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FEMS Microbiology Reviews, 3.08.2023
Tilføjet 3.08.2023
AbstractEpithelial cells line mucosal surfaces such as in the gingival crevice and provide a barrier to the ingress of colonizing microorganisms. However, epithelial cells are more than a passive barrier to microbial intrusion, and rather constitute an interactive interface with colonizing organisms which senses the composition of the microbiome and communicates this information to the underlying cells of the innate immune system. Microorganisms, for their part, have devised means to manipulate host cell signal transduction pathways to favor their colonization and survival. Study of this field, which has become known as cellular microbiology, has revealed much about epithelial cell physiology, bacterial colonization and pathogenic strategies, and innate host responses.
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedFEMS Microbiology Reviews, 3.08.2023
Tilføjet 3.08.2023
AbstractProtein phosphorylation is a universal mechanism regulating a wide range of cellular responses across all domains of life. The antagonistic activities of kinases and phosphatases can orchestrate the life cycle of an organism. The availability of bacterial genome sequences, particularly Bacillus species, followed by proteomics and functional studies have aided in the identification of putative protein kinases and protein phosphatases, and their downstream substrates. Several studies have established the role of phosphorylation in different physiological states of Bacillus species as they pass through various life stages such as sporulation, germination, and biofilm formation. The most common phosphorylation sites in Bacillus proteins are histidine, aspartate, tyrosine, serine, threonine, and arginine residues. Protein phosphorylation can alter protein activity, structural conformational and protein-protein interactions, ultimately affecting the downstream pathways. In this review, we summarize the knowledge available in the field of Bacillus signaling, with a focus on the role of protein phosphorylation in its physiological processes.
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedDavid S. Guttery, Mohammad Zeeshan, Anthony A. Holder, Eelco C. Tromer, Rita Tewari
Trends in Parasitology, 3.08.2023
Tilføjet 3.08.2023
Meiosis is sexual cell division, a process in eukaryotes whereby haploid gametes are produced. Compared to canonical model eukaryotes, meiosis in apicomplexan parasites appears to diverge from the process with respect to the molecular mechanisms involved; the biology of Plasmodium meiosis, and its regulation by means of post-translational modification, are largely unexplored. Here, we discuss the impact of technological advances in cell biology, evolutionary bioinformatics, and genome-wide functional studies on our understanding of meiosis in the Apicomplexa. These parasites, including Plasmodium falciparum, Toxoplasma gondii, and Eimeria spp., have significant socioeconomic impact on human and animal health. Understanding this key stage during the parasite’s life cycle may well reveal attractive targets for therapeutic intervention.
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedCeline Y Tan, Calvin J Chiew, Deanette Pang, Vernon J Lee, Benjamin Ong, Lin-Fa Wang, Ee Chee Ren, David Chien Lye, Kelvin Bryan Tan
Lancet Infectious Diseases, 3.08.2023
Tilføjet 3.08.2023
A fourth dose with the bivalent vaccine was substantially more effective against medically attended symptomatic SARS-CoV-2 infection and COVID-19-related hospital admission than four monovalent doses among both SARS-CoV-2-naive and previously infected individuals. Boosters with the bivalent vaccine might be preferred in this omicron-predominant pandemic, regardless of previous infection history.
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedJin Zhao, Mei Kang, Hongyan Wu, Bowen Sun, Guy Baele, Wan-Ting He, Meng Lu, Marc A. Suchard, Xiang Ji, Na He, Shuo Su, Michael Veit
Trends in Microbiology, 3.08.2023
Tilføjet 3.08.2023
The retransmissions of SARS-CoV-2 from several mammals – primarily mink and white-tailed deer – to humans have raised concerns for the emergence of a new animal-derived SARS-CoV-2 variant to worsen the pandemic. Here, we discuss animal species that are susceptible to natural or experimental infection with SARS-CoV-2 and can transmit the virus to mates or humans. We describe cutting-edge techniques to assess the impact of a mutation in the viral spike (S) protein on its receptor and on antibody binding. Our review of spike sequences of animal-derived viruses identified nine unique amino acid exchanges in the receptor-binding domain (RBD) that are not present in any variant of concern (VOC). These mutations are present in SARS-CoV-2 viruses found in companion animals such as dogs and cats, and they exhibit a higher frequency in SARS-CoV-2 found in mink and white-tailed deer, suggesting that sustained transmissions may contribute to maintaining novel mutations. Four of these exchanges, such as Leu452Met, could undermine acquired immune protection in humans while maintaining high affinity for the human angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) receptor. Finally, we discuss important avenues of future research into animal-derived viruses with public health risks.
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedCarolyn Beans
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 3.08.2023
Tilføjet 3.08.2023
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, Volume 120, Issue 31, August 2023.
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedMengying LiuA. Sophie BakkerYoshiki NarimatsuFrank J. M. van KuppeveldHenrik ClausenCornelis A. M. de HaanErik de VriesaVirology section, Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Department of Biomolecular Health Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, 3584CL Utrecht, the NetherlandsbCenter for Glycomics, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, DK-2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 3.08.2023
Tilføjet 3.08.2023
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, Volume 120, Issue 31, August 2023.
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedYuta HiraikeKaede SaitoMisato OguchiTakahito WadaGotaro TodaShuichi TsutsumiKana BandoJunji SagawaGaku NaganoHaruya OhnoNaoto KubotaTetsuya KubotaHiroyuki AburataniTakashi KadowakiHironori WakiShintaro YanagimotoToshimasa YamauchiaDivision for Health Service Promotion, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, JapanbThe University of Tokyo Excellent Young Researcher Program, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8654, JapancDepartment of Diabetes and Metabolic Diseases, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8655, JapandGenome Science and Medicine Laboratory, Research Center for Advanced Science and Technology, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 153-8904, JapaneLaboratory for Animal Resources and Genetic Engineering, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, Kobe 650-0047, JapanfDepartment of Molecular and Internal Medicine, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima 734-8551, JapangDepartment of Clinical Nutrition Therapy, The University of Tokyo Hospital, Tokyo 113-8655, JapanhDivision of Diabetes and Metabolism, The Institute of Medical Science, Asahi Life Foundation, Tokyo 103-0002, JapaniNational Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition, Tokyo 162-8636, JapanjToranomon Hospital, Tokyo 105-8470, JapankDepartment of Diabetes and Endocrinology, Akita University Graduate School of Medicine, Akita 010-8543, Japan
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 3.08.2023
Tilføjet 3.08.2023
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, Volume 120, Issue 31, August 2023.
