bacteriological techniques were used for the isolation and identification of the bacteria. Data were extracted from 840 patients’ records, which included the type of clinical sample cultured, the name of the bacteria, the representations of the antibiotics used for susceptibility testing, and the susceptibility results. Descriptive statistics were used to describe the bacterial isolates and the antimicrobial resistance profiles. Results Eight types of clinical specimens were analyzed for bacterial isolates and urine specimens were the most analyzed. Ten different genera of bacteria were identified by culture. Almost all the isolates were gram-negative bacteria, while only one species of gram-positive (Staphylococcus aureus) was reported. Antibiotic sensitivity patterns were tested on 840 culture isolates. Escherichia coli strains revealed more than 57% resistance to seventeen antibiotics. Klebsiella pneumoniae showed nearly 70% or greater resistance rates for 17 of the antibiotics used. The overall detected multidrug resistance (MDR) was 64.29%. The highest MDR was reported in Acinetobacter strains (84%) followed by K. pneumoniae (80%). Conclusions The multidrug resistance rates found in this study were alarming. Strengthening antimicrobial resistance surveillance at the national level is mandatory, and antimicrobial sensitivity testing should be accessible at local diagnostic centers.
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedWahome, Elizabeth; Otieno, Fredrick O.; Kimani, Joshua; Boyd, Anders; Okall, Duncan; Nzioka, Joseph; Gichuru, Evans; van der Elst, Elise; Mehta, Supriya D.; Bailey, Robert C.; Graham, Susan M.; Sanders, Eduard J.
AIDS, 15.11.2023
Tilføjet 15.11.2023
Introduction: Little is known about the impact that the COVID-19 pandemic had on risk of HIV acquisition in sub-Saharan Africa. We assessed the impact of COVID-19-related clinic closures on HIV incidence in a cohort of gay, bisexual, and other men who have sex with men (MSM) and transgender women (TW) in Kenya. Methods: MSM and TW enrolled in a prospective, multicenter cohort study were followed quarterly for HIV testing, behavior assessments, and risk. We estimated the HIV incidence rate (IR) and its 95% credible intervals (CrI) among participants who were HIV-negative before COVID-19-related clinic closure, comparing IR and risk factors associated with HIV acquisition before vs. after clinic reopening, using a Bayesian Poisson model with weakly-informative priors. Results: A total of 690 (87%) participants returned for follow-up after clinic reopening [total person-years (PY) 664.3 during clinic closure and 1013.3 after clinic reopening]. HIV IR declined from 2.05/100PY (95%CrI = 1.22–3.26, n = 14) during clinic closures to 0.96/100PY (95%CrI = 0.41–2.07, n = 10) after clinic reopening (IRR = 0.47, 95%CrI = 0.20–1.01). The proportion of participants reporting hazardous alcohol use and several sexual risk behaviors was higher during clinic closures than after clinic reopening. In multivariable analysis adjusting for study site and participant characteristics, HIV incidence was lower after clinic reopening (IRR 0.57, 95%CrI = 0.23–1.33). Independent risk factors for HIV acquisition included receptive anal intercourse (IRR 1.94, 95%CrI = 0.88–4.80) and perceived risk of HIV (IRR 3.03, 95%CRI = 1.40–6.24). Conclusions: HIV incidence during COVID-19-related clinic closures was moderately increased and reduced after COVID-19 restrictions were eased. Ensuring access to services for key populations is important during public health emergencies. Copyright © 2023 Wolters Kluwer Health, Inc. All rights reserved.
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedZhang, Haeyoung; Hindman, Jason T.; Lin, Ludwig; Davis, Maggie; Shang, Justin; Xiao, Deqing; Avihingsanon, Anchalee; Arora, Priyanka; Palaparthy, Ramesh; Girish, Sandhya; Marathe, Dhananjay D.
AIDS, 15.11.2023
Tilføjet 15.11.2023
Objective: The objective of this study was to assess the pharmacokinetics (PK), safety, and efficacy and confirm the dose of once-daily bictegravir/emtricitabine/tenofovir alafenamide (BIC/FTC/TAF; B/F/TAF) during pregnancy. Design: An Open-label, multicenter, single-arm, Phase 1b study (NCT03960645) was conducted in 33 virologically suppressed pregnant women with HIV-1. Methods: Participants received B/F/TAF (50/200/25 mg) from the second or third trimester through ∼16 weeks postpartum. Steady-state maternal plasma PK samples were collected at the second and third trimesters and 6 and 12 weeks postpartum for BIC, FTC and TAF. Neonates (n = 29) were followed from birth to 4–8 weeks with sparse washout PK sampling for BIC and TAF. The proportion of participants with HIV-1 RNA 6.5-fold greater than the protein-adjusted 95% effective concentration. In neonates, the median BIC half-life was 43 hours. Virologic suppression was maintained in all adult participants throughout the study, with no virologic failure or treatment-emergent resistance to HIV-1, no discontinuations due to adverse events, and no perinatal transmission. Conclusions: Exposures to BIC, FTC, and TAF were lower during pregnancy than postpartum. However, mean BIC trough concentrations were maintained at levels indicative of efficacious exposure, and FTC/TAF data were concordant with published literature in this population. PK and safety data, combined with maintenance of robust virologic suppression, suggest that once-daily B/F/TAF without dose adjustment is appropriate during pregnancy. Copyright © 2023 Wolters Kluwer Health, Inc. All rights reserved.
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedElizabeth R. Wrobel, Jared Jackson, Mathew Abraham, Biao He
PLoS One Infectious Diseases, 15.11.2023
Tilføjet 15.11.2023
by Elizabeth R. Wrobel, Jared Jackson, Mathew Abraham, Biao He Paramyxoviruses are negative-sense, single-stranded RNA viruses that are associated with numerous diseases in humans and animals. J paramyxovirus (JPV) was first isolated from moribund mice (Mus musculus) with hemorrhagic lung lesions in Australia in 1972. In 2016, JPV was classified into the newly established genus Jeilongvirus. Novel jeilongviruses are being discovered worldwide in wildlife populations. However, the effects of jeilongvirus infection on host gene expression remains uncharacterized. To address this, cellular RNA from JPV-infected mouse fibroblasts was collected at 2, 4, 8, 12, 16, 24, and 48 hours post-infection (hpi) and were sequenced using single-end 75 base pairs (SE75) sequencing chemistry on an Illumina NextSeq platform. Differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between the virus-infected replicates and mock replicates at each timepoint were identified using the Tophat2-Cufflinks-Cuffdiff protocol. At 2 hpi, 11 DEGs were identified in JPV-infected cells, while 1,837 DEGs were detected at 48 hpi. A GO analysis determined that the genes at the earlier timepoints were involved in interferon responses, while there was a shift towards genes that are involved in antigen processing and presentation processes at the later timepoints. At 48 hpi, a KEGG analysis revealed that many of the DEGs detected were involved in pathways that are important for immune responses. qRT-PCR verified that Rtp4, Ifit3, Mx2, and Stat2 were all upregulated during JPV infection, while G0s2 was downregulated. After JPV infection, the expression of inflammatory and antiviral factors in mouse fibroblasts changes significantly. This study provides crucial insight into the different arms of host immunity that mediate Jeilongvirus infection. Understanding the pathogenic mechanisms of Jeilongvirus will lead to better strategies for the prevention and control of potential diseases that may arise from this group of viruses.
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedMario Saviano, Annalisa Fierro, Antonella Liccardo
PLoS One Infectious Diseases, 15.11.2023
Tilføjet 15.11.2023
by Mario Saviano, Annalisa Fierro, Antonella Liccardo We propose a deterministic epidemic model to describe the transition between two variants of the same virus, through the combination of a series of realistic mechanisms such as partial cross immunity, waning immunity for vaccinated individuals and a novel data-based algorithm to describe the average immunological status of the population. The model is validated on the evolution of Covid-19 in Italy, during the period in which the transition between Delta and Omicron variant occurred, with very satisfactory agreement with the experimental data. According to our model, if the vaccine efficacy had been equal against Delta and Omicron variant infections, the transition would have been smoothed and the epidemic would have gone extinct. This circumstance confirms the fundamental role of vaccines in combating the epidemic, and the importance of identifying vaccines capable of intercepting new variants.
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedCaroline Rosa Silva, Amanda Flávia da Silva Rovida, Juliane Gabriele Martins, Paloma Nathane Nunes de Freitas, Luiz Ricardo Olchanheski, Luciana Grange, Sônia Alvim Veiga Pileggi, Marcos Pileggi
PLoS One Infectious Diseases, 15.11.2023
Tilføjet 15.11.2023
by Caroline Rosa Silva, Amanda Flávia da Silva Rovida, Juliane Gabriele Martins, Paloma Nathane Nunes de Freitas, Luiz Ricardo Olchanheski, Luciana Grange, Sônia Alvim Veiga Pileggi, Marcos Pileggi Herbicides cause oxidative stress in nontarget microorganisms, which may exhibit adaptive responses to substances they have not previously encountered. Nevertheless, it is unclear whether these characteristics occur in bacteria isolated from agricultural soil. Two possible adaptation strategies of Stenotrophomonas sp. CMA26 was evaluated in agricultural soil in Brazil, which is considered stressful due to the intense use of pesticides. The study focused on degradation and antioxidant enzymes in response to the herbicide Heat, which was absent at the isolation site. The results indicated that higher concentrations of herbicide led to more intense stress conditions during the initial periods of growth. This was evidenced by elevated levels of malondialdehyde and peroxide, as well as a significant reduction in growth. Our data show that herbicide degradation is a selection-dependent process, as none of the 35 isolates from the same environment in our collection were able to degrade the herbicide. The stress was controlled by changes in the enzymatic modulation of catalase activity in response to peroxide and glutathione S-transferase activity in response to malondialdehyde, especially at higher herbicide concentrations. This modulation pattern is related to the bacterial growth phases and herbicide concentration, with a specific recovery response observed during the mid phase for higher herbicide concentrations. The metabolic systems that contributed to tolerance did not depend on the specific prior selection of saflufenacil. Instead, they were related to general stress responses, regardless of the stress-generating substance. This system may have evolved in response to reactive oxygen species, regardless of the substance that caused oxidative stress, by modulating of the activities of various antioxidant enzymes. Bacterial communities possessing these plastic tolerance mechanisms can survive without necessarily degrading herbicides. However, their presence can lead to changes in biodiversity, compromise the functionality of agricultural soils, and contribute to environmental contamination through drift.