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedPengfei LiBiyun XueNicholas J. SchnickerLok-Yin Roy WongDavid K. MeyerholzStanley PerlmanaDepartment of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242bDepartment of Pediatrics, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242cProtein and Crystallography Facility, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242dDepartment of Pathology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 3.08.2023
Tilføjet 3.08.2023
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, Volume 120, Issue 31, August 2023.
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedTom Y. ChangMireille JacobsonManisha ShahMatthew KopetskyRajiv PramanikSamir B. ShahaDepartment of Finance and Business Economics, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089bLeonard Davis School of Gerontology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089cSchaeffer Center for Health Policy & Economic, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089dGoldman School of Public Policy, University of California, Berkeley 94720eContra Costa Regional Medical Center Health Centers, Contra Costa Health Services, Martinez, CA 94553
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 3.08.2023
Tilføjet 3.08.2023
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, Volume 120, Issue 31, August 2023.
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedMauricio Aguilar RangelPatrick T. DolanShuhei TaguwaYinghong XiaoRaul AndinoJudith FrydmanaDepartment of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305bDepartment of Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143cResearch Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 3.08.2023
Tilføjet 3.08.2023
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, Volume 120, Issue 31, August 2023.
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedYang BaiRui MinPengcheng ChenShenglin MeiFan DengZengzhang ZhengCong JiangRui MiaoZeyu WuPeng ZhangYoudong PanJudy LiebermanXing LiuaThe Center for Microbes, Development and Health, Key Laboratory of Molecular Virology and Immunology, Institut Pasteur of Shanghai, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, ChinabUniversity of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, ChinacDepartment of Biomedical Informatics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115dShanghai Huashen Institute of Microbes and Infections, Shanghai 200052, ChinaeDepartment of Thoracic Surgery, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai 200433, ChinafProgram in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA 02115gDepartment of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115hDepartment of Dermatology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA 02115iHarvard Skin Disease Research Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 3.08.2023
Tilføjet 3.08.2023
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, Volume 120, Issue 31, August 2023.
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedLucile ViguéOlivier TenaillonaUniversité Paris Cité and Université Sorbonne Paris Nord, Inserm, Infection, Antimicrobials, Modelling, Evolution, F-75018 Paris, France
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 3.08.2023
Tilføjet 3.08.2023
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, Volume 120, Issue 31, August 2023.
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedAurélie BeauvoisHélène GazonPradeep Singh ChauhanMajeed JamakhaniJean-Rock JacquesMarc ThiryEmmanuel DejardinEmmanuel Di ValentinJean-Claude TwizereJean-Marie PéloponèseMakon-Sébastien NjockJun-Ichirou YasunagaMasao MatsuokaMalik HamaïdiaLuc WillemsaLaboratory of Molecular and Cellular Epigenetics, Grappe Interdisciplinaire de Génoprotéomique Appliquée, University of Liège, 4000, Liège, BelgiumbMolecular Biology, Teaching and Research Center, University of Liège, 5030, Gembloux, BelgiumcLaboratory of Cell and Tissue Biology, Grappe Interdisciplinaire de Génoprotéomique Appliquée, University of Liège, 4000, Liège, BelgiumdLaboratory of Molecular Immunology & Signal Transduction, Grappe Interdisciplinaire de Génoprotéomique Appliquée, University of Liège, 4000, Liège, BelgiumeViral Vectors Platform, Grappe Interdisciplinaire de Génoprotéomique Appliquée, University of Liège, 4000 Liège, BelgiumfLaboratory of Viral Interactomes, Unit of Molecular Biology of Diseases, Grappe Interdisciplinaire de Génoprotéomique Appliquée, University of Liège, 4000 Liège, BelgiumgInstitut de Recherche en Infectiologie de Montpellier, Université de Montpellier, CNRS, 34094, Montpellier, FrancehLaboratory of Pneumology, Grappe Interdisciplinaire de Génoprotéomique Appliquée, University of Liège, University Hospital of Liège, 4000 Liège, BelgiumiDepartment of Hematology, Kumamoto University, 860-8556, Kumamoto, Japan
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 3.08.2023
Tilføjet 3.08.2023
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, Volume 120, Issue 31, August 2023.
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedAparna KeshaviahIan HuffXindi C. HuVirginia GuidryAriel ChristensenSteven BerkowitzStacie RecklingRachel T. NobleThomas ClerkinDenene BlackwoodSandra L. McLellanAdélaïde RoguetIsabel MusseaMathematica, Inc., Princeton, NJ 08543bNorth Carolina Department of Health and Human Services, Division of Public Health, Raleigh, NC 27609cInstitute of Marine Sciences, University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill, Morehead City, NC 28557dSchool of Freshwater Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, WI 53204
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 3.08.2023
Tilføjet 3.08.2023
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, Volume 120, Issue 31, August 2023.
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedEugene V. KooninaNational Center for Biotechnology Information, National Library of Medicine, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20894
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 3.08.2023
Tilføjet 3.08.2023
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, Volume 120, Issue 31, August 2023.