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedMasooma Hammad, Hazrat Ali, Noor Hassan, Abdul Tawab, Mahwish Salman, Iqra Jawad, Anne de Jong, Claudia Munoz Moreno, Oscar P. Kuipers, Yusra Feroz, Muhammad Hamid Rashid
PLoS One Infectious Diseases, 15.11.2023
Tilføjet 15.11.2023
by Masooma Hammad, Hazrat Ali, Noor Hassan, Abdul Tawab, Mahwish Salman, Iqra Jawad, Anne de Jong, Claudia Munoz Moreno, Oscar P. Kuipers, Yusra Feroz, Muhammad Hamid Rashid Development of natural, broad-spectrum, and eco-friendly bio-fungicides is of high interest in the agriculture and food industries. In this context, Bacillus genus has shown great potential for producing a wide range of antimicrobial metabolites against various pathogens. A Bacillus velezensis strain FB2 was isolated from an agricultural field of National Institute for Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering (NIBGE) Faisalabad, Pakistan, exhibiting good antifungal properties. The complete genome of this strain was sequenced, and its antifungal potential was assayed by dual culture method. Moreover, structural characterization of its antifungal metabolites, produced in vitro, were studied. Genome analysis and mining revealed the secondary metabolite gene clusters, encoding non-ribosomal peptides (NRPs) production (e.g., surfactin, iturin and fengycin) and polyketide (PK) synthesis (e.g., difficidin, bacillaene and macrolactin). Furthermore, the Bacillus velezensis FB2 strain was observed to possess in vitro antifungal activity; 41.64, 40.38 and 26% growth inhibition against major fungal pathogens i.e. Alternaria alternata, Fusarium oxysporum and Fusarium solani respectively. Its lipopeptide extract obtained by acid precipitation method was also found effective against the above-mentioned fungal pathogens. The ESI-MS/MS analysis indicated various homologs of surfactin and iturin-A, responsible for their antifungal activities. Overall, this study provides a better understanding of Bacillus velezensis FB2, as a promising candidate for biocontrol purposes, acting in a safe and sustainable way, to control plant pathogens.
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedJournal of Infectious Diseases, 15.11.2023
Tilføjet 15.11.2023
AbstractObjectiveThe objective of this study was to assess the clinical impact and outcome of the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection on children with cancer or who received a hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT).Study DesignThe Italian Association of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology (AIEOP) performed a nationwide, multicenter, observational cohort study, including consecutive patients between April 2020 to November 2022.ResultsTwenty-five Italian centers participated and 455 patients were enrolled. We reported a significative increasing trend of symptomatic cases over the years, while the number of non-mild infections remained stable. An early infection after the oncological diagnosis (
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedInfection, 15.11.2023
Tilføjet 15.11.2023
Abstract Purpose Given reduced immunity levels for seasonally occurring respiratory infections and the experience of an unusually early, severe wave of RSV infections during 2021, a preexisting clinician-led reporting system (CLRS) was updated to prospectively monitor the anticipated high burden of respiratory infections (ARI) in German pediatric hospitals during fall/winter 2022–2023. Methods From September 13, 2022 through March 31, 2023, children hospitalized with ARI as a primary diagnosis were monitored via a national CLRS established by the German Society for Pediatric Infectious Diseases (DGPI). Once a week, the CLRS collected overall number of new hospital admissions, ARI-related admissions according to pathogen (SARS-CoV-2, RSV, influenza, and other), plus number of patients admitted to ICU with ARI as a primary diagnosis. Results With a high participation among children\'s hospitals across Germany (22.8%), 76 centers submitted 1,053 survey reports. ARI-related hospital admissions showed a steep rise starting in late September 2022 and reached their highpoint in early December 2022 (50.1% of all admissions). In parallel, the average number of newly admitted patients (aNA) with RSV (3.6) peaked, as did those with influenza (2.1) one week later. The average highpoint of ARI patients on ICU (aICU) (2.9) was reached shortly thereafter. Again, RSV (1.6) und influenza (1.2) were predominant pathogens. Conclusion In fall/winter 2022–2023, German hospitals reported a sharp increase in patients with ARIs. While RSV and influenza represented the greatest proportion of ARI, SARS-CoV-2 played a less significant role. Systematic, dynamic collection of ARI data is critical for assessing real burdens on the health care system.
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedJournal of the American Medical Association, 15.11.2023
Tilføjet 15.11.2023
In Reply Augmented kidney clearance (defined as a GFR ≥130 mL/min/1.73 m2) may increase meropenem clearance, resulting in a lower chance of achieving a target plasma concentration with a bolus administration. Augmented kidney clearance occurs in approximately 20% of patients with critical illness, especially in younger patients, in those with burns, and during the first week of hospital admission. None of these circumstances were frequent in the MERCY trial; patients were older (mean age, 64 years) and mainly had respiratory infections (33% of patients). Meropenem therapy was usually initiated later than 1 week after hospital admission, following failure of other antibiotics (66% were already receiving treatment at randomization).
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedJournal of the American Medical Association, 15.11.2023
Tilføjet 15.11.2023
A recent analysis found only a modest difference in outcomes after in-person medical visits compared with telemedicine during the COVID-19 pandemic, “suggesting that telephone or video telemedicine was still capable of addressing most patient clinical concern areas,” the researchers wrote.
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedJournal of the American Medical Association, 15.11.2023
Tilføjet 15.11.2023
Viruses, and particularly some enteroviruses, have been linked to the development and progression of type 1 diabetes by injuring β cells or inducing autoimmunity. Now, the results of a phase 2 trial suggest that antiviral treatment with a combination of pleconaril and ribavirin might protect the remaining insulin-producing capacity of pancreatic β cells in children with new-onset type 1 diabetes.
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedJournal of the American Medical Association, 15.11.2023
Tilføjet 15.11.2023
Staphylococcal infections among hospitalized patients, due to both methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and methicillin-sensitive Staphylococcus aureus strains, are a substantial problem in the US. S aureus was the leading causative pathogen among health care–associated infections (HAIs) identified during the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention’s (CDC) 2015 national HAI prevalence survey (excluding Clostridioides difficile), accounting for 23% of all health care–associated bloodstream infections. Despite an overall 74% decline in the incidence of hospital-onset MRSA bloodstream infections from 2005 to 2016, these rates did not significantly change between 2013 and 2016. More sobering, strides made in the past 15 years in reducing HAIs in acute care settings, including those due to S aureus, markedly receded during the COVID-19 pandemic.
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedJournal of the American Medical Association, 15.11.2023
Tilføjet 15.11.2023
This study provides survey results from state and territorial public health preparedness directors regarding antiviral shortages during the 2022-2023 respiratory viral season.
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedXu, W., Fang, M., Wang, Z., Wang, J., Tao, C., Ma, L., Li, L., Hu, X.
BMJ Open, 14.11.2023
Tilføjet 14.11.2023
IntroductionElectrocautery is used widely in surgical procedures, but making skin incision has routinely been performed with scalpel rather than electrocautery, for fear that electrocautery may cause poor incision healing, excessive scarring and increased wound complication rates. More and more studies on general surgery support the use of electrocautery for skin incision, but research comparing the two modalities for scalp incision in neurosurgery remains inadequate. This trial aims to evaluate the safety and efficacy of needle-tip monopolar for scalp incision in supratentorial neurosurgery compared with steel scalpel. Methods and analysisIn this prospective, randomised, double-blind trial, 120 eligible patients who are planned to undergo supratentorial neurosurgery will be enrolled. Patients will be randomly assigned to two groups. In controlled group scalp incision will be made with a scalpel from the epidermis to the galea aponeurotica, while in intervention group scalp will be first incised with a steel scalpel from the epidermis to the dermis, and then the subcutaneous tissue and galea aponeurotica will be incised with needle-tip monopolar on cutting mode. The primary outcomes are scar score (at 90 days). The secondary outcomes include incision pain (at 1 day, on discharge, at 90 days) and alopecia around the incision (at 90 days), incision blood loss and incision-related operation time (during operation), incision infection and incision healing (on discharge, at 2 weeks, 90 days). Ethics and disseminationThis trial will be performed according to the principles of Declaration of Helsinki and good clinical practice guidelines. This study has been validated by the ethics committee of West China Hospital. Informed consent will be obtained from each included patient and/or their designated representative. Final results from this trial will be promulgated through publications. Trial registration numberChiCTR2200063243.
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedde Haan, L., ten Wolde, M., Beudel, M., Olde Engberink, R. H. G., Appelman, B., Haspels-Hogervorst, E. K., Rusch, D., Gritters van den Oever, N. C., Simsek, S., Paternotte, N., van den Bergh, J. P., Wyers, C. E., de Kruif, M. D., Dormans, T., Moeniralam, H., Bokhizzou, N., Brinkman, K., Douma, R., on behalf of The Dutch COVID-PREDICT study group, Beudel, Appelman, Douma, Rusch, Simsek, Brinkman, van den Oever, Bergh, Moeniralam, Bokhizzou, Kruif, Leavis, Pina-Fuentes, Thomas, Arts, Nurmohamed, Reeskamp, Hu, Herter, Vonk, Lopes, Ramos, Huberts, Wolfers, Schinkel, Kuij, Dormans, Noordzij, Bosch, Verhoef, Methorst, Darwesh, Egmond, Nasim, Ali, Boer, Nagel, Koenis, Bijlsma, Balvers, Ghauharali, Jongh, Emanuel, Aynaou, Ridder, Darraz, Darraz, Cinar, Roosen, Heideman, Leliveld, Ruijter, Rosenberg, Woutman, Vermeulen, de Joode, Berger, Ludden, Varan, Pinto, Sluis, Kuiper, Putten, Bosje, Sinyangwe, Rhijn, Kruif, Haan, Heijer, Kruijf, Hofhuis, Leliveld, Vermeulen, Telting, Boer, Ridder, Lei, Paassen, Veer, Opschoor, Breukhoven, Jiwa, Gooyer, Vrijdag, Gelder, Pannekoek, Dommershuijzen, Adang, Maren, Koop, Sanders, Wanten, Trommelen, Smeets, Heuvelings, Cox, Rademaekers, Hendrikx, Rooij, Heuts, Oudeman, Brans, Slot, Boerma-Argelo, Kok, Harmsen, Boerema, Pirson, Raafs, Smaal, Pop, Verkouteren, Waterink, Vrij, Willik, Hubers, Lems, Reitsma, Pieters, Logger, Sijben, Peeters, Teunissen, Blok-Hoos, Ketels, Henkens, Spanjers, Jacob-Dols, Hoogt, Houben, Goldhoorn, Gorp, Hinsenveld, Jansen
BMJ Open, 14.11.2023
Tilføjet 14.11.2023
ObjectivesTo evaluate the relationship among dysnatraemia at hospital presentation and duration of admission, risk of intensive care unit (ICU) admission and all-cause mortality and to assess the underlying pathophysiological mechanism of hyponatraemia in patients with COVID-19. Our hypothesis is that both hyponatraemia and hypernatraemia at presentation are associated with adverse outcomes. DesignObservational study. SettingSecondary care; 11 Dutch hospitals (2 university and 9 general hospitals). ParticipantsAn analysis was performed within the retrospective multicentre cohort study COVIDPredict. 7811 patients were included (60% men, 40% women) between 24 February 2020 and 9 August 2022. Patients who were ≥18 years with PCR-confirmed COVID-19 or CT with COVID-19 reporting and data system score≥4 and alternative diagnosis were included. Patients were excluded when serum sodium levels at presentation were not registered in the database or when they had been transferred from another participating hospital. Outcome measuresWe studied demographics, medical history, symptoms and outcomes. Patients were stratified according to serum sodium concentration and urinary sodium excretion. ResultsHyponatraemia was present in 2677 (34.2%) patients and hypernatraemia in 126 (1.6%) patients. Patients with hyponatraemia presented more frequently with diarrhoea, lower blood pressure and tachycardia. Hyponatraemia was, despite a higher risk for ICU admission (OR 1.27 (1.11–1.46; p