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedLeike Zhang, Xuefang Peng, Qingxing Wang, Jin Li, Shouming Lv, Shuo Han, Lingyu Zhang, Heng Ding, Cong-Yi Wang, Gengfu Xiao, Xuguang Du, Ke Peng, Hao Li, Wei Liu
Science Advances, 3.08.2023
Tilføjet 3.08.2023
Sophie L. Larsen, Ikgyu Shin, Jefrin Joseph, Haylee West, Rafael Anorga, Gonzalo E. Mena, Ayesha S. Mahmud, Pamela P. Martinez
Science Advances, 3.08.2023
Tilføjet 3.08.2023
Huizhen Ma, Xiaoning Zhang, Ling Liu, You Huang, Si Sun, Ke Chen, Qi Xin, Pengfei Liu, Yuxing Yan, Yili Wang, Yuan Li, Haile Liu, Ruoli Zhao, Kexin Tan, Xinzhu Chen, Xun Yuan, Yonghui Li, Ying Liu, Haitao Dai, Changlong Liu, Hao Wang, Xiao-Dong Zhang
Science Advances, 3.08.2023
Tilføjet 3.08.2023
Clinical Infectious Diseases, 3.08.2023
Tilføjet 3.08.2023
AbstractBackgroundNirmatrelvir-ritonavir is currently not recommended in patients with an estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR)
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedPierre-julien Coulaud, Julie Jesson, Naseeb Bolduc, Olivier Ferlatte, Karine Bertrand, Travis Salway, Marie Jauffret-Roustide, Rod Knight
PLoS One Infectious Diseases, 3.08.2023
Tilføjet 3.08.2023
by Pierre-julien Coulaud, Julie Jesson, Naseeb Bolduc, Olivier Ferlatte, Karine Bertrand, Travis Salway, Marie Jauffret-Roustide, Rod Knight Background While compliance with preventive measures remains central to limit the spread of COVID-19, these measures critically affected mental health of young adults. We therefore investigated the association between the level of compliance with COVID-19 preventive measures and depressive symptoms among young adults in Canada and France. Methods From October to December 2020, we conducted a cross-sectional online survey of young adults ages 18–29 years in Canada (n = 3246) and France (n = 2680) to collect demographic data, experiences with COVID-19 preventive measures, and mental health. Depressive symptoms were assessed by the Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9). Compliance profiles were built using cluster analysis. Weighted multivariable logistic regression was used to estimate associations between compliance level and major depressive symptoms (PHQ-9 score≥15) in each country. Results One third of respondents reported major depressive symptoms (Canada: 36.4%, France: 23.4%). Four compliance profiles were identified: high (42.5%), medium-high (21.7%), medium-low (18.1%), and low (17.7%), with high levels more frequently observed in Canada compared to France. In both countries, participants in low compliance profile (Canada: Adjusted Odds Ratio (AOR) [95% Confidence Interval] 0.75 [0.58, 0.98], France: AOR 0.60 [0.46, 0.75]), in the medium-low (Canada: AOR 0.58 [0.48, 0.72], France: AOR 0.81 [0.66, 1.01]), and medium-high compliance profiles (Canada: AOR 0.78 [0.65, 0.93], France: AOR 0.77 [0.63, 0.93]) were less likely to report major depressive symptoms compared to the high compliance profile. Ethno-racial minorities, sexual and gender minority, and unemployed young adults had higher odds of reporting such symptoms. Conclusions Major depressive symptoms were associated with high compliance with COVID-19 preventive measures among young adults. The implementation of socially-isolating measures should be coupled with mental health interventions to address mental health needs of young adults, with enhanced supports for sub-groups who are structurally disadvantaged (e.g., racialized, unemployed, sexual and gender minority).
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedCorinne Pinder, Ressa Lebedinec, Tim P. Levine, Mike Birch, Jason D. Oliver
PLoS One Infectious Diseases, 3.08.2023
Tilføjet 3.08.2023
by Corinne Pinder, Ressa Lebedinec, Tim P. Levine, Mike Birch, Jason D. Oliver Olorofim is a new antifungal in clinical development which has a novel mechanism of action against dihydroorotate dehydrogenase (DHODH). DHODH form a ubiquitous family of enzymes in the de novo pyrimidine biosynthetic pathway and are split into class 1A, class 1B and class 2. Olorofim specifically targets the fungal class 2 DHODH present in a range of pathogenic moulds. The nature and number of DHODH present in many fungal species have not been addressed for large clades of this kingdom. Mucorales species do not respond to olorofim; previous work suggests they have only class 1A DHODH and so lack the class 2 target that olorofim inhibits. The dematiaceous moulds have mixed susceptibility to olorofim, yet previous analyses imply that they have class 2 DHODH. As this is at odds with their intermediate susceptibility to olorofim, we hypothesised that these pathogens may maintain a second class of DHODH, facilitating pyrimidine biosynthesis in the presence of olorofim. The aim of this study was to investigate the DHODH repertoire of clinically relevant species of Mucorales and dematiaceous moulds to further characterise these pathogens and understand variations in olorofim susceptibility. Using bioinformatic analysis, S. cerevisiae complementation and biochemical assays of recombinant protein, we provide the first evidence that two representative members of the Mucorales have only class 1A DHODH, substantiating a lack of olorofim susceptibility. In contrast, bioinformatic analyses initially suggested that seven dematiaceous species appeared to harbour both class 1A-like and class 2-like DHODH genes. However, further experimental investigation of the putative class 1A-like genes through yeast complementation and biochemical assays characterised them as dihydrouracil oxidases rather than DHODHs. These data demonstrate variation in dematiaceous mould olorofim susceptibility is not due to a secondary DHODH and builds on the growing picture of fungal dihydrouracil oxidases as an example of horizontal gene transfer.
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedShyam Ajay Gokani, Matthew Jefferson, Jelena Gavrilovic, Allan Clark, Falk Hildebrand, Tom Wileman, Claire Hopkins, Carl Philpott
PLoS One Infectious Diseases, 3.08.2023
Tilføjet 3.08.2023
by Shyam Ajay Gokani, Matthew Jefferson, Jelena Gavrilovic, Allan Clark, Falk Hildebrand, Tom Wileman, Claire Hopkins, Carl Philpott Background Chronic Rhinosinusitis (CRS) affects approximately 1 in 10 UK adults and impacts quality of life quality of life significantly. Response to treatment may be driven by individual CRS endotypes and therefore work to delineate biomarker clusters that may separate responders from non-responders is needed. The ongoing MACRO three-arm parallel-group trial randomises adult CRS patients to endoscopic sinus surgery, macrolide therapy or placebo. Aim This study aims to correlate CRS endotypes with clinical parameters from the ongoing MACRO trial, including olfactory function and outcomes in terms of response to treatment using core biomarkers sets. Methods Adult CRS patients enrolled into the MACRO trial will be recruited from participating UK otorhinolaryngology departments. Nasal tissue samples and swabs will be obtained in theatre or clinic from patients randomised to all three trial arms. Nasal tissue will be analysed with multiplex electrochemiluminescence for 32 cytokines including IL-5, IL-13, IgE and periostin. Bacterial swabs will be analysed using illumina miSeq 16S amplicon sequencing. Mean expression for each biomarker will be reported for treatment responder and non-responder groups. Correlation of biomarkers with MACRO trial outcome data such as endoscopic evaluation scores and quality-of-life improvement scores will be reported. Discussion Defining clear endotypes in CRS will contribute to refining patient pathways for the efficient use of clinical resources. This work may lay the groundwork for future studies to predict which patients might respond to medical or surgical therapy.
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedEsther Castellanos-Torres, Belén Sanz-Barbero, Carmen Vives-Cases, CIBER Program of Violence and Young People team
PLoS One Infectious Diseases, 3.08.2023
Tilføjet 3.08.2023
by Esther Castellanos-Torres, Belén Sanz-Barbero, Carmen Vives-Cases, CIBER Program of Violence and Young People team There is an increasing awareness of the magnitude of different forms of sexual violence (SV), especially in relation to youth. The COVID-19 pandemic has also had a negative impact on different forms of violence against women. In this study, we aim to analyse SV in the COVID-19 lockdown among young people and SV-related services from the perspective of professionals and young people from different sectors in Spain with responsibilities in attending SV and other forms of violence against women-related. A qualitative content analysis was performed on semi-structured interviews with 23 women and men aged 18 to 24 and 15 professionals working with youth and/or in violence against women or sexual violence related services. The sample was from northern, eastern and central regions of Spain. According to the professionals’ experience, the COVID-19 lockdown lessened their ability to work on violence prevention. Both informants perceived that sexual violence had decreased in public spaces whereas it increased in digital ones and noticed the silence surrounding violent situations had deepened. However, they differed regarding its impact on sexual violence within intimate partners, mainly due to the lack of awareness of this problem among young men. In regard to violence against women and sexual violence, our results highlight the need to develop protocols for action and improve resource accessibility in crisis contexts.
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedEnakshi Ghosh, Ghada S. Y. Tafesh-Edwards, Ioannis Eleftherianos, Stephanie L. Goldin, Paul J. Ode
PLoS One Infectious Diseases, 3.08.2023
Tilføjet 3.08.2023
by Enakshi Ghosh, Ghada S. Y. Tafesh-Edwards, Ioannis Eleftherianos, Stephanie L. Goldin, Paul J. Ode Insect herbivores frequently encounter plant defense molecules, but the physiological and ecological consequences for their immune systems are not fully understood. The majority of studies attempting to relate levels of plant defensive chemistry to herbivore immune responses have used natural population or species-level variation in plant defensive chemistry. Yet, this potentially confounds the effects of plant defense chemistry with other potential plant trait differences that may affect the expression of herbivore immunity. We used an artificial diet containing known quantities of a plant toxin (4-methylsulfinylbutyl isothiocyanate; 4MSOB-ITC or ITC, a breakdown product of the glucosinolate glucoraphanin upon herbivory) to explicitly explore the effects of a plant toxin on the cellular and humoral immune responses of the generalist herbivore Trichoplusia ni (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) that frequently feeds on glucosinolate-containing plants. Caterpillars feeding on diets with high concentrations of ITC experienced reduced survivorship and growth rates. High concentrations of ITC suppressed the appearance of several types of hemocytes and melanization activity, which are critical defenses against parasitic Hymenoptera and microbial pathogens. In terms of T. ni humoral immunity, only the antimicrobial peptide (AMP) genes lebocin and gallerimycin were significantly upregulated in caterpillars fed on diets containing high levels of ITC relative to caterpillars that were provided with ITC-free diet. Surprisingly, challenging caterpillars with a non-pathogenic strain of Escherichia coli resulted in the upregulation of the AMP gene cecropin. Feeding on high concentrations of plant toxins hindered caterpillar development, decreased cellular immunity, but conferred mixed effects on humoral immunity. Our findings provide novel insights into the effects of herbivore diet composition on insect performance demonstrating the role of specific plant defense toxins that shape herbivore immunity and trophic interactions.
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedLinda Larcombe, Laurie Ringaert, Gayle Restall, Albert McLeod, Elizabeth Hydesmith, Ann Favel, Melissa Morris, Michael Payne, Rusty Souleymanov, Yoav Keynan, Kelly MacDonald, Matthew Singer, Jared Star, Pamela Orr
PLoS One Infectious Diseases, 3.08.2023
Tilføjet 3.08.2023
by Linda Larcombe, Laurie Ringaert, Gayle Restall, Albert McLeod, Elizabeth Hydesmith, Ann Favel, Melissa Morris, Michael Payne, Rusty Souleymanov, Yoav Keynan, Kelly MacDonald, Matthew Singer, Jared Star, Pamela Orr Background The COVID-19 pandemic (March 2020-May 2023) had a profound effect around the world with vulnerable people being particularly affected, including worsening existing health inequalities. This article explores the impact of the pandemic on health services for First Nations people living with HIV (FN-PWLE) in Manitoba, Canada. This study investigated perceptions of both health care providers and FN-PWLE through qualitative interviews occurring between July 2020 and February 2022 to understand their experience and identify lessons learned that could be translated into health system changes. Methods Using a qualitative, participatory-action, intentional decolonizing approach for this study we included an Indigenous knowledge keeper and Indigenous research associates with lived experience as part of the study team. A total of twenty-five [25] in-depth semi-structured interviews were conducted with eleven healthcare providers (HCPs) and fourteen First Nation people with lived HIV experience (FN-PWLE). In total, 18/25 or 72% of the study participants self-identified as First Nation people. Results The COVID-19 pandemic negatively impacted health services access for FN-PWLE, a) disrupted relationships between FN-PWLE and healthcare providers, b) disrupted access to testing, in-person appointments, and medications, and c) intersectional stigma was compounded. Though, the COVID-19 pandemic also led to positive effects, including the creation of innovative solutions for the health system overall. Conclusions The COVID-19 pandemic exaggerated pre-existing barriers and facilitators for Manitoba FN-PWLE accessing and using the healthcare system. COVID-19 impacted health system facilitators such as relationships and supports, particularly for First Nation people who are structurally disadvantaged and needing more wrap-around care to address social determinants of health. Innovations during times of crisis, included novel ways to improve access to care and medications, illustrated how the health system can quickly provide solutions to long-standing barriers, especially for geographical barriers. Lessons learned from the COVID-19 pandemic should be considered for improvements to the health system’s HIV cascade of care for FN-PWLE and other health system improvements for First Nations people with other chronic diseases and conditions. Finally, this study illustrates the value of qualitative and First Nation decolonizing research methods. Further studies are needed, working together with First Nations organizations and communities, to apply these recommendations and innovations to change health care and people’s lives.
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedCatherine Washburn, Melinda E. Kantsiper, Rogette Esteve, Ishaan Gupta, Gulzeb Memon, Henry J. Michtalik, Bayview Educational and Academic Research (BEAR) Core Consortium
PLoS One Infectious Diseases, 3.08.2023
Tilføjet 3.08.2023
by Catherine Washburn, Melinda E. Kantsiper, Rogette Esteve, Ishaan Gupta, Gulzeb Memon, Henry J. Michtalik, Bayview Educational and Academic Research (BEAR) Core Consortium Background Morale and burnout were concerns for hospitalists prior to the COVID-19 pandemic; these concerns were amplified as COVID-19 spread and hospitals experienced unprecedented stress. In contrast to prior literature, our study assesses both satisfaction and the importance of various factors. This study examines morale of hospitalists early in the COVID-19 pandemic in two settings: conventional hospitals and a COVID-19 Alternate Care site (ACS) in the same geographic region in Maryland. Multiple studies published early in the pandemic show low morale in COVID-19 hospitals. Methods In a cross-sectional survey study, we analyze data from the Hospitalist Morale Index (HMI) administered between September 2020 and March 2021 to determine the pandemic’s impact on hospitalist morale. Results Surprisingly, our study found morale in the ACS was better than morale at the conventional hospitals. ACS hospitalists and conventional hospitalists were demographically similar. Our results show that a significantly higher proportion of conventional hospitalists reported burnout compared to the ACS hospitalists. General quality of life was rated significantly higher in the ACS group than the conventional group. Significantly more ACS hospitalists were invested in making their group outstanding. Five main HMI domains were examined with questions on a 5-point rating scale: Clinical Factors, Workload, Material Rewards, Leadership, and Appreciation/Acknowledgement. ACS hospitalists rated most measures higher than conventional hospitalists; largest differences were observed in Clinical Factors and Appreciation/Acknowledgement domains. Narrative comments from ACS hospitalists revealed strong identification with the mission of the ACS and pride in contributing during a crisis. One key difference between the two groups explains these findings: provider autonomy. The ACS staff chose the position and the assignment, while conventional hospitalists caring for COVID-19 patients could not readily opt out of this work. Conclusion Our data suggest that autonomy in assignments with risk has implications for morale and burnout.