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedBMC Infectious Diseases, 14.11.2023
Tilføjet 14.11.2023
Abstract Background Men who have sex with men (MSM) and transgender women (TGW) have a disproportionately higher risk of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection than other groups. Oral HIV pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) is an effective prevention tool and should be offered to those at higher risk. Identifying demand creation strategies (DCS) and retention strategies (RS) to improve PrEP persistence is essential to control the HIV epidemic. Aim We aimed to identify the (DCS and RS with higher proportions among MSM and TGW. Methods A systematic review and meta-analysis of prospective studies were conducted, with studies retrieved from five databases until November, 2022 following the Cochrane and PRISMA guidelines. The study protocol was registered in PROSPERO (CRD42022323220). The outcomes were DCS and RS for PrEP use among MSM and TGW. Strategies used for users enrolled in the PrEP-recruited (DCS) were classified as face-to-face (peer educator recruitment at social venues, nongovernmental organizations, and parties; direct referrals by health services; friends and/or sexual partners); online (chatbot or peer educator recruitment on social media [e.g., , Instagram or Facebook] or dating/hook-up apps [e.g., Grindr, Tinder, Badoo, and Scruff]); and mixed (face-to-face and online). RS was classified as provider counseling (face-to-face by a health professional; prevention of HIV risk counseling, distribution of condoms, lubricants, and testing for HIV or other sexually transmitted infections); online counseling (text messages, chatbots, telephone calls, social media, and peer educators); and mixed (all previous strategies). Subgroup analyses were conducted for each treatment strategy. Meta-analyses were performed using the R software version 4.2.1. Results A total of 1, 129 studies were retrieved from the five databases. After eligibility, 46 studies were included. For MSM, most DCS and RS were online at 91% (95% CI: 0.85–0.97; I2=53%), and 83% (95% CI: 0.80–0.85; I2=17%) respectively. For TGW, mixed DCS and RS were the most frequent at85% (95% CI: 0.60–1.00; I2=91%) and online counseling at 84% (95% CI: 0.64–0.95) compared to other strategies. Conclusion Critical issues play. Pivotal role in increasing PrEP awareness among MSM and TGW, minimizing access gaps, and ensuring retention of PrEP services. Offering oral PrEP using online DCS and RS can reach and retain high numbers of MSM and TGW, and reduce HIV incidence in these populations.
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedBMC Infectious Diseases, 14.11.2023
Tilføjet 14.11.2023
Abstract Background Cancer case during pregnancy is rare, but it is the second leading cause of maternal mortality. Case presentation A-32-year old pregnant woman with a gestational age of 37 weeks was admitted to the hospital due to repeated coughing for 5 months. She received Veno-Venous Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation (V-V ECMO) treatment for severe hypoxemia after delivery. She was diagnosed with non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) with bone metastasis and pneumocystis pneumonia (PCP). She subsequently received anti-tumor therapy and anti-infective therapy. After treatment, her condition improved and she was weaned from ECMO. Two weeks after weaning ECMO, her condition worsened again. Her family chose palliative treatment, and she ultimately died. Conclusions NSCLC is rare during pregnancy. At present, there is still a lack of standardized methods to manage these cases. For theses cases, the clinician should be wary of opportunistic infections, such as pneumocystis jirovecii (P. jirovecii) and Elizabethkingia spp. Specialized medical teams with abundant experience and multidisciplinary discussions from the perspectives of the patient’s clinical characteristics as well as preferences are crucial for developing individualized and the best approach.
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedBMC Infectious Diseases, 14.11.2023
Tilføjet 14.11.2023
Abstract Background We describe the genotypic characteristics and antimicrobial resistance (AMR) determinants of Salmonella enterica serovar Isangi (Salmonella Isangi) clinical isolates in South Africa from 2020 through 2021. Methods During the years 2020 to 2021, the Centre for Enteric Diseases of the National Institute for Communicable Diseases, a national reference centre in South Africa for human infections resulting from enteric bacterial pathogens, investigated a total of 3549 clinical isolates of Salmonella species. Whole genome sequencing (WGS) was performed using Illumina NextSeq Technology. WGS data was analyzed using Centre for Genomic Epidemiology-based tools and EnteroBase web-based platform. Genotypic relatedness and cluster analysis was investigated based on core-genome multilocus sequence typing. Results Forty-nine isolates were confirmed to be Salmonella Isangi, with most submitted from Gauteng Province (24/49, 49%). The most prevalent sequence type was ST335 (48/49, 98%), and the remaining 1 isolate was ST216. All ST335 isolates were genotypically multidrug-resistant (MDR), with resistance to fluoroquinolones, chloramphenicol, trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole and tetracycline; the ST216 isolate was resistant only to aminoglycosides. All ST335 isolates carried ESBL genes, the most common being blaCTX-M-15. Five clusters (consisting of isolates related within five allele differences) were detected, all being ST335. Conclusions Most Salmonella Isangi isolates in South Africa are MDR and ESBL-positive. Ongoing monitoring of the epidemiology and AMR profile of this serovar is important for public health and treatment guidelines.