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedDionísia Balate, Gerson Afai, Faiza Sallé, Timóteo Simone, Cynthia Semá Baltazar, Rose Zulliger, Érika Valeska Rossetto
PLoS One Infectious Diseases, 3.08.2023
Tilføjet 3.08.2023
by Dionísia Balate, Gerson Afai, Faiza Sallé, Timóteo Simone, Cynthia Semá Baltazar, Rose Zulliger, Érika Valeska Rossetto Introduction The use of face masks is one of the preventive measures that Mozambique adopted in order to limit the spread of COVID-19. A study carried out from May 25 to June 6, 2020 found that although many wore masks, incorrect use was observed in 27.5% of the population observed. This data collection aimed to measure the degree of mask use compliance during a more protracted, higher second wave of transmission. Methodology A cross-sectional study was conducted in the City of Maputo from 19 to 28 October 2020 through direct observation of mask use of all individuals present in markets, supermarkets and bus terminals. The data were collected using mobile phones with the Open Data Kit Collect (ODK) data collection program. Sociodemographic characteristics, mask use, and type of mask used were documented. Factors associated with incorrect mask use were evaluated considering sex, age, observation period and location. Results A total of 49,404 individuals were observed, of whom 24,977(50.6%) were male, 46,484 (94.1%) were adults and 17,549 (35.5%) were observed in the markets. An observed 41,786 (84.6%) wore a mask, of whom 33,851 (81.0%) used it correctly. Not covering the mouth and nose was common; observed in 4,649 (58.5%) of those using incorrectly. Of different types of masks, fabric masks were most often used incorrectly 7,225 (21.4%). The factors associated with incorrect mask use were female gender (OR = 1.2 [1.1–1.3], p
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedA. H. Ayesha Lavell, Joeri Tijdink, David T. P. Buis, Yvo M. Smulders, Marije K. Bomers, Jonne J. Sikkens
PLoS One Infectious Diseases, 3.08.2023
Tilføjet 3.08.2023
by A. H. Ayesha Lavell, Joeri Tijdink, David T. P. Buis, Yvo M. Smulders, Marije K. Bomers, Jonne J. Sikkens Background Hospital health care workers (HCW) are at increased risk of contracting SARS-CoV-2. We investigated whether certain behavioral and physical features, e.g. nose picking and wearing glasses, are associated with infection risk. Aim To assess the association between nose picking and related behavioral or physical features (nail biting, wearing glasses, and having a beard) and the incidence of SARS-CoV-2-infection. Methods In a cohort study among 404 HCW in two university medical centers in the Netherlands, SARS-CoV-2-specific antibodies were prospectively measured during the first phase of the pandemic. For this study HCW received an additional retrospective survey regarding behavioral (e.g. nose picking) and physical features. Results In total 219 HCW completed the survey (response rate 52%), and 34/219 (15.5%) became SARS-CoV-2 seropositive during follow-up from March 2020 till October 2020. The majority of HCW (185/219, 84.5%) reported picking their nose at least incidentally, with frequency varying between monthly, weekly and daily. SARS-CoV-2 incidence was higher in nose picking HCW compared to participants who refrained from nose picking (32/185: 17.3% vs. 2/34: 5.9%, OR 3.80, 95% CI 1.05 to 24.52), adjusted for exposure to COVID-19. No association was observed between nail biting, wearing glasses, or having a beard, and the incidence of SARS-CoV-2 infection. Conclusion Nose picking among HCW is associated with an increased risk of contracting a SARS-CoV-2 infection. We therefore recommend health care facilities to create more awareness, e.g. by educational sessions or implementing recommendations against nose picking in infection prevention guidelines.
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedPhyo Zin Winn, Thein Hlaing, Kyaw Myo Tun, Seim Lei Lei
PLoS One Infectious Diseases, 3.08.2023
Tilføjet 3.08.2023
by Phyo Zin Winn, Thein Hlaing, Kyaw Myo Tun, Seim Lei Lei Background The life quality of about two-thirds of patients with COVID-19 is affected by related olfactory dysfunctions. The negative impact of olfactory dysfunction ranged from the decreased pleasure of eating to impaired quality of life. This research aimed to provide a comprehensive understanding of the effects of corticosteroid treatments by comparing that to other currently available treatments and interventions. Methods The Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) checklist’s 27-point checklist was used to conduct this review. PubMed (Public/Publisher MEDLINE), PubMed Central and EMBASE (Excerpta Medica Database) databases were conveniently selected and Boolean search commands were used for a comprehensive literature search. Five core search terms were \'effects of treatments\', \' COVID-19-related olfactory dysfunction\', \'corticosteroids\', \'treatments\' and \'interventions\'. The reporting qualities of the included studies were appraised using JBI (Joanna Briggs Institute) appraisal tools. The characteristics of the 21 experimental studies with a total sample (of 130,550) were aggregated using frequencies and percentages and presented descriptively. The main interventions and their effects on the duration of the COVID-19-related olfactory dysfunction were narratively analyzed. Results Among patients with COVID-19, the normal functions of the olfactory lobe were about 23 days earlier to gain with the treatments of fluticasone and triamcinolone acetonide nasal spray compared with that of mometasone furoate nasal spray and oral corticosteroid. The smell loss duration was reduced by fluticasone and triamcinolone acetonide nasal spray 9 days earlier than the inflawell syrup and 16 days earlier than the lavender syrup. The nasal spray of corticosteroids ended the COVID-19-related smell loss symptoms 2 days earlier than the zinc supplementation, about 47 days earlier than carbamazepine treatment and was more effective than palmitoylethanolamide (PEA) and luteolin and omega-3 supplementations and olfactory training. Treatment with oral corticosteroid plus olfactory training significantly improved Threshold, Discrimination and Identification (TDI) scores compared with olfactory training alone. A full dose of the COVID-19 vaccination was not uncertain to reduce the COVID-19-related smell loss duration. Conclusion Corticosteroid treatment is effective in reducing the duration of COVID-19-related smell loss and olfactory training, the basic, essential and effective intervention, should be used as a combination therapy.