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedJisu Kim, In-Whi Hwang, Jeong-Hui Park, Youngdeok Kim, Jung-Min Lee
PLoS One Infectious Diseases, 14.11.2023
Tilføjet 14.11.2023
by Jisu Kim, In-Whi Hwang, Jeong-Hui Park, Youngdeok Kim, Jung-Min Lee The current study is to examine the disparities in physical activity (PA), sedentary behavior (SB), and stress levels in Korean adolescents concerning changes in their perception of family economic status (ES) during COVID-19. Among a total of 6144 Korean adolescents aged 12 to 18, the participants were categorized into two groups based on their responses regarding changes in their family ES due to COVID-19: Declined ES (n = 3072) and Non-changed ES (n = 3072), with matching in terms of age, gender, and BMI. All variables were assessed using the 16th year (2020) of the Korean Youth Risk Behavior Survey. Statistical analyses were conducted using the SPSS 26.0 version, employing independent t-tests to examine anthropometrics’ differences and multinominal logistic regression to predict the impact of perception of family ES on PA, SB, and stress while comparing the two groups. The significance level was set at α = 0.05. Adolescents in the Declined ES group were 1.2 times more likely to engage in MVPA for less than 420 mins/wk (OR = 1.16, p = 0.039), 1.7 times more likely to meet recommended muscular strength activities (i.e., ≥ 3 days/wk) (OR = 1.70, p < 0.001), 37% less likely to not meet recommended recreational sitting time (i.e., ≥ 840 mins/wk) (OR = 0.63, p < 0.01), and were 2.1 times more likely to experience very severe stress level than the Non-changed ES group (p < 0.001). These results shed light on the importance of promoting mental health care in adolescents, regardless of PA levels, for their well-being during potential future pandemics. Understanding the impact of perceived ES changes on health behaviors can inform targeted interventions and support strategies to improve the mental health outcomes of adolescents during challenging times.
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedJaya M. Satagopan, Tina Dharamdasani, Shailja Mathur, Racquel E. Kohler, Elisa V. Bandera, Anita Y. Kinney
PLoS One Infectious Diseases, 14.11.2023
Tilføjet 14.11.2023
by Jaya M. Satagopan, Tina Dharamdasani, Shailja Mathur, Racquel E. Kohler, Elisa V. Bandera, Anita Y. Kinney Background South Asians are a rapidly growing population in the United States. Breast cancer is a major concern among South Asian American women, who are an understudied population. We established the South Asian Breast Cancer (SABCa) study in New Jersey during early 2020 to gain insights into their breast cancer-related health attitudes. Shortly after we started planning for the study, the COVID-19 disease spread throughout the world. In this paper, we describe our experiences and lessons learned from recruiting study participants by partnering with New Jersey’s community organizations during the COVID-19 pandemic. Methods We used a cross-sectional design. We contacted 12 community organizations and 7 (58%) disseminated our study information. However, these organizations became considerably busy with pandemic-related needs. Therefore, we had to pivot to alternative recruitment strategies through community radio, Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey’s Community Outreach and Engagement Program, and Rutgers Cooperative Extension’s community health programs. We recruited participants through these alternative strategies, obtained written informed consent, and collected demographic information using a structured survey. Results Twenty five women expressed interest in the study, of which 22 (88%) participated. Nine (41%) participants learned about the study through the radio, 5 (23%) through these participants, 1 (4.5%) through a non-radio community organization, and 7 (32%) through community health programs. Two (9%) participants heard about the study from their spouse. All participants were born outside the US, their average age was 52.4 years (range: 39–72 years), and they have lived in the US for an average of 26 years (range: 5–51 years). Conclusion Pivoting to alternative strategies were crucial for successful recruitment. Findings suggest the significant potential of broadcast media for community-based recruitment. Family dynamics and the community’s trust in our partners also encouraged participation. Such strategies must be considered when working with understudied populations.
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedAmeeta Retzer, Janet Jones, Sarah Damery, Habib Ullah, Modupe Omonijo, Justin Varney, Kate Jolly
PLoS One Infectious Diseases, 14.11.2023
Tilføjet 14.11.2023
by Ameeta Retzer, Janet Jones, Sarah Damery, Habib Ullah, Modupe Omonijo, Justin Varney, Kate Jolly Objectives The COVID-19 pandemic has led to a change in people’s volunteering behaviours; participation has increased in informal volunteering (giving unpaid help to those who are not a relative) while decreasing in formal volunteering (unpaid help to groups or clubs). There is an interest from stakeholders who have experienced increased participation in maintaining the positive patterns of volunteering, aligning with National Health Service (NHS) objectives and realising benefits in a wider public health context. This research uses a local COVID-19 public health volunteering programme case study to explore the volunteer’s journey and perspective using volunteers’ reported experiences to consider the potential for volunteer retention and role expansion into other public health issues beyond the COVID-19 pandemic. Methods Recruitment was undertaken by Birmingham City Council Public Health Team via the COVID-19 Community Champions programme mailing list. Semi-structured focus group discussions, one-to-one interviews and email interviews were conducted with volunteers. Data were analysed through directed thematic analysis using an iteratively developed coding frame. Results Data were collected from three focus group discussions, four interviews, and one email interview involving a total of 16 participants. Six themes were identified: volunteer motivations and expectations; volunteer management; programme organisation; feeling valued; continued need for role, and interest in new responsibilities. Conclusion Our findings indicate that the factors which are conducive to volunteer recruitment, retention and re-purposing were: maintaining the original terms of engaging with the volunteering opportunity (including retaining the original brief and remit), adjusting these through consultative processes with an emphasis on seeking permission from the volunteers already involved and ensuring a reliable and consistent management and support structure. While some of the learning is specific to the local volunteer programme in question and the context of the COVID-19 pandemic, there are lessons that can be generalised to other scenarios and settings.