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedMalaria Journal, 3.08.2023
Tilføjet 3.08.2023
Abstract Background Continuous distribution channels are effective methods to deliver malaria interventions such as insecticide treated nets (ITNs) to pregnant women attending antenatal care clinics and children under five attending immunization visits. Facility-based and provider-based checklists were used during supportive supervision visits to measure the quality of facility-based services and interventions. This study looks at ITN distributions at health facilities in Ghana, with the aim of providing insights on how quality can be measured and monitored. Methods Various quality improvement approaches for malaria services occur in Ghana. Selected indicators were analysed to highlight the similarities and differences of how the approaches measured how well the channel was doing. Generally, the approaches assessed (1) service data management, (2) logistics data management, and (3) observation of service provision (ITN issuance, malaria education, ITN use and care education). Two approaches used a binary (Yes/No) scale, and one used a Likert scale. Results Results showed that most data reported to the national HMIS is accurate. Logistics data management remained an issue at health facilities, as results showed scores below average across facility stores, antenatal care, and immunization. Though the supervision approaches differed, overall results indicated that almost all eligible clients received ITNs, data were recorded accurately and reported on-time, and logistics was the largest challenge to optimal distribution through health facilities. Conclusion The supervision approaches provided valuable insights into the quality of facility-based ITN distribution. Ghana should continue to implement supportive supervision in their malaria agenda, with additional steps needed to improve reporting of collected data and increase the number of facilities visited for supportive supervision and the frequency. There were various supervision approaches used with no clear guidance on how to measure quality of facility-based ITN distribution, so there is also need for the global community to agree on standardized indicators and approaches to measuring quality of facility-based ITN distribution. Additionally, future studies can review the effect of multiple rounds of supervision visits on the quality of ITN distribution as well as understand the facilitators and barriers to scaling up supervision of facility-based ITN distribution.
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedMalaria Journal, 3.08.2023
Tilføjet 3.08.2023
Abstract Background Malaria infection during pregnancy endangers the pregnant woman, fetus, and newborn child. Thus, the use of an insecticide-treated net (ITN) is one of the most frequently advised methods for preventing malaria during pregnancy. Contrary findings have been reported in various studies on ITN utilization among pregnant women in Ethiopia. Therefore, this study was aimed to estimate the pooled prevalence of ITN utilization and its associated factors among pregnant women in Ethiopia. Methods Published articles from PubMed, Google Scholar, Science Direct, AJOL and Cochrane library were systematically searched. All cross-sectional studies on ITN utilization among pregnant women were included in this meta-analysis. To estimate the pooled prevalence and odds ratio, a random-effect model was used; and a subgroup analysis was performed to identify the possible source of heterogeneity. Begg’s and Egger’s tests were used to identify possible publication bias. Results Ten cross-sectional studies with 7,161 participants were included. The pooled prevalence of ITN utilization among all pregnant women who had access to ITN in Ethiopia was 59.42% (95% CI 51.14, 67.69). Statistically significant heterogeneity was observed (I2 = 97.7%; p
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedMalaria Journal, 3.08.2023
Tilføjet 3.08.2023
Abstract Background Global efforts to reduce malaria burden include distribution of insecticide-treated mosquito nets through mass campaigns and routine channels. Ghana’s National Malaria Elimination Programme (NMEP) distributes insecticide-treated bed nets (ITNs) through various channels, including to pregnant women at antenatal care (ANC) visits and children at vaccination visits through child welfare clinics (CWC). This study assessed historical ITN distribution throughout ANCs and CWCs across Ghana and the characteristics of high performing facilities. Methods Monthly data on routine ITN distribution was provided from Ghana’s national health information management system for the years 2016–2021. Analyses were conducted to assess the performance of ITN distribution at ANC and CWC across time, ecological zone, regions, districts, facility ownership, and facility type. Univariate and multivariate logistic regressions were performed to predict the odds of ANC and CWC issuing rates greater or equal to 80% for a given facility type or ownership. Results In 2021, 93% of women who attended their first antenatal care visit and 92% of children under five who received their second dose of the measles-rubella vaccine (MR2) had received an ITN. At the regional level, 94% of regions (n = 15/16) maintained the NSP target issuing rate of 80% throughout 2020 and 2021. While there were no clear differences in issuing rates between ecological zones, district-level differences were present across the six years. All health facility types performed at or above 80% in 2021 for both ANC and CWC. Odds ratios demonstrated differences in the likelihood of meeting the 80% issuing rate goal among different facility types as well as private versus public ownership when comparing ANC and CWC. Conclusion By 2021, Ghana had improved its ITN issuing rates since the initial year of analysis, surpassing the 80% target by issuing nets to over 90% of pregnant women and young children attending ANC and CWC. Future work can explore the reasons for national and subnational differences in issuing rates as well as help understand additional characteristics of high performing facilities. Additionally, it is necessary to identify and expand on the drivers for improved performance over the time period.
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedJournal of Infectious Diseases, 3.08.2023
Tilføjet 3.08.2023
AbstractBackgroundThe epidemiology of respiratory viral infections is complex. How infection with one respiratory virus affects risk of subsequent infection with the same or another respiratory virus is not well described.MethodsWe retrospectively analyzed data from a longitudinal household cohort study from October 2019-June 2021. Enrolled households completed active surveillance for acute respiratory illness (ARI), and participants with ARI self-collected nasal swabs; after April 2020, participants with ARI or laboratory-confirmed SARS-CoV-2 and their household members self-collected nasal swabs. Specimens were tested via multiplex RT-PCR for respiratory viruses. A Cox regression model with a time-dependent covariate examined risk of subsequent detections following a specific primary viral detection.ResultsRhinovirus was the most frequently detected pathogen in study specimens (n=406, 9.5%). Among 51 participants with multiple viral detections, rhinovirus to seasonal coronavirus (8, 14.8%) was the most common viral detection pairing. Relative to no primary detection, there was a 1.03-2.06-fold increase in risk of subsequent virus detection in the 90 days following primary detection; risk varied by primary virus: parainfluenza, rhinovirus, and respiratory syncytial virus were statistically significant.ConclusionsPrimary virus detection was associated with higher risk of subsequent virus detection within the first 90 days after primary detection.
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedJournal of Infectious Diseases, 3.08.2023
Tilføjet 3.08.2023
AbstractBackgroundThis phase 2 extension explored long-term antibody persistence of an investigational Clostridioides difficile vaccine and safety/tolerability and immunogenicity of dose 4 ∼12 months postdose 3.MethodsOne year postdose 3, 300 healthy US 65–85-year-olds were randomized to Dose 4 of vaccine at previously-received antigen levels (100 or 200 μg) or placebo. Assessments included safety and percentages of subjects achieving neutralizing antibody titers above prespecified thresholds (≥219 and ≥2586 neutralization units/mL for toxins A and B, respectively).ResultsIn subjects previously given three 200-µg doses and placebo in the extension, toxin A and B neutralizing antibodies were above prevaccination levels 48 months postdose 3 (36 months post-placebo); 24.0% and 26.0% had toxin A and B antibodies at or above prespecified thresholds, respectively. Neutralizing antibodies increased postdose 4 (12 months postdose 3) and persisted to 36 months postdose 4. Thirty days postdose 4, all subjects had toxin A and 86.5%‒100% had toxin B titers at or above prespecified thresholds. Local reactions were more frequent in vaccine recipients. Systemic and adverse event frequencies were similar across groups.ConclusionsC difficile vaccine immune responses persisted 48 months postdose 3. Dose 4 was immunogenic and well tolerated, supporting continued development.ClinicalTrials.govNCT02561195.
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedJournal of Infectious Diseases, 3.08.2023
Tilføjet 3.08.2023
AbstractBackgroundThe Global Influenza Hospital Surveillance Network (GIHSN) has since 2012 provided patient-level data on severe influenza-like illnesses from over 100 participating clinical sites worldwide based on a core protocol and consistent case definitions. To our knowledge, this is the first study to analyze multiple years of global, patient-level data generated by prospective, hospital-based surveillance across a large number of countries to investigate geographic differences in influenza severity.MethodsWe used multivariable logistic regression to assess the risk of intensive care unit admission, mechanical ventilation, and in-hospital death among hospitalized patients with influenza and explored the role of patient-level covariates and country income.ResultsThe dataset included 73,121 patients hospitalized with respiratory illness in 22 countries, with 15,660 laboratory-confirmed for influenza. After adjusting for patient-level covariates we found a 7-fold increase in the risk of influenza-related intensive care unit admission in lower middle-income countries, compared to high-income countries (p = 0.01). The risk of mechanical ventilation and in-hospital death also increases by four-fold in lower middle-income countries, though these values were not statistically significant. We also find that influenza severity increased with older age and number of comorbidities. Across all severity outcomes studied and after controlling for patient characteristics, infection with influenza A/H1N1pdm09 was more severe than with A/H3N2.ConclusionsOur study provides new information on influenza severity in under-resourced populations, particularly those in lower middle-income countries. Understanding the mechanisms responsible for these disparities will be important to improve management of influenza, optimize vaccine allocation, and mitigate global disease burden.
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedEhrlichia Wnt SLiM ligand mimic deactivates the Hippo pathway to engage the anti-apoptotic Yap-GLUT1-BCL-xL axis
Caitlan D. ByerlyLaNisha L. PattersonNicholas A. PittnerRegina N. SolomonJignesh G. PatelMadison R. RoganJere W. McBride 1 Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA 2 Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA 3 Center for Biodefense and Emerging Infectious Diseases, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA 4 Sealy Institute for Vaccine Sciences, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA 5 Institute for Human Infections and Immunity, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA , Guy H. Palmer
Infection and Immunity, 3.08.2023
Tilføjet 3.08.2023
Hiromu Tanaka, Ho Namkoong, Shotaro Chubachi, Shinji Irie, Yoshifumi Uwamino, Ho Lee, Shuhei Azekawa, Shiro Otake, Kensuke Nakagawara, Takahiro Fukushima, Mayuko Watase, Tatsuya Kusumoto, Katsunori Masaki, Hirofumi Kamata, Makoto Ishii, Yukinori Okada, Tomomi Takano, Seiya Imoto, Ryuji Koike, Akinori Kimura, Satoru Miyano, Seishi Ogawa, Takanori Kanai, Taka-Aki Sato, Koichi Fukunaga, The Japan COVID-19 Task Force
International Journal of Infectious Diseases, 3.08.2023
Tilføjet 3.08.2023
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) remains endemic and a significant problem worldwide. The reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction test, using nasopharyngeal swabs, is the gold standard for the diagnosis of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). Studies on serum samples of patients with COVID-19 have reported viral RNAemia, which has been associated with disease severity [1] and post-acute COVID-19 sequelae [2]. However, reports of intracellular viral RNA identified in peripheral blood cells are limited.
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedRueda, Z. V., Haworth-Brockman, M., Sobie, C., Villacis, E., Larcombe, L., Maier, K., Deering, K., Sanguins, J., Templeton, K., MacKenzie, L., Ireland, L., Kasper, K., Payne, M., Bullard, J., Krusi, A., Pick, N., Myran, T., Meyers, A., Keynan, Y.
BMJ Open, 2.08.2023
Tilføjet 2.08.2023
IntroductionIn Manitoba, Canada, there has been an increase in the number of people newly diagnosed with HIV and those not returning for regular HIV care. The COVID-19 pandemic resulted in increased sex and gender disparities in disease risk and mortalities, decreased harm reduction services and reduced access to healthcare. These health crises intersect with increased drug use and drug poisoning deaths, houselessness and other structural and social factors most acutely among historically underserved groups. We aim to explore the social and structural barriers and facilitators to HIV care and harm reduction services experienced by people living with HIV (PLHIV) in Manitoba. Methods and analysisOur study draws on participatory action research design. Guiding the methodological design are the lived experiences of PLHIV. In-depth semi-structured face-to-face interviews and quantitative questionnaires will be conducted with two groups: (1) persons aged ≥18 years living or newly diagnosed with HIV and (2) service providers who work with PLHIV. Data collection will include sex, gender, sociodemographic information, income and housing, experiences with the criminal justice system, sexual practices, substance use practices and harm reduction access, experiences with violence and support, HIV care journey (since diagnosis until present), childhood trauma and a decision-making questionnaire. Data will be analysed intersectionally, employing grounded theory for thematic analysis, sex-based and gender-based analysis and social determinants of health and syndemic framework to understand the experiences of PLHIV in Manitoba. Ethics and disseminationWe received approval from the University of Manitoba Health Ethics Research Board (HS25572; H2022:218), First Nations Health and Social Secretariat of Manitoba, Nine Circles Community Health Centre, Shared Health Manitoba (SH2022:194) and 7th Street Health Access Centre. Findings will be disseminated using community-focused knowledge translation strategies identified by participants, peers, community members and organisations, and reported in conferences, peer-reviewed journals and a website (www.alltogether4ideas.org).