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedMalaria Journal, 14.11.2023
Tilføjet 14.11.2023
Abstract Background The overlap in the epidemiology of malaria and helminths has been identified as a potential area to exploit for the development of an integrated control strategy that may help to achieve elimination of malaria and helminths. A randomized, controlled, observer-blind trial was conducted to assess the feasibility and safety of combining mass drug administration (MDA) for schistosomiasis and soil transmitted helminths (STH) with seasonal malaria chemoprevention (SMC) among children living in Senegal. Methods Female and male children aged 1–14 years were randomized 1:1:1, to receive Vitamin A and Zinc on Day 0, followed by SMC drugs (sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine and amodiaquine) on Days 1–3 (control group); or praziquantel and Vitamin A on Day 0, followed by SMC drugs on Days 1–3 (treatment group 1); or albendazole and praziquantel on Day 0, followed by SMC drugs on Days 1–3 (treatment group 2). Safety assessment was performed by collecting adverse events from all children for six subsequent days following administration of the study drugs. Pre- and post-intervention, blood samples were collected for determination of haemoglobin concentration, malaria microscopy, and PCR assays. Stool samples were analyzed using Kato-Katz, Merthiolate-iodine-formalin and PCR methods. Urine filtration, PCR and circulating cathodic antigen tests were also performed. Results From 9 to 22 June 2022, 627 children aged 1–14 years were randomized into the three groups described above. Mild, transient vomiting was observed in 12.6% (26/206) of children in treatment group 2, in 10.6% (22/207) in group 1, and in 4.2% (9/214) in the control group (p = 0.005). Pre-intervention, the geometric mean value of Plasmodium falciparum parasite density was highest among children who received albendazole, praziquantel with SMC drugs. Post-intervention, the parasite density was highest among children who received SMC drugs only. Children who received praziquantel and SMC drugs had a lower risk of developing severe anaemia than their counterparts who received SMC drugs alone (OR = 0.81, 95% CI 0.13–5.00, p = 0.63). Conclusions Integration of MDA for helminths with SMC drugs was safe and feasible among Senegalese children. These findings support further evaluation of the integrated control model. Trial registration: The study is registered at Clinical Trial.gov NCT05354258.
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedInfection, 14.11.2023
Tilføjet 14.11.2023
Abstract Purpose Given reduced immunity levels for seasonally occurring respiratory infections and the experience of an unusually early, severe wave of RSV infections during 2021, a preexisting clinician-led reporting system (CLRS) was updated to prospectively monitor the anticipated high burden of respiratory infections (ARI) in German pediatric hospitals during fall/winter 2022–2023. Methods From September 13, 2022 through March 31, 2023, children hospitalized with ARI as a primary diagnosis were monitored via a national CLRS established by the German Society for Pediatric Infectious Diseases (DGPI). Once a week, the CLRS collected overall number of new hospital admissions, ARI-related admissions according to pathogen (SARS-CoV-2, RSV, influenza, and other), plus number of patients admitted to ICU with ARI as a primary diagnosis. Results With a high participation among children\'s hospitals across Germany (22.8%), 76 centers submitted 1,053 survey reports. ARI-related hospital admissions showed a steep rise starting in late September 2022 and reached their highpoint in early December 2022 (50.1% of all admissions). In parallel, the average number of newly admitted patients (aNA) with RSV (3.6) peaked, as did those with influenza (2.1) one week later. The average highpoint of ARI patients on ICU (aICU) (2.9) was reached shortly thereafter. Again, RSV (1.6) und influenza (1.2) were predominant pathogens. Conclusion In fall/winter 2022–2023, German hospitals reported a sharp increase in patients with ARIs. While RSV and influenza represented the greatest proportion of ARI, SARS-CoV-2 played a less significant role. Systematic, dynamic collection of ARI data is critical for assessing real burdens on the health care system.
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedBMC Infectious Diseases, 14.11.2023
Tilføjet 14.11.2023
Abstract Background Leptospirosis is an infectious disease caused by pathogenic Leptospira spp., which could result in severe illnesses. Indirect contact with these pathogens is more common. Individuals could contract this disease through contact with contaminated water or during floods. In this case, we present the details of a 40-year-old male pig farmer who suffered from severe pulmonary hemorrhagic leptospirosis and multiple organ failure. The diagnosis of leptospirosis was confirmed through metagenomics next-generation sequencing (mNGS) while the patient received extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) support, and antibiotic treatment was adjusted accordingly. The patient underwent comprehensive treatment and rehabilitation in the intensive care unit. Conclusion This case illustrates the importance of early diagnosis and treatment of leptospirosis. While obtaining the epidemiological history, second-generation metagenomics sequencing was utilized to confirm the etiology. The prompt initiation of ECMO therapy provided a crucial window of opportunity for addressing the underlying cause. This case report offers valuable insights for diagnosing patients with similar symptoms.