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedDimitrov, G., Valkov, T., Batselova, H., Kounchev, O., Momekov, G., Argirova, R.
BMJ Open, 2.08.2023
Tilføjet 2.08.2023
ObjectiveThis study focused on Bulgarian patient cohorts harbouring a single documented chronic comorbidity–cardiovascular pathology, an oncological disease or a chronic pulmonary diseases (CPD) comparing the outcomes in fully vaccinated and non-vaccinated populations classified by sex and age groups in ambulatory, hospital and intensive care unit (ICU) settings at the national level. DesignRetrospective analysis Settings, participants and outcome measuresIn total, 1 126 946 patients with confirmed COVID-19, on a national level, were retrospectively analysed between March 2020 and April 2022, using data from the Ministry of Health’s United Information Portal, launched in March 2020. ResultsOf all the confirmed 247 441 hospitalised cases of COVID-19, 67 723 (27.3%) had documented cardiovascular disease (CVD), 2140 (0.9%) had confirmed solid malignancy (regardless of stage) and 3243 (1.3%) had established CPD as their only chronic pathology. The number of cumulative deaths in each subgroup was 10 165 (in-hospital=5812 and ICU=4353); 4.0% vaccinated (410/10 165, p
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedGondwe, J., Ndovie, M., Khuluza, F., Banda, C. G.
BMJ Open, 2.08.2023
Tilføjet 2.08.2023
IntroductionTreatment-resistant hypertension (RH), defined as uncontrolled blood pressure (≥140/90 mm Hg) despite treatment with ≥3 medications of different classes (including diuretics) at optimal doses, is associated with poor prognosis and an elevated risk of end-organ damage. In areas where HIV is endemic, such as sub-Saharan Africa, the risk of hypertension is high in people living with HIV. It remains unknown if HIV infection further increases the risk of RH. This study seeks to determine the association between HIV and RH as well as investigate other factors associated with RH in hypertensive Malawian adults. Methods and analysisA case–control study will be conducted among adult hypertensive patients attending a clinic at a referral hospital in Malawi. The cases will be hypertensive patients with a confirmed diagnosis of RH. For each case, two controls (hypertensive patients without RH), frequency matched for age group and sex, will be selected from among hospital clients attending the same hypertension clinic as the case. In both groups, HIV status will be ascertained. Additionally, information on other potential risk factors of RH, such as chronic kidney disease, obesity, hypercholesteraemia, diabetes, smoking, alcohol use, antiretroviral therapy regimen and duration, will be collected in both cases and controls. For each of the potential risk factors, ORs will be calculated to quantify the strength of their association with RH. In a multivariate analysis, conditional logistic regression will be used to assess the independent association between HIV and RH as well as the influence of the other potential drivers of RH. Ethics and disseminationThis protocol has been approved by the College of Medicine Research Ethics Committee (COMREC) in Malawi (P.05/22/3637). Findings from this study will be disseminated through a peer-reviewed publication in an open-access international journal. Furthermore, anonymised data will be available on request from the authors.
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedSkei, N. V., Nilsen, T. I. L., Knoop, S. T., Prescott, H., Lydersen, S., Mohus, R. M., Brkic, A., Liyanarachi, K. V., Solligard, E., Damas, J. K., Gustad, L. T.
BMJ Open, 2.08.2023
Tilføjet 2.08.2023
ObjectivesTo estimate temporal trends in incidence rate (IR) and case fatality during a 14-year period from 2008 to 2021, and to assess possible shifts in these trends during the COVID-19 pandemic. SettingAll Norwegian hospitals 2008–2021. Participants317 705 patients ≥18 year with a sepsis International Classification of Diseases 10th revision code retrieved from The Norwegian Patient Registry. Primary and secondary measuresAnnual age-standardised IRs with 95% CIs. Poisson regression was used to estimate changes in IRs across time, and logistic regression was used to estimate ORs for in-hospital death. ResultsAmong 12 619 803 adult hospitalisations, a total of 317 705 (2.5%) hospitalisations in 222 832 (70.0%) unique patients met the sepsis criteria. The overall age-standardised IR of a first sepsis admission was 246/100 000 (95% CI 245 to 247), whereas the age-standardised IR of all sepsis admissions was 352/100 000 (95% CI 351 to 354). In the period 2009–2019, the annual IR for a first sepsis episode was stable (IR ratio (IRR) per year, 0.999; 95% CI 0.994 to 1.004), whereas for recurrent sepsis the IR increased (annual IRR, 1.048; 95% CI 1.037 to 1.059). During the COVID-19 pandemic, the IRR for a first sepsis was 0.877 (95% CI 0.829 to 0.927) in 2020 and 0.929 (95% CI 0.870 to 0.992) in 2021, and for all sepsis it was 0.870 (95% CI 0.810 to 0.935) in 2020 and 0.908 (95% CI 0.840 to 0.980) in 2021, compared with the previous 11-year period. Case fatality among first sepsis admissions declined in the period 2009–2019 (annual OR 0.954 (95% CI 0.950 to 0.958)), whereas case fatality increased during the COVID-19 pandemic in 2020 (OR 1.061 (95% CI 1.001 to 1.124) and in 2021 (OR 1.164 (95% CI 1.098 to 1.233)). ConclusionThe overall IR of sepsis increased from 2009 to 2019, due to an increasing IR of recurrent sepsis, and indicates that sepsis awareness with updated guidelines and education must continue.
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedAmerican Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, 2.08.2023
Tilføjet 2.08.2023
Journal Name: The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene Volume: 109 Issue: 2 Pages: 450-459
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedAmerican Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, 2.08.2023
Tilføjet 2.08.2023
Journal Name: The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene Volume: 109 Issue: 2 Pages: 460-465
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedAmerican Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, 2.08.2023
Tilføjet 2.08.2023
Journal Name: The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene Volume: 109 Issue: 2 Pages: 466-470
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedAmerican Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, 2.08.2023
Tilføjet 2.08.2023
Journal Name: The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene Volume: 109 Issue: 2 Pages: 471-479
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedAmerican Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, 2.08.2023
Tilføjet 2.08.2023
Journal Name: The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene Volume: 109 Issue: 2 Pages: 480-488
Læs mere Tjek på PubMedAmerican Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, 2.08.2023
Tilføjet 2.08.2023
Journal Name: The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene Volume: 109 Issue: 2 Pages: 489-494
Læs mere Tjek på PubMed