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedBMC Infectious Diseases, 14.11.2023
Tilføjet 14.11.2023
Abstract Background Chronic kidney disease (CKD) was reported to be a risk factor of cardiac implantable electronic device (CIED) infection. The application of bundled skin antiseptic preparation before CIED implantation decreased the risk of CIED infection, even in patients undergoing complex procedures. However, the effect of bundled skin antiseptic preparation to prevent CIED infection in patients with CKD was not tested. Methods Between July 2012 and December 2019, 1668 patients receiving CIEDs comprised this retrospective cohort study and were categorized into two groups by the diagnosis of CKD: group with CKD (n = 750, 45%) and group without CKD (n = 918, 55%). The primary outcome was clinical CIED infection, including major and minor infection, and the secondary outcomes were cardiovascular mortality and all-cause mortality. Propensity score matching (PSM) was applied to reduce selection bias between the study groups. Results During a 4-year follow-up period, 30 patients (1.8%) had a CIED infection. After PSM, the incidence of CIED infection was similar between the patients with CKD and without CKD (1.0% vs. 1.8%). The incidences of cardiovascular mortality and all-cause mortality were higher in patients with CKD compared to patients without CKD (6.5% vs. 3.0%, P = 0.009; 22.8% vs. 11.8%, P
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedJournal of Infectious Diseases, 13.11.2023
Tilføjet 13.11.2023
AbstractAdaptive platform trials can be more efficient than classic trials for developing new treatments. Moving from culture-based to simpler- or faster-to-measure biomarkers as efficacy surrogates may enhance this advantage. We performed a systematic review of treatment efficacy biomarkers in adults with tuberculosis.Platform trials can span different development phases. We grouped biomarkers as: α, bacterial load estimates used in phase 2a trials; β, early and end-of treatment endpoints, phase 2b-c trials; γ, post-treatment or trial-level estimates, phase 2c-3 trials. We considered as analysis unit (biomarker entry) each combination of biomarker, predicted outcome, and their respective measurement times or intervals. Performance metrics included: sensitivity, specificity, area under the receiver-operator curve (AUC), and correlation measures, ,and classified as poor, promising, or good.Eighty-six studies included 22864 participants. From 1356 biomarker entries, 318 were reported with the performance metrics of interest, with 103 promising and 41 good predictors. Group results: α, mycobacterial RNA and Lipoarabinomannan in sputum, and host metabolites in urine; β, mycobacterial RNA and host transcriptomic or cytokine signatures for early treatment response; γ, host transcriptomics for recurrence.A combination of biomarkers from different categories could help designing more efficient platform trials. Efforts to develop efficacy surrogates should be better coordinated.
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedFederica Bellerba, Nils Bardeck, Michael Boehm, Oriana D'Ecclesiis, Sara Raimondi, Elisa Tomezzoli, Mafalda Silva Miranda, Inês Martins Alves, Daniela Alves, Ana Abecasis, Valeria Gabellone, Elisa Gabrielli, Giulia Vaglio, Elham Shamsara, Nico Pfeifer, Chiara Mommo, Francesca Incardona, Rolf Kaiser, Sara Gandini
International Journal of Infectious Diseases, 12.11.2023
Tilføjet 12.11.2023
As part of the global reaction to stop the spread of SARS-CoV-2 during the early months of the COVID-19 pandemic, primary and secondary schools were closed to on-site learning in many countries. This decision was based on data extrapolated from influenza transmission models, which suggested that closing schools could help reduce the spread of infections[1]. However, the effectiveness of this measure for SARS-CoV-2 was unclear. Several studies about the impact of school openings found conflicting results on community transmission, with some suggesting substantial increases in positivity rates[2], and others suggesting a small impact[3], [4] or no effect after adjusting for community incidence[5]–[7].
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedMalaria Journal, 11.11.2023
Tilføjet 11.11.2023
Abstract Background Malaria affects millions of Cameroonian children under 5 years of age living in the North and Far North regions. These regions bear the greatest burden, particularly for children under 5 years of age. To reduce the burden of disease in these regions, Cameroon adopted the Seasonal Malaria Chemoprevention (SMC) in 2016 and has implemented it each year since its adoption. However, no previous studies have systematically assessed the effects of this intervention in Cameroon. It is important to understand its effect and whether its implementation could be improved. This study aimed to assess the effect of SMC in Cameroon during the period 2016–2021 on malaria morbidity in children under 5 years of age using routine data. Methods Data on malaria cases were extracted from the Cameroon Health Monitoring Information System (HMIS) from January 1, 2011, to December 31, 2021. Health facilities report these data monthly on a single platform, the District Health Information System version 2 (DHIS2). Thus, a controlled interrupted time-series model in a Bayesian framework was used to evaluate the effects of the SMC on malaria morbidity. Results SMC implementation was associated with a reduction in the incidence of uncomplicated malaria cases during the high-transmission periods from 2016 to 2021. Regarding the incidence of severe malaria during the high-transmission period, a reduction was found over the period 2016–2019. The highest reduction was registered during the second year of implementation in 2017:15% (95% Credible Interval, 10–19) of uncomplicated malaria cases and 51% (47–54) of confirmed severe malaria cases. Conclusion The addition of SMC to the malaria intervention package in Cameroon decreased the incidence of uncomplicated and severe malaria among children under 5 years of age. Based on these findings, this study supports the wide implementation of SMC to reduce the malaria burden in Cameroon as well as the use of routine malaria data to monitor the efficiency of the strategy in a timely manner.
